EP0737262A1 - Pfahlramme - Google Patents
PfahlrammeInfo
- Publication number
- EP0737262A1 EP0737262A1 EP95904407A EP95904407A EP0737262A1 EP 0737262 A1 EP0737262 A1 EP 0737262A1 EP 95904407 A EP95904407 A EP 95904407A EP 95904407 A EP95904407 A EP 95904407A EP 0737262 A1 EP0737262 A1 EP 0737262A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hammer
- pile
- drop load
- load
- rail post
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D13/00—Accessories for placing or removing piles or bulkheads, e.g. noise attenuating chambers
- E02D13/06—Accessories for placing or removing piles or bulkheads, e.g. noise attenuating chambers for observation while placing
Definitions
- the present invention concerns pile driving and pile driving rigs as well as a method for determining the load-bearing capabilities of va- rious underground strata.
- Piles are widely used for forming foundations to support various structures on the ground for land applications as well as on the sea bottom in marine applications. Piles are advantageous in cases of soft grounds, where it is necessary to go down to a substantial depth below the surface, in order to find sufficient load-bearing capability.
- Pile- driving methods for the forming of foundations in fact, tend to be in ⁇ creasingly competitive in relation to digging methods due to the de ⁇ velopment of increasingly effective pile-driving equipment.
- the load-bearing capability of underground strata may vary con ⁇ siderably as the underground may include very soft layers, perhaps more or less floating layers, with practically no permanent stability inter ⁇ changing with hard layers.
- These circumstances are, in principle, rele- vant to nay kind of foundations, but have a particular relation in the contexts involving pile foundations, which tend to be used in geologi ⁇ cally difficult situations in which other foundation methods fail.
- It is generally desired to drive down the piles to a depth in which the tip of the pile is supported on a solid layer. Although friction at the sides of a pile will also have an effect, it is generally preferred to rely mainly upon the resistance forces offered against further penetration of the pile tip.
- the subsidence of the pile effected by a blow of the hammer will depend widely on the resistance to the pile tip at its current position, so that an accurate observation of the progress of the driving may, in fact, reveal a rather detailed in ⁇ formation about the underground load-bearing capabilities along the route of pile driving. If the impact force delivered by the hammer in a hammer blow, and the corresponding subsidence of the pile is known, the resistance to penetration of the pile and thus the pile load-bearing ca ⁇ pability may be calculated directly.
- the monitoring of the ramming operation and the calculation of the pile load-bearing capability are prescribed in various building codes, which are applied as prescribed by the relevant national regulations.
- the German standard DIN 4026 e.g. prescribes that a log must be kept with recordings of the hammer energy and of the pile subsidence.
- the le- vel of the pile must be measured once for every ten hammer blows, for some of the piles during the entire ramming operation, and for the re ⁇ maining piles just during the last thirty hammer blows.
- the hammer ener ⁇ gy is calculated as the stroke of the drop load times the force of gra ⁇ vity on the drop load.
- the energy is plotted versus the depth of pile penetration to produce a plot from which readings may be taken regarding total energy per meter of pile penetration or total energy during the ramming of the pile.
- building codes may differ from the DIN 4026 on various points, but generally all building codes concerned with pile foundations comprise requirements for the recording of the hammer-blow energy and of the corresponding pile subsidence in one way or another.
- the hammer-blow energy is generally established by measuring the drop height of the drop load and by multiplying the drop height with the calculated force of gravity effecting the drop load, whereby the poten- tial energy is obtained, which may be assumed to be transformed into an equivalent amount of kinetic energy in the drop load,- provided that the drop load falls without any restraints. Corrections may be applied, e.g. in case the direction deviates from the vertical direction, and to ac- count for friction and other factors influencing the operation. In the case of diesel hammers, i.e.
- the drop load is formed as a piston which compresses a fuel -air mixture as it drops, and in which the drop load lifting force is provided by a sudden combustion of the fuel -air mixture, a reduction factor must be applied to take account of the fact that a portion of the energy of the moving drop load is effec ⁇ tively extracted for the diesel drive system, so that the potential energy of the drop load is not fully applied to the driving of the pile.
- the driving force transmitted in the impact blow from the drop load into the pile top must also be corrected by some empirical factors, taking account of among other things the degree of energy ab ⁇ sorption in the pile-driving cap and in the shock-absorbing impact piece generally interposed between the dropload and the pile top.
- the drop height and thus the energy delivered by the hammer in each blow is generally a parameter which may be adjusted within a given range, in order to make it possible to account for varying resistance in the ground, varying pile sizes, etc.
- the shock waves generated in the pile by the hammer impact may produce substantial tension stresses, which represent a kind of load carrying a high risk of fracturing concrete piles.
- the drop height must, therefore, be comparatively low in order to avoid excessive stresses in the pile.
- the resistance to the penetration of the pile tip increases, as it is ge ⁇ nerally the case at greater depths, it often becomes necessary to in- crease the hammer impact energy, i.e. the drop height, in order to drive down the pile at an acceptable pace.
- the drop height used must naturally be correlated with the current pile level and with the observed step by step-pile subsidence, in order to provide meaningful information.
- An accurate measurement of the drop height may, however, be some- what difficult due to the instances involved and due to the dynamic na ⁇ ture of the process. Most often the drop height is observed and noted in the records, the subsequent calculations being then based on the assump ⁇ tion of a perfectly regular operation of the hammer. This does not, how- ever, take into account variations in the hammer operation, which varia ⁇ tions may occur, e.g. in the case of hydraul ically driven hammers, in which the pressure in the hydraulic drive system may actually vary, or e.g. in the case of diesel-driven hammers, in which the drive pulse energy tends to vary considerably.
- the measurement of the subsidence of the pile may also be somewhat difficult.
- personnel cannot be allowed to go very near to the pile during hammering for safety reasons, as it may e.g. happen that the pile fractures under a hammer blow.
- a frequently used method is to ob- serve the motion of the hammer in relation to the rail post or perhaps the motion of the pile in relation to the rail post from a distance, which, however, limits the accuracy obtainable.
- personnel may find time between two hammer blows to make a quick score on the pile, so as to produce a set of scores which are then available for a later and more accurate measurement to be taken while the hammer ⁇ ing operation is temporarily stopped for that purpose.
- the prior art comprises a pile-driving rig with an instrument in the driver's cabin, said instrument monitoring the winding/unwinding of the winch associated with the hammer wire, so that the displacement of the hammer may actually be monitored from the driver's cabin.
- the hammer wire is, however, affected by disturbing influences, e.g. from wind for ⁇ ces and from frictional forces, whereby the accuracy to which the hammer subsidence may be determined by monitoring the unwinding of the winch, is, in fact, not satisfactory for the calculation of the pile load-bear ⁇ ing capability to any reasonable degree of accuracy.
- the invention provides a pile-driving rig as defined in Claim 1.
- the pile penetration is automatically re ⁇ corded for each hammer blow so that a total picture of the pile load- bearing capability along the whole path described by the pile tip may be accurately estimated.
- the automatic recordal also provides the proof of the pile-driving operation having been completed as intended without any failures.
- the means for detecting the position of the hammer comprises means rigidly connected with the rail post and adapted for remote measurement of the distance to the hammer means.
- the mounting of the position-detecting means on the rail post is a practical solution and generally accurate as the rail post is generally supported on the ground during the ramming operation.
- the remote measurement to the hammer means permits normal handling of the pile-driving rig, e.g. dismantling of the ahmmer to proceed as usual without any complications.
- a further preferred embodiment of the invention is defined in Claim 3.
- the laser instrument operates ver efficiently and is well suited for relaying the obtained data to a computer.
- the optical reflector is actually ar ⁇ ranged in association with the movable load, so that the position of the hammer means is only determined indirectly by determining the motion of the movable load.
- a complete trace of the motion of the movable load may be obtained in the computer, whereby the computer may record data not only about the gradual, downward motion of the hammer, but also about the stroke of the drop load, e.g. stroke height and drop-load ve ⁇ locity, just before impact.
- the invention also provides a method as defined in Claim 6.
- the invention further provides a method as recited in Claim 13.
- a method as recited in Claim 13 By hammering down a pile while detecting the kinetic energy de- livered in each hammer blow, and recording the pile subsidence upon each blow of the hammer, an accurate mapping of the load-bearing capabilities of various underground strata may be obtained at comparatively low added cost.
- Figure 1 shows a side elevational view of a pile-driving rig
- Figure 2 shows a top plan view, partially in section, of the hammer
- Figure 3 shows a vertical section through the hammer
- Figure 4 shows a schematic view of the laser instrument
- Figure 5 shows a trace of the drop load motion
- Figure 6 shows a log of pile driving.
- the pile- driving rig designated as a whole by reference numeral 1, essentially comprises a drive carriage 2 equipped with a rail post 3, the rail post comprising a lower portion 6, which is the portion connected with the drive carriage 2, and a rail post extension 4 connected to the rail post lower portion in a telescoping fashing and serving the purpose of ef- fectively doubling the effective length of the rail post, or to put it differently, allowing a substantial contraction of the rail post in or ⁇ der to facilitate transportion and relocation of the unit.
- a top boom 5 is connected, the top boom serving as the mount for wire pulleys and cable attachments, which together with a pair of winches mounted on the drive carriage provide the pile-driving rig with a double crane-lifting cap ⁇ ability.
- the outermost of the crane wires is the pile wire 7, serving the purpose of hoisting a pile 49, while the innermost wire, the hammer wire 8, serves the purpose of lifting the hammer 10 slidably connected with the rail post 3, so that it is guided by the rail post in a manner so that it is displaceable substantially along the axis of the rail post.
- the hammer 10 is at its lowermost portion connected with a helmet or pile-driving cap 23, providing the interface to the pile 49.
- the drive carriage 2 is provided with powering means, such as a hydraulic powering system, providing hydraulic driving power through flexible hoses to the rail post and from there to the hammer 10.
- the hydraulic system is also connected for operating the winches and various actuators, serving to extend the rail post extension and to incline or lower the rail post as appropriate, and provides driving power to the the drive carriage, and the drive carriage is provided with a driver's cabin, housing a control panel, from which the functions of the pile- driving rig may be controlled.
- a laser instrument 30 is mounted by means of a laser support arm 31 to the top boom 5, the laser being o- riented so as to emit a beam downwardly along the axis 32, which is o- riented substantially parallel to the rail post 3.
- the hammer 10 is on a top side associated with a reflector plate 13, the laser beam axis 32 and the reflector plate 13 being mutually arranged so that the laser beam strikes the reflector plate 13 to be reflected there.
- the reflected beam is detected by a receiver incorporated in the laser instrument 30.
- Figure 2 showing a horizontal sectional view through the rail post extension 4, the Figure also showing the ham- er as seen from above.
- the lower part of Figure 2 shows a section through the the rail post extension 4, showing the rail post extension substantially in the form of a rectangle with the leaders 48 at the two uppermost corners, as shown in Figure 2.
- the leaders 48 are in the form of round bars extending in the longitudinal direction of the rail post extension and serve the purpose of providing slide guides for the ham ⁇ mer.
- the hammer 10 comprises a framework 45 comprising solid, transverse beams 46 arranged to form a quadrangle with solid, longitudinal beams 47 (shown in section in Figure 2) in the corners and connected with a pair of slide claws 16 adapted to connect the hammer frame to the leaders 48 in a slidable fashion.
- the hammer 10 further comprises a drop load 11 illustrated in Fi ⁇ gure 2 inside the approximately quadrangular outline defined by the transverse beams 46 of the hammer framework.
- the hammer drop load 11 is substantially quadrangular in the planar outline illustrated in Figure 2 and provided at each of its corners with two slide shoes 14 arranged perpendicularly and adapted to cooperate with respective hammer guide rails 15, one guide rail being arranged at each of the inner corners of the hammer framework.
- the hammer guide rails 15 are substantially in the form of angular irons, but are precision-machined parts adapted to pro ⁇ vide a precise guidance of the drop load 11.
- the drop load 11 is at the side facing the rail post extension 4 provided with a bracket 17 serving a purpose which will be explained later.
- Figure 3 shows the longitudinal beams 47 in the ham ⁇ mer framework 45 and the transverse beams 46 (in section), so as to il ⁇ lustrate how one set of transverse beams 46 is arranged to connect the longitudinal beams near their topmost ends, and a similar set of trans ⁇ verse beams 46 is arranged so as to interconnect the lowermost ends of the longitudinal beams 46.
- the guide rails 15 are connected to the lon ⁇ gitudinal beams 47 at several points, so as to be firmly supported.
- Figure 3 also shows how the drop load slide shoes 14 are arranged, one set of slide shoes being arranged near the lowermost end of the drop load and a second set arranged at the upper portion of the drop load, so as to provide accurate guidance of the drop load, and so as to allow a suitable length of stroke.
- the drop load is illustrated in solid lines in a position slightly elevated above its lowermost posi- tion, and the drop load is illustrated in phantom at its topmost posi ⁇ tion.
- Figure 3 further shows the slide claws 16 arranged with one pair near the uppermost, transverse beams and a second pair adjacent the lo ⁇ wasmost, transverse beams.
- the two pairs of slide claws secure the gui- dance of the hammer along the rail post, as explained above.
- the direc ⁇ tion of guidance, defined by the two pairs of slide claws 16 external to the hammer framework, is substantially parallel to the direction of gui ⁇ dance defined by the hammer guide rails 15 internal to the ammer frame ⁇ work.
- the hammer framework 45 Near its topmost end, the hammer framework 45 is provided with a wire pulley 21, whereby the hammer may be hoisted by the hammer wire, as explained above with reference to Figure 1.
- the interfacing between the hammer and the pile 49 is generally se ⁇ cured by a number of components illustrated in the lower portion of Fi- gure 3.
- the hammer framework is solidly mounted to a bottom plate 22 ar ⁇ ranged adjacent the lower side of the lowermost set of transverse beams 46.
- the bottom plate 22 is provided with a central opening, and the drop load is provided with a central, downwardly protruding impact boss 19 sized and arranged so that it may protrude through the opening in the bottom plate 22, the lower surface of the impact boss 19 providing the drop load impact face.
- the pile guide 27 provides a downward opening sized to fit loosely about the top of the pile with the purpose of maintaining the alignment of the hammer in relation to the pile.
- the opening in the pile guide 27 is designed to expand down ⁇ wardly in the form of a funnel with the purpose of guiding the hammer into alignment in relation to the pile when the hammer and the pile are brought together by an appropriate hoisting action.
- the helmet is adapted to fit over the topmost end of the pile and provides an anvil plate 24 above the top of the pile, and serves to maintain the impact piece 28 in a position above the top of the pile and below the anvil plate 24.
- the anvil plate 24 may comprise a material capable of some shock absorption, such as polyethylene.
- the pile-driving helmet with the anvil plate and the impact piece 28 to ⁇ gether serves to protect the pile top from destruction by the hammer blow and to modulate the blow over the hammer, so as to ensure that a maximum of force is transmitted into the pile, but with a minimum of noise and damage.
- the impact piece 28 is preferably a piece of wood, as a wood piece may provide appropriate dampening and transmission cha ⁇ racteristics at a low cost, allowing the wood piece to be renewed when crushed.
- the pile-driving helmet is provided with upper and lower, trans ⁇ versely extending flanges 25.
- the flanges 25 and the chamber within the helmet guide 29 are matched so that the outer edges of the flanges may slide upwardly and downwardly inside the helmet guide, the helmet there- by being guided so as to maintain its alignment and its orientation in relation to the hammer.
- a rub ⁇ ber gasket 26 is arranged between the upper helmet flange 25 and the bottom plate 22, a rub ⁇ ber gasket 26 is arranged, the upper flange and the bottom plate being matched so that the bottom plate 22 may be supported by the upper helmet flange 25 with the rubber gasket interposed therebetween, the rubber gasket serving to soften any impact blows therebetween.
- the hammer lifting actuator 20 is shown, the hammer actuator being a linear hydraulic ram acting be- tween the hammer frame bracket 18 rigidly connected to a lower, trans ⁇ verse beam of the hammer frame and the drop load bracket 17 rigidly con ⁇ nected to the drop load.
- the drop load may be lifted, and by contracting the hydraulic actuator again, the drop load is allowed to fall down by the force of gravity.
- the hammer and one pile are brought together by ap ⁇ basementte hoisting action and then lowered until the lower end of the pile is supported on or may be somewhat below the surface of ground 9 (cf. Figure 1).
- the pile-driving helmet rests on the top of the pile, and the hammer wire 8 is slackened so that the hammer frame is resting on the pile, by the bottom plate 22 being supported on the rubber gasket 26, again supported by the upper helmet flange 25.
- the hammer actuator 20 is contracted, so that the drop load is supported by the pile helmet by the impact boss 19 resting on the anvil plate 24 of the pile-driving helmet.
- the hammer actuator 20 is extended to lift the drop load 11 and then quickly con ⁇ tracted again.
- the drop load falls down by the force of gravity, until the front face of the impact boss 19 hits the anvil plate 24, transfer ⁇ ring the impact blow through the pile-driving helmet, through the impact piece into the pile.
- the pile Under the impact force of the hammer blow, the pile generally travels sharply downwardly, the degree of subsidence depending generally on the relative magnitude of the impact force, the pile weight and the resistance against penetration of the pile tip offered by the ground or by those subsoil strata which the pile tip is penetrating.
- the pile helmet When the drop load strikes the anvil plate, the pile helmet is driven downwardly, leaving momentarily the hammer framework unsupported, so that it will fall down by its own weight until the bottom plate 22 with the interposed rubber gasket 26 comes to rest again on the upper helmet flange 25.
- the helmet guide 29 must be adapted to allow a sufficient stroke of downward motion by the helmet in relation to the helmet guide in order to avoid the impact blow from the drop load in being directly transferred into the helmet guide and the hammer frame, so as to avoid undue strains and wear on these components.
- the drop load 11 is on its top surface 12 provided with a reflector plate 13 adapted to serve as a reflector for a laser beam directed onto the drop load from a position above, whereby the distance between the laser instrument and the drop load may be accurately measured.
- the reflector is preferably arranged so that its upper surface is perpendicular to the direction defined by the hammer guide rails.
- the reflector surface is, however, preferably comprises a socalled retro-reflecting material, i.e. a material having the ability to reflect optical radiation back along the direction of incidence, also in case of oblique directions of incidence, whereby the orientation of the reflector becomes less critical.
- the elevation of the reflector plate may be determined. At those instances in which the drop load and the hammer frame are both resting on the pile helmet, which is further resting on the top of the pile, there will be a well-defined relationship between the elevations of these components, and thus by measuring the elevation of the reflector plate at those in ⁇ stances, the elevation of the hammer frame as well as that of the pile top may be determined.
- the motion of the drop load may be con ⁇ tinuously traced, and the drop load velocity may also be determined.
- the hammer frame is fitted with an optical re- flector plate, and the elevation of the hammer frame may be determined directly by directing the laser beam towards this reflector or alterna ⁇ tively by providing a separate, dedicated laser instrument oriented to trace the reflector on the hammer frame.
- the hammer frame is also provided with sensors to monitor the motion of the drop load in re ⁇ lation to the hammer frame, preferably in the form of proximity probes mounted on the hammer frame to detect the passes of the drop load.
- sensors to monitor the motion of the drop load in re ⁇ lation to the hammer frame, preferably in the form of proximity probes mounted on the hammer frame to detect the passes of the drop load.
- the drop load is provided with an accelerometer adapted to measure the acceleration and velocity in the motion of the drop load in the vertical dimension.
- the laser instrument essentially comprises a high- frequency section 34 with a transmitter circuit 35 driving two laser di ⁇ odes to emit laser radiation.
- a first one of these laser diodes, the transmitting laser diode 36 emits laser radiation through a beam split ⁇ ter 33 and further through an optical system adapted to focus a narrow, well-defined beam of laser radiation along the axis 32.
- Laser radiation reflected to return in a direction along the beam axis 32 may be re ⁇ ceived by the optical system in the receiver 38.
- the receiver also re ⁇ ceives a laser signal from the second one of the emitting laser diodes, i.e. from the reference laser diode 37.
- the receiver 38 compares the phase of the incident, reflected signal with that of the signal from the reference laser diode and establishes the time delay therebetween.
- the accuracy of the determination of the time delay is sufficient to allow an accurate determination of the distance travelled by the la ⁇ ser beam from the laser instrument to the reflector and back by multi ⁇ plying the time delay with the velocity of light.
- the raw data are pro- Completed in the microcomputer 39, and the resulting data are transferred through the interface 44, which makes them available on the connector socket 43, from which a cable connects to a computer 50.
- the laser in ⁇ strument is also provided with a display 40 to allow monitoring of the operation of the instrument, and a keyboard 41 to allow finger-touch control of the laser instrument.
- the instrument may also be remote-con ⁇ trolled by the computer 50 through the interface 44.
- the interface is a serial interface according to the stan ⁇ dard RS232.
- the laser instrument used in the preferred embodiment is of the type GLE 2000 available from Sick Optic Electronics. This instrument can operate in two modes, i.e. a first mode with 40 Hz sampling frequen ⁇ cy and a second mode with 12.5 Hz sampling frequency.
- the 40 Hz sampling mode allows fast tracing of moving objects, but at the cost of redun ⁇ dancies, implying that the distance to the object may only be determined modulus two meters.
- the 12.5 Hz sampling mode is slower, but less ambi- guous as the result is presented as a distance modulus 131 m.
- the instrument according to the invention is used to measure downwardly from the top of a mast of which the height in practical case is well-known and generally in the range of 6-30 m, ambiguities beyond 131 m do not present any problems.
- the distance may be determined by the instrument to an accuracy of about 1 mm, and the divergence in the laser beam is so small that the diameter of the laser beam measured 20 from the laser instrument is approximately 40 mm.
- the reflector used is pre- ferably somewhat larger to allow alignment inaccuracies in the mounting or caused by bending of the mast, or perhaps by non-linearity of the rail post. In the preferred embodiment, the reflector is about 30 x 30 cm.
- FIG. 5 showing a trace of the drop load motion.
- the trace in Figure 5 is produced by the computer 50 based on the data received from the laser instrument 30, these data essentially representing the distance between the laser instrument and the reflector plate measured with a sampling frequency of 40 Hz, i.e. one measurement is carried out for every 0.025 sec.
- the distances are expressed in mm in relation to an arbitrarily selected but fixed reference point, and the trace illustrated in Figure 5 covers a period of time of approximately 3.5 sec, during which period the hammer was operating at a rate of ap ⁇ proximately 1 hammer stroke per sec.
- the letter A marks a point at which the hammer-lifting actuator commences its lifting operation, and the actuator-lifting operation effectively lasts until the point marked with B, at which the actuator quickly retracts, allowing the drop load to continue somewhat further upwardly, due to the inertia of its upgoing motion, until the topmost point marked with C, whereafter it drops downwardly. Since the level of the curve at the point A corresponds to a posi ⁇ tion at which the drop load rests on the top of the pile, the free fall of the drop load until it strikes the pile top essentially lasts until the point at which the level of the curve is equivalent to the level at the point marked with A, i.e. the difference between the levels at A and at C, respectively, marks the drop height.
- the com ⁇ puter may count the number of hammer blows and establish for each of the hammer blows data, such as the drop height, the drop load energy and the subsidence of the pile under the hammer blow.
- the drop load energy may be computed from the drop height or from the drop load velocity measured by the laser instrument.
- the re ⁇ sults of the measurements are transferred to the computer, so that the computer may use them in the calculation of the drop load impact energy.
- Other useful data which could also be produced in the computer could be a continuous recording of the velocity of the drop load, the magnitude of the oscillations when the drop load strikes the pile top, and the dampening factor, which may be deduced from the observation of these oscillations.
- the computer may continually monitor the pro ⁇ per operation of the hammer mechanism as well as the proper function of the impact piece, and the computer may be programmed to produce sug ⁇ workss for adjustments of the drop load lifting height or for the ham ⁇ mer operation frequency, so as to find the optimum balance between the various operation parameters, where the hammering proceeds as fast as possible while keeping the strains to the piles and to the equipment within allowable limits.
- Figure 6 showing a log of pile driving.
- the plot in Figure 6 is laid out essentially to satisfy the requirements prescribed in the above-mentioned DIN 4026 for those of the piles for which a full report (grosse Rambericht) is mandatory.
- the leftmost sec ⁇ tion of Figure 6 is a schematical representation of the pile with the elevations of the pile tip, the ground surface and the pile top, re- spectively.
- the vertical scale extends from 0 down to 20 m below ground, and the drop height plot shows that the hammering operation has proceeded from the surface level to a level of 6 m below ground with a drop height of 20 cm, and then from the level of 6 m below ground to the final level just above the 18 m level with a drop height of 30 cm.
- the energy plot (the solid line) shows the energy as minimal until the 6 m level, then rising to a top point at approximately 9.5 m, and subsequently falling and rising again several times following a generally rising trend expressing increasing resistance from the ground.
- the cumulative energy curve (the dotted line) provides the integration of the energy curve and facilitates the reading of the accumulated values.
- the actual load-bearing capability of pile foundations are general ⁇ ly established by controlled test-loading experiments of selected piles. Such experiments are, however, rather costly and time consuming and are, therefore, only carried out for a small number of piles.
- the load-bearing capabilities may be estimated by comparing plots as those shown in Figure 6, with reference to the load-bearing capabilities ty established by test loading.
- the plot of Figure 6 provides rather de ⁇ tailed information, from which the load-bearing capability may be esti ⁇ mated, also for the levels actually penetrated and passed by the pile tip during the ramming.
- the plot of Figure 6 may be computed and produced by the computer and may be stored in an electronic form. Other plots based essentially on the same set of data, e.g. as required by various other national re ⁇ gulations, may also be produced by appropriate programming of the com- puter.
- the above-described embodiments of the invention comprise a hydraulically operated hammer mechanism
- the invention is equally well applicable in contexts with other types of hammers, in which the drop load falls freely by the force of gravity.
- the invention is believed to be particularly advantageous in con ⁇ nection with diesel hammers, where the invention can solve the problem of computing the actual drop-load velocity just before the impact of the hammer, a quantity which may be somewhat difficult to establish accu- rately with diesel-driven hammers, where the drop load is decelerated by the drive mechanism just before it hits the pile top-, which makes it difficult to estimate the exact impact velocity.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Placing Or Removing Of Piles Or Sheet Piles, Or Accessories Thereof (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Looms (AREA)
- Soil Working Implements (AREA)
- Hydrogenated Pyridines (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP95904407A EP0737262B2 (de) | 1993-12-29 | 1994-12-29 | Pfahlramme |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP93120694 | 1993-12-29 | ||
EP93120694 | 1993-12-29 | ||
PCT/DK1994/000491 WO1995018270A1 (en) | 1993-12-29 | 1994-12-29 | Pile driving rig |
EP95904407A EP0737262B2 (de) | 1993-12-29 | 1994-12-29 | Pfahlramme |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0737262A1 true EP0737262A1 (de) | 1996-10-16 |
EP0737262B1 EP0737262B1 (de) | 1999-08-11 |
EP0737262B2 EP0737262B2 (de) | 2003-09-10 |
Family
ID=8213516
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95904407A Expired - Lifetime EP0737262B2 (de) | 1993-12-29 | 1994-12-29 | Pfahlramme |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0737262B2 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE183269T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU1310895A (de) |
DE (1) | DE69420050T3 (de) |
DK (1) | DK0737262T4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1995018270A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2010124386A1 (en) * | 2009-05-01 | 2010-11-04 | Jay Gunnarson | Telescoping leader system |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FI115071B (fi) * | 2002-08-05 | 2005-02-28 | Mikko Pasanen | Menetelmä ja laite etäisyyden mittaamiseksi |
KR20060031668A (ko) * | 2006-03-24 | 2006-04-12 | 차재선 | 로터리 퍼쿠션 조사를 위한 측정 시스템과 로터리 퍼쿠션천공에너지를 측정하여 지반과 암반을 평가하는 방법 |
DE102006060643B4 (de) * | 2006-12-21 | 2008-09-18 | Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg | Verfahren und Anordnung zum Einbringen von langgestreckten Profilen in einen Baugrund |
DE102013205512B3 (de) * | 2013-03-27 | 2014-06-26 | Menck Gmbh | Sensoranordnung zur Bestimmung der Ausrichtung eines Pfahls |
CN112921966B (zh) * | 2021-01-22 | 2022-02-11 | 中欧国际建工集团有限公司 | 一种保证预制桩桩端进入持力层的装置及其施工方法 |
CN115657113B (zh) * | 2022-12-26 | 2023-03-21 | 山东省地质矿产勘查开发局八〇一水文地质工程地质大队(山东省地矿工程勘察院) | 一种地下空间地质结构探测装置 |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1294901A (de) * | 1970-01-24 | 1972-11-01 | ||
US4271475A (en) * | 1979-05-07 | 1981-06-02 | Pileco, Inc. | Apparatus for measuring the fall height of a pile driver ram |
JPS5965123A (ja) * | 1982-10-02 | 1984-04-13 | Kajima Corp | 杭打込管理装置 |
JPS61142216A (ja) * | 1984-12-12 | 1986-06-30 | Japan Steel & Tube Constr Co Ltd | 打込杭の動的支持力算出装置 |
JPH01307616A (ja) * | 1988-06-04 | 1989-12-12 | Penta Ocean Constr Co Ltd | 杭打船における杭リバウンド量測定装置 |
NL193791C (nl) * | 1992-01-15 | 2000-11-06 | Orthopaedic Tech Bv | Gewrichtsprothese. |
-
1994
- 1994-12-29 DK DK95904407T patent/DK0737262T4/da active
- 1994-12-29 AU AU13108/95A patent/AU1310895A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-12-29 EP EP95904407A patent/EP0737262B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-29 DE DE69420050T patent/DE69420050T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-29 WO PCT/DK1994/000491 patent/WO1995018270A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1994-12-29 AT AT95904407T patent/ATE183269T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9518270A1 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2010124386A1 (en) * | 2009-05-01 | 2010-11-04 | Jay Gunnarson | Telescoping leader system |
US8764347B2 (en) | 2009-05-01 | 2014-07-01 | Northstar Energy Services Inc. | Telescoping leader system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE183269T1 (de) | 1999-08-15 |
DE69420050D1 (de) | 1999-09-16 |
WO1995018270A1 (en) | 1995-07-06 |
DE69420050T2 (de) | 2000-04-20 |
DK0737262T4 (da) | 2003-11-17 |
DK0737262T3 (da) | 2000-03-13 |
EP0737262B2 (de) | 2003-09-10 |
EP0737262B1 (de) | 1999-08-11 |
DE69420050T3 (de) | 2004-06-03 |
AU1310895A (en) | 1995-07-17 |
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