EP0727577A1 - Dispositif pour la commande électronique d'un électroaimant d'accouplement, notamment pour démarreur - Google Patents

Dispositif pour la commande électronique d'un électroaimant d'accouplement, notamment pour démarreur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0727577A1
EP0727577A1 EP96102242A EP96102242A EP0727577A1 EP 0727577 A1 EP0727577 A1 EP 0727577A1 EP 96102242 A EP96102242 A EP 96102242A EP 96102242 A EP96102242 A EP 96102242A EP 0727577 A1 EP0727577 A1 EP 0727577A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electromagnet
indicative
signal
speed
sensor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP96102242A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Giancarlo Casellato
Gianpiero S. Rodari
Mario Palazzetti
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Denso Manufacturing Italia SpA
Original Assignee
Industrie Magneti Marelli SRL
Magneti Marelli SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Industrie Magneti Marelli SRL, Magneti Marelli SpA filed Critical Industrie Magneti Marelli SRL
Publication of EP0727577A1 publication Critical patent/EP0727577A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/0851—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines characterised by means for controlling the engagement or disengagement between engine and starter, e.g. meshing of pinion and engine gear
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/0848—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines with means for detecting successful engine start, e.g. to stop starter actuation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N15/00—Other power-operated starting apparatus; Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from groups F02N5/00 - F02N13/00
    • F02N15/02—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof
    • F02N15/04—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears
    • F02N15/06—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears the toothed gears being moved by axial displacement
    • F02N15/067—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears the toothed gears being moved by axial displacement the starter comprising an electro-magnetically actuated lever
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2200/00—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus
    • F02N2200/04—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus said parameters being related to the starter motor
    • F02N2200/045—Starter temperature or parameters related to it
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2200/00—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus
    • F02N2200/04—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus said parameters being related to the starter motor
    • F02N2200/047—Information about pinion position
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2200/00—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus
    • F02N2200/04—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus said parameters being related to the starter motor
    • F02N2200/048—Information about pinion speed, both translational or rotational speed

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general to coupling devices and, more specifically, relates to a device for controlling a coupling electromagnet for association with starter motors used to start internal combustion engines.
  • gears In order to start an internal combustion engine by means of an electric starter motor, the motor and the engine are coupled by means of gears.
  • a gear commonly known as a pinion is keyed to the shaft of the starter motor and a gear known as a ring gear and having a markedly larger diameter than the pinion is keyed to the engine shaft.
  • the starter motor When the starter motor is supplied, it sets the engine shaft in motion by means of the meshed pinion and ring gear, starting the engine. Clearly, however, the pinion and the ring gear cannot be meshed permanently. In fact, if this were the case, once the engine had started, it would rotate the starter motor at high speed certainly damaging the two gears and/or the starter motor. For this reason, the starter motor therefore has an electromagnet for bringing about the meshing of the axially-slidable pinion with the ring gear so that their respective teeth mesh solely during the starting stage.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a device for controlling a coupling electromagnet which solves all of the problems indicated above in a satisfactory manner.
  • the present invention thus consists essentially of a device for controlling a coupling electromagnet and having the function of controlling the speed of operation of the electromagnet in order to eliminate the problems described above.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram of a starting system for a combustion engine comprising a control device of the type according to the present invention.
  • the system comprises an electric starter motor MA to the shaft of which a pinion P is keyed.
  • the pinion P can slide along its axis so as to be meshed with or disengaged from a ring gear C.
  • the ring gear C is connected to the shaft of the engine to be started (not shown). Normally, the pinion P and the ring gear C are connected, that is, are meshed with one another, solely during the starting stage whereas, for the rest of the time, they are disconnected, that is, they are not meshed.
  • the pinion P is slid along its axis so as to mesh with the ring gear C by means of a lever operated by an electromagnet EM.
  • the electromagnet EM is usually of the type with a drawn-in movable core.
  • the movable core of the electromagnet EM also operates a switch INT by means of which the starter motor MA is supplied. After it has brought about the working travel with possible meshing of the pinion P with the ring gear C, the electromagnet EM thus also causes the starter motor MA to be supplied.
  • both the electromagnet EM and the starter motor MA like all of the components of the starter system, are supplied by an electrical storage battery BAT. This type of starting system is widely known and is conventional for vehicles driven by internal combustion engines.
  • the electromagnet EM is no longer supplied, as in the prior art, simply by the closing of a switch, for example, by means of the ignition key of the vehicle, but is supplied by means of an operating device DC.
  • the operating device DC which is controlled by an electronic control unit UC, has the function of controlling the current supplied to the electromagnet EM.
  • the control unit UC can thus control the speed of operation of the electromagnet EM and consequently the operation of coupling the pinion P with the ring gear C.
  • control unit UC is constituted by an electronic circuit and the operating device DC is constituted by a semiconductor switch device, for example a MOSFET.
  • control unit UC is configured so as to implement a closed-loop control system.
  • the control unit UC therefore has to have a module CR for supplying a feedback signal indicative of the speed of operation of the electromagnet EM.
  • the purpose of the control unit UC is, in fact, to control the speed of movement of the movable core of the electromagnet EM and the feedback signal supplied by the module CR therefore has to be a signal indicative of the speed of movement of the movable core.
  • control unit UC is also connected to a sensor PUT which can provide a signal indicative of the speed of rotation of the engine.
  • the sensor PUT may, for example, be an electromagnetic sensor associated with a phonic wheel which, typically, is already present in engines fitted in vehicles currently in production. This signal enables the control unit UC to detect the starting of the engine which can be considered to have occurred when the speed of rotation exceeds a predetermined threshold value, for example 1000 revolutions per minute, for a certain period of time. Once it has detected the starting of the engine, the control unit UC cuts off the supply to the electromagnet EM to de-activate the starter motor MA and to disengage the pinion P from the ring gear C. Risks of damage owing to spinning of the starter motor are thus excluded.
  • a further sensor ST which measures the temperature of the starter motor which is considered to be the most important temperature, for example, that of the brush-holder plate. This measurement serves to disengage the motor, as in the previous case, to prevent thermal damage in the event of excessively prolonged starting and, at the same time, prevents the battery from being completely discharged in the event of difficulty in starting the engine, for example, because of carburation anomalies and persistent excessive starting by the user.
  • the control unit UC may also be interfaced with an engine management unit CM.
  • This connection can serve for various purposes, for example, for the exchange of signals and data between the management unit CM and the unit UC in order to automate the starting operation, in order to implement diagnostic functions, to integrate the management unit CM and the unit UC, etc.
  • control unit UC operates with a closed loop.
  • the control unit UC regulates the current through the electromagnet EM in a manner such that its movable core moves at a constant predetermined speed.
  • This type of closed-loop control is well known in the art and, as already stated, requires a signal indicative of the actual speed of the movable core of the electromagnet EM.
  • the actual speed of the movable core may be measured (by means of a sensor), or estimated (by means of a model).
  • Figure 2 is a functional block diagram of an embodiment of the device according to the present invention using a sensor.
  • the control unit UC comprises a voltage-control module CDT which is supplied with the battery voltage VBAT and can control the supply voltage V of the winding A of the electromagnet EM.
  • the voltage-control module CDT operates on the basis of an error signal ER generated by a subtraction node SUB.
  • the subtraction node SUB receives an input signal SI indicative of the desired constant speed of the movable core from which a feedback signal SE, indicative of the actual speed of the movable core, is subtracted.
  • the signal SE is generated by a tachometric sensor SENS associated with the electromagnet EM.
  • This type of control system which is known in the art, thus allows the desired speed of the movable core (the signal SI) to be set, the system then providing for this speed to be reached and maintained.
  • Figure 3 shows an alternative embodiment in which a model is used to estimate the actual speed of the movable core instead of a measurement sensor SENS.
  • parts and elements already described with reference to Figure 2 have again been given the same alphanumeric symbols.
  • the embodiment shown therein differs essentially in the way in which the feedback signal SE indicative of the actual speed of the movable core is generated.
  • a measurement resistor RMIS (also called a shunt) in series with a winding A of the electromagnet EM can pick up a signal I indicative of the current through the winding A.
  • This signal I is supplied to the input of an estimator module MOD, together with a signal V indicative of the supply voltage of the winding A.
  • the estimator module MOD uses a model of the electromagnet EM and is configured to calculate the actual speed of the core from the signals I and V.
  • the estimator module MOD thus generates a signal SE indicative of the actual speed of the core.
  • This signal SE is supplied to a subtraction node SUB.
  • the rest of the system is as described with reference to Figure 2 and operates in essentially the same way.
  • the embodiment using the tachometric sensor SENS is considered preferable.
  • a tachometric sensor which is extremely simple and cheap and, at the same time, has good performance suitable for achieving the desired aims.
  • the tachometric sensor SENS which can be seen in Figure 4, is constituted by a small permanent magnet MAG associated with the movable core of the electromagnet EM and cooperating with a winding W carried by a fixed support.
  • the movement of the permanent magnet MAG produces an electrical voltage at the ends of the winding W and this can be used as a signal indicative of the speed of movement of the movable core.
  • the control device may conveniently be formed so as to operate with pulse amplitude modulation.
  • Figure 4 shows an embodiment using precisely this type of technique.
  • the current in the winding A of the electromagnet EM is controlled by a MOSFET transistor T.
  • the transistor T is driven by a hysteretic comparator circuit AMP which provides for the pulse amplitude modulation control.
  • the comparator AMP operates on the basis of an error signal ER derived from a constant signal SI indicative of the desired speed set and from a signal SE indicative of the actual speed of the core generated by the tachometric sensor SENS described above.
  • the embodiment of the device according to the invention shown in Figure 4 also provides for the use of differential feedback to improve the control of the speed of the movable core.
  • a signal DER indicative of the differential of the current passing through the winding A is picked up from the winding A.
  • this signal DER is produced by the measurement of the differential of the instantaneous magnetic flux which passes through the winding of the sensor SENS as the leakage flux from the main solenoid of the electromagnet EM, which is indicative of the current.
  • the differential of the flux is obtained simply from the voltage induced in the sensor SENS.
  • this signal DER is to limit the rise or fall of the current in the transistors to corrected values, preventing undesired oscillations of the control system.
  • the signal DER thus passes through a first subtraction node SUB1 together with the signal SE indicative of the actual speed of the movable core.
  • the subtraction node SUB1 is formed in the structure of the sensor SENS itself.
  • the resulting signal generated by the subtraction node SUB1 is then sent to the input of a second subtraction node SUB2 which also receives an input signal SI indicative of the speed set.
  • the subtraction node SUB2 generates an error signal ER on the basis of which the comparator AMP regulates the supply current in the winding A.
  • the device according to the invention may also be formed so as to control the speed of movement according to a predetermined curve with the speed being variable over time rather than at a constant speed, for example, if the mechanical characteristics of the starting system make this appropriate.
  • a logic signal MAN generated by means of the switch INT for the supply of the starter motor MA is also advantageous.
  • the signal MAN indicates that the starter motor has been supplied and consequently that the pinion P has completed its travel. In practice, this means that the movable core of the electromagnet EM has reached the end of its travel. The detection of this condition is useful since, once the core has reached the end of its travel, it suffices for the control device to keep the movable core in the position reached by controlling the current in the winding A and limiting the power dissipation therein, particularly during prolonged starting.
  • the signal MAN therefore has the effect of modifying the operating condition of the control device and hence the reference for the control unit UC which, in this case, will be a speed of zero.
  • This is advantageous since it permits the use of electromagnets EM with single windings instead of the electromagnets with double windings used in the prior art, in which the second winding intervenes upon completion of the travel with a holding force corresponding to a relatively low current (and hence dissipation).
  • the device according to the invention can be configured so as to cut off the supply to the electromagnet EM when it detects that the engine has started.
  • the device may use a sensor PUT for detecting the speed of rotation of the engine.
  • the device according to the invention thus achieves many advantages, the main advantage being the low speed of impact of the pinion P on the ring gear C. This consequently limits noise and mechanical wear of these components, improving the overall reliability and life of the starting system.
  • the device according to the invention also enables the starting operation to be automated with a consequent overall improvement in product image and technical advantages due, for example, to the reduction of emissions caused by false starts which were possible with systems of the prior art.
  • the device according to the invention also enables diagnostic functions of the starting system to be implemented, for example, by making use of the data obtained by the tachometric sensor SENS.
  • the device according to the invention simplifies the production of the winding A of the electromagnet EM by eliminating the holding winding commonly used for keeping the movable core in its travel limit position. This reduces the cost of the electromagnet EM and, moreover, makes it less sensitive to production parameters by virtue of the fact that larger holding currents can be used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
  • Control Of Vehicle Engines Or Engines For Specific Uses (AREA)
EP96102242A 1995-02-17 1996-02-15 Dispositif pour la commande électronique d'un électroaimant d'accouplement, notamment pour démarreur Withdrawn EP0727577A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT95TO000116A IT1279543B1 (it) 1995-02-17 1995-02-17 Dispositivo per il controllo elettronico di un elettromagnete di innesto, in particolare per un motorino d'avviamento.
ITTO950116 1995-02-17

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0727577A1 true EP0727577A1 (fr) 1996-08-21

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EP96102242A Withdrawn EP0727577A1 (fr) 1995-02-17 1996-02-15 Dispositif pour la commande électronique d'un électroaimant d'accouplement, notamment pour démarreur

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EP (1) EP0727577A1 (fr)
IT (1) IT1279543B1 (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0793014A1 (fr) * 1996-02-28 1997-09-03 C.R.F. Società Consortile per Azioni Circuit de détection du démarrage d'un moteur à combustion interne
EP0844388A1 (fr) * 1996-11-20 1998-05-27 C.R.F. Società Consortile per Azioni Dispositif de régulation d'un électroaimant d'accouplement pour démarrage d'un moteur à combustion interne, en particulier d'un véhicule
EP0971125A1 (fr) * 1998-07-10 2000-01-12 C.R.F. Società Consortile per Azioni Circuit de commande d'un électro-aimant associé à un démarreur électrique pour un moteur à combustion interne
EP1041277A1 (fr) * 1999-03-31 2000-10-04 Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur Dispositif de commande de démarreur de véhicule automobile protégeant ce dernier de l'usure
EP1217205A1 (fr) * 2000-12-22 2002-06-26 Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur Procédé et dispositif de commande de l'alimentation d'un moteur électrique de démarreur de véhicule automobile
WO2011023613A1 (fr) * 2009-08-26 2011-03-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Procédé pour engrener un pignon de départ d'un dispositif de démarrage à couronne dentée d'un moteur à combustion interne
FR2968359A1 (fr) * 2010-12-01 2012-06-08 Bosch Gmbh Robert Procede et dispositif de gestion du demarreur d'un vehicule
CN110594402A (zh) * 2019-09-20 2019-12-20 聂征 无级电驱变速箱

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5595306A (en) * 1979-01-11 1980-07-19 Marantz Japan Inc Plunger solenoid
JPS56132461A (en) * 1980-03-21 1981-10-16 Toyota Motor Corp Driving controller for automotive engine's starter motor
EP0246140A1 (fr) * 1986-05-16 1987-11-19 Valeo Dispositif de démarrage pour moteur à combustion interne
US4862010A (en) * 1987-05-28 1989-08-29 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Method of starting engine and apparatus therefor
US4917410A (en) * 1988-12-12 1990-04-17 General Motors Corporation Electronic starting motor control
JPH02290142A (ja) * 1989-04-28 1990-11-30 Hitachi Ltd 車輌用スタータ保護装置
WO1993011369A1 (fr) * 1991-11-29 1993-06-10 Caterpillar Inc. Procede et appareil de determination de la position d'un induit dans un actionneur electromagnetique
EP0562457A1 (fr) * 1992-03-24 1993-09-29 INDUSTRIE MAGNETI MARELLI S.p.A. Dispositif électromagnétique

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5595306A (en) * 1979-01-11 1980-07-19 Marantz Japan Inc Plunger solenoid
JPS56132461A (en) * 1980-03-21 1981-10-16 Toyota Motor Corp Driving controller for automotive engine's starter motor
EP0246140A1 (fr) * 1986-05-16 1987-11-19 Valeo Dispositif de démarrage pour moteur à combustion interne
US4862010A (en) * 1987-05-28 1989-08-29 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Method of starting engine and apparatus therefor
US4917410A (en) * 1988-12-12 1990-04-17 General Motors Corporation Electronic starting motor control
JPH02290142A (ja) * 1989-04-28 1990-11-30 Hitachi Ltd 車輌用スタータ保護装置
WO1993011369A1 (fr) * 1991-11-29 1993-06-10 Caterpillar Inc. Procede et appareil de determination de la position d'un induit dans un actionneur electromagnetique
EP0562457A1 (fr) * 1992-03-24 1993-09-29 INDUSTRIE MAGNETI MARELLI S.p.A. Dispositif électromagnétique

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 004, no. 145 (E - 029) 14 October 1980 (1980-10-14) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 006, no. 014 (M - 108) 27 January 1982 (1982-01-27) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 015, no. 066 (E - 1034) 15 February 1991 (1991-02-15) *

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0793014A1 (fr) * 1996-02-28 1997-09-03 C.R.F. Società Consortile per Azioni Circuit de détection du démarrage d'un moteur à combustion interne
EP0844388A1 (fr) * 1996-11-20 1998-05-27 C.R.F. Società Consortile per Azioni Dispositif de régulation d'un électroaimant d'accouplement pour démarrage d'un moteur à combustion interne, en particulier d'un véhicule
US5970937A (en) * 1996-11-20 1999-10-26 C.R.F. S.C.P.A. Device for controlling a coupling electromagnet for starting an internal combustion engine, in particular for a motor vehicle
US6249419B1 (en) 1998-07-10 2001-06-19 C.R.F. Societa Consortile Per Azioni Control circuit for an electromagnet associated with an electric starter motor for an internal combustion engine
EP0971125A1 (fr) * 1998-07-10 2000-01-12 C.R.F. Società Consortile per Azioni Circuit de commande d'un électro-aimant associé à un démarreur électrique pour un moteur à combustion interne
EP1041277A1 (fr) * 1999-03-31 2000-10-04 Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur Dispositif de commande de démarreur de véhicule automobile protégeant ce dernier de l'usure
FR2791829A1 (fr) * 1999-03-31 2000-10-06 Valeo Equip Electr Moteur Dispositif de commande de demarreur de vehicule automobile protegeant ce dernier de l'usure
EP1217205A1 (fr) * 2000-12-22 2002-06-26 Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur Procédé et dispositif de commande de l'alimentation d'un moteur électrique de démarreur de véhicule automobile
FR2818703A1 (fr) * 2000-12-22 2002-06-28 Valeo Equip Electr Moteur Procede et dispositif de commande de l'alimentation d'un moteur electrique de demarreur de vehicule automobile
WO2011023613A1 (fr) * 2009-08-26 2011-03-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Procédé pour engrener un pignon de départ d'un dispositif de démarrage à couronne dentée d'un moteur à combustion interne
US8813707B2 (en) 2009-08-26 2014-08-26 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for meshing a starting pinion of a starter device with a toothed ring of an internal combustion engine
FR2968359A1 (fr) * 2010-12-01 2012-06-08 Bosch Gmbh Robert Procede et dispositif de gestion du demarreur d'un vehicule
CN110594402A (zh) * 2019-09-20 2019-12-20 聂征 无级电驱变速箱

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT1279543B1 (it) 1997-12-16
ITTO950116A1 (it) 1996-08-17
ITTO950116A0 (it) 1995-02-17

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