Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/385—Haptens or antigens, bound to carriers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
  • C07K14/70503—Immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K14/70539—MHC-molecules, e.g. HLA-molecules
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• the invention relates to methods of producing compositions for the modulation of T cell function in the treatment of for example, autoimmune diseases, allergic responses, transplant rejection, and other immunological disorders.
• MHC major histocompatibility complex
• the MHC proteins are useful for making complexes that target T cells.
• the complexes comprise the MHC proteins and peptides representing fragments of antigens associated with the particular diseases. These complexes can be further conjugated to radioisotopes or other labels for diagnostic purposes, or to toxins or other substances which render the complexes therapeutically useful.
• a number of pathological responses involving unwanted T cell activation are known. For instance, a number of allergic diseases have been associated with particular MHC alleles or are suspected of having an autoimmune component.
• T cell-mediated responses include the destruction of foreign cells that are purposely introduced into the body as grafts or transplants from allogeneic hosts. This process, known as "allograft rejection," involves the interaction of host T cells with foreign MHC molecules. Quite often, a broad range of MHC alleles are involved in the response of the host to an allograft.
• autoimmune diseases are a particularly important class of deleterious immune response.
• self-tolerance is lost and the immune system attacks "self tissue as if it were a foreign target.
• More than 30 autoimmune diseases are presently known; these include many which have received much public attention, including myasthenia gravis (MG) and multiple sclerosis (MS).
• MG myasthenia gravis
• MS multiple sclerosis
• MHC Class II proteins The involvement of the MHC Class II proteins in autoimmune disease has been shown in animal models. Administration of antibodies to either MHC Class II proteins themselves or antibodies to agents that induce expression of the MHC Class ⁇ 2 genes interferes with development of the autoimmune condition in these model systems.
• helper T cells The role of helper T cells has also been demonstrated in these models by counteracting the autoimmune system using anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies; CD4 is the characteristic helper T cell receptor (Shizuru, J.A. et al., Science (1988) 240: 659-662). Recent experiments have shown that, under certain circumstances, anergy or nonresponsiveness can be induced in autoreactive lymphocytes ⁇ see, Schwartz, Cell (1989) 1073-1081).
• MHC polypeptides thus have several pharmaceutical uses. However, to realize the potential of these types of treatments, a source of abundant MHC polypeptides is needed. MHC polypeptides have been expressed in mammalian cells. For example, a soluble form of the mouse I-E protein has been expressed in CHO cells (Wettsttein et.al., J. Exp. Med. 174: 219-228 (1991)). The expression levels from mammalian systems, however, are not sufficient for economical production of MHC polypeptides on a commercial scale. Moreover, mammalian cells load the MHC peptide binding pocket with endogenous peptides, necessitating peptide removal from the MHC. Thus, the prior art lacks methods for producing large quantities of therapeutically active MHC polypeptides at low cost. The present invention addresses these and other needs.
• MHC polypeptides having altered glycosylation in which the recombinant MHC polypeptide binds an antigenic peptide.
• the transmembrane domain is lacking from some of the recombinant constructs which are disclosed.
• the MHC polypeptide compositions are expressed in a prokaryotic host cell such as E. coli utilizing an expression vector containing a nucleotide sequence encoding the MHC polypeptide.
• MHC class II recombinant polypeptides are disclosed, including the a- and ⁇ -chains. Multiple recombinant MHC polypeptides are optionally associated to form active MHC compositions.
• the present invention includes a method of producing an MHC polypeptide comprising the steps of (a) growing in a culture prokaryotic cells containing an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the MHC polypeptide under such conditions that the polypeptide is expressed; and (b) extracting and isolating the MHC polypeptide.
• the method provides for the expression of two MHC polypeptides in a single prokaryotic cell, wherein the polypeptides form a heterodimer.
• the compositions produced by the method are also the subject of the invention.
• the invention further provides for a prokaryotic expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for an MHC polypeptide operably linked to a prokaryotic promoter sequence.
• a signal sequence operably liked to the MHC polypeptide sequence is optionally included in the vector.
• the nucleotide sequence for the MHC polypeptide can encode a truncated MHC polypeptide, or an MHC polypeptide lacking a transmembrane domain, in addition to full-length MHC polypeptides and other constructs which are derived from the full-length MHC polypeptide.
• the vector can be used to transform a prokaryotic cell such as E. coli.
• the invention additionally provides for a substantially pure MHC-peptide complex consisting essentially of an antigenic peptide and an isolated recombinant MHC component having altered glycosylation and an antigen binding site, wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with the antigen binding site.
• the peptide is typically between about 8 and about 30 amino acids, but can be shorter or longer.
• the peptide can be noncovalently associated with the antigen binding site.
• the present invention includes peptides which are autoantigenic and thereby associated with an autoimmune disease.
• An epitope on the peptide can be recognized, for example, by an autoreactive T cell associated with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or myasthenia gravis.
• Suitable peptide include those comprising residues 138-167 of human AChR a subunit, residues 84-102 of human MBP, and residues 148-162 of human MBP.
• compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the recombinant MHC-peptide complex.
• An example of the pharmaceutical composition includes a composition in which the MHC- peptide complex is embedded in a liposome.
• a "nucleotide sequence encoding an MHC polypeptide” is a subsequence or full length polynucleotide sequence which, when present in a cell, expresses an MHC polypeptide.
• the inserted polynucleotide sequence need not be identical and may be "substantially identical" to a sequence of the gene from which it was derived. As explained below, these variants are specifically covered by this term.
• the inserted polynucleotide sequence is transcribed and translated to produce a functional polypeptide, one of skill will recognize that because of codon degeneracy a number of polynucleotide sequences will encode the same polypeptide.
• polynucleotides of the invention specifically includes those full length sequences substantially identical (determined as described below) with an MHC gene sequence and that encode proteins that retain the function of the MHC polypeptides.
• the term includes variant polynucleotide sequences which have substantial identity with the sequences disclosed here and which encode proteins capable of binding antigenic peptides and binding a T cell receptor.
• the polypeptides of the present invention can consist of a full length MHC subunits, or a fragment thereof.
• nucleic acid sequences or polypeptides are said to be “identical” if the sequence of nucleotides or amino acid residues, respectively, in the two sequences is the same when aligned for maximum correspondence as described below.
• complementary to is used herein to mean that the complementary sequence is identical to all or a portion of a reference polynucleotide sequence.
• Sequence comparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides or polypeptides are typically performed by comparing sequences of the two sequences over a “comparison window” to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity.
• a “comparison window”, as used herein, refers to a segment of at least about 20 contiguous positions, usually about 50 to about 200, more usually about 100 to about 150 in which a sequence may be compared to a reference sequence of the same number of contiguous positions after the two sequences are optimally aligned.
• Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85: 2444 (1988), and by computerized implementations of these algorithms. Typically, the program providing the highest percentage identity is used.
• Percentage of sequence identity is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.
• substantially identical of polynucleotide sequences means that a polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90% and most preferably at least 95%, compared to a reference sequence using the programs described above using standard parameters.
• sequence identity preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90% and most preferably at least 95%.
• stringent conditions are sequence dependent and will be different in different circumstances.
• stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.
• Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe.
• stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is at least about 0.02 molar at pH 7 and the temperature is at least about 60°C.
• proteins of the invention include proteins immunologically reactive with antibodies raised against MHC polypeptides.
• substantially purified protein As used herein, the terms “isolated”, “substantially pure” and “substantially homogenous” are used to describe a protein that has been separated from components which naturally accompany it. Typically, a monomeric protein is substantially pure when at least about 60 to 75% of a sample exhibits a single polypeptide backbone. Minor variants or chemical modifications typically share the same polypeptide sequence. A substantially purified protein will typically comprise over about 85 to 90% of a protein sample, more usually about 95%, and preferably will be over about 99% pure, either by mass or by molecular numbers.
• MHC polypeptide refers to a single chain MHC protein (e.g.
• the a or ⁇ chain of Class II molecules or the heavy chain of Class I molecules which may constitute all or part of the effective portion of the MHC complex (i.e., a peptide comprising an antigen binding site or sites and sequences necessary for recognition by the appropriate T cell receptor) which is in other than its native state, for example, not associated with the cell membrane of a cell that normally expresses MHC.
• altered glycosylation refers to glycosylation of the MHC polypeptide in which the polypeptide is unglycosylated, or has a glycosylation pattern which differs from that found on the native polypeptide.
• Altered glycosylation in this application refers to glycosylation achieved through in vivo processes, but does not refer to in vitro processes such as treatment of the MHC polypeptide with an enzyme or chemical to produce a deglycosylated molecule.
• an "unglycosylated recombinant MHC polypeptide” is an MHC class I or class II polypeptide that lacks substantially all naturally occurring glycosylation.
• the polypeptides of the invention will have less than about ten percent of the glycosylation observed when MHC polypeptides are produced in human cells. More preferably, the polypeptides will have less than about five percent, and most preferably less than about one percent of the carbo-hydrates attached to MHC polypeptides produced in human cells.
• the unglycosylated recombinant MHC polypeptides of the invention are typically produced by a prokaryotic host cell that has been transformed with a nucleotide sequence that encodes the MHC polypeptide.
• MHC polypeptides lack the carbohydrate moieties that are normally found on MHC polypeptides from eukaryotic cells.
• FIGURES Figure 1 shows kinetics of peptide binding to recombinant DR2 chains expressed in E. coli.
• Figure 2 shows the stability of recombinant DR2-peptide complexes.
• Figure 3 shows optimum pH for maximum binding of MBP peptids to purified recombinant DR2 polypeptide chains.
• Figure 4 shows 7IFN production in T cells contacted with complexes of the invention.
• Figure 5 shows ⁇ lFN production in T cells contacted with complexes of the invention.
• Figure 6 shows efficacy of complexes of the invention in an animal model for multiple sclerosis.
• the present invention provides recombinant MHC polypeptides that can be used to form complexes useful for modulating T cell function, and methods for producing the MHC polypeptides.
• the complexes which consist of the MHC polypeptides complexed with antigenic peptides, can be used to inhibit a deleterious T cell-mediated immune response, such as allergic responses, allograft rejection, and autoimmune diseases.
• the complexes can be used to promote immune responses and can be used as vaccines.
• the present invention also provides methods for producing MHC proteins on a commercially viable scale.
• a further advantage provided by the present invention is that it provides a readily adaptable means of producing modified MHC polypeptides that are useful for a variety of desired uses. For example, when using the complexes for promoting immune responses or vaccines, it is desirable to modify the MHC polypeptides to allow attachment to a competent antigen presenting cell bearing ligands involved in the costimulatory signal responsible for T cell activation.
• the MHC complex can be linked to isolated costimulatory ligands such that T cell proliferation is induced. Thus, T cells will respond to the antigenic peptide presented by the complexes and an immune response will be initiated.
• the unglycosylated MHC polypeptides of the invention are produced in prokaryotic cells, such as E. coli.
• the prokaryotically-produced MHC polypeptides of the invention bind antigenic peptide with an efficiency similar to that of glycosylated, native MHC polypeptides.
• nucleotide sequences that code for the desired MHC polypeptides are isolated and transformed into suitable prokaryotic host cells, which are grown in culture under conditions that result in expression of the MHC polypeptides.
• the MHC polypeptides are then isolated from the cells or the culture supernatant and associated with the appropriate antigenic peptide to form a complex of the invention.
• Pharmaceutical compositions are prepared and administered according to standard techniques. For a general description of this approach, see U.S. Patent Nos. 5,130,297 and 5,194,425.
• MHC Polypeptides The proteins encoded by the MHC have been extensively studied in both the human and murine systems.
• Class I proteins found on the surfaces of all cells and primarily recognized by cytotoxic T cells
• Class II proteins which are found on the surfaces of several cells, including accessory cells such as macrophages, and are involved in presentation of antigens to helper T cells.
• MHC complexes encoded by the murine I-A and I-E (class II) subregions have been shown to consist of two noncovalentiy associated peptide chains: an alpha chain of 32-38 kd and a beta chain of 26-29 kd.
• a third, invariant, 31 kd peptide is noncovalentiy associated with these two peptides in the cell and generally dissociates to allow for loading of the antigenic peptide.
• Surface expression of the invariant chain inhibits the ability of the MHC class II chains to bind and present peptide.
• HLA human Class I proteins
• the MHC of humans (HLA) on chromosome 6 has three loci, HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, the first two of which have a large number of alleles encoding alloantigens. These are found to consist of a 44 kd subunit and a 12 kd beta 2 -microglobulin subunit which is common to all antigenic specificities. Isolation of these detergent-soluble HLA antigens was described by Springer, T.A., et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
• HLA-A2 a Class I human antigen.
• Soluble HLA-A2 can be purified after papain digestion of plasma membranes from the homozygous human lymphoblastoid cell line J- Y as described by Turner, M.J. et al, J. Biol.
• Cloning of the Class II genes permits manipulation of the Class II MHC binding domains for example, as described below. Cloning of MHC genes The amino acid sequence of each of a number of Class II proteins are known, and the genes or cDNAs have been cloned. Thus, these nucleic acids can be used to express the MHC polypeptides in a prokaryotic host cell according to the invention, as described herein.
• cloning methods known to those skilled in the art may be used to isolate the genes.
• One such method that can be used is to purify the desired MHC polypeptide, obtain a partial amino acid sequence, synthesize a nucleotide probe based on the amino acid sequence, and use the probe to identify clones that harbor the desired gene from a cDNA or genomic library.
• MHC polypeptides can be obtained by isolation from lymphocytes and screened for the ability to bind the desired peptide antigen.
• the lymphocytes are from the species of individual which will be treated with the complexes. For example, they may be isolated from human B cells from an individual suffering from the targeted autoimmune disease.
• the B cells can first be immortalized by transformation with a replication deficient Epstein-Ban * virus, utilizing techniques known in the art.
• MHC polypeptides have been isolated from a multiplicity of cells using a variety of techniques including solubilization by treatment with papain, by treatment with 3M KCl, and by treatment with detergent. In a preferred method detergent extraction of Class II protein from lymphocytes followed by affinity purification is used. Detergent can then be removed by selected methods such as dialysis. Purification methods for MHC polypeptides are also discussed in the preceding section.
• oligonucleotide probes designed to hybridize to the desired gene, are synthesized. Amino acid sequencing is performed and oligonucleotide probes are synthesized according to standard techniques as described, for instance, in Sambrook et al, (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.), Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
• Genomic or cDNA libraries are prepared according to standard techniques as described, for instance, in Sambrook et al. , supra. To construct genomic libraries, large segments of genomic DNA are generated by random fragmentation and are ligated with vector DNA to form concatemers that can be packaged into the appropriate vector. Two kinds of vectors are commonly used for this purpose, bacteriophage lambda vectors and cosmids. To prepare cDNA, mRNA from the organism of interest is first isolated.
• Eukaryotic mRNA has at its 3' end a string of adenine nucleotide residues known as the poly-A tail. Short chains of oligo d-T nucleotides are then hybridized with the poly-A tails serving as a primer for the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
• This enzyme uses RNA as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA (cDNA) strand. A second DNA strand is then synthesized using the first cDNA strand as a template.
• Linkers are added to the double-stranded cDNA for insertion into a plasmid or ⁇ phage vector for propagation in E. coll
• Identification of clones in either genomic or cDNA libraries harboring the desired nucleic acid segments is performed by either nucleic acid hybridization, or immunological detection of the encoded protein if an expression vector is used.
• the bacterial colonies are then replica plated on solid support, such as nitrocellulose filters.
• the cells are lysed and probed with either oligonucleotide probes described above or with antibodies to the desired protein.
• amplification techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to amplify the desired nucleotide sequence.
• PCR polymerase chain reaction
• U.S. Patents Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 describe this method. Sequences amplified by PCR can be purified from agarose gels and cloned into an appropriate vector according to standard techniques.
• Prokaryotes that are useful as host cells, according to the present invention, most frequently are represented by various strains of E. coll
• other microbial strains can also be used, such as bacilli, for example Bacillus subtilis, various species of Pseudomonas, or other bacterial strains.
• the MHC polypeptides are expressed from cloned nucleotide sequences that encode the MHC polypeptides by operably linking the truncated or full-length nucleic acids to signals that direct gene expression in prokaryotes.
• a nucleic acid is "operably linked" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence.
• a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence.
• operably linked means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, contiguous and in reading frame.
• the genes encoding the MHC molecules may be inserted into an "expression vector”, “cloning vector”, or “vector,” terms which are used interchangeably herein and usually refer to plasmids or other nucleic acid molecules that are able to replicate in a chosen host cell.
• Expression vectors may replicate autonomously, or they can replicate by being inserted into the genome of the host cell, by methods well known in the art.
• Vectors that replicate autonomously will have an origin of replication or autonomous replicating sequence (ARS) that is functional in the chosen host cell(s).
• ARS autonomous replicating sequence
• Plasmid vectors that contain replication sites and control sequences derived from a species compatible with the chosen host are used.
• E. coli is typically transformed using derivatives of pBR322, a plasmid derived from an E. coli species by Bolivar et al, Gene (1977) 2: 95.
• a vector it is desirable for a vector to be usable in more than one host cell, e.g., in E. coli for cloning and construction, and in a Bacillus cell for expression.
• the expression vectors typically contain a transcription unit or expression cassette that contains all the elements required for the expression of the DNA encoding the MHC molecule in the host cells.
• a typical expression cassette contains a promoter operably linked to the DNA sequence encoding a MHC polypeptide and a ribosome binding site.
• the promoter is preferably positioned about the same distance from the heterologous transcription start site as it is from the transcription start site in its natural setting. As is known in the art, however, some variation in this distance can be accommodated without loss of promoter function.
• the expression cassette can also contain a transcription termination region downstream of the structural gene to provide for efficient termination. The termination region may be obtained from the same gene as the promoter sequence or may be obtained from a different gene.
• prokaryotic control sequences which are defined herein to include promoters for transcription initiation, optionally with an operator, along with ribosome binding site sequences, include such commonly used promoters as the beta- lactamase (penicillinase) and lactose (lac) promoter systems (Change et al , Nature (1977) 198: 1056) and the tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al, Nucleic Acids Res. (1980) 8: 4057) and the lambda-derived P L promoter and N-gene ribosome binding site (Shimatake et al, Nature (1981) 292: 128). Any available promoter system that functions in prokaryotes can be used.
• Either constitutive or regulated promoters can be used in the present invention.
• Regulated promoters can be advantageous because the host cells can be grown to high densities before expression of the MHC polypeptides is induced. High level expression of heterologous proteins slows cell growth in some situations.
• Regulated promoters especially suitable for use in E. coli include the bacteriophage lambda P L promoter, the hybrid trp-lac promoter (Amann et al, Gene (1983) 25: 167; de Boer et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1983) 80: 21, and the bacteriophage T7 promoter (Studier et al, J. M ⁇ l.
• MHC polypeptides in prokaryotic cells other than E. coli, a promoter that functions in the particular prokaryotic species is required. Such promoters can be obtained from genes that have been cloned from the species, or heterologous promoters can be used. For example, the hybrid trp-lac promoter functions in Bacillus in addition to E. coli. A ribosome binding site (RBS) is also necessary for expression of MHC polypeptides in prokaryotes. An RBS in E.
• coli for example, consists of a nucleotide sequence 3-9 nucleotides in length located 3-11 nucleotides upstream of the initiation codon (Shine and Dalgarno, Nature (1975) 254: 34; Steitz, In Biological regulation and development: Gene expression (ed. R.F. Goldberger), vol. 1, p. 349, 1979, Plenum Publishing, NY).
• Translational coupling may be used to enhance expression.
• the strategy uses a short upstream open reading frame derived from a highly expressed gene native to the translational system, which is placed downstream of the promoter, and a ribosome binding site followed after a few amino acid codons by a termination codon. Just prior to the termination codon is a second ribosome binding site, and following the termination codon is a start codon for the initiation of translation.
• the system dissolves secondary structure in the RNA, allowing for the efficient initiation of translation. See Squires, et. al. (1988), J. Biol. Chem. 263: 16297-16302.
• the MHC polypeptides can be expressed intracellularly, or can be secreted from the cell.
• Intracellular expression often results in high yields. However, some of the protein may be in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies. Although intracellularly produced MHC polypeptides of the present invention are active upon being harvested following cell lysis, the amount of soluble, active MHC polypeptide may be increased by performing refolding procedures (see, e.g., Sambrook et al, supra.', Marston et al, Bio/Technology (1984) 2: 800; Schoner et al, Bio/Technology (1985) 3: 151). More than one MHC polypeptide may be expressed in a single prokaryotic cell by placing multiple transcriptional cassettes in a single expression vector, or by utilizing different selectable markers for each of the expression vectors which are employed in the cloning strategy.
• a second approach for expressing the MHC polypeptides of the invention is to cause the polypeptides to be secreted from the cell, either into the periplasm or into the extracellular medium.
• the DNA sequence encoding the MHC polypeptide is linked to a cleavable signal peptide sequence.
• the signal sequence directs translocation of the MHC polypeptide through the cell membrane.
• An example of a suitable vector for use in E. coli that contains a promoter-signal sequence unit is pTA1529, which has the E. coliphoA promoter and signal sequence (see, e.g., Sambrook et al, supra.; Oka et al, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.
• the MHC polypeptides of the invention can also be produced as fusion proteins. This approach often results in high yields, because normal prokaryotic control sequences direct transcription and translation. In E. coli, lacZ fusions are often used to express heterologous proteins. Suitable vectors are readily available, such as the pUR, pEX, and pMRlOO series (see, e.g., Sambrook et al, supra.). For certain applications, it may be desirable to cleave the non-MHC amino acids from the fusion protein after purification.
• Cleavage sites can be engineered into the gene for the fusion protein at the desired point of cleavage.
• the vectors containing the nucleic acids that code for the MHC polypeptide are transformed into prokaryotic host cells for expression.
• Transformation refers to the introduction of vectors containing the nucleic acids of interest directly into host cells by well known methods.
• the particular procedure used to introduce the genetic material into the host cell for expression of the MHC polypeptide is not particularly critical. Any of the well known procedures for introducing foreign nucleotide sequences into host cells may be used. It is only necessary that the particular procedure utilized be capable of successfully introducing at least one gene into the host cell which is capable of expressing the gene.
• Transformation methods which vary depending on the type of host cell, include electroporation; transfection employing calcium chloride, rubidium chloride calcium phosphate, or other substances; microprojectile bombardment; infection (where the vector is an infectious agent); and other methods. See, generally, Sambrook et al, (1989) supra, and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra. Reference to cells into which the nucleic acids described above have been introduced is meant to also include the progeny of such cells. Transformed prokaryotic cells that contain expression vectors for expressing MHC polypeptides are also included in the invention.
• the polypeptide is then purified using standard techniques. See, e.g. , Colley et al. (1989) 7. Biol. Chem. 64: 17619-17622; and Methods in Enzymology, "Guide to Protein Purification", M. Deutscher, ed. Vol. 182 (1990). The recombinant cells are grown and the MHC polypeptide is expressed. The purification protocol will depend upon whether the MHC polypeptide is expressed intracellularly, into the periplasm, or secreted from the cell.
• the cells are harvested, lysed, and the MHC polypeptide is recovered from the cell lysate (Sambrook et al, supra.). Periplasmic MHC polypeptide is released from the periplasm by standard techniques (Sambrook et al, supra.). If the MHC polypeptide is secreted from the cells, the culture medium is harvested for purification of the secreted protein. The medium is typically clarified by centrifugation or filtration to remove cells and cell debris.
• the MHC polypeptides can be concentrated by adsorption to any suitable resin such as, for example, CDP-Sepharose, Asialoprothrombin-Sepharose 4B, or Q Sepharose, or by use of ammonium sulfate fractionation, polyethylene glycol precipitation, or by ultrafiltration.
• suitable resin such as, for example, CDP-Sepharose, Asialoprothrombin-Sepharose 4B, or Q Sepharose.
• ammonium sulfate fractionation polyethylene glycol precipitation
• ultrafiltration or by ultrafiltration.
• Other means known in the art may be equally suitable.
• MHC polypeptides can be accomplished by standard techniques, for example, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, sizing chromatography, or other protein purification techniques used to obtain homogeneity.
• the purified proteins are then used to produce pharmaceutical compositions, as described below.
• Modified MHC Polypeptides The nucleotide sequences used to transfect the host cells can be modified according to standard techniques to yield MHC polypeptides with a variety of desired properties.
• the MHC polypeptides of the present invention can be readily designed and manufactured utilizing various recombinant DNA techniques. Many techniques are well known to those skilled in the art, and are provided in the cited references.
• the MHC polypeptides can vary from the naturally-occurring sequence at the primary structure level by amino acid insertions, substitutions, deletions, and the like. Protein fusions may also be utilized that may confer new activities or combinations of activities on the MHC polypeptide. These modifications can be used in a number of combinations to produce the final modified MHC polypeptide chain.
• the amino acid sequence variants can be prepared with various objectives in mind, including facilitating purification and preparation of the recombinant polypeptide.
• the modified polypeptides are also useful for modifying therapeutic half life, improving therapeutic efficacy, and lessening the severity or occurrence of side effects during therapeutic use.
• the amino acid sequence variants are usually predetermined variants not found in nature but exhibit the same peptide-binding and T- cell binding activity as native-sequence MHC.
• polypeptide fragments comprising only a portion (usually at least about 60-80%, typically 90-95%) of the primary structure may be produced.
• the MHC polypeptides consist essentially of either the a- or ⁇ t domain from the full-length polypeptide.
• Such fragments typically comprise between about 50 and about 100 amino acids, preferably between about 60 and about 90, more preferably between about 70 and about 80.
• synthetic methods may be used to prepare polypeptides. See, e.g., Merrifield (1986) Science 232: 341-347; Atherton et al, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford).
• modifications of the sequences encoding the MHC polypeptides is readily accomplished by a variety of well-known techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis (see, Gillman and Smith (1979) Gene 8: 81-97, and Roberts, S. et al. (1987) Nature 328: 731-734). Most modifications are evaluated by routine screening in a suitable assay for the desired characteristic. For instance, the effect of various modifications on the ability of the polypeptide to bind peptide or affect T-cell proliferation can be easily determined using the assays described below. Modifications of other properties such as redox or thermal stability, hydrophobicity, susceptibility to proteolysis, or the tendency to aggregate are all assayed according to standard techniques.
• the MHC cDNA coding sequences are modified to delete the transmembrane domain and express the resulting soluble MHC polypeptides.
• Truncation of the MHC cDNA may be performed, for example, by oligonucleotide-directed deletion mutagenesis or polymerase chain reaction.
• Oligonucleotide-directed in vitro mutagenesis is described, for example, by Kunkel et al. (1987) Meth. Enzymol. 154: 367-382. See also, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel et al, eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1987 and periodic supplements). Pharmaceutical Use of MHC Polypeptides
• the unglycosylated, prokaryotically-expressed MHC polypeptides of the invention can be used to form complexes with a peptide that represents an antigen associated with, for example, autoimmunity, allograft rejection or allergic responses.
• the components of the complex are chosen to have a desired effect on the immune system.
• An effective portion of an MHC polypeptide is one that comprises the antigen binding sites and sequences necessary for recognition of the MHC-peptide complex by the appropriate T cell receptor.
• the MHC component can be either a Class I or a Class II molecule.
• the association between the peptide antigen and the antigen binding sites of the MHC protein can be by covalent or by noncovalent binding.
• the complexes may also contain an effector component which is generally a toxin or a label.
• the effector portion may be conjugated to either the MHC-encoded protein or to the autoantigenic peptide. Production and use of complexes are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,130,297, supra.
• the antigenic peptides used in the complexes of the invention are are at least about 8 residues in length, usually at least about 10 residues, more usually at least about 12. Usually, the maximum length is about 30 residues, more usually about 25, and often less than 20.
• the length of peptides capable of binding an MHC molecule can vary. Thus, peptides of greater length, e.g. , up to 100 residues can also be used in the complexes. Usually, the peptides will be less than about 50 residues in length, preferably less than about 30.
• the antigenic proteins or tissues for a number of immunopathologies are known. For example, the complexes can be used to treat allergic responses.
• Examples of such conditions include food hypersensitivities such as celiac disease and crohn disease and allergic responses to ragweed, dust mites, cats, honey bee venom, and grass pollen.
• food hypersensitivities such as celiac disease and crohn disease
• allergic responses to ragweed, dust mites, cats, honey bee venom, and grass pollen.
• antigen-presenting cells APCs
• the location of these smaller segments within the antigenic protein can be determined empirically. These segments are thought to be 8-18 residues in length, and contain both the agretope (recognized by the MHC molecule) and the epitope (recognized by T cell receptor on the T-helper cell).
• the epitope itself is a contiguous or non-contiguous sequence of 5-6 amino acids which recognizes the antigen-specific receptor of T-helper cells.
• the agretope is a continuous or non-contiguous sequence which is responsible for the association of the peptide with the MHC proteins.
• the empirical process of determining the relevant 8-18 amino acid subunits is illustrated using the alpha subunit of the acetylcholine receptor of skeletal muscle.
• MG myasthenia gravis
• a loss of the acetyl choline receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction causes the MG symptoms.
• MG autoantibodies against the alpha subunit of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) are associated with the autoimmune response directed at the AChR.
• AChR acetylcholine receptor
• MIR main immunogenic region
• the peptide segments recognized by autoreactive human T cells also are located on the alpha subunit (Hohlfeld et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
• the epitopes recognized by these T cells lie between residues 1-30, 125-147, 169-181, 257-271 and 351-368.
• the AChR peptides 195-212 and 257-269 have been partially characterized as epitopes in myasthenia gravis patients of the HLA-DR5 and HLA-DR3, DQw2 MHC haplotypes, respectively (see Acha-Orbea (1989) supra).
• the peptides carrying agretopes permitting presentation of the epitopes associated with alpha subunit of this receptor are readily determined. For example, determination of the appropriate peptides in a mouse model is carried out as follows.
• mice which, when immunized with Torpedo californicus AChR develop a disease with many of the features of human myasthenia gravis, are used as model.
• MHC Class II glycoproteins are isolated from spleen cells of mice of this strain using lectin and monoclonal antibody affinity supports. The purified MHC Class II proteins are incorporated into phospholipid vesicles by detergent dialysis. The resultant vesicles are then allowed to fuse to clean glass cover slips to produce on each a planar lipid bilayer containing MHC molecules (Brian and McConnell, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1984) 81: 6159.
• One cover slip containing MHC Class II molecules embedded in the adherent planar lipid membrane is placed in each well of several 24-well culture plates.
• Each one of the approximately 40 overlapping 20-residue synthetic peptides corresponding to the alpha subunit sequence and containing one or more radiolabeled amino acid residues is placed in a well with cover slip and PBS and allowed to incubate several days.
• the extent of binding of peptide in the MHC Class II glycoprotein antigen binding site is measured by the amount of radio-activity incorporated into the MHC Class II-planar lipid membrane on the cover slip versus planar lipid membrane alone.
• the bound peptide contains an agretope (MHC Class II peptide binding site) of one of the several species of MHC Class II molecules present in the planar lipid membrane.
• agretope MHC Class II peptide binding site
• the set of agretopes for the alpha subunit of AChR is defined for the mouse strain that displays the symptoms of MG upon immunization with AChR or purified alpha subunit.
• each of the alpha subunit synthetic peptide segments that contain an agretope is again incorporated into the antigen binding site of isolated MHC Class II proteins embedded in planar lipid membranes on cover slips.
• T cell hybridoma proliferation as measured by tritiated thymidine uptake into DNA, indicates that the MHC Class II protein-bound peptide contains both an agretope and an epitope for binding to the T cell.
• Activation of T cell clones is determined by measuring IL-3 production (see, Quill et al, supra).
• the Dupont apparatus and technique for rapid multiple peptide synthesis is used to synthesize the members of a set of overlapping (10 residue overlap), 20-residue peptides from the alpha subunit of Torpedo californicus AChR.
• One or more radioactive amino acids is incorporated into each synthetic peptide.
• the pentafluorphenyl active esters of side chain-protected, FMOC amino acids are used to synthesize the peptides, applying standard stepwise solid phase peptide synthetic methods, followed by standard side chain deprotection and simultaneous release of the peptide amide from the solid support.
• the overlapping sequences which include the putative segments of 8-18 amino acids of the antigenic protein, such as acetylcholine receptor protein can be synthesized on the method of Geysen, H.M., et al. J. Immun. Meth. (1987) 102: 274.
• the synthesized radiolabeled peptides are tested by incubating them individually (on the plates) with purified MHC proteins that have been formulated into lipid membrane bilayers as above.
• MS multiple sclerosis
• myelin basic protein MBP
• Pertinent segments of the MBP protein are also determined empirically, using a strain of mice which develops experimental allergic encephalitis (EAG) when immunized with bovine myelin basic protein.
• SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus
• SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Peptides which are the antigenic effectors of this disease are found in the proteins on the surface of red blood cells.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from an immune response to proteins found in the synovial fluid.
• IDM Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• IDDM are believed to be portions of the insulin sequence and the beta cell membrane surface proteins.
• the relevant antigenic peptide subunits as they are relatively short, can readily be synthesized using standard automated methods for peptide synthesis. In the alternative, they can be made recombinantiy using isolated or synthetic DNA sequences, although this is not the most efficient approach for peptides of this length.
• a set of labeled test peptides is prepared, and those which bind to MHC in planar lipid membranes containing MHC proteins are shown to contain the agretope.
• the identified peptides are then prepared by conventional solid phase synthesis and the subset which contain epitopes for the disease-inducing helper T cell clones is determined by incubation of the candidate peptides with murine antigen- presenting cells (APC) (or with isolated MHC complex) and spleen or lymph node T cells from mice immunized with the full length protein. Successful candidates will stimulate T cell proliferation in this system.
• APC murine antigen- presenting cells
• This second, smaller, subset represents the suitable peptide component.
• the elements of the complex can be associated by standard means known in the art, as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,130,297, supra.
• the antigenic peptides can be associated noncovalentiy with the pocket portion of the MHC protein by, for example, mixing the two components. Excess peptide can be removed by any of a number of standard procedures, such as ultrafiltration or dialysis.
• the peptides can also be covalently bound using standard procedures by, for example, photo affinity labelling, (see, e.g., Hall et al, Biochemistry 24: 5702-5711 (1985).
• the peptide can be covalently bound to the MHC component by expressing the peptide and MHC component from a single polynucleotide sequence.
• the peptide can be covalently attached to the MHC component through a flexible peptide linker (see, e.g., Kozono et al. Nature 369:151-154 (1994)).
• the complexes formed using MHC polypeptides of the invention can be assayed using an in vitro system or using an in vivo model.
• the complex is incubated with peripheral blood T cells from subjects immunized with, or showing immunity to, the protein or antigen responsible for the condition associated with the peptide of the complex.
• the successful complexes will induce anergy in syngeneic T cells and prevent proliferation of the T cells even upon stimulation with additional antigen.
• T cells that proliferate in response to the isolated epitope or to the full length antigen in the presence of APC are cloned.
• the clones are injected into histocompatible animals that have not been immunized, in order to induce the autoimmune disease.
• the relevant complex should ameliorate or eliminate the symptoms of the disease.
• Either of the types of complexes i.e., with or without the effector component, may be used.
• the treatment is two-fold.
• the individual is treated with the complex of prokaryotically-expressed, MHC-encoded antigen-presenting protein containing an effective portion of the antigenic peptide to down-regulate the immune system.
• Further down-regulation is achieved by treatment with the three component complex with includes the prokaryotically-expressed, MHC-encoded antigen- presenting protein, an effective portion of antigenic peptide which is specific for the autoimmune disease being treated, and an effector component.
• panels of complexes may be used for treatment.
• the individual may be treated with several complexes selected from a panel containing the effective portion of the appropriate prokaryotically-expressed, MHC-encoded antigen-presenting polypeptides, and effective portions of antigenic peptides; these may be with or without effector components.
• Administration of a labeled complex permits identification of those portions of the immune system involved in the disease, in diagnostic applications.
• MHC Complexes for Therapy and/or Diagnosis In order to select the MHC complexes that are to be used in the diagnosis or treatment of an individual for a particular disease, the type of MHC antigens that are involved in the presentation of the antigen are identified. The following discussion describes the identification of antigen associated with autoimmune disease, but one of skill will recognize that the same general approach can be used for other diseases, such as allergies.
• Specific autoimmune dysfunctions are correlated with specific MHC types.
• Methods for identifying which alleles, and subsequently which MHC encoded polypeptides, are associated with an autoimmune disease are known in the art.
• a method described in EP 286447 is suitable. In this method several steps are followed.
• the association between an MHC antigen and the autoimmune disease is determined based upon genetic studies. The methods for carrying out these studies are known to those skilled in the art, and information on all known HLA disease associations in humans is maintained in the HLA and Disease Registry in Copenhagen.
• the locus encoding the polypeptide associated with the disease is the one that would bear the strongest association with the disease.
• identification of the allele is accomplished by determining the strong positive association of a specific subtype with the disease. This may be accomplished in a number of ways, all of which are known to those skilled in the art. For example, subtyping may be accomplished by mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) typing and by primed lymphocyte testing (PLT). Both methods are described in Weir and Blackwell, eds., Handbook of Experimental Immunology. It may also be accomplished by analyzing DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using DNA probes that are specific for the MHC locus being examined.
• MLR mixed lymphocyte response
• PHT primed lymphocyte testing
• the most complete identification of subtypes conferring disease susceptibility is accomplished by sequencing of genomic DNA of the locus, or cDNA copies of mRNA transcribed within the locus.
• the DNA that is sequenced includes the section encoding the hypervariable regions of the MHC encoded polypeptide.
• Techniques for identifying specifically desired DNA with a probe, for amplification of the desired region are known in the art, and include, for example, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.
• PCR polymerase chain reaction
• the polypeptide encoded within the allele is also identifiable, i.e., the polypeptide sequence can be deduced from the sequence of DNA within the allele encoding it.
• the MHC antigen complexes of the invention used for diagnosis and/or therapy are derived from the effective portion of the MHC antigen associated with the autoimmune disease state and from an autoimmune antigen associated with the same disease state.
• the complexes of the invention used for treatment or diagnosis of an individual with rheumatoid arthritis would include those containing a polypeptide derived from the DR4(Dw4), DR1 and/or DR4(Dwl4) which is capable of antigen presentation for disease induction, or incapable of antigen presentation for disease suppression, complexed with an effective portion of type-II collagen.
• the term "individual” encompasses all mammals and all vertebrates which possess basically equivalent MHC systems.
• the complexes formed using prokaryotically-expressed MHC polypeptides of the invention are conveniently administered after being incorporated into lipid monolayers or bilayers.
• lipid monolayers or bilayers Typically liposomes are used for this purpose but any form of lipid membrane, such as planar lipid membranes or the cell membrane of a cell (e.g. , a red blood cell) may be used.
• the complexes are also conveniently incorporated into micelles.
• Liposomes can be prepared according to standard methods, as described below. However, if the transmembrane region is deleted, the complex can be administered in a manner conventionally used for peptide-containing pharmaceuticals. Administration is systemic and is effected by injection, preferably intravenous, thus formulations compatible with the injection route of administration may be used. Suitable formulations are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed. (1985). A variety of pharmaceutical compositions comprising complexes of the present invention and pharmaceutically effective carriers can be prepared. The pharmaceutical compositions are suitable in a variety of drug delivery systems. For a brief review of present methods of drug delivery, see, Langer, Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990).
• Liposomes of the present invention typically contain the MHC-peptide complexes positioned on the surface of the liposome in such a manner that the complexes are available for interaction with the T cell receptor.
• the transmembrane region is usually first incorporated into the membrane at the time of forming the membrane.
• the liposomes can be used to target desired drugs (e.g., toxins or chemotherapeutic agents) to particular autoreactive T cells.
• the complexes embedded in the liposome may be used to induce anergy in the targeted cells.
• Suitable surfactants include sodium laureate, sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, octaoxyethylene glycol monododecyl ether, octoxynol 9 and PLURONIC F-127 * (Wyandotte Chemicals Corp.).
• Preferred surfactants are nonionic polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene detergents compatible with IV injection such as, TWEEN-80 * , PLURONIC F-68 * , n-octyl-0-D-glucopyranoside, and the like.
• phospholipids such as those described for use in the production of liposomes, may also be used for micelle formation.
• the MHC subunits of the present invention comprise a lipophilic transmembrane region and a relatively hydrophilic extracellular domain
• mixed micelles are formed in the presence of common surfactants or phospholipids and the subunits.
• the mixed micelles of the present invention may comprise any combination of the subunits, phospholipids and/or surfactants.
• the micelles may comprise subunits and detergent, subunits in combination with both phospholipids and detergent, or subunits and phospholipid.
• the dose will vary according to, e.g., the particular complex, the manner of administration, the particular disease being treated and its severity, the overall health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician.
• Dosage levels for murine subjects are generally between about 10 ⁇ g and about 500 ⁇ g.
• three 25 ⁇ g or 100 ⁇ g doses are effective.
• Total dosages range between about 0.015 and about 15 ⁇ g/kg, preferably about 0.15 to about 10 ⁇ g/kg.
• compositions are intended for parenteral, topical, oral or local administration, such as by aerosol or transdermally, for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered in a variety of unit dosage forms depending upon the method of administration.
• unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration include powder, tablets, pills, and capsules.
• compositions for intravenous administration which comprise a solution of the complex dissolved or suspended in an acceptable carrier, preferably an aqueous carrier.
• an acceptable carrier preferably an aqueous carrier.
• aqueous carriers may be used, e.g., water, buffered water, 0.4% saline, and the like.
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• a preferred formulation is PBS containing 0.02% TWEEN-80.
• compositions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous solution prior to administration.
• the compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
• concentration of the complex can vary widely, i.e., from less than about 0.05%, usually at or at least about 1 % to as much as 10 to 30% by weight and will be selected primarily by fluid volumes, viscosities, etc., in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected.
• concentrations for intravenous administration are about 0.02% to about 0.1 % or more in PBS.
• nontoxic solid carriers include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic composition is formed by incorporating any of the normally employed excipients, such as those carriers previously listed, and generally 10-95% of active ingredient.
• the complexes are preferably supplied in finely divided form along with a surfactant and propellant.
• the surfactant must, of course, be nontoxic, and preferably soluble in the propellant.
• Representative of such agents are the esters or partial esters of fatty acids containing from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, such as caproic, octanoic, lauric, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, olesteric and oleic acids with an aliphatic polyhydric alcohol or its cyclic anhydride such as, for example, ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, arabitol, mannitol, sorbitol, the hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol, and the polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene derivatives of these esters.
• the surfactant may constitute 0.1%-20% by weight of the composition, preferably 0.25-5%.
• the balance of the composition is ordinarily propellant.
• Liquefied propellants are typically gases at ambient conditions, and are condensed under pressure.
• suitable liquefied propellants are the lower alkanes containing up to 5 carbons, such as butane and propane; and preferably fluorinated or fluorochlorinated alkanes. Mixtures of the above may also be employed.
• a container equipped with a suitable valve is filled with the appropriate propellant, containing the finely divided compounds and surfactant. The ingredients are thus maintained at an elevated pressure until released by action of the valve.
• compositions containing the complexes can be administered for therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic applications.
• compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a disease, as described above, in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications.
• An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as "therapeutically effective dose.
• Amounts effective for this use will depend on the severity of the disease and the weight and general state of the patient. As discussed above, this will typically be between about 0.5 mg/kg and about 25 mg/kg, preferably about 3 to about 15 mg/kg.
• the complexes of the invention are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease.
• a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease is defined to be a "prophylactically effective dose.”
• prophylactically effective dose the precise amounts again depend on the patient's state of health and weight.
• the doses will generally be in the ranges set forth above.
• compositions containing the appropriate complexes or a cocktail thereof are administered to a patient suspected of having an autoimmune disease state to determine the presence of autoreactive T cells associated with the disease.
• efficacy of a particular treatment can be monitored.
• An amount sufficient to accomplish this is defined to be a "diagnostically effective dose. " In this use, the precise amounts will depend upon the patient's state of health and the like, but generally range from 0.01 to 1000 mg per dose, especially about 10 to about 100 mg per patient.
• Kits can also be supplied for therapeutic or diagnostic uses.
• the complexes of the present invention may be provided, usually in a lyophilized form in a container.
• the complexes which may be conjugated to a label or toxin, or unconjugated, are included in the kits with buffers, such as Tris, phosphate, carbonate, etc., stabilizers, biocides, inert proteins, e.g., serum albumin, or the like, and a set of instructions for use.
• buffers such as Tris, phosphate, carbonate, etc., stabilizers, biocides, inert proteins, e.g., serum albumin, or the like
• these materials will be present in less than about 5% wt. based on the amount of complex and usually present in total amount of at least about
• an inert extender or excipient to dilute the active ingredients, where the excipient may be present in from about 1 to 99% wt. of the total composition.
• an antibody capable of binding to the complex is employed in an assay, this will usually be present in a separate vial.
• the antibody is typically conjugated to a label and formulated according to techniques well known in the art.
• MHC class II molecules were expressed in E. coli using an expression vector derived from that described by Squires et al. (J. Biol. Chem. (1988) 263: 16297-16302).
• the MHC gene was inserted into a modified expression vector that contains a T7 promoter to drive expression of the inserted gene.
• Both full-length and truncated ( ⁇ TM) MHC genes were expressed.
• the nucleotide sequences coding for the transmembrane and cytoplasmically exposed regions of the MHC polypeptides were deleted in the ⁇ TM constructs (See SEQ. ID. Nos. 11 and 13).
• FIG. 11 shows the DNA sequence corresponding to the mature full-length form of the HLA DR2-Dw2 tt-chain and SEQ. ID. No. 13 shows the HLA DR2-Dw2 jS-chain.
• the ⁇ TM constructs were made by deleting the region between positions 577 and 690 of the ⁇ -chain and the region between positions 595 and 714 in the j8-chain respectively.
• Oligonucleotides were synthesized on an Applied Biosystems 392 DNA synthesizer using jS-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite chemistry and were purified using Applied Biosystems OPC cartridges per manufacturers instructions. Plasmids pET3a and pETllb, which contain the bacteriophage T7 promoter, were purchased from Novagen. Plasmid pUC19 and all restriction enzymes and DNA modifying enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs. E. coli K-12 strain W3110 was obtained from the ATCC. The cell line
• GMO3107 (source of the MHC sequences) was obtained from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) repository at the Coriell Institute for Medical Research. GMO3107 is an EBV transformed human cell line that expresses high levels of the DR2-Dw2 heterodimer complex on its surface. Construction of an E. coli expression plasmid. Expression plasmids for
• MHC class II molecules were constructed from pET3a as follows. pET3a was digested with Ec ⁇ RI, blunt-ended with DNA Polymerase I (Klenow fragment) and digested with EcoRV. The vector was recircularized, destroying both restriction sites, to generate plasmid p26404.
• Plasmid p26405 was derived from p26404 as follows. First, p26404 was digested with Bam ⁇ I and the ends were filled-in with DNA polymerase I (Klenow) to generate blunt ends. A synthetic linker of sequence: 5'...CGGAATTCCG...3' (SEQ. ID. No. 15) was introduced into the destroyed Bam ⁇ I site, thus replacing it with a new Ec ⁇ RI site.
• Plasmid p26411 was generated by digestion of p26405 with Ndel and Ec ⁇ RI and insertion of a synthetic linker sequence:
• This linker provides the first 14 codons of the phi- 10 open reading frame (coupler), and has a Bam ⁇ I site located in the proper reading frame for subsequent expression of an inserted MHC gene. Downstream of the Bam ⁇ I site is a Hr ⁇ di ⁇ cloning site that together with the EcoRI site provides two downstream sites for directional cloning of inserts.
• p26411 was destroyed to generate plasmid p27305.
• p26411 was digested with Ec ⁇ RI + Pstl and the 3387bp fragment recovered.
• p26411 was also digested with Bam ⁇ I and Pstl and the 891bp fragment was recovered.
• Plasmid p27313 incorporates a copy of the / ⁇ cF represser protein onto p27305 to control unwanted transcription of the target gene prior to induction.
• p27305 was digested with Bam ⁇ I and Pstl and a 917 bp fragment recovered.
• Plasmid pETllb was similarly treated and a 4608 bp fragment recovered. Ligation of the two fragments yielded the final form of the expression plasmid, p27313.
• Poly-A + mRNA was prepared from 5.0 x 10 7 viable GMO3107 cells using a Fast Track kit (Invitrogen), following the manufacturer's instructions.
• cDNA was prepared from 25 ng of poly-A + mRNA using a Clontech first- strand cDNA synthesis kit, following the manufacturer's instructions.
• Primers were designed for PCR amplification of either the mature gene product or a truncated ( ⁇ TM) form of each chain.
• the "top strand" primer of each chain included a portion of the phi- 10 gene corresponding to the translational coupler used in the E. coli expression system.
• DR2-Alpha chain
• ATC..3' SEQ. ID. No. 5
• PCR products were digested with Bam ⁇ I and Ec ⁇ RI and subcloned into the plasmid pUC9 which had been similarly treated. Recombinant clones were identified and sequenced.
• the plasmids containing recombinant a- and /3-chain genes were designated p26416 and p26417 respectively.
• Sequence analysis of the a chain revealed a point mutation (G to T) at base 649 of the published sequence. This mutation results in a valine to leucine substitution at residue 217 of the full length mature gene product. No deviations from the published sequence were observed for the /3-chain. Full-length expression constructs. Plasmids p26416 and p26417 were treated with Bam ⁇ l and Ec ⁇ RI.
• Fragments corresponding to the - and /3-chains were subcloned into the expression vector p27313. Recombinant clones were identified by restriction analysis and given the designations p27317 ( ⁇ -chain) and p27316 (3-chain). ⁇ TM expression constructs. PCR amplification of truncated - and ⁇ - chain genes was performed using the PCR primer pairs previously described. The plasmids p26416 and p26417 were used as target DNA for the ⁇ - and /3-chain, respectively. The PCR products were treated with BamHL and Ec ⁇ RI and ligated into plasmid p27316 which had been treated with the same enzymes to remove the fiill-length /3-chain. The resulting plasmids were designated p26495 ( ⁇ - ⁇ TM) and p26496 ( ⁇ - ⁇ TM).
• EXAMPLE 2 Expression of MHC Class II Molecules in E. coli Construction of Host Strain W3110/DE3.
• E. coli strain W3110 was made lysogenic for the phage lambda-DE3 (which carries a copy of the T7 RNA polymerase gene) using the DE3 lysogenization kit from Novagen, following the manufacturer's instructions.
• Plasmids p27316, p27317, p26495 and p26496 were transformed into the host strain W3110/DE3.
• Cultures were grown at 37°C in LB containing 0.4% glucose and 100 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin. Cells were induced in mid-log growth by addition of isopropyl-/3-b-D- thio-galactopyranoside (IPTG) (0.4 mM final concentration) and allowed to grow at 37°C. Periodic samples were taken and chilled on ice prior to processing. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000 x g at 4°C for 10 minutes. Cells were resuspended in TE (10 mM Tris-Cl, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0) in a volume appropriate to yield 0.02 OD ⁇ oo ⁇ l.
• IPTG isopropyl-/3-b-D- thio-galactopyranoside
• Reduced samples were prepared by adding equal volumes of cell suspension and 2X SDS-sample buffer containing 0.3M 2- mercaptoethanol and boiling for 5 minutes. Ten microliters of sample were applied to a 12% SDS-gel and following electrophoresis proteins were visualized with Coomasie Brilliant Blue staining.
• rDR2 a and ⁇ chains Purification of rDR2 a and ⁇ chains. Recombinant DR2 a and ⁇ chains with and without the transmembrane region were purified by preparative electroelution as generally described in Passmore et al J. Immunol. Meth. 155:193-200 (1992). Inclusion body preparations in 8M urea and 10 mM DTT at a concentration of 6 mg/ml were dialyzed for 16 hours against sample buffer: 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8 and 0.25 % SDS. Two mg of starting sample was loaded onto a Bio-Rad Prep Cell device containing 13.5% resolving and 4% stacking gel.
• Electrophoresis was performed at 40 mA constant current for the duration of elution. Fractions (3ml) were collected starting at 360 minutes with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Eluted fractions were analyzed for by 13.5% non-reducing SDS-PAGE followed by silver stain. Based on polyacrylamide gel analysis, ⁇ and ⁇ monomers were pooled and concentrated with an Amicon Centriprep 10k molecular weight cut-off filtration system. The final monomer preparations were dialyzed against PBS containing 0.01% Tween-80 and 0.02% azide. The yield was calculated by Lowry assay, with a typical recovery ranging between 15-30% of the loaded protein.
• MHC polypeptides purified by this method were free of any detectible contaminants.
• Clones of the mature full length - and S-chains of DR2-Dw2 as well as truncated forms of each lacking the putative transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail regions have been constructed and inserted into a T7 expression vector for expression in E. coli.
• the ⁇ -chain clone used herein contains a nucleotide substitution at base 649, compared to the published sequence. This difference results in the substitution of a leucine residue in place of a valine residue at amino acid 217 of the full length product. This residue is within the transmembrane portion of the molecule and is therefore not present in the ⁇ TM construct. Because of the conservative nature of the leucine for valine substitution, and its positioning within the transmembrane region, the mutation was not considered a significant hinder to further experiments with regard to peptide binding and interaction with T-cells.
• Beta Full-length 237 27035 Alpha ⁇ TM 192 22174 Beta ⁇ TM 198 23024
• the target gene products were located in the soluble (inclusion body) fraction in all constructs.
• NH 2 -terminal amino acid sequencing of the first five residues of the DR2- Dw2 alpha chain full length and ⁇ TM products matched exactly the predicted amino acid sequence for the natural product except that a methionine residue was found in the first position, presumably due to its incomplete removal in vivo by E. coli.
• NH 2 -terminal sequence analysis of the first five residues of the two /3-chain gene products matched exactly the expected mature sequence for this chain with no methionine present in the first position.
• the E. c ⁇ /t-expressed - and /S-chains bind peptide as well as isolated chains of the naturally derived material.
• the denatured single chains are able to achieve some level of conformation (without complex refolding procedures) that enables them to bind peptide. While complex refolding steps do not appear necessary, improvements in binding efficiency might be realized following controlled renaturation of the single chain moieties.
• EXAMPLE 3 Binding of Antigenic Peptide to Recombinant MHC Polypeptide
• Purified chains at a concentration of 200 ⁇ g/ml and DR2 dimers at a concentration of 400 ⁇ g/ml were incubated with radiolabeled MBP(83-102)Y 83 peptide or MBP(1-14) peptide at 37 °C for 96 hours.
• Three ⁇ g of the samples were analyzed on 13.5% polyacrylamide SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions. Gels were stained with silver stain, autoradiographed and radioactivity associated with each chain was counted. The percent of chains occupied with labeled peptide was calculated from the specific activity of the respective peptides.
• results presented in Figure 1 show that rDR2/3(-TM) bound maximum peptide followed by rDR2 ⁇ (+TM) and rDR2/3(+TM).
• the rDR2 ⁇ (-TM) showed no significant binding of MBP(83-102)Y 83 peptide.
• recombinant chains showed increased binding as compared to equimolar amount of DR2 native heterodimer. The results were reproducible in 4 different experiments. The specificity of the peptide binding was demonstrated by incubating the chains with an equivalent amount of another epitope from the same myelin basic protein, MBP(1-14). In all cases, the binding of MBP(1-14) was insignificant.
• EXAMPLE 4 Peptide Binding Assay with Biotinylated Antigenic Peptide Further binding studies were carried out using the four recombinant chains, rDR2 ⁇ (+TM), rDR2 ⁇ (-TM), rDR2 / 8(+TM), rDR2j8(-TM), purified by conventional preparative chromatographic procedures as described above. Biotinylated- MBP (83-102)Y 83 , biotinylated-MBP (124-143) and biotinylated-MBP (1-14) peptides were used for the binding assay. Recombinant chains at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml was incubated with 50 fold molar excess of biotinylated-MBP peptides.
• Native HLA-DR2 has been shown to have high affinity for peptides MBP (83-102)Y 83 and MBP (124-143) and no affinity for MBP (1-14).
• the results presented in Figure 3 show that purified recombinant polypeptide chains, like native heterodimers were capable of binding both MBP(83-102)Y 83 and MBP(124-143) peptides.
• the MBP (1-14) did not show any significant binding to any purified chain preparations.
• the optimum pH for maximum binding was different than native DR2 in all cases.
• HVS herpesvirus saimiri
• Rabbit anti-human gamma-IFN was then added at a concentration of l ⁇ g/ml and plates were incubated at room temperature for additional 2 hours. Wells were extensively washed and incubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit at a concentration of 800 ng/ml for 1 hour at 37°C, prior to the color developed using TMB as a substrate.
• the reaction was stopped by 2 N sulfuric acid at 5 min. and the absorbance was measured at 450 nm.
• EAE was induced by adoptive transfer of 1 x 10 7 MBP(91-103) reactive T cells as described in Sharma et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:11465-11469 (1991).
• the experiment was performed using ⁇ chain of IA S complexed with MBP 91-103 or 1- 14 prepared as described above.
• each mouse received 40 ⁇ g of complexes in as described in Sharma et al. The results are shown in Figure 6.
• animals receiving PBS alone or irrelevant complex I-A* complexed with MBP(1-14)
• animals receiving relevant complex I-A* complexed with MBP(91-103) did not.
• Ubiquitin Fusion Expression System for Expression of MHC in E. coli Use of yeast genes encoding ubiquitin in the production of fusion proteins in E. coli are described in Miller et al. Biotechnology 7:698-704 (1989). In this system, the gene of interest is produced as a C-terminal fusion to the first 76 residues of the yeast ubiquitin gene contianing the UPP cleavage site. Cleavage at the junction of the two moieties results in production of a protein having an intact authentic N-terminal reside. Examples of such cleavage sites are the ubiquitin sequences recognized by the yeast ubiquitin protein peptidase (UPP) and ubiquitin specific protease (UBPI).
• UFP yeast ubiquitin protein peptidase
• UBPI ubiquitin specific protease
• UPP is the product of the YUHl gene and can be expressed in active form in E. coli and used in vitro or in vivo to cleave ubiquitin-protein fusions at the fusion junction (Miller et al, supra)
• the efficiency of cleavage by UPP has been shown to be affected by the length of the fusion product and cleavage of fusions greater than 20Kd are often inefficient.
• UBPl has been shown by Tobias and Varshavsky J. Biol. Chem. 266:12021 (1991) to have the same proteolytic properties of UPP but not affected by the size of the fusion.
• UPP or UBPl could be cloned and expressed in E. coli and cell extracts from induced cells used in vitro to cleave the fusion protein (which would be made separately).
• UPP or UBPl could be supplied in vivo for simultaneous expression with the MHC II chain resulting in the production of "authentic" MHC II directly from the crude cell extract.
• ubiquitin fusion vector p27340 Construction of ubiquitin fusion vector p27340.
• the sequence encoding the 76 amino- acid coding region of ubiquitin was amplified from yeast genomic DNA by PCR.
• the primers were designed based on the Ubi76 sequence in Genbank. The primers were as follows: Ubi "top" primer
• the primer sequence includes the phi- 10 coupler region and the underlined sequence represents the actual ubiquitin 5' sequence.
• the unique SacII site is generated by altering the base sequence so as to create the restriction site for fusion cloning but maintaining the amino acid sequence of the molecule.
• p27340 An expression vector for production of desired fusion products, p27340, was generated by digesting p27313, described above, with BamHI and EcoRI and ligating the 5500 bp fragment with the 259 bp ubi-76 PCR product digested with the same enzymes. p27340 which can be used to fuse any gene to the ubiquitin gene so as to make a fusion product which can then be specifically cleaved to yield a protein of desired
• the vector is selectable with ampicillin.
• the nucleic acid encoding the DR alpha chain lacking its transmembrane region was cloned in p27340 and was expressed as a fusion product of expected molecular weight of 30,758 daltons. SDS-PAGE gels showed the presence of a double band similiar to the expression products from plasmid p26495.
• telomere sequences were amplified using PCR to generate the full length sequence as well as the sequence lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains.
• the PCR primers designed for the fusion of these sequences to the ubiquitin 76 sequence were as follows : Alpha-ubi76 primer( top strand)
• the sequence comprising the SacII site regenerates the ubiquitin cleavage site when fused to the ubi-76 gene.
• the underlined sequence represents the DR alpha chain without its initial methionine codon.
• p27351 was generated by digesting p27340 with SacII and EcoRI and ligating the 5740 bp fragment with the 589 bp fragment of the DR ⁇ TM alpha PCR product digested with the same enzymes.
• the plasmid p27373 expresses DR alpha lacking the transmembrane domain and ten more residues from the extracellular domain fused to Ubiquitin 76 sequence.
• telomere sequence was obtained by PCR amplification of p27317.
• the PCR primers were designed so as to contain the restriction enzyme sites SacII and EcoRI and these were used to subclone the PCR- amplified fragment into ⁇ 27340.
• Plasmids Construction of p28524 for expression of DR alpha ⁇ TM chain that is shorter by 10 residues The plasmid p26495 expresses DR alpha ⁇ TM chain in the pET expression system. Upon IPTG inductions, the SDS-PAGE gel shows a doublet of bands at the expected molecular weight. These bands were sequenced for the first 5 N-terminal residues and both gave the correct sequence for the alpha chain. Plasmid p28524 was constructed to generate a even more truncated version of DR alpha ⁇ TM chain. The sequence was PCR amplified using the following primers: Top strand primer:
• the PCR product was digested with BamHI and EcoRI and cloned into p27313 digested with the same enzymes.
• E.coli expression plasmid with tetracycline resistance The following plasmids were constructed for expression of MHC class ⁇ single chains in E.coli. Plasmids p26495, p26496, p27316 and p27317 described above express ⁇ TM and fiill- length DR alpha and beta chains in the presence of ampicillin resistance. For scale-up culturing of E.coli strains, ampicillin is not an effective antibiotic as it is degraded rapidly due to the /3-lactamase secreted by the cells containing amp resistant plasmids. Therefore tetracycline resistance gene was cloned into the above plasmids to make them more stable under fermentation conditions.
• Ava 1 p27329 was generated by linearizing p27316 with Aval and phosphatasing the 6245 bp fragment with calf intestinal phasphatase. This fragment was ligated to the
• Tetracycline PCR product digested with Aval.
• the resulting plasmid expresses DRB5*0101 full-length chain in the presence of both ampicillin and tetracycline markers.
• p27330 was generated by similar manipulations starting with Aval digested p27317 and cloning in the Tetracycline PCR product.
• the resulting plasmid expresses DR alpha full-length chain in the presence of both ampicillin and tetracycline markers. Construction of p329129 and p33435.
• the tetracycline gene was cloned into p28524 and p26496 by restriction digestion. Plasmids p26495 or p26496 were digested with Xbal and Aval.
• the resulting 3736 bp fragment was ligated to the 3507 bp fragment generated by digestion of p27329 with Xbal + Aval +Pstl.
• the resulting plasmids express DR alpha and beta ⁇ TM chains in the presence of ampicillin and tetracycline markers.
• a ten-liter microferm system was purchased from New Brunswick Scientific. The system included features which allow for monitoring and control over pH, dO 2 , temperature, and agitation rate. In addition, the system was supplied with a pump for use in continuous feed of media to the fermentation broth.
• W3110/DE3 were expressed under typical fermentation conditions to obtain high yields of proteins. Induction was carried out at an O ⁇ of approximately 20. The cells were harvested 2 hours following induction and processed for inclusion body preparation. A typical fermentation run generates wet cell pastes on the scale of 500 g which can be frozen at -20 * C and processed for lysis in batches.
• All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• GGA CGA TTT GCC AGC TTT GAG GCT CAA GGT GCA TTG GCC AAC ATA GCT 192 Gly Arg Phe Ala Ser Phe Glu Ala Gin Gly Ala Leu Ala Asn He Ala 50 55 60
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• CAC CCA AGC GTG ACG AGC CCT CTC ACA GTG GAA TGG AGA GCA CAG TCT 576 His Pro Ser Val Thr Ser Pro Leu Thr Val Glu Trp Arg Ala Gin Ser 180 185 190
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)

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