EP0717178B1 - Operation of catalytic converters - Google Patents

Operation of catalytic converters Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0717178B1
EP0717178B1 EP95117896A EP95117896A EP0717178B1 EP 0717178 B1 EP0717178 B1 EP 0717178B1 EP 95117896 A EP95117896 A EP 95117896A EP 95117896 A EP95117896 A EP 95117896A EP 0717178 B1 EP0717178 B1 EP 0717178B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heater
catalyst
exhaust gas
power level
temperature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP95117896A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0717178A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow
EP0717178A2 (en
Inventor
Fumio Abe
Takashi Harada
Hiroshige Mizuno
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
NGK Insulators Ltd
Original Assignee
NGK Insulators Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Priority claimed from JP2176942A external-priority patent/JP3034913B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP2176943A external-priority patent/JP2843426B2/ja
Application filed by NGK Insulators Ltd filed Critical NGK Insulators Ltd
Publication of EP0717178A2 publication Critical patent/EP0717178A2/en
Publication of EP0717178A3 publication Critical patent/EP0717178A3/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0717178B1 publication Critical patent/EP0717178B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Revoked legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F01N3/2026—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means directly electrifying the catalyst substrate, i.e. heating the electrically conductive catalyst substrate by joule effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/22—Control of additional air supply only, e.g. using by-passes or variable air pump drives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/10—Oxidants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods of operating heaters, especially honeycomb-structure heaters, to catalytic converters which are suitable for use in automotive exhaust emission control.
  • Catalytic converters for use in controlling automotive exhaust gas must have a predetermined temperature or above when operated so as to make the catalyst catalytically active. Hence, the catalyst must be heated when the temperature thereof is not sufficiently high i.e., at the beginning of running of a vehicle.
  • Such techniques for heating the catalyst have been proposed in, for example JP-UM-A-67609/1988.
  • This discloses a catalytic converter comprising a main ceramic monolithic catalyst and a metal monolithic catalyst disposed upstream of and adjacent to the main ceramic monolithic catalyst.
  • the metal monolithic catalyst comprises an electrically conductive metal substrate with alumina coated thereon, and constitutes a preheater, disposed upstream and adjacent to the main monolithic catalyst. It has a foil-type metal honeycomb structure constructed such that current passes from its inner periphery to its outer periphery to generate heat.
  • the resistance of the metal monolithic catalyst is not adjusted (i.e., only the material, dimensions and rib thickness of the metal honeycomb structure are defined and no adjustment is made to the resulting resistance of the metal honeycomb structure), and the metal monolithic catalyst exhibits insufficient temperature-rise characteristics. Furthermore, since the electrodes are provided in the inner peripheral portion of the structure, the central portion thereof does not act as a catalyst, and pressure loss is generated. Furthermore, the electrodes readily break due to the flow of exhaust gas.
  • This catalytic converter has a size of 480cm 3 , and includes a heater with a catalyst carried thereon.
  • the heater is energized by power of a 3 kW while oxygen is being supplied thereto, the energization being started before the engine is started, and the exhaust gas conversion at the beginning of the operation of the engine of a vehicle of the like can be increased.
  • the above literature does not refer to the amount of exhaust gas which can be controlled by the above catalytic converter, the temperature at which the catalyst functions nor the energization method. Furthermore a telescope phenomenon, inherent to the foil type heater, readily occurs in this heater to cause faulty operation thereof.
  • the problems addressed herein include the provision of a method of operating a catalytic converter, preferably so that the above problems of the prior art can be reduced.
  • the honeycomb structure having a large number of passages has at least two electrodes through which a current is supplied thereto.
  • the honeycomb structure also has a resistance-adjusted structure which attains a current density of 5 A/mm 2 or above between the electrodes.
  • the current is preferably supplied between the electrodes at a current density of 5 A/mm 2 or above. In this way, the rate at which the temperature of the heater is raised increases, enabling the exhaust emissions at the beginning of the operation of the engine to be controlled. That is, the temperature of the heater may reach 300°C or above within ten seconds. This allows the main catalyst and the catalyst carried on the heater to function effectively.
  • Supply of current at a current density of 8 A/mm 2 or above may enable the temperature of the heater to reach 300°C or above within five seconds, and is therefore more preferable.
  • Supply of current at a current density of 30 A/mm 2 or above requires a large amount of power, raises the temperature of the catalyst carried on the heater to too high a value, and is therefore undesirable from the viewpoint of durability of the catalyst.
  • the temperature at which the main monolithic catalyst or the catalyst carried on the heater functions is generally 300°C or above. In a practical operation, the temperature at the outlet of the heater or converter is measured, and power supplied to the heater is adjusted such that the heater or converter is heated to 300°C or above.
  • current density is defined to refer to the dimensions of the solid honeycomb material, not to the dimensions including the cell voids.
  • a resistance-adjusted type heater comprising a honeycomb structure 10 having a large number of passages 11 and a predetermined number of slits 12 which serve as the resistance adjusting means, as shown in Figs. 1(a) and 1(b)
  • the heater is energised preferably at a current density of 5 A/mm 2 or above until it is heated to a temperature at which any catalyst carried on the heater and the main catalyst are activated (usually between 300 and 400°C).
  • the level of power supplied to the heater is reduced and the heater is successfully energized at a reduced power level.
  • Reduction in the power level is preferably achieved either by turning the heater on/off or by energising the heater at a current density which is below 5 A/mm 2 .
  • the low-temperature exhaust gas can be quickly heated to a temperature at which the catalyst starts functioning or above at the initial stage of the operation of an engine when the emissions of a vehicle is a maximum, increase in the exhaust gas conversion can be achieved. Furthermore, since the power level is reduced immediately after the desired temperature is reached, i.e., immediately after the catalyst is ignited, an efficient operation of the catalytic converter is possible.
  • the power level is reduced preferably by an output adjuster.
  • reduction in the power level is achieved by performing on-off control of the battery of 24V or 12V (by reducing the power level per unit time) or by performing inverter control.
  • Energization of the heater is suspended generally in sixty seconds or less.
  • the preferred heater employed in the method of the present invention is one having a resistance adjusting means. Such a heater is energized at a preferred current density of 5 A/mm 2 or above. Energization of the heater at a current density of 5 A/mm 2 or above increases the rate at which the temperature of the heater rises, and thus allows the temperature of the heater to reach 300°C or above within ten seconds. This in turn enables the main catalyst or the light-off catalyst carried on the heater to be activated effectively. More preferably, the heater is energized at a current density of 8 A/mm 2 or above. However, with too high a current density, a large amount of power is required and the catalyst on the heater is heated too high. From the viewpoint of durability of the catalyst, energization at no more than 30 A/mm 2 is therefore preferred.
  • the basic body of the heater prefferably has a honeycomb structure.
  • a porous honeycomb structure is preferred because a catalyst layer can be closely adhered to such a honeycomb structure, and hardly peels off the honeycomb structure even when a difference in the thermal expansion between the honeycomb structure and the catalyst exists.
  • the formed honeycomb body is fired in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature ranging between 1000 and 1450 °C.
  • the organic binder is decomposed and thereby removed with the aid of Fe or the like, which acts as a catalyst.
  • a good sintered body (a honeycomb structure) can therefore be obtained.
  • a heat-resistant metal oxide layer is then formed on the surface of the cell walls and the surface of the pores of the obtained honeycomb structure.
  • a resistance adjusting arrangement of a desired form is preferably provided on the obtained honeycomb structure between the electrodes thereof, which will be described later.
  • the resistance adjusting arrangement preferably provided on the honeycomb structure may take on any of the following forms:
  • formation of a slit or slits according to No. (1) is more preferable because it can easily control a heated portion.
  • Electrodes are preferably provided generally on the outer peripheral portion of or inside of the thus-obtained metal honeycomb structure by welding or brazing to manufacture a honeycomb heater.
  • Electrodes is used in this application to refer to any terminal through which a voltage is applied to the heater.
  • the electrodes therefore include the direct bonding of the outer peripheral portion of the heater to a can body and terminals for grounding.
  • the resistance thereof will be preferably held between 0.001 ⁇ and 0.5 ⁇ .
  • a catalyst is placed on the surface of the thus-obtained metal honeycomb structure so as to allow heat to be generated due to reaction (oxidation) of the exhaust gas.
  • the catalyst preferably supported on the surface of the metal honeycomb structure is made of a carrier having a high surface area and a catalyst activating material supported on the carrier.
  • Typical examples of the carriers having a high surface area include ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 and perovskite.
  • Examples of the catalytic activating materials include noble metals, such as Pt, Pd and Rh, and base metals, such as Cu, Ni, Cr and Co.
  • the preferred catalyst comprises one in which from 10 to 100 g/ft 3 of Pt and/or Pd is loaded on the carrier made of ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 .
  • the honeycomb structure may have any honeycomb configuration
  • the cell wall thickness (rib thickness) of the preferred honeycomb structure ranges between 75 and 500 ⁇ m. Below 75 ⁇ m, the structure deteriorates in strength and in the life of the heater. Above 500 ⁇ m, the pressure loss is great and a large amount of power is required to raise the temperature thereof. The most preferable range is between 100 and 300 ⁇ m.
  • Slits are preferred to control the heating portion of the heater.
  • the heater In the case of a heater designed for use in automotive exhaust gas control, it is preferable for the heater to be heated relatively uniformly, and the slits are therefore formed such that the distance between the slit and the outer wall is larger than that between the adjacent slits.
  • a large number of slits formed in the heater increases the overall heating length of the heater and is therefore preferable. However, it also increases the resistance of the heater. This may result in reduction in a current density to below 5 A/mm 2 in the case where the voltage applied to the heater is fixed. So, the number of slits formed in the heater is determined such that it achieves a current density of 5 A/mm 2 or above.
  • Fig. 1(a) is a perspective view of an example of a resistance-adjusting type heater, preferably used in the method of this invention.
  • Fig. 1(b) is an enlarged perspective view of the essential parts of the heater of Fig. 1(a) which comprises a honeycomb structure 10 having a large number of passages 11 and a plurality of slits 12 which serve as the resistance adjusting means, the outer wall of the honeycomb structure 10 being provided with two electrodes 15.
  • a reference numeral 13 denotes a cell wall (rib); 14, the cross-section of the rib; S, the cross-sectional area of the section 14 of all the ribs present between the adjacent slits; B, the diameter of a heater; C, the length of a heater; and D, the length of a slit.
  • honeycomb structures 10 having an outer diameter of 90 mm ⁇ were processed such that they had various heater lengths C shown in Table 1. Thereafter, a predetermined number of slits 12, having a length ranging from 50 to 70 mm, were formed in the individual honeycomb structure 10. Thereafter, two electrodes 15 were provided on the outer wall of the individual resistance adjusting type heater obtained, and then a heat-resistant inorganic adhesive of zirconia was filled in the outer peripheral portion of each slit 12 to form an insulating portion, as shown in Fig. 1 (a).
  • the individual heater was energized by a power source comprising a single 12V battery for use in a automobile, or two such batteries which were connected in series, while air was supplied thereto at a rate of 0.7 m 3 /min. At that time, the temperature of the heater was measured. Table 1 and Fig. 2 respectively show the time required for each heater to be heated to temperatures of 200 °C, 300 °C and 400 °C.
  • the preferred heaters thus provide a current density of at least 5 A/mm 2 at 24V, or at 12V.
  • the heater No. 5 and a heater No. 11 which comprised of the heater No. 5 with a catalyst of CeO 2 - ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (in which Pt and Pd were respectively present in an amount of 20g/ft 3 ) carried (coated) thereon were respectively prepared.
  • Each of the heaters Nos. 5 and 11 was disposed in advance of (upstream of) a three-way catalyst (whose rib thickness was 6 mil and whose cell density was 62 cells/cm 2 (400 cells/in 2 )) which was a main monolithic catalyst having an outer diameter of 90 mm ⁇ and a length of 100mm.
  • the catalytic converter employed in this Example comprised a three-way catalyst (whose rib thickness was 5 mil and whose cell density was 62 cells/cm 2 (400 cells/in 2 )), having an outer diameter of 90 mm ⁇ and a length of 100 mm, which served as a main monolithic catalyst, and a heater disposed in advance of (upstream of) the three-way catalyst.
  • the heater employed in the above catalytic converter was manufactured in the manner described below.
  • the obtained mixture was then blended into an organic binder (methyl cellulose), an antioxidant (oleic acid) and water to produce a readily formable body.
  • the obtained body was then formed into honeycomb bodies having various rib thicknesses and various numbers of square cells shown in Table 3 by extrusion.
  • the formed honeycomb structures were dried, sintered in an atmosphere of H 2 at 1300 °C, and then subjected to heat treatment: at 1000 °C in the atmosphere.
  • the porosity of the obtained honeycomb structures was 22 % and the average pore diameter thereof was 5 ⁇ m.
  • the obtained honeycomb structures 10 having an outer diameter of 90 mm ⁇ were processed such that they had various heater lengths shown in Table 3. Thereafter, a predetermined number of slits 12, having a length ranging from 50 to 70 mm, were formed in the individual honeycomb structure 10. Thereafter, two electrodes 15 were provided on the outer wall of the individual resistance adjusting type heater obtained, and then a heat-resistant inorganic adhesive of zirconia was filled in the outer peripheral portion of each slit 12 to form an insulating portion.
  • a catalyst of CeO 2 - ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 in which Pt and Pd were respectively present in an amount of 20 g was placed on each of heater Nos. 12 and 13.
  • the individual heater was energized using a battery of 24 V or 12 V. Energization started concurrently with the introduction of the engine exhaust gas. When the temperature of the heater reached 450 °C, on-off control began. For reference, test was also conducted in which the heater was energized for thirty seconds before the exhaust gas was introduced.
  • Table 4 shows the results of the test.
  • the resistance adjusting means is formed on the heater and catalytic converter such that it ensures a current density of 5 A/mm 2 or above, or since the catalytic converter is operated such that it ensures a current density of 5 A/mm 2 or above, low-temperature automotive exhaust emissions at the beginning of the operation of an engine or the like can be quickly heated, and a high exhaust gas conversion can thus be achieved.
  • the temperature of a heater and that of a main catalyst incorporated in the catalytic converter are raised quickly at the initial stage of the operation of an engine to activate the catalysts and thereby achieve increase in the exhaust gas conversion.
  • the level of power is reduced after the desired temperature has been reached. In consequence, the catalytic converter can be operated efficiently an economically.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
EP95117896A 1990-07-04 1991-07-01 Operation of catalytic converters Revoked EP0717178B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2176942A JP3034913B2 (ja) 1990-07-04 1990-07-04 触媒コンバーターの操作方法
JP17694390 1990-07-04
JP2176943A JP2843426B2 (ja) 1990-07-04 1990-07-04 触媒コンバーターの操作方法
JP17694290 1990-07-04
JP176942/90 1990-07-04
JP176943/90 1990-07-04
EP91305927A EP0465184B1 (en) 1990-07-04 1991-07-01 Resistance adjusting type heater, catalytic converter and method of operating catalytic converter

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91305927A Division EP0465184B1 (en) 1990-07-04 1991-07-01 Resistance adjusting type heater, catalytic converter and method of operating catalytic converter
EP91305927.5 Division 1991-07-01

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0717178A2 EP0717178A2 (en) 1996-06-19
EP0717178A3 EP0717178A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1996-07-17
EP0717178B1 true EP0717178B1 (en) 2001-04-04

Family

ID=26497663

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95117896A Revoked EP0717178B1 (en) 1990-07-04 1991-07-01 Operation of catalytic converters
EP91305927A Expired - Lifetime EP0465184B1 (en) 1990-07-04 1991-07-01 Resistance adjusting type heater, catalytic converter and method of operating catalytic converter

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91305927A Expired - Lifetime EP0465184B1 (en) 1990-07-04 1991-07-01 Resistance adjusting type heater, catalytic converter and method of operating catalytic converter

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0717178B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (2) AU651352B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA2045812C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (2) DE69132576T2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES2157282T3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP3196044B2 (ja) * 1992-09-30 2001-08-06 株式会社日本ケミカル・プラント・コンサルタント 気体加熱装置
JP3506747B2 (ja) * 1992-12-15 2004-03-15 日本碍子株式会社 ハニカムヒーター
DE4300477A1 (de) * 1993-01-11 1994-07-14 Emitec Emissionstechnologie Extrudierter Wabenkörper aus keramischem und/oder metallischem Material mit erhöhter Flexibilität
US5866230A (en) * 1993-01-11 1999-02-02 Emitec Gesellschaft Fuer Emissionstechnologie Gmbh Extruded honeycomb body of ceramic and/or metallic material with increased flexibility
DE4341380A1 (de) * 1993-12-04 1995-06-14 Degussa Verfahren zur Beschleunigung der Aufheizung von Feststoffkatalysatoren durch Zufuhr von Hilfsenergie
JPH07166846A (ja) * 1993-12-14 1995-06-27 Ngk Insulators Ltd ハニカムヒーター
JP3210508B2 (ja) * 1993-12-14 2001-09-17 日本碍子株式会社 ハニカムヒーター
JPH07163888A (ja) * 1993-12-14 1995-06-27 Ngk Insulators Ltd ハニカムヒーター
EP0718480A1 (fr) 1994-11-25 1996-06-26 Société Anonyme dite: REGIE NATIONALE DES USINES RENAULT Dispositif d'échappement pour moteur à combustion interne
JP3345222B2 (ja) * 1995-07-21 2002-11-18 日本碍子株式会社 通電発熱用ハニカム体およびハニカムユニット
JPH09103684A (ja) * 1995-10-13 1997-04-22 Ngk Insulators Ltd 並列発熱型ハニカムヒーター
FR2771778B1 (fr) 1997-11-28 2000-01-14 Renault Procede de commande d'un moteur a injection directe et allumage commande

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4847479A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1971-10-20 1973-07-05
DE2333092A1 (de) * 1973-06-29 1975-01-16 Volkswagenwerk Ag Abgasreinigungsanlage
US3956614A (en) * 1975-04-21 1976-05-11 Universal Oil Products Company Electric current distribution means for a ceramic type of electrical resistance heater element
US4264888A (en) * 1979-05-04 1981-04-28 Texas Instruments Incorporated Multipassage resistor and method of making
DE3661978D1 (en) * 1985-03-14 1989-03-02 Siemens Ag Heating element for heating streaming, especially gaseous media
JPH0540251Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1986-10-23 1993-10-13
US4758272A (en) * 1987-05-27 1988-07-19 Corning Glass Works Porous metal bodies
DE8816514U1 (de) * 1988-04-25 1989-10-26 Emitec Gesellschaft für Emissionstechnologie mbH, 5204 Lohmar Elektrisch beheizbarer Katalysator-Trägerkörper
US4976929A (en) * 1988-05-20 1990-12-11 W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. Electrically heated catalytic converter
JP2931362B2 (ja) * 1990-04-12 1999-08-09 日本碍子株式会社 抵抗調節型ヒーター及び触媒コンバーター
DE69102808T3 (de) * 1990-04-12 2000-11-16 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Heizgerät und Katalysatoreinrichtung.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69132576T2 (de) 2001-10-18
CA2045812C (en) 1994-11-01
DE69122321D1 (de) 1996-10-31
DE69132576D1 (de) 2001-05-10
CA2045812A1 (en) 1992-01-05
AU8017791A (en) 1992-01-09
EP0717178A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1996-07-17
AU6461794A (en) 1994-08-04
ES2157282T3 (es) 2001-08-16
EP0465184A1 (en) 1992-01-08
AU651352B2 (en) 1994-07-21
DE69122321T2 (de) 1997-03-06
EP0717178A2 (en) 1996-06-19
EP0465184B1 (en) 1996-09-25
AU663653B2 (en) 1995-10-12

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