EP0714681A1 - Aerodynamischer Tennisschläger - Google Patents

Aerodynamischer Tennisschläger Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0714681A1
EP0714681A1 EP95108367A EP95108367A EP0714681A1 EP 0714681 A1 EP0714681 A1 EP 0714681A1 EP 95108367 A EP95108367 A EP 95108367A EP 95108367 A EP95108367 A EP 95108367A EP 0714681 A1 EP0714681 A1 EP 0714681A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
racquet
cross
section
head portion
head
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP95108367A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
William D. Severa
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wilson Sporting Goods Co
Original Assignee
Wilson Sporting Goods Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wilson Sporting Goods Co filed Critical Wilson Sporting Goods Co
Publication of EP0714681A1 publication Critical patent/EP0714681A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B49/10—Frames made of non-metallic materials, other than wood
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B2049/0201—Frames with defined head dimensions
    • A63B2049/0202—Frames with defined head dimensions surface area
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B2049/0207—Frames with defined overall length
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B2049/0211—Frames with variable thickness of the head in a direction perpendicular to the string plane
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B2049/0212—Frames with defined weight
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B2049/0217—Frames with variable thickness of the head in the string plane
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B2225/00—Miscellaneous features of sport apparatus, devices or equipment
    • A63B2225/01—Special aerodynamic features, e.g. airfoil shapes, wings or air passages
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00—Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02—Frames
    • A63B49/10—Frames made of non-metallic materials, other than wood
    • A63B49/11—Frames made of non-metallic materials, other than wood with inflatable tubes, e.g. inflatable during fabrication
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B60/00—Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like
    • A63B60/002—Resonance frequency related characteristics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B60/00—Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like
    • A63B60/52—Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like with slits
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B60/00—Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like
    • A63B60/54—Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like with means for damping vibrations

Definitions

  • This invention relates to tennis racquets, and, more particularly, to a tennis racquet which has an aerodynamic shape.
  • a tennis racquet is rarely swung parallel to the ground with the plane of the strings vertical.
  • the shape of the racquet is not aerodynamic in the direction in which it is moving.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,076,583 describes a tennis racquet which has a circular cross section and which is said to have improved aerodynamics.
  • the racquet illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 includes throat portions 15A and 15B having a diameter of 15-27 mm, lower head sections 23A and 23B having a diameter of about 21.8 mm, middle head sections 25A and 25B having a diameter of about 18.0 mm, and a crown section 27 having a diameter of about 21 mm.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates a racquet having a constant diameter in the head and throat of 15-25 mm "but can be smaller or larger".
  • FIG 7 illustrates a racquet having a constant taper from the crown to the throat from a diameter of 25-35 mm at the crown to a diameter of 15-25 mm at the lower head section.
  • Column 4, lines 36-45 of Patent No. 5,076,583 states that the wall thickness of the frame may vary from 0.20 mm to 5.0 mm and the racquet frame may weigh from about 150 to 350 grams.
  • the racquet had the following characteristics: Strung Weight (W) 314.5 gms (11.09 ounces) Balance (CG) 34.44 cm (13.56 inches) Length (L) 68.78 cm (27.08 inches) Stiffness (Si) 5.916 mm Frequency (f) 155 Hz Center of Percussion (CP) 47.77 cm (18.68 inches) Moment of inertia I end 2809.3 ounce-inches2 Moment of inertia Iy 89.27 ounce-inches2 Diameter at tip end of head 21.0 mm (0.8267 inch) Diameter at midpoint of head 18.2 mm (0.7165 inch) Diameter at yoke 22.9 mm (0.9015 inch) Diameter of shaft above grip 26.8 mm (1.0551 inch) Diamter of unclad grip 29.1 mm (1.1456 inch)
  • the number for the balance or center of gravity is the distance of the balance point from the butt end or handle end of the racquet.
  • the stiffness is the amount of deflection of the tip or head end of the racquet when the racquet extends horizontally and the grip is clamped and a weight of 2.8kg is suspended from the tip of the racquet. Stiffness is measured as follows:
  • the frequency is the frequency of vibration of the first mode of bending under free-free constraint. That frequency is described more fully in EPO Patent No. 317,711.
  • the number for the center of percussion is the distance of the center of percussion from the butt end of the racquet when the center of percussion is measured with respect to an axis which extends perpendicularly to the longitudinal centerline of the racquet at the butt end and parallel to the plane of the strings.
  • I end is the moment of inertia about an axis which extends perpendicularly to the longitudinal centerline at the butt end and parallel to the plane of the strings.
  • Iy is the moment of inertia about the longitudinal centerline of the racquet.
  • Frolow U.S. Patent Re. 31,419 describes a racquet which is lighter than the standard weight of about 12 to 14 ounces (including the weight of the strings), and has a higher center of percussion, a higher center of gravity, a higher frequency of vibration, and a higher ratio of Ia/Is than conventional racquets. Specific values for the foregoing physical properties are set forth in Figure 40.
  • Figure 22 illustrates a racquet made from graphite fibers and epoxy which has a non-oval head shape. The upper end of the head is relatively flat and extends somewhat perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the racquet.
  • racquets which are relatively lightweight and which have high centers of gravity, high centers of percussion, and high frequencies of vibration.
  • Wilson Sporting Goods Co. has sold tennis racquets under the names Hammer and Sledgehammer which have the properties shown in Table I.
  • the racquets are made from graphite fibers and resin.
  • Table I Model Weight (Oz.) Balance (In.) Si (mm) Frequency (Hertz) Ia (oz. in.2) Is (oz.
  • the cross section is less than 15mm, and the narrow, substantially circular cross section provides superior aerodynamic performance regardless of the orientation of the frame to the direction of movement.
  • the racquet can be lightweight yet relatively stiff, with a high center of percussion, a high center of gravity, and a relatively high frequency of vibration.
  • the racquets 21, 22, 23, and 24 shown in Figures 1, 3, 5, and 7 are constructed in substantially the same way.
  • the primary difference between the racquets is the size and shape of the head.
  • the racquets 21, and 22 of Figures 1 and 3 have an ovoid-shaped head like Wilson's Sledgehammer racquets.
  • the head size, i.e., the area of the strung surface, of the racquet 21 is about 95 square inches.
  • the head size of the racquet 22 is about 110 square inches.
  • the racquets 23 and 24 of Figures 5 and 7 have an oval-shaped head.
  • the head size of the racquet 23 is about 95 square inches, and the head size of the racquet 24 is about 110 square inches.
  • Other sizes and shapes of racquets can be made in accordance with the invention.
  • Each of the racquets includes a frame 25 and longitudinal and transverse strings 26 and 27.
  • the frame is formed from composite material consisting of fibers and resin.
  • the fibers can be graphite, Kevlar, or other fibers which are conventionally used in tennis racquets.
  • the resin is conventional resin which is used in composite tennis racquets.
  • Each frame includes an elongated shaft portion 28, a Y-shaped throat portion 29 formed by a pair of diverging arms, and a head portion 30.
  • a yoke 31 extends between the sides of the throat and forms the bottom of the head.
  • a grip or handle 32 is formed at the lower end of the shaft by spirally wrapped grip material, and the grip terminates in a butt end 33 at the bottom of the racquet.
  • each of the frames has a substantially circular cross section.
  • Figure 9 shows the cross section at the tip of the head.
  • the cross section at the tip is slightly oval, having a dimension A transverse to the plane of the strings slighter longer than the dimension B.
  • the dimension A is 13.20 mm (0.520 inch)
  • the dimension B is 10.76 mm (0.424 inch).
  • the ratio of A/B is 1.23.
  • the frame includes a conventional string groove 34.
  • Figure 10 shows the cross section at the widest part of the head.
  • that cross section is also slightly oval, having dimensions C and D of 13.64 mm (0.537 inch) and 11.27 mm (0.444 inch).
  • the ratio C/D is 1.21.
  • Figure 11 illustrates the cross section just above the merger of the yoke 31 with the head 30.
  • the illustrated embodiment is slightly oval, having dimensions E and F of 14.20 mm (0.559 inch) and 11.65 mm (0.458 inch).
  • the thickness of the annular wall in the head portion 30 and preferably also in the throat portion 29 is within the range of about 3 to 4 mm ⁇ 0.5 mm, i.e. from 2.5 to 4.5 mm. More preferably, the thickness is within the range of about 3 to 4 mm ⁇ 0.25 mm, from 2.75 to 4.25 mm.
  • the thickness of the annular wall of the frame at each of the sections numbered 1 through 31 in Figure 14 is listed in Table II.
  • the cross sections are spaced apart about one inch along the periphery of the frame, and the weight of each one inch long cross section is also listed.
  • Table II Section Number Weight in grams Wall Thickness in millimeters 1 3.3 3.08 2 2.9 3.05 3 3.0 3.23 4 3.1 3.15 5 3.1 3.18 6 3.4 3.24 7 3.6 3.62 8 3.7 3.83 9 3.7 3.76 10 3.8 3.81 11 4.0 3.85 12 3.8 3.45 13 3.8 3.87 14 3.5 3.65 15 3.2 3.23 16 4.3 3.20 17 5.5 3.49 18 5.4 3.36 19 4.2 3.44 20 4.0 3.68 21 4.2 3.82 22 4.9 3.68 23 4.0 3.72 24 6.1 2.28 25 6.1 2.10 26 5.5 1.82 27 3.5 1.49 28 3.0 1.34 29 3.2 1.23 30 2.9 1.25 31 2.0 1.16
  • weights and thicknesses were obtained from a painted frame which was drilled for string holes.
  • the frame did not include a grip, buttcap, bumper or grommets.
  • the thickness of the annular wall in Table II varies between 3.05 and 3.87 mm between section 1 and section 23 in Figure 14. Below section 23 the two ends of the tube or hairpin which form the racquet are joined to form the handle. The wall thickness of each of the two end portions can therefore be smoewhat thinner.
  • the total weight is about 3 or 4 grams less than the original weight of the frame due to loss of shavings from the sectioning procedure.
  • the particular racquet referred to in Table I had a maximum cross sectional diameter of about 14.9 mm at cross sections 16 or 17.
  • the wall thicknesses would be greater than the thickness of Table II.
  • the racquet referred to in Table II also had a slight dual taper.
  • the cross sectional diameter increased by about 1 mm from section 1 to section 16 or 17.
  • the wall thickness in the head was at a maximum in the area of sections 8-11 to provide perimeter weighting at the widest point of the head to increase the moment of inertia about the longitudinal centerline of the racquet.
  • Sections 16-18 were taken in the area where the yoke merges with the head, and the cross sectional shape was not substantially circular.
  • Sections 22 and 23 were taken in the transition area between the throat and the handle. Those sections were also slightly different in shape.
  • Sections 24-31 were taken through the handle portion. Those sections included the septum which is present in conventional molded racquets. Section 31 was less than 1 inch long.
  • each of the wall thicknesses in Table II was on the average of three measurements taken at different locations around the cross section.
  • the wall thickness in the head was within the range 3.08 to 3.85 mm.
  • the cross section of the yoke 31 ( Figure 12) is also slightly oval in the particular embodiment illustrated.
  • the dimensions G and H are 12.00 mm (0.472 inch) and 10.50 mm (0.413 inch).
  • the ratio G/H is 1.14.
  • each of the diverging portions of the throat 29 is shown in Figure 13.
  • the cross section is slightly oval having dimensions I and J of 13.87 mm (0.546 inch) and 12.07 mm (0.475 inch).
  • the ratio I and J is 1.15.
  • the size and shapes of the cross sections can vary. However, the maximum dimensions of any cross section is preferably less than 15 mm in order to provide optimum aerodynamics. Also, the cross section is preferably circular or substantially circular. The ratio of the maximum dimension to the minimum dimension of any cross section is preferably less than 1.30, and more preferably, less than 1.25.
  • the frame is provided with sufficient strength and stiffness because the wall thickness is substantially thick.
  • Composite fiber and resin racquets are conventionally made by laying or wrapping the composite material over an inflatable bladder. The wrapped bladder is placed into a mold having the shape of the frame, the bladder is inflated, and the mold is heated to cure the resin.
  • the cross section of a conventional frame therefore has a relatively thin wall of cured resin and fiber and a hollow interior which was formed by the inflated bladder.
  • each of the cross sections is generally annular and has a relatively thick, generally annular wall 35 surrounding a bore 36 having a relatively small diameter.
  • the thickness of the annular wall is within the range of about 3.05 to 3.87 mm.
  • the yoke 31 may be formed in the conventional manner from a tube 37 of composite fiber and resin which is filled with foamable resin 38.
  • the resin 38 foams and expands in the mold to press the tube 37 against the mold. It is difficult to measure the wall thickness of the yoke because of the structural foam which fills the yoke cavity.
  • the yoke is formed by wrapping carbon fiber prepreg around the foam material, and the assembly is roughly the side of the finished yoke. During molding the structural foam expands and presses the graphite against the mold to form the shape of the yoke. In one specific embodiment of the graphite 37 in the yoke was about 1.75 mm. However, it is difficult to obtain an accurate measurement of the thickness of the graphite in the yoke because of the foam.
  • the overall weight of the strung racquet is preferably less than 10.7 ounces, comparable to the prior Hammer and Sledgehammer racquets. However, the strung weight can also be in the more traditional range of 12-14 ounces.
  • the balance or center of gravity is preferably closer to the tip of the racquet than the butt end, making the racquet “head heavy.”
  • the balance can also be head light.
  • the thick wall of the frame provides good strength and stiffness.
  • the stiffness index Si of the racquet is preferably at least 5.0 mm, i.e., the tip deflects 5.0 mm under a weight of 2.8 kg at the tip when the grip is clamped.
  • the frequency of vibration of the first mode of bending under free-free constraint is preferably at least 150 Hz.
  • a tennis racquet in accordance with the invention preferably has the following physical characteristics: Length 27.0 ⁇ 0.125 inches Strung weight 10.7 ounces or less Balance 14 to 15 inches Center of percussion greater than 18.75 inches, more preferably greater than 19.0 inches Stiffness Si 5.0 ⁇ 0.3 mm Frequency 135 to 180 Hz, more preferably greater than 150 Hz I end 2900 ⁇ 100 ounce-inch2 Iy 86 ⁇ 5 ounce-inch2 for 95 sq. in. racquets 104 ⁇ 5 ounce-inch2 for 100 sq. in. racquets
  • the values for balance and center of percussion are the distances from the butt end of the racquet. Center of percussion is measured with respect to an axis at the butt end which is perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline of the racquet and parallel to the plane of the strings.
  • the balance is preferably beyond the midpoint of the racquet so that the ratio CG/L is greater than 0.51.
  • the narrow, substantially round cross section of the racquet frame allows a player to hit the ball with more spin.
  • the reduced frontal area of the racquet even when the plane of the strings is at an acute angle to the direction of movement lowers the coefficient of drag and allows the frame to move faster.
  • the substantially round cross section is aerodynamic at all angles of attack of the racquet relative to the ball.
  • the narrow profile of the frame allows the player to see the ball better as the racquet approaches the ball. That is particularly true during the serve. The player sees more of the strings and less of the frame than with conventional racquets.
  • the frame extends for only a short distance beyond the plane of the strings, the effective hitting surface of the racquet is larger than for other racquets.
  • the ball can contact the strings very close to the frame without having the frame adversely affect the shot.
  • the frame extends beyond the strings for only about one-half of the dimensions A, C, E, and G.
EP95108367A 1994-12-01 1995-06-01 Aerodynamischer Tennisschläger Withdrawn EP0714681A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US34564694A 1994-12-01 1994-12-01
US345646 1994-12-01

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0714681A1 true EP0714681A1 (de) 1996-06-05

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EP95108367A Withdrawn EP0714681A1 (de) 1994-12-01 1995-06-01 Aerodynamischer Tennisschläger

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EP (1) EP0714681A1 (de)
JP (1) JP3012506U (de)
TW (1) TW304438U (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2016156485A1 (fr) 2015-04-01 2016-10-06 Babolat Vs Raquette de tennis
FR3061027A1 (fr) * 2017-05-16 2018-06-29 Yves Rodet Cadre de raquette de tennis ameliore, et raquette correspondante

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2358170A1 (fr) * 1976-07-13 1978-02-10 Bosch Gmbh Robert Raquette de tennis de construction composite et procede pour sa fabrication
USRE31419E (en) 1976-01-05 1983-10-18 Tennis racket
EP0317711A2 (de) 1987-08-04 1989-05-31 Wilson Sporting Goods Company Schläger für Ballspiele
USRE33372E (en) * 1983-10-19 1990-10-09 Tennis racket
US5075056A (en) * 1988-12-15 1991-12-24 Head Sportgerate Gesellschaft M.B.H. & Co. Ohg Process for the production of a ball game racket frame
US5076583A (en) 1990-08-21 1991-12-31 Sportstech Industries (U.S. Tech) Inc. Racket frame with circular cross section and variable thickness
US5368295A (en) * 1993-06-02 1994-11-29 Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Tennis racket

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USRE31419E (en) 1976-01-05 1983-10-18 Tennis racket
FR2358170A1 (fr) * 1976-07-13 1978-02-10 Bosch Gmbh Robert Raquette de tennis de construction composite et procede pour sa fabrication
USRE33372E (en) * 1983-10-19 1990-10-09 Tennis racket
EP0317711A2 (de) 1987-08-04 1989-05-31 Wilson Sporting Goods Company Schläger für Ballspiele
US5075056A (en) * 1988-12-15 1991-12-24 Head Sportgerate Gesellschaft M.B.H. & Co. Ohg Process for the production of a ball game racket frame
US5076583A (en) 1990-08-21 1991-12-31 Sportstech Industries (U.S. Tech) Inc. Racket frame with circular cross section and variable thickness
US5368295A (en) * 1993-06-02 1994-11-29 Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Tennis racket

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2016156485A1 (fr) 2015-04-01 2016-10-06 Babolat Vs Raquette de tennis
US10384101B2 (en) 2015-04-01 2019-08-20 Babolat Vs Tennis racket
FR3061027A1 (fr) * 2017-05-16 2018-06-29 Yves Rodet Cadre de raquette de tennis ameliore, et raquette correspondante
WO2018210891A1 (fr) * 2017-05-16 2018-11-22 Yves Rodet Cadre de raquette de tennis ameliore, et raquette correspondante

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
TW304438U (en) 1997-05-01
JP3012506U (ja) 1995-06-20

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