EP0708900B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verdampfung einer Flüssigkeit - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verdampfung einer Flüssigkeit Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0708900B1
EP0708900B1 EP95918659A EP95918659A EP0708900B1 EP 0708900 B1 EP0708900 B1 EP 0708900B1 EP 95918659 A EP95918659 A EP 95918659A EP 95918659 A EP95918659 A EP 95918659A EP 0708900 B1 EP0708900 B1 EP 0708900B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
substrate
liquid
porous
supplied
water
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP95918659A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0708900A1 (de
Inventor
Jacques Pistien
Jean-Louis Giazzi
Robert Desage
Philippe Deblay
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Superba SAS
Cogia SA
Engie SA
Original Assignee
Superba SAS
Gaz de France SA
Cogia SA
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Publication date
Application filed by Superba SAS, Gaz de France SA, Cogia SA filed Critical Superba SAS
Publication of EP0708900A1 publication Critical patent/EP0708900A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0708900B1 publication Critical patent/EP0708900B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/28—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically
    • F22B1/287—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically with water in sprays or in films
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/28—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically
    • F22B1/284—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically with water in reservoirs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F6/00—Air-humidification, e.g. cooling by humidification
    • F24F6/02—Air-humidification, e.g. cooling by humidification by evaporation of water in the air
    • F24F6/04—Air-humidification, e.g. cooling by humidification by evaporation of water in the air using stationary unheated wet elements
    • F24F6/043—Air-humidification, e.g. cooling by humidification by evaporation of water in the air using stationary unheated wet elements with self-sucking action, e.g. wicks

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and a device for vaporizing a liquid.
  • DE-C-158 050 is an illustration of this type of steam boiler.
  • Figure 4 of this patent shows the advantage that there may be in using several food trays arranged at different levels elevation, the highest placing the substrate at the horizontal.
  • Tests conducted with such a device show, however, that performance remains poor, and that the amount of liquid in the spray area is quickly too low, that the arrival time of the liquid at this spray zone is often too long.
  • the device of DE-C-158 050 is furthermore bulky, not conducive to industrial achievements of today (high efficiency, compactness, cost of low production for large series, reliability in the weather).
  • Such a device does not provide a continuous vapor release, as long as the direction of the heat flow provided is opposed to the direction of steam output.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a solution to number of the aforementioned drawbacks and offers in in particular a process which can be industrially implemented works under commercially attractive conditions, without exorbitant manufacturing and / or maintenance costs and also offers the advantage of offering flexibility of use, performance and reliability adapted to current needs.
  • the device of the invention provides that the liquid supply means of the substrate considered must include means of implementation liquid pressure to establish a higher pressure at ambient pressure.
  • the knowledge, for a given time interval, of the quantity Q 2 or of the weight of liquid which has entered the substrate (and which therefore has left the container) will make it possible to have the "induced flow" of liquid entering the substrate.
  • the present invention uses the weight of a column of liquid, or we can still force the liquid into the substrate, for example by a pump.
  • the substrate of the present spray device is advisable to make the substrate of the present spray device with thickness between about 0.05 mm and 5 mm, and preferably less than 2 mm.
  • this substrate has a porosity of between about 5% and 90%, and will use a substrate comprising empty volumes of retention of the liquid, so that this liquid can occupy between approximately 5% and 100% of said empty volumes.
  • the use of a substrate almost like a thin porous film has the advantage that the heat flow generated does not find facing it, in or on the surface of the substrate, only a small thickness of liquid to be vaporized, resulting in particularly rapid vapor phase be a few seconds, with a yield that can be particularly high.
  • a characteristic of the invention also provides for increasing the range of flow rate of liquid to be vaporized, supersaturating the substrate with in such a way that part of the liquid flows over a free outer surface thereof, being maintained against this substrate by interfacial tension.
  • a simple way to adjust the flow of liquid flow in the substrate consists of tilt it relative to the horizontal.
  • drip means taking advantage by example for this of capillary pumping of the immersion of a additional porous body in a suitable tank.
  • a pump may also consider using a pump to circulate under pressure the liquid in a local pipe bent between two of the branches of which the substrate porous will have been previously arranged, so that its ends are immersed in the liquid of the tube.
  • the vaporization of the liquid contained in the substrate can be obtained by particular by all or part of the three transfer modes following thermal: radiation, conduction or convection from both flue gas and a source electric, for example, this under conditions of operating which can be both at lower pressure at pressure greater than or equal to the pressure atmospheric, vaporization of many liquids different, such as water, alcohol, liquid petroleum or others may be considered.
  • porous substrate of the invention could be produced from cotton fibers or threads, or even mineral fibers, such as for example glass or quartz fibers, or still metallic, such as wires of steel.
  • substrate formed like a canvas permeable flexible fibrous fabric, or a plate to more rigid structure.
  • the device of the invention may advantageously include two hollow boxes delimiting between them a chimney in which will then circulate the combustion products of the burner, these boxes each containing at least one substrate.
  • FIG. 2 represents an example of the design of a porous "film” 1 with capillary property, made of cotton, of the "honeycomb” type with square mesh 2 of approximately 30 to 50 mm 2 .
  • the latter therefore has a structure integrating empty volumes for retaining the liquid to be vaporized, these volumes being here constituted by the spaces between the wires of the mesh and by the structural empty volumes of the wires themselves.
  • the central part of the substrate 1 illustrated is a weaving of threads of different thicknesses according to the choice of the desired flow capacity. Peripherally, this substrate here consists of wicks three times thicker than those of the central part. Thus, a peripheral buffer for the reserve and diffusion of water is created towards the central parts of the mesh.
  • the choice of substrate permeable is important.
  • its thickness will always be between about 0.05 mm and 5 mm, with porosity to the liquid at spray between about 5 and 90%.
  • Figure 3 is an example of an experimental device feed by pumping a fine porous substrate into the height of a body of water.
  • This device makes it possible to adjust the flow rate of liquid flowing through the effect of gravity right out of the feed tray. It consists of a balance 3, of a container 5 to collect water flowing from the porous "film” 7 and from a water tank 9 into which is submerged the upper part 7a of the porous substrate. To obtain a constant and free flow throughout the width of the porous film passage section, we have indented in 11 the film at its lower part. The measure of flow consists in varying the height h of the body of water tray 9.
  • the table below indicates the characteristics of use of three thicknesses of porous substrates which may be square mesh of the type illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • Density of the substrate heating flux (W / cm2) small mesh 0.2mm 0.104 from 1 to 2.5 medium mesh 0.5mm 0.142 2.5 to 4.5 thick mesh 1 mm 0.196 4.5 to 10
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram which indicates the flow of water flowing in a vertical porous film with small meshes (that is to say of thickness ⁇ 1 mm, for a unitary surface of mesh of the order of 0, 05 mm 2 ) depending on the height of the water body.
  • Curve (A) measures the flow of water which flows freely to the lower part of the substrate.
  • Curve (B) measures the water flow when the same porous film is immersed at its bottom in 2 cm of water.
  • Curve (C) measures the flow rate when the film is pressed against a metal wall without being immersed in its lower part.
  • the steam boiler presented vaporizes water contained in porous films pressed against heat exchange walls 21.
  • heat transfer can be done, as well from a gas ramp type burner, such as 19, with atmospheric air supply, or with supply air, only from one or more radiant burners.
  • a gas ramp type burner such as 19, with atmospheric air supply, or with supply air, only from one or more radiant burners.
  • heat transfer takes place mostly by convection, while in the second it is mainly carried out by radiation.
  • substrates will be used 7a, 7b ... arranged in two distinct rooms 23 defined each by two hollow metal boxes 29 of shape substantially parallelepipedic standing in two planes substantially parallel verticals, being separated from one of the other so as to reserve a space between them intermediate 31 usable as a chimney for the evacuation of fumes that can be produced by the burner, which will preferably be arranged in part bottom of space 31, in a place where space has a truncated pyramid shape going converging in the direction of the smoke evacuation.
  • the chimney is closed laterally by walls (not represented).
  • each partition 21 has been internally fitted with three porous films 7a, 7b, 7c extending in perspective over approximately half the height of the exchange wall, over 3/4 of the remaining height, and on the 1/4 of the highest part.
  • a mesh 33 with large open meshes at a rate of 90% with a mesh surface of 4 cm 2 to, on the one hand, ensure good thermal contact with the substrates and, on the other hand, leave a passage for the steam produced.
  • Each enclosure 29 is also equipped with an upper tank 34 in which is immersed an "upstream" portion of the three porous films which are here of the same thickness. It will be noted that the porous film 7a, in order to reach the top part up to the tank 34, is kept apart from that marked 7b (space d).
  • the entire column of water C1 stored on the thermally protected upper part of the film 7a will serve to supply, under suitable pressure (higher than the ambient pressure prevailing in the enclosure considered), its lower part pressed against the partition 21, therefore fully active in terms of heat exchange and vaporization capacity. It is also the same for the film 7b, but with a column C2 of lesser height practically the entire column being here exposed to the heating flow.
  • the water collected in an appropriate lower reservoir is shown, when the flow rate in the films is greater than that vaporizable by the heat flow. When this excess water reaches a predetermined level, it can be reinjected by a pump into the tanks 34.
  • Figure 7 is a diagram which shows the influence of the number of substrates and the height of water on the vaporization yield depending on the injected power, with either a single porous film of the type aforementioned "small mesh" replacing the two substrates 7a, 7b, or these substrates themselves.
  • the measure consists in varying the height of the water tray 34, it being specified that the tray has in this case been placed approximately 4/5 of the height of the exchange walls.
  • the diagram of Figure 8 shows the influence of the thickness of the substrate (s) on the temperature of the gases leaving the boiler, depending on the variation of its power.
  • a porous film with "small meshes” gives a temperature difference of 120 ° C to 400 ° C while this difference is only from 300 ° C to 370 ° C for a film porous with thick mesh.
  • Figure 9 is a view with cutaway and perspective of an alternative embodiment of a generator of steam use an electrical resistance. It is consists of a cartridge resistor 37 on the surface outside of which a substrate is applied and clamped fibrous appearing as a flexible sleeve 39 sewn in 41 and 43 to form two half-surfaces 45a, 45b which extend towards the lower part of the enclosure 47 while being partially submerged in water at the top in a upper tray 49 whose level could be varied (by a feed pump) and at the bottom in a lower collection tray 51.
  • the enclosure 47 is by elsewhere equipped at its upper part with an outlet for steam 53.
  • the porous film is locally immersed in the spraying water which circulates in closed circuit in a pipeline.
  • This kind of device can operate in different positions by the use of a pump and / or a regulating valve intended to ensure a pressurized supply of the water substrate.
  • the spraying means include a rectangular resistor 59 with a power of 270 Watts.
  • On the resistance is applied and tightened a canvas forming a woven film 61 sewn at 63 and 65 to form a sleeve extending downward, housed and integral with the interior of the lower part 67 of the pipe 69.
  • This sleeve also extends inside the upper part 71 of the same pipe 69.
  • the resistance is housed in a 73 spray enclosure.
  • the vaporization enclosure includes a steam outlet tube 75 and a tube 77 for removing excess water when the water flow too much traffic and flaccid 79 integral with the resistance to be fixed in 81 to the enclosure.
  • a steam outlet tube 75 and a tube 77 for removing excess water when the water flow too much traffic and flaccid 79 integral with the resistance to be fixed in 81 to the enclosure.
  • the circulation of water is provided by a pump 84 whose flow can be adjusted.
  • the outlet 85 of the pipe is provided with a tap 86. On can thus ensure a slight overpressure in the line for the liquid to flow out preferably in the porous film.
  • the vaporization yield in the porous substrate is 20% higher when decreasing the incoming water flow from 57 g / min to 15 g / min.
  • Figure 12 is an example of a drip to feed a vaporizer comparable to that of figure 8.
  • a double woven substrate llla, lllb surrounds, in pendant, an electrical resistance tubular 113, in the lower part of an evaporation enclosure 115.
  • the upper part of the substrate is flared in a "V" shape and rests on two supports. Its liquid supply to evaporating is therefore ensured by a drip, by through two fine woven substrates rectangular 117, 119, hanging vertically and ending at their free lower end with fringes 120 promoting drip and good distribution some cash.
  • the substrates 117, 119 bathe in a liquid supply tank 121, of variable liquid height, filled by a supply not shown.
  • a chimney 123 allows the steam to escape.
  • Figure 13 shows a device for vaporization of liquid using at least one plate in 1 mm thick sintered stainless steel.
  • the liquid is vaporized by the thermal radiation from an electrical resistance.
  • the process of the invention and its examples of realization find their applications in particular in products from the craft sector, the general public, DIY as well as in the processing industries and food.
  • steam generators ranging from a few kg of steam / hour more than a ton / hour.
  • These generators can be used, for example, in catering ovens, the bakery, in consumer stoves, in the cookie industry and pre-baking, in the textile industry for the treatment of fibers, or again, for example, for steam pressing plants, even in biology laboratories for the sterilization. It is also possible, for example, to steam generators for individual irons or with a steam generator, or even for cleaning of floors and walls.
  • heating flux densities usable in the context of the invention can range from a few mW / cm 2 to several tens of W / cm 2 .
  • the device of the invention to operate both under pressure atmospheric that in overpressure or in depression, only the pressurization of the liquid to be provided to ensure the flow conditions sought in the substrate.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
  • Commercial Cooking Devices (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Cooling System (AREA)
  • Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Verfahren zur Verdampfung einer Flüssigkeit, bei dem ein poröses Substrat mit der genannten zu verdampfenden Flüssigkeit versorgt wird, und mindestens ein Bereich des genannten Substrats einem Wärmefluß ausgesetzt wird, um mindestens einen Teil der Fläche der Flüssigkeit bis zum Siedepunkt zu erwärmen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man ein aus mindestens einer Schicht bestehendes poröses Substrat verwendet, das man leicht vertikal aufstellt, so daß eine der Seiten dem zugeführten Wärmefluß ausgesetzt ist, und daß die Versorgung des porösen Substrats mit der zu verdampfenden Flüssigkeit von seiner oberen Fläche ausgeht, so daß die Flüssigkeit sich von oben nach unten verteilt, und die Verdampfung spätestens beim Erreichen der anderen Fläche des Substrats eintritt.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Dicke des Substrats sich innerhalb der Werte 0,05 mm und 5 mm befindet.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß durch eine Pumpe ein zusätzlicher Druckanstieg in der genannten Säule erzeugt wird.
  4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man dem Substrat eine Flüssigkeit mit einem etwas höheren Durchfluß als die eigentliche Abflußkapazität innerhalb des Substrats zuführt, so daß ein schwacher Anteil der Flüssigkeit sich über eine freie Fläche des genannten Substrats ausbreitet, wobei die Flüssigkeit durch Grenzflächenspannung an diesem haften bleibt.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man einem ersten äußeren Ende des Substrats die Flüssigkeit zuführt, so daß die Flüssigkeit an diesem hinunterfließt und dabei verdampft, und man das zweite äußere Ende des Substrats in ein Becken mit Flüssigkeit taucht, und man die in diesem Becken enthaltene Flüssigkeit dazu benutzt, um das erste äußere Ende des Substrats zu versorgen.
  6. Vorrichtung zur Verdampfung einer Flüssigkeit mit mindestens einem porösen Substrat, Flüssigkeitszuführvorrichtungen für dieses Substrat, und mindestens eine unterhalb der Zuführvorrichtungen angebrachte thermische Energiequelle, um mindestens einen Bereich des Substrats zu erhitzen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß:
    die Flüssigkeitszuführvorrichtungen sich auf einer dem Substrat höheren Ebene befinden,
    das poröse Substrat aus mindestens einer hauptsächlich vertikalen Schicht besteht, deren eine Seite dem Wärmefluß aus der genannten thermischen Energiequelle ausgesetzt ist, und deren oberer Teil mit der zu verdampfenden Flüssigkeit unter den durch die Zuführvorrichtungen entstehenden Druck versorgt wird, so daß die Flüssigkeit sich von oben nach unten verteilt und die Verdampfung spätestens beim Erreichen der anderen Fläche des Substrats eintritt.
  7. Vorrichtung nach dem Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß die Dicke des Substrats sich innerhalb der Werte 0,05 mm und 5 mm befindet.
  8. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 oder 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie aus mehreren Substraten besteht, die sich zum Teil überlappen und voneinander jeweils an mindestens einer Fläche getrennt sind.
  9. Vorrichtung nach dem Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die thermische Energiequelle sich auf einer gewissen Höhe wie eine Wärme ausstrahlende Wand ausbreitet, und daß drei poröse Schichten (7a, 7b, 7c) sich jeweils auf mindestens die Hälfte der Höhe der thermischen Energiequelle ausbreiten, nämlich über Dreiviertel der übrigen Fläche, und über das obere Viertel.
  10. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Substrat aus einer wasserdichten, faserigen und weichen Stoffleinwand besteht.
  11. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Substrat eine Platte mit einer harten, z.B. metallischen, und besonders gesinterten Struktur ist.
  12. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Substrat Stoffäden mit verschiedenen Durchmessern enthält.
  13. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Flüssigkeitszuführvorrichtungen des Substrats auch mit Tropfvorrichtungen versehen sind.
  14. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie mindestens zwei Substrate einer bestimmten Breite, durch die diese zum größten Teil mit Flüssigkeit versorgt werden, umfaßt, wobei beide Substrate sich zu beiden Seiten der Energiequelle ausbreiten, welche sich auf mindestens das Wesentliche der Breite der Substrate ausbreitet.
  15. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet:
    daß die genannte Energiequelle mindestens einen Gasbrenner enthält,
    und daß sie außerdem zwei hohle Kammern enthält, zwischen denen ein Kaminschacht eingegrenzt wird, in dem die Brennrückstände durchfließen können, wobei jede der genannten Kammern mindestens ein Substrat umschließt.
  16. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Substrat an zwei seiner entgegengesetzten Enden in einen Schlauch getaucht wird, wohin die genannte Flüssigkeit durch Zwangsumlaufvorrichtungen, zwischen denen sich die Flüssigkeit befindet, gebracht wird.
EP95918659A 1994-05-18 1995-05-18 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verdampfung einer Flüssigkeit Expired - Lifetime EP0708900B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9406076 1994-05-18
FR9406076A FR2720143B1 (fr) 1994-05-18 1994-05-18 Générateur de vapeur et dispositif chauffant associé.
PCT/FR1995/000656 WO1995031674A1 (fr) 1994-05-18 1995-05-18 Procede de vaporisation et dispositif chauffant associe

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0708900A1 EP0708900A1 (de) 1996-05-01
EP0708900B1 true EP0708900B1 (de) 1998-12-16

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US (1) US5771845A (de)
EP (1) EP0708900B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH09500957A (de)
AT (1) ATE174680T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2167598A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69506669T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2128058T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2720143B1 (de)
WO (1) WO1995031674A1 (de)

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JPH09500957A (ja) 1997-01-28
ATE174680T1 (de) 1999-01-15
FR2720143B1 (fr) 1996-07-12
DE69506669D1 (de) 1999-01-28
DE69506669T2 (de) 1999-09-09
EP0708900A1 (de) 1996-05-01
ES2128058T3 (es) 1999-05-01
WO1995031674A1 (fr) 1995-11-23
US5771845A (en) 1998-06-30
CA2167598A1 (en) 1995-11-23
FR2720143A1 (fr) 1995-11-24

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