EP0690941B1 - Oberflächen zum Ausüben von Sport und anderen Aktivitäten - Google Patents

Oberflächen zum Ausüben von Sport und anderen Aktivitäten Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0690941B1
EP0690941B1 EP94906899A EP94906899A EP0690941B1 EP 0690941 B1 EP0690941 B1 EP 0690941B1 EP 94906899 A EP94906899 A EP 94906899A EP 94906899 A EP94906899 A EP 94906899A EP 0690941 B1 EP0690941 B1 EP 0690941B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fibres
sand
grass
layer
volume
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94906899A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0690941A1 (de
Inventor
Michael Harry Wilson The Old Rectory Cannon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fibresand Ltd
Original Assignee
Fibresand Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fibresand Ltd filed Critical Fibresand Ltd
Priority to EP94906899A priority Critical patent/EP0690941B1/de
Publication of EP0690941A1 publication Critical patent/EP0690941A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0690941B1 publication Critical patent/EP0690941B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E01C13/02—Foundations, e.g. with drainage or heating arrangements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds
    • E01C13/083—Construction of grass-grown sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating arrangements therefor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to improved surfaces for sporting and other activities, and more particularly to surfaces suitable for equestrian usage, for ball games, such as football and golf, and other leisure activities.
  • a first known surface comprises natural wood fibre and this when new provides a good surface. It is however a natural material and therefore deteriorates with age. Thus it has to be replaced and since it is fairly expensive the replacement cost is high.
  • a second known surface comprises finely chopped PVC often from used electrical cable insulation material. This produces a good surface but if laid deeply the surface is rather loose and the cost of the material is very high.
  • a third known surface comprises ashes from power stations. The ashes provide a surface which drains readily when newly laid in wet weather but in dry conditions the surface produces dust and becomes compacted becoming hard especially after prolonged use.
  • silica sand which provides a good surface in wet weather conditions but in dry weather conditions the sand provides an extremely difficult surface for both jumping and landing particularly for an equestrian practise ring.
  • the principal problem of silica sand is that it lacks cohesion therefore providing a surface which is described as riding too deep and loose.
  • the natural surface for most ball games is also grass.
  • the damage to the turf and soil structure which is caused by normal usage is intensive and the scale of damage can exceed the rate of such recovery. This is particularly pronounced in areas such as goal mouths and centre circles of football pitches and on golf tees where the turf can be totally destroyed and the soil severely compacted. In wet weather this means mud; in dry weather the surface is hard and bumpy.
  • a first known surface commonly known as hard porous, comprises water bound grit/sand/clay mixtures of differing proportions, normally laid over a drainage layer of coarser material. This surface provides inadequate cushioning and is too abrasive. The surface material also becomes destructured and therefore loses permeability. In dry weather dust is a problem.
  • a second known surface comprises a synthetic material designed to imitate real turf. This may be laid on soil or on a drainage layer of sand or other material. This synthetic turf may or may not be infilled by a top dressing of sand. Such a surface is expensive to install and has insufficient resilience for falling players. Maintenance and repairs are difficult and costly.
  • a third known surface comprises a layer of fibres which are joined together in a loose pattern, laid in a bed of sand which in turn may be laid on a drainage layer of other material. Maintenance and repairs are difficult and costly. Play characteristics are poor.
  • a fourth known surface comprises a layer of sand or granular material bound by bitumastic or similar material. Such a surface has insufficient resilience, is too abrasive and is difficult and costly to repair and maintain.
  • the surface comprises a layer of material, the material comprising a mixture of sand and elongate synthetic fibres, the fibres being randomly dispersed as separate individual fibres throughout the sand, in which the fibres are in the range of 25 to 75 mm in length and are of uncrimped form. This is still, however, a wholly synthetic surface.
  • an improved grass surface in which the grass is grown in a layer of material comprising sand, an organic growth supporting medium and elongate synthetic fibres, the fibres being randomly dispersed as separate individual fibres in the material, and having a fibre length from 5mm to 75mm.
  • the invention provides a method of forming an improved grass surface, which comprises sowing grass seed in, or applying turf to, a layer of material comprising sand, an organic growth supporting medium and elongate synthetic fibres, the fibres being randomly dispersed as separate individual fibres in the material, and having a length from 5mm to 75mm.
  • the invention provides a sub-base for a surface for sporting and/or other activities which comprises a layer of material comprising a mixture of sand, a particulate or fibrous organic material comprising vegetable matter and elongate synthetic fibres, the fibres being randomly dispersed as separate individual fibres in the mixture and having a fibre length of from 5mm to 75mm.
  • the components of the material of the present invention are sand, an organic medium which may be an organic growth supporting medium or a particulate or fibrous organic material comprising vegetable matter and elongate synthetic fibres.
  • Sand suitable for use in the present invention, may be silica sand, or a sand bonded with a water activated clay. Sands bonded with an organic liquid activated clay, which are sometimes used for equestrian surfaces, are in general not suitable for use in the present invention.
  • Silica sand is a sand which is relatively clean, is clay free, and is a well graded sand produced by a wet classification method.
  • Sand bonded with water activated clay is a sand in which the sand particles are coated with a water activated clay which imparts a degree of cohesive strength to the sand, the extent of the cohesive strength being dependent on the relative amounts of clay and water.
  • the sand particles have an average diameter in the range of from 100 to 1000 microns.
  • the organic growth supporting medium may be any suitable particulate or fibrous material which can be penetrated by grass roots, but is preferably soil, peat, or a mixture thereof.
  • top soil screened and/or sterilised from an approved source.
  • Top soil provides a base source of nutrients for the grass and provides moisture retention characteristics.
  • the peat is preferably from an approved source and provides an organic content which acts to retain moisture and provide a source of root promoting bacterial activity in the root zone.
  • the organic growth supporting medium is preferably supplemented with a soil conditioner such as a seaweed based soil conditioner, for example, Alginure soil improver, which contains an organic colloid capable of aggregating soil and intensifying microbial life as well as providing a supply of trace elements.
  • a soil conditioner such as a seaweed based soil conditioner, for example, Alginure soil improver, which contains an organic colloid capable of aggregating soil and intensifying microbial life as well as providing a supply of trace elements.
  • the organic medium is a particulate or fibrous organic material comprising vegetable matter
  • it may also be, but need not necessarily be, growth supporting.
  • the particulate or fibrous organic material can for example be soil, humus, peat or other similar materials derived from the partial decomposition of vegetable matter.
  • the elongate synthetic fibres preferably comprise fibres of a synthetic polymeric material having good resistance to environmental conditions.
  • Fibres of polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene or co-polymers thereof are suitable, together with polyamides such as nylon, halogenated polymers such as PVC, and other similar materials.
  • the fibres can have a fibre length of from 5 to 75mm, preferably from 10 to 75mm, most preferably from 20 to 40mm.
  • the average diameter of the fibres is preferably from 50 to 150 denier, for example about 65 denier.
  • the fibres are preferably polypropylene fibres commonly referred to as staple fibre.
  • the layer of growing material or the sub-base is from 25 to 150mm thick, most preferably from 50 to 150mm thick.
  • a fertiliser at least prior to seeding or planting and at regular intervals thereafter.
  • An inorganic fertiliser comprising a balanced supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P and K) may be added to the root zone, and for example a typical pre-seeding fertiliser (5, 7.5, 5) may be added to the growing material at the mixing stage or sprayed or sprinkled onto the surface of the layer of growing material in situ.
  • the fertiliser should be chosen to provide a balanced supply of the main nutrients required for healthy turf growth.
  • the ratio of the components of the material will depend to some extent on the nature of the components chosen. Where silica sand is used, this preferably comprises from 50 to 95% by volume most preferably from 60 to 85% by volume of the total composition. Where sand bonded with water activated clay is used, this preferably comprises from 50 to 95 percent by volume of the total composition.
  • top soil this preferably comprises from 5 to 50% by volume most preferably from 5 to 20% by volume of the total growing material composition, and where peat is used this preferably comprises from 5 to 25% by volume most preferably from 5 to 15% by volume of the composition.
  • top soil this preferably comprises from 5 to 50% by volume most preferably from 5 to 20% by volume of the total material composition, and where peat is used this preferably comprises from 5 to 25% by volume most preferably from 5 to 15% by volume of the composition.
  • seaweed based soil conditioner is used this is preferably applied in an amount of from 50 to 100g/m 2 , preferably about 75g/m 2 .
  • the fertiliser is preferably added in an amount of from 10 to 50kg/20 tonnes of total composition by weight, for example about 25kg/20 tonnes of total composition by weight, or applied to the layer in situ at a rate of from 50 to 100g/m 2 , preferably about 75g/ 2 .
  • the percentage of synthetic fibres in the total material composition is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.9% by weight, most preferably from 0.25 to 0.5% by weight, for example about 0.4% by weight. In general the percentage of fibres is at the higher end of the range when silica sand is used, and the lower end of the range when sand bonded with water activated clay is used.
  • the fibres may be coloured to conform to the colour of the growing material and thereby be substantially invisible in use.
  • the components of the growing material may be mixed in any order, or simultaneously, to give a substantially homogeneous mixture. It is important to distribute the fibres evenly and randomly throughout the mixture, and it has been found in practice that it is preferable to pre-mix the sand and the fibres together to obtain an even random dispersion.
  • turf and top soil are removed to the required depth and replaced with a layer of the growing material.
  • a greater depth of turf and top soil may be removed particularly if the drainage characteristics are poor and the lower layer may be replaced with a drainage base comprising clean crushed rock or gravel of appropriate size laid to an appropriate thickness in accordance with normal drainage engineering design rules.
  • the growing material is prepared by taking a quantity (usually several tonnes) of sand which is in a fairly moist condition and mixing into the sand a quantity of polypropylene fibres of the desired length.
  • the sand is preferably selected to have an average particle size of from 100 to 1000 microns with particles of rounded to sub-angular shape and is mixed with the fibres for example in a high intensity mixer of the contra rotating type which mixes the fibres homogeneously in a randomly orientated distribution throughout the sand.
  • the random distribution of fibres stabilises the sand imparting resistance to particle movement under load from horses hooves etc, thus minimising spreading and hoof penetration such that a sure footing is obtained.
  • the fibre length is required to be long enough such that a "crosslinking" effect is produced thereby preventing the sand from moving under the pressure of the horses hooves, players feet, or other users such as wheeled vehicles or implements.
  • the particle size of the sand and the diameter and length of the fibres require to be carefully selected within the preferred ranges to suit the intended use.
  • this mixture is further mixed with the organic growth supporting medium and any soil conditioner and/or fertiliser as appropriate.
  • the growth material is delivered to the prepared site and laid out to the required depth to give the desired surface characteristic.
  • the characteristic of the surface can be altered by the choice of sand particle size and the percentage of the individual components mixed therewith.
  • Grass seed is then applied to the layer of growing material at a rate depending on local conditions, but usually within the range of 25 to 35 g/m 2 .
  • the layer of growing material may be turfed using turf which has been grown on the same type of sand as used for the growing material. For this application so-called washed turf is preferred.
  • an all weather grass surface can be prepared which is free-draining, such that even after prolonged periods of heavy rain water will not stand on the surface.
  • the surface remains relatively dry and mud free, to provide a firm footing for sporting activities.
  • the surface resists compaction, and the root zone retains a good structure even when subjected to heavy wear under wet conditions. This improves aeration giving the grass ideal growing conditions, and allows healthy and vigorous root development. The result is a thicker, more dense cover of grass.
  • the synthetic fibres act like a mass of relatively indestructible roots, and provide a rot proof structure to the root zone. It is believed that the distributed fibres, rather than the grass roots, take the strain from shocks and pressure to the system, and prevent the surface from breaking up. Grass regeneration after winter conditions is very quick because the roots have remained intact. For the same reason, recovery from any shallow divotting is very speedy.
  • the new all weather grass surface is particularly suitable for sporting areas having high usage, for example equestrian training areas, the goal mouths and the centre circle of a football pitch, and golf tees.
  • a sub-base for a surface for sporting and other activities the same procedures are adopted as set out above.
  • the mixture of sand, particulate or fibrous organic material comprising vegetable matter and elongate synthetic fibres is laid out on a prepared site to the required depth as previously described.
  • a so-called "paving" may then be laid on the thus formed sub-base, which, in the case of for example a tennis court or a footpath, can be a clay paving.
  • Other suitable paving materials may of course also be used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Grasoberfläche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Gras in einer Schicht aus Material wächst, das Sand, ein organisches wachstums förderndes Medium und längliche synthetische Fasern enthält, wobei die Fasern als separate einzelne Fasern ungeordnet in dem Material verteilt sind und eine Faserlänge von 5 mm bis 75 mm haben.
  2. Grasoberfläche nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sand Silikasand ist und die Sandpartikel einen durchschnittlichen Durchmesser im Bereich von 100 bis 1000 Mikrometer haben, und/oder
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das organische wachtumsfördernde Medium Erde, Torf oder eine Mischung daraus ist, und/oder
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Fläche ein Bodenverbesserungsmittel enthält, das vorzugsweise ein auf Seegras basierendes Bodenverbesserungsmittel ist, und/oder
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Oberfläche ein dazu hinzugefügtes anorganischen Düngemittel enthält.
  3. Oberfläche nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die länglichen synthetischen Fasern eine Faserlänge von 20 bis 40 mm haben, und/oder
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Fasern einen durchschnittlichen Durchmesser von 50 bis 150 Denier haben, und/oder dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Fasern Polypropylen-Fasern sind.
  4. Oberfläche nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei der die Materialschicht 50 bis 150 mm dick ist.
  5. Oberfläche nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie zwischen 50 und 95 Volumenprozent des gesamten Materials Silikasand enthält, und/oder dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie zwischen 50 und 95 Volumenprozent des gesamten Materials Sand enthält, der durch mit Wasser aktiviertem Ton gebunden ist.
  6. Oberfläche nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei der das organische wachstumsfördernde Medium Erde enthält, die auf Basis des Gesamtvolumens des Materials zu einem Anteil von 5 bis 50 Volumenprozent vorhanden ist, und/oder
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das organische wachstumsfördernde Medium Torf enthält, das auf Basis des Gesamtvolumens des Materials zu einem Anteil von 5 bis 25 Volumenprozent vorhanden ist.
  7. Oberfläche nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein auf Seegras basierendes Bodenverbesserungsmittel auf Basis der Fläche der Materialschicht mit einem Anteil von 50 bis 100 g/m2 vorhanden ist, und/oder dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein anorganisches Düngemittel mit einem Anteil von 10 bis 50 kg/20 Tonnen des gesamten Materialgewichts vorhanden ist.
  8. Oberfläche nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei der der Prozentanteil an synthetischen Fasern in dem Material auf Basis des Gesamtgewichts des Materials in dem Bereich von 0,1 bis 0,9 Gewichtsprozent liegt, vorzugsweise 0,25 bis 0,5 Gewichtsprozent.
  9. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Allwetter-Grasoberfläche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Verfahren das Aussähen von Grassamen oder das Aufbringen einer Grasdecke auf eine Schicht aus Material umfaßt, die Sand, ein organisches wachstums förderndes Medium und längliche synthetische Fasern enthält, wobei die Fasern als separate einzelne Fasern ungeordnet in dem Material verteilt sind und eine Länge von 5 mm bis 75 mm haben.
  10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, bei dem der Sand und die Fasern in einer Hochleistungs-Mischeinrichtung vorgemischt werden.
  11. Untergrund für eine Fläche für Sport und/oder andere Aktivitäten, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß dieser eine Schicht aus Material enthält, das eine Mischung aus Sand, einem aus Partikeln oder Fasern bestehenden organischen Material, das Pflanzenreste enthält, und länglichen synthetischen Fasern ist, wobei die Fasern als separate einzelne Fasern ungeordnet in der Mischung verteilt sind und eine Faserlänge von 5 mm bis 75 mm haben.
EP94906899A 1993-02-13 1994-02-03 Oberflächen zum Ausüben von Sport und anderen Aktivitäten Expired - Lifetime EP0690941B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP94906899A EP0690941B1 (de) 1993-02-13 1994-02-03 Oberflächen zum Ausüben von Sport und anderen Aktivitäten

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9302906A GB2274997B (en) 1993-02-13 1993-02-13 Improved surface for sporting and other activities
GB9302906 1993-02-13
EP93202281 1993-08-02
EP93202281A EP0616078A1 (de) 1993-02-13 1993-08-02 Oberflächen zum Ausüben von Sport und anderen Aktivitäten
PCT/EP1994/000317 WO1994018394A1 (en) 1993-02-13 1994-02-03 Improved surfaces for sporting and other activities
EP94906899A EP0690941B1 (de) 1993-02-13 1994-02-03 Oberflächen zum Ausüben von Sport und anderen Aktivitäten

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0690941A1 EP0690941A1 (de) 1996-01-10
EP0690941B1 true EP0690941B1 (de) 1997-07-30

Family

ID=10730394

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93202281A Withdrawn EP0616078A1 (de) 1993-02-13 1993-08-02 Oberflächen zum Ausüben von Sport und anderen Aktivitäten
EP94906899A Expired - Lifetime EP0690941B1 (de) 1993-02-13 1994-02-03 Oberflächen zum Ausüben von Sport und anderen Aktivitäten

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93202281A Withdrawn EP0616078A1 (de) 1993-02-13 1993-08-02 Oberflächen zum Ausüben von Sport und anderen Aktivitäten

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0616078A1 (de)
CN (1) CN1117748A (de)
AU (1) AU678433B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2155551A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69404636T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0690941T3 (de)
GB (1) GB2274997B (de)
NZ (1) NZ261574A (de)
WO (1) WO1994018394A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2274997B (en) * 1993-02-13 1996-02-07 Fibresand Ltd Improved surface for sporting and other activities
JP2801531B2 (ja) * 1993-09-22 1998-09-21 山陽芝生株式会社 芝生保護方法
DE59400194D1 (de) * 1994-09-07 1996-05-23 Aktual Bauteile & Umweltschutz Schüttfähiges Vegetationserdsubstrat, Verfahren zum herstellen desselben und seine Verwendung
GB2353224A (en) * 1998-03-24 2001-02-21 Plasticisers Ltd Artificial and semi-artificial surfaces
GB2342029A (en) * 1999-09-21 2000-04-05 Thierry Cabanne Artificial surface
DE10329974A1 (de) * 2003-06-28 2005-01-20 Ds Deutsche Solves Gmbh Tretschicht für Reitsportanlagen
GB2405569B (en) * 2003-09-03 2007-03-07 Lindum Seeded Turf Ltd Turf product
CH697148A5 (de) * 2004-02-13 2008-05-30 Isogreen S A Material zur Herstellung eines Freilandbelags.
DE202007009371U1 (de) * 2007-05-10 2007-11-22 Fa. H. Cordel U. Sohn Inh. Karlheinz Cordel Als Vegetations- und Tragschicht für natürliche Sportrasen dienendes Einbaumaterial
GB0711679D0 (en) * 2007-06-16 2007-07-25 Fibresand Uk Ltd Surfaces for sporting and other activities
WO2010051584A1 (en) * 2008-11-05 2010-05-14 Waterford Investment Holdings Pty Limited Artificial turf and accessories
WO2010075098A1 (en) 2008-12-15 2010-07-01 Textile Management Associates, Inc. Method of recycling synthetic turf and infill product
CN102966021B (zh) * 2012-12-17 2015-08-12 广州机施建设集团有限公司 一种马术运动场地及马术运动场地的施工工艺
PL3276077T3 (pl) 2016-07-27 2019-10-31 Cemex Res Group Ag Sposób wzmacniania gruntu przy użyciu materiału drobnoziarnistego i włókien naturalnych
CN106149510A (zh) * 2016-07-29 2016-11-23 艾奇达（上海）建设工程有限公司 一种纤维丝、无纺布、石英砂混合马术运动场地面
CN110915558A (zh) * 2019-11-07 2020-03-27 江苏省中国科学院植物研究所 一种用于提高运动场草坪坪床稳定性的基质及其使用方法

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1198885A (en) * 1967-12-05 1970-07-15 American Forest Ind Ltd Soil Conditioning and Fertilizer Composition
EP0174755B1 (de) * 1984-08-25 1989-10-18 Nottinghamshire County Council Fussgänger-, Fahrzeug- oder Sportfeldbeläge und Unterlegmatten/Stosskissen
GB8619850D0 (en) * 1985-12-14 1986-09-24 Mansfield Standard Sand Co Ltd All weather surfaces
US4916855A (en) * 1987-03-30 1990-04-17 The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club Reinforcing a grassed surface
NL8901484A (nl) * 1989-06-12 1991-01-02 Heidemij Uitvoering Sportveld met natuurlijk gras en kunstgras, en een werkwijze voor het aanleggen daarvan.
IE64041B1 (en) * 1990-06-19 1995-06-28 Michael Dermot Solon A construction of a green on a golf course
WO1992013138A1 (en) * 1991-01-22 1992-08-06 Frank Bowers Recreational surface
US5064308A (en) * 1991-03-15 1991-11-12 Almond Daniel R Gravity drainage system for athletic fields and method therefor
AU675074B2 (en) * 1992-06-22 1997-01-23 Turf Stabilization Technologies, Inc. Improved surface for sports and other uses
GB2274997B (en) * 1993-02-13 1996-02-07 Fibresand Ltd Improved surface for sporting and other activities

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NZ261574A (en) 1997-03-24
WO1994018394A1 (en) 1994-08-18
EP0690941A1 (de) 1996-01-10
DE69404636D1 (de) 1997-09-04
GB9302906D0 (en) 1993-03-31
CN1117748A (zh) 1996-02-28
GB2274997B (en) 1996-02-07
GB2274997A (en) 1994-08-17
AU678433B2 (en) 1997-05-29
AU6038494A (en) 1994-08-29
EP0616078A1 (de) 1994-09-21
CA2155551A1 (en) 1994-08-18
DK0690941T3 (da) 1998-03-09
DE69404636T2 (de) 1998-02-12

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