EP0690350B1 - Organischer Photoleiter - Google Patents

Organischer Photoleiter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0690350B1
EP0690350B1 EP95202276A EP95202276A EP0690350B1 EP 0690350 B1 EP0690350 B1 EP 0690350B1 EP 95202276 A EP95202276 A EP 95202276A EP 95202276 A EP95202276 A EP 95202276A EP 0690350 B1 EP0690350 B1 EP 0690350B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
charge transport
transport layer
photoconductor
layer
solvent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95202276A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0690350A2 (de
EP0690350A3 (de
Inventor
Yakov Krumberg
Jakob Karin
Ehud Chatow
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
HP Indigo BV
Original Assignee
Hewlett Packard Indigo BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hewlett Packard Indigo BV filed Critical Hewlett Packard Indigo BV
Priority to DE1990634235 priority Critical patent/DE69034235T2/de
Priority to EP95202276A priority patent/EP0690350B1/de
Priority claimed from EP90908309A external-priority patent/EP0527727B1/de
Publication of EP0690350A2 publication Critical patent/EP0690350A2/de
Publication of EP0690350A3 publication Critical patent/EP0690350A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0690350B1 publication Critical patent/EP0690350B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/005—Materials for treating the recording members, e.g. for cleaning, reactivating, polishing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/10—Bases for charge-receiving or other layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/147—Cover layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/147—Cover layers
    • G03G5/14708—Cover layers comprising organic material
    • G03G5/14713—Macromolecular material
    • G03G5/14747—Macromolecular material obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G5/1476—Other polycondensates comprising oxygen atoms in the main chain; Phenol resins

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of reducing stress related cracking in a photoconductor when the photoconductor is subjected to mechanical stress and used in a liquid toner imaging machine as defined in claim 1 and to an inorganic photoconductor obtainable by this method as defined in claim 10 organic photoconductors.
  • organic photoconductors are known. Most organic photoconductors are susceptible to attack by organic solvents of the type used in liquid toner electrophotography and are therefore unsuitable for such applications. These photoconductors include those which dissolve in the solvents and others which are caused to crack as the result of exposure thereto when they are under stress, especially when under tension.
  • the present invention seeks to provide an improved organic photoconductor which is resistant to cracking in a stressed environment wherein organic solvents of the type used in liquid toner electrophotography are present.
  • the first material is relatively more flexible than the second material.
  • the first material is relatively flexible less flexible and stretchable material, which has been chemically treated to increase its stretchability and flexibility.
  • an organic photoconductor including a base layer formed on a first material and a photoconductive layer formed of a second material, the second material being chemically treated to relieve stress therein.
  • the chemical treatment causes the charge transport layer to become more flexible ans stretchable.
  • the charge transport layer becomes more elastic or plastic.
  • the base layer of the organic photoconductor has greater flexibility and stretchability than the photoconductor layer.
  • the base layer has a stress relief temperature higher than that of the photoconductive layer.
  • the step of treating includes the step of chemically treating the photoconductive layer to soften and render it more elastic or plastic that it previously was.
  • liquid toner electrophotographic apparatus as claimed in claim 11.
  • the photoconductor sheet is constructed and operative in accordance with any of the embodiments described above, alone or in suitable combination.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates liquid toner electrophotographic imaging apparatus constructed and operative in accordance with the present invention.
  • the invention is described for liquid developer systems with negatively charged toner particles, and negatively charged photoconductors, i.e., systems operating in the reversal mode.
  • toner particle and photoconductor polarity the values and polarities of the voltages are changed, in accordance with the principle of the invention.
  • the invention can be practiced using a variety of liquid developer types but is especially useful for liquid developers comprising carrier liquid and pigmented polymeric toner particles.
  • the carrier liquid is a solvent such as Isopar (Exxon). Examples of such developers are given in U. S. Patent 4,794,651, the disclosure of which is included herein by reference.
  • the apparatus of Fig. 1 typically comprises a drum 10 arranged for rotation about an axle 12 in a direction generally indicated by arrow 14.
  • An organic photoconductor 100 is mounted on the drum and is stretched tight by stretchers 99.
  • a corona discharge device 18 is operative to generally uniformly charge organic photoconductor 100 with a negative charge.
  • the latent image comprises image areas at a given range of potentials and background areas at a different potential.
  • the image may be laser generated as in printing from a computer or it may be the image of an original as in a copier.
  • Development unit 22 is operative to apply liquid developer, comprising a solids portion including pigmented toner particles and a liquid portion including carrier liquid preferably an organic liquid, to develop the electrostatic latent image.
  • the developed image includes image areas having pigmented toner particles thereon and background areas.
  • development unit 22 is shown as a single color developer of a conventional type, it may be replaced by a plurality of single color developers for the production of full color images as is known in the art.
  • full color images may be produced by changing the liquid toner in the development unit when the color to be printed is changed.
  • highlight color development may be employed, as is known in the art.
  • photoconductor 100 passes a typically charged rotating roller 26, preferably rotating in a direction indicated by an arrow 28.
  • roller 26 typically acts as a metering roller as is known in the art, reducing the amount of carrier liquid on the background areas and reducing the amount of liquid overlaying the image.
  • roller 26 is intermediate that of the latent image areas and of the background areas on the photoconductor.
  • Typical approximate voltages are: roller 26: -200 V to -800 V, background area: -1000 V and latent image areas: -150 V.
  • the liquid toner image which passes roller 26 should be relatively free of pigmented particles except in the region of the latent image.
  • Rigidizing roller 30 is preferably formed of resilient polymeric material, such as polyurethane which may have only its natural conductivity or which may be filled with carbon black to increase its conductivity.
  • roller 30 is urged against photoconductor 100 as by a spring mounting (not shown).
  • the surface of roller 30 typically moves in the same direction and with the same velocity as the photoconductor surface to remove liquid from the image.
  • roller 30 is biased to a potential of at least several hundred and up to several thousand Volts with respect to the potential of the developed image on photoconductor 100, so that it repels the charged pigmented particles and causes them to more closely approach the image areas of photoconductor 100, thus compacting and rigidizing the image.
  • rigidizing roller 30 comprises an aluminum core having a 20 mm diameter, coated with a 4 mm thick carbon-filled polyurethane coating having a Shore A hardness of about 30-35, and a volume resistivity of about 10 8 ohm-cm.
  • roller 30 is urged against photoconductor 100 with a pressure of about 40-70 grams per linear cm of contact, which extends along the length of the drum.
  • the core of rigidizing roller 30 is energized to between about -1800 and -2800 volts, to provide a voltage difference of preferably between about 1600 and 2700 volts between the core and the photoconductor surface in the image areas.
  • the solids percentage in the image portion is believed to be as high as 35% or more. It is preferable to have an image with at least 25-30% solids, after rigidizing.
  • apparatus for direct transfer of the image from organic photoconductor 100 to a substrate 130 such as paper Downstream of rigidizing roller 30 there is provided apparatus for direct transfer of the image from organic photoconductor 100 to a substrate 130 such as paper.
  • the direct transfer is effected by the provision of guide rollers 132, 134 and 136, which guide a continuous web of substrate 130, and a drive roller 138, which cooperates with a support web 140.
  • a suitable charging device such as corona discharge device 142, charges the substrate at a transfer location, for effecting electrophoretic transfer of the image from photoconductor 100 to substrate 130.
  • photoconductor 100 is engaged by a cleaning roller 50, which typically rotates in a direction indicated by an arrow 52, such that its surface moves in a direction opposite to the movement of adjacent surface of photoconductor 100 which it operatively engages.
  • Cleaning roller 50 is operative to scrub and clean photoconductor 100.
  • a cleaning material such as toner or another cleaning solvent, may be supplied to the cleaning roller 50, via a conduit 54.
  • a wiper blade 56 completes the cleaning of the photoconductor surface. Any residual charge left on photoconductor 100 is removed by flooding the photoconductor surface with light from a lamp 58.
  • the direct transfer apparatus may be replaced by an intermediate transfer member which receives the images from photoconductor 100 and transfers them to the final substrate.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates an organic photoconductor sheet 100, used in the apparatus of Fig. 1.
  • the sheet comprises a base layer 102, typically formed of Aluminized Polyethylene Telephthalate, which is commercially available under the trademark Mylar.
  • the base layer is preferably about 80 ⁇ m (microns) in thickness and has a melting point of 250°C.
  • a sublayer 104 Disposed above the base layer 102 is a sublayer 104, typically formed of Polyester, Toluenesulfonamide-formaldehyde resin and a Polyamide and having a thickness of about 0.2 ⁇ m (microns).
  • a charge generation layer 106 Disposed above the sublayer 104 is a charge generation layer 106, typically formed of Hydroxysquarylium Dye and Toluenesulfonamide-resin and having a thickness of about 0.3 ⁇ m (microns).
  • a charge transport layer 108 Disposed above layer 106 is a charge transport layer 108, typically formed of Polyester, Polycarbonate, Yellow Dye, 4-[N,N-diethylamino] benzaldehydedipenylhydrazone and Polysiloxane in a minor proportion, having a thickness of about 18 ⁇ m (microns).
  • Charge transport layer 108 and charge generation layer 106 together define the photoconductive layer referred to above.
  • organic photoconductor 100 is treated chemically to reduce stress cracking in a liquid toner environment.
  • the charge transport layer is treated with a solvent or other reagent to soften charge transport layer 108 end to render it more stretchable, i.e., more plastic or elastic than it was previously.
  • the chemical treatment is selected so as to leave the electrical and optical characteristics of the photoconductor essentially unchanged.
  • a chemically treated treated photoconductor sheet is stretched around drum 10, stress does not develop in charge transport layer 108. Accordingly, when stretched photoconductor 100 is exposed to organic solvents it does not tend to crack.
  • a specific chemical treatment which has been found to be effective is dipping of photoconductor 100 in cyclohexanone diluted by isopropyl alcohol in the ratio 1:5 for 2 minutes. This treatment does not significantly change the electrical and optical characteristics of the photoconductor but eliminates cracking as described above.
  • An alternative chemical treatment employs cyclohexanone alone or vinyl modified epoxy 1A24, commercially available from HumiSeal Division of Columbia Chase Corporation of Woodside, NY, diluted 1:20 with cyclohexanone. These materials can be applied by a wire-rod technique on the top surface of photoconductor 100.
  • an RK Print-Coat Instrument Ltd. of Litlington, Royston, Merts., UK, Model KCC 303 coater, using bar #2 (rod diameter 13 mm, wire diameter 0.15 mm) may be operated with bar linear speed of 70 mm/sec.
  • the residual vinyl modified epoxy forms a mechanically protective overcoating which is substantially abhesive to toner particles after the evaporation of the solvent.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Liquid Developers In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Light Receiving Elements (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Ein Verfahren zum Verringern einer mit Spannungen zusammenhängenden Rissbildung in einem organischen Photoleiter, wenn der Photoleiter einer mechanischen Spannung unterworfen ist und in einer Flüssigtoner-Bilderzeugungsmaschine verwendet wird, wobei das Verfahren folgende Schritte umfasst:
    Bereitstellen eines organischen Photoleiters (100), der eine Basisschicht (102) und eine aus einer Ladungserzeugungsschicht (106) und einer Ladungstransportschicht (108) gebildete photoleitende Schicht aufweist; und
    chemisches Behandeln der Ladungstransportschicht (108) in dem bereitgestellten organischen Photoleiter durch ein Inberührungbringen derselben mit einem Lösungsmittel oder einem anderen Reagens, um die Ladungstransportschicht weich zu machen und sie dehnbarer zu machen, um eine mit Spannungen zusammenhängende Rissbildung in der Ladungstransportschicht zu verringern, ohne die optischen und elektrischen Charakteristika des Photoleiters wesentlich zu verändern.
  2. Ein Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1, bei dem die Basisschicht des bereitgestellten organischen Photoleiters eine größere Flexibilität und Dehnbarkeit aufweist als die Ladungstransportschicht.
  3. Ein Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1 oder 2, bei dem der Schritt des chemischen Behandelns beinhaltet, dass die Ladungstransportschicht elastischer gemacht wird als sie zuvor war.
  4. Ein Verfahren gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem der Schritt des Behandelns umfasst, dass die Ladungstransportschicht plastischer gemacht wird als sie zuvor war.
  5. Ein Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 3 oder 4, bei dem der Schritt des chemischen Behandelns ferner ein Bilden einer mechanisch schützenden Schicht auf der Ladungstransportschicht umfasst.
  6. Ein Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 5, bei dem das schützende Material ein vinylmodifiziertes Epoxid ist.
  7. Ein Verfahren gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem der Schritt des chemischen Behandelns den Schritt des Aufbringens eines organischen Lösungsmittels auf die Ladungstransportschicht umfasst.
  8. Ein Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, bei dem der Schritt des chemischen Behandelns folgende Schritte umfasst:
    Aufbringen eines schützenden Materials in einem organischen Lösungsmittel auf die Ladungstransportschicht, wodurch das Lösungsmittel bewirkt, dass die Ladungstransportschicht weicher und dehnbarer wird; und
    Ermöglichen, dass das Lösungsmittel verdampft, um eine schützende Beschichtung auf der Ladungstransportschicht zu hinterlassen.
  9. Ein Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 7 oder Anspruch 8, bei dem das Lösungsmittel Cyclohexanon ist.
  10. Ein organischer Photoleiter (100), der eine Basisschicht (102) und eine aus einer Ladungserzeugungsschicht (106) und einer Ladungstransportschicht (108) gebildete photoleitende Schicht aufweist und gemäß dem Verfahren gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche erhältlich ist.
  11. Eine elektrophotographische Flüssigtonervorrichtung, die folgende Merkmale aufweist:
    eine Trommel (10);
    einen organischen Photoleiter gemäß Anspruch 10, der auf der Oberfläche der Trommel angeordnet ist;
    eine Einrichtung zum Erzeugen eines latenten Bildes auf der Ladungstransportoberfläche;
    eine Einrichtung zur Flüssigtonerentwicklung des latenten Bildes auf der Ladungstransportoberfläche; und
    eine Einrichtung zum Transferieren des Bildes an ein Endsubstrat nach einer Entwicklung des Bildes.
EP95202276A 1990-05-08 1990-05-08 Organischer Photoleiter Expired - Lifetime EP0690350B1 (de)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1990634235 DE69034235T2 (de) 1990-05-08 1990-05-08 Organischer Photoleiter
EP95202276A EP0690350B1 (de) 1990-05-08 1990-05-08 Organischer Photoleiter

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP90908309A EP0527727B1 (de) 1990-05-08 1990-05-08 Organischer photoleiter
EP95202276A EP0690350B1 (de) 1990-05-08 1990-05-08 Organischer Photoleiter
PCT/NL1990/000066 WO1991017485A1 (en) 1990-05-08 1990-05-08 Organic photoconductor
CA002082416A CA2082416C (en) 1990-05-08 1990-05-08 Organic photoconductor

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90908309.9 Division 1990-05-08
EP90908309A Division EP0527727B1 (de) 1990-05-08 1990-05-08 Organischer photoleiter

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0690350A2 EP0690350A2 (de) 1996-01-03
EP0690350A3 EP0690350A3 (de) 1996-07-03
EP0690350B1 true EP0690350B1 (de) 2007-01-24

Family

ID=25675654

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95202276A Expired - Lifetime EP0690350B1 (de) 1990-05-08 1990-05-08 Organischer Photoleiter

Country Status (2)

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EP (1) EP0690350B1 (de)
WO (1) WO1991017485A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP3318373B2 (ja) * 1991-12-23 2002-08-26 ゼロックス・コーポレーション 可撓性電子写真像形成部材の製造方法
US5476740A (en) * 1992-08-19 1995-12-19 Xerox Corporation Multilayer electrophotographic imaging member
US5532103A (en) * 1992-08-19 1996-07-02 Xerox Corporation Multilayer electrophotographic imaging member
US5508790A (en) * 1994-09-07 1996-04-16 Indigo N.V. Photoreceptor sheet and imaging system utilizing same
IL117950A (en) * 1996-04-17 2004-09-27 Hewlett Packard Indigo Bv Imaging apparatus and photoreceptor therefor
AU2105897A (en) 1997-03-13 1998-09-29 Indigo N.V. Organic photoconductor and treatment therefor
CA2459102A1 (en) * 2001-08-30 2003-03-06 Hewlett-Packard Indigo B.V. Scratch resistant organic photoreceptor

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1814644B2 (de) * 1967-12-26 1976-09-02 Fuji Shashin Film K.K., Ashigara, Kanagawa (Japan) Elektrophotographisches aufzeichnungsmaterial
DE1906969A1 (de) * 1969-02-07 1970-08-20 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Elektrophotographischer,lichtdurchlaessiger Film
US3717462A (en) * 1969-07-28 1973-02-20 Canon Kk Heat treatment of an electrophotographic photosensitive member
US3764590A (en) * 1970-04-08 1973-10-09 Hitachi Ltd Organic photoconductive materials
JPS4923905B1 (de) * 1970-10-31 1974-06-19
US4286039A (en) 1979-05-15 1981-08-25 Savin Corporation Method and apparatus for removing excess developing liquid from photoconductive surfaces
DE3032773A1 (de) * 1980-08-30 1982-05-06 Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Elektrophotographisches aufzeichnungsmaterial und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
US4497566A (en) * 1983-03-03 1985-02-05 Eastman Kodak Company Correction of image defects in photoconductive film
US4794651A (en) 1984-12-10 1988-12-27 Savin Corporation Toner for use in compositions for developing latent electrostatic images, method of making the same, and liquid composition using the improved toner
JPH0792610B2 (ja) 1987-06-10 1995-10-09 富士電機株式会社 電子写真用感光体
JP2595574B2 (ja) 1987-11-06 1997-04-02 ミノルタ株式会社 感光体

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1991017485A1 (en) 1991-11-14
EP0690350A2 (de) 1996-01-03
EP0690350A3 (de) 1996-07-03

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