EP0686989B1 - Bistable switching device - Google Patents

Bistable switching device Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0686989B1
EP0686989B1 EP95890099A EP95890099A EP0686989B1 EP 0686989 B1 EP0686989 B1 EP 0686989B1 EP 95890099 A EP95890099 A EP 95890099A EP 95890099 A EP95890099 A EP 95890099A EP 0686989 B1 EP0686989 B1 EP 0686989B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
permanent magnet
yoke
section
cross
air gap
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95890099A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0686989A1 (en
Inventor
Tibor Dipl.-Ing. Polgar
Rudolf Mikl
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tyco Electronics Austria GmbH
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Tyco Electronics Austria GmbH
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Publication of EP0686989A1 publication Critical patent/EP0686989A1/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H51/00—Electromagnetic relays
    • H01H51/22—Polarised relays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H51/00—Electromagnetic relays
    • H01H51/01—Relays in which the armature is maintained in one position by a permanent magnet and freed by energisation of a coil producing an opposing magnetic field
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H51/00—Electromagnetic relays
    • H01H51/02—Non-polarised relays
    • H01H51/04—Non-polarised relays with single armature; with single set of ganged armatures
    • H01H51/12—Armature is movable between two limit positions of rest and is moved in both directions due to the energisation of one or the other of two electromagnets without the storage of energy to effect the return movement
    • H01H51/16—Armature is movable between two limit positions of rest and is moved in both directions due to the energisation of one or the other of two electromagnets without the storage of energy to effect the return movement with intermediate neutral position of rest
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
    • H01H71/12—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
    • H01H71/24—Electromagnetic mechanisms
    • H01H71/32—Electromagnetic mechanisms having permanently magnetised part

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a bistable electrical switching device with a yoke and a core, an armature and at least one permanent magnet, and one Control coil existing magnet system in which the armature is held by means of an armature spring is and in a switching position between the armature and a pole face of the yoke or Kernes an air gap is present and the anchor mechanically with a switching element is coupled, wherein at least one magnet section in the course of the yoke or the core is provided, within which - seen in cross section - a part of such Cross-section is formed from the at least one permanent magnet.
  • a is usually in the area of the core or the yoke Permanent magnet arranged with a cross section adapted to the core or the yoke
  • a bistable electrical switching device of the type mentioned in which a U-shaped permanent magnet forms part of a U-shaped magnetic circuit on the Each leg a control coil is provided, via which in the region of the leg ends arranged armature is movable between two switching positions.
  • the thighs are through two connecting links coupled together via air gaps, wherein one of the links is broken and at the break points each connects to the poles of the U-shaped permanent magnet. Over the air gap between A magnetic shunt is created between the two connecting links to one to enable a stable operating point of the magnetic circuit.
  • the aim of the invention is to propose a switching device of the type mentioned in the introduction, in which the permanent magnet in the dropped position of the armature only has small forces exerts this and the energy to switch between the two states of Switching device is very low.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a switching device in which the measures to achieve the lowest possible reversal energy at a very low level Space can be concentrated so that miniaturization of this switching device is stirrable.
  • this is done in a bistable switching device of the type mentioned thereby achieved that the cross section of the at least one permanent magnet is smaller than that Cross section of the parts of the core directly adjoining the magnet section or of the yoke is which parts in some areas with the pole faces of the permanent magnet Are butt contact, and that within the magnet section of the core or the yoke over the entire length of which is interrupted or the cross section is narrowed.
  • the proposed measures make the permanent magnet serial in magnetic terms built into the control coil that surrounds the core. This ensures that the permanent magnet Force caused by the control coil in the working air gap of the magnet system of their polarity, can be strengthened or weakened. Because only part of the cross section is formed from the permanent magnet or magnets, there is a leakage flux over the parallel switched residual cross section. These measures make it easy to do appropriate dimensioning of the permanent magnet possible to ensure that when closed Anchor the flow of the permanent magnet predominantly through the series connection The yoke, core and armature flow, resulting in a high holding force for the armature.
  • a further development of the invention can consist in that within the magnet section an air gap between the immediately adjacent parts of the core or yoke is formed.
  • the proposed solution has the advantage of a very simple structure, the enables simple and inexpensive manufacture of the switching device according to the invention, since only a permanent magnet has to be introduced into a magnetic circuit cross section that in an air gap remains in part of this cross section.
  • Another variant of the invention can consist in that the air gap is annular the permanent magnet is formed.
  • Another feature of the invention can be that the annular air gap in its gap thickness is graded.
  • Another embodiment of the invention can consist in that the permanent magnet itself has a full cross section. As a result, commercially available forms of permanent magnets can be used for production.
  • the further air gap as a cavity in the interior of the permanent magnet is trained.
  • a further embodiment of the invention is that the permanent magnet one with. the circumferential line of the cross section of the magnetic circuit, in the area of the yoke or of the core, has a congruent circumferential line and a constriction of the magnetic circuit surrounds.
  • the permanent magnet is arranged between the pole face of the yoke and a pole plate, with the side of the Permanent magnets spaced apart by an air gap, wart-shaped projections of the pole plate extend, which lie at their highest points on the pole face of the yoke.
  • the part 20 of the cross section is designed as an annular space surrounding the permanent magnet 7.
  • the permanent magnet 7 has a full cross section which is smaller than that of the yoke 6.
  • the leakage flux F S occurring when the armature 4 has fallen off runs in this annular gap and thus in turn weakens the attraction force on the armature 4 in the dropped state.
  • FIG. 4 shows a variant of the arrangement of the permanent magnet 7 from FIG. 3.
  • the annular space 20, which is designed, for example, as an air gap, is graduated in its gap thickness.
  • the mutually facing end faces of the yoke parts 6 'and 6 "are each provided with a central recess 16 in which the permanent magnet 7 is held.
  • the permanent magnet 7 has a cross section which is smaller than that of the recess 16. This is particularly because in order to prevent a magnetic short circuit at the edge of the permanent magnet 7.
  • the height of the permanent magnet 7 is greater than the sum of the depths of the two depressions 16. The size of the steps formed in this way by the depressions 16 allows the leakage flux F S to be dimensioned.
  • the part 20 of the cross section is designed as a cavity 18 in the interior of the permanent magnet 7, the outer circumferential line of which corresponds to that of the cross section of the yoke parts 6 ′ or 6 ′′ a leakage flux F S from the permanent magnet 7.
  • the continuous cavity can be of any shape and does not necessarily have to be arranged centrally, in Fig. 6, in a further variant of the invention, in a section of the magnetic circuit, here the yoke 6, a part of the cross section from a permanent magnet 7, a further part 20 of the cross section from an air gap and the rest of the yoke material.
  • the permanent magnet 7 has a circumferential line which is essentially congruent with the circumferential line of the cross section of the magnetic circuit, here the yoke 6, and surrounds a constriction of this part of the magnetic circuit 6.
  • the yoke 6 is exposed the parts 6 'and 6 "together, each of which has a central projection in the form of a truncated cone at its end and engages with it in the opening of the permanent magnet 7 and adjoins there with its cover surfaces.
  • part 20 of the cross section remains as an air gap, which prevents a magnetic short circuit of the permanent magnet 7.
  • the lugs do not have to be frustoconical, any other form of narrowing of the cross section is also within the scope of the invention.
  • the area goes with the anchor 4 dropped I of the approach 19 'or 19 "into the magnetic saturation, so that the field lines of the permanent magnet partially pass through it, but there is no magnetic short circuit.
  • 8 shows the area of the pole face of the yoke 6. The embodiment shown is that a flat permanent magnet 7 is arranged on the pole face of the yoke 6 so that it occupies only part of the yoke cross section.
  • a pole plate 21 On the permanent magnet 7, a pole plate 21 is placed, which is provided with wart-like projections 22 which protrude into the remaining part of the cross section and have the same height as the permanent magnet 7, which rise on both sides of the permanent magnet 7 and at their highest points on the The pole face of the yoke 6 rest, with an air gap between the warts and the permanent magnet.
  • an annular elevation which rests with its end face on the pole face of the yoke, can be provided around the permanent magnet 7 on the pole plate 21, an annular air gap being provided between the permanent magnet and the annular elevation.
  • FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of the invention, the part 20 of the cross section of a section of the magnetic circuit that is filled with non-magnetic or non-magnetizable material or medium being formed by an air gap.
  • This bistable switching device according to the invention has an L-shaped core 1, on which a control coil 2 is pushed.
  • An armature 4 rests on a pole face 3 of the core 1, which armature is held on the core 1 by means of an armature spring 5, which exerts a corresponding restoring force in order to hold the armature 4 in its fallen position shown.
  • a permanent magnet 7 is arranged, which connects the two parts 6 'and 6 "of the yoke 6.
  • the permanent magnet points 7, according to a variant of the invention, has a smaller cross section than the yoke, which results in 4 stray fluxes F S in this area in the areas of the yoke parts 6 ′, 6 ′′ adjoining the permanent magnets 7.
  • the pole face 8 of the yoke 6 interacts with the armature 4 and delimits a working air gap 9. Furthermore, the armature 4 has an attachment 10 which controls a comb 11 which is in contact with a movable contact 12 which is provided with two contact pills 13 Intervention stands. This contact 12 interacts with two fixed contacts 14, 15.
  • the main flux FHS generated by the control coil 2 amplifies or weakens the magnetic flux FHD of the permanent magnet 7, which is magnetized in the axial direction of the yoke 6, depending on the polarity of the control of the control coil 2.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Electromagnets (AREA)
  • Reciprocating, Oscillating Or Vibrating Motors (AREA)
  • Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine bistabile elektrische Schaltvorrichtung mit einem aus einem Joch und einem Kern, einem Anker und mindestens einem Dauermagneten, sowie einer Steuerspule bestehenden Magnetsystem, bei dem der Anker mittels einer Ankerfeder gehalten ist und in einer Schaltstellung zwischen dem Anker und einer Polfläche des Joches bzw. des Kernes ein Luftspalt vorhanden ist und der Anker mit einem Schaltorgan mechanisch gekoppelt ist, wobei zumindest ein Magnet-Abschnitt im Verlauf des Joches bzw. des Kerns vorgesehen ist, innerhalb dessen - im Querschnitt gesehen - ein Teil eines solchen Querschnitts aus dem zumindest einen Dauermagneten gebildet ist.The invention relates to a bistable electrical switching device with a yoke and a core, an armature and at least one permanent magnet, and one Control coil existing magnet system in which the armature is held by means of an armature spring is and in a switching position between the armature and a pole face of the yoke or Kernes an air gap is present and the anchor mechanically with a switching element is coupled, wherein at least one magnet section in the course of the yoke or the core is provided, within which - seen in cross section - a part of such Cross-section is formed from the at least one permanent magnet.

Bei solchen Schaltvorrichtungen ist üblicherweise im Bereich des Kernes oder des Joches ein Dauermagnet mit einem dem Kern oder dem Joch angepaßten Querschnitt angeordnet Dabei ergibt sich stets das Problem, daß bei abgefallenem Anker, d.h. bei großem Arbeitsluftspalt, der Dauermagnet auf den Anker eine erhebliche Kraft ausübt, sodaß eine entsprechend starke Ankerfeder vorgesehen werden muß, um den Anker sicher in der abgefallenen Lage zu halten, wobei auch noch allfällig auftretende Vibrationen berücksichtigt werden müssen. Dies führt aber dazu, daß entsprechend hohe Anzugskräfte erforderlich sind, sodaß entsprechend kräftige Spulen vorgesehen werden müssen, um die Kraft der Ankerfeder zu überwinden.In such switching devices, a is usually in the area of the core or the yoke Permanent magnet arranged with a cross section adapted to the core or the yoke The problem always arises that when the anchor has dropped, i.e. with a large working air gap, the permanent magnet exerts a considerable force on the armature, so that a correspondingly strong one Anchor spring must be provided to hold the anchor securely in the dropped position with any vibrations that have to be taken into account. This but leads to the fact that correspondingly high tightening forces are required, so accordingly strong coils must be provided to overcome the force of the armature spring.

Aus der GB-A-1 182 692 ist eine bistabile elektrische Schaltvorrichtung der eingangs genannten Art bekannt, in der ein U-förmiger Dauermagnet einen Teil eines U-förmigen Magnetkreises bildet, an dessen Schenkel jeweils eine Steuerspule vorgesehen ist, über die ein im Bereich der Schenkelenden angeordneter Anker zwischen zwei Schaltpositionen bewegbar ist. Die Schenkel sind durch zwei über Luftspalte miteinander gekoppelte Verbindungsglieder miteinander verbunden, wobei eines der Verbindungsglieder unterbrochen ist und an den Unterbrechungsstellen jeweils an die Pole des U-förmigen Dauermagneten anschließt. Über die Luftspalte zwischen den beiden Verbindungsgliedern wird ein magnetischer Nebenschluß erzeugt, um einen stabilen Arbeitspunkt des Magnetkreises zu ermöglichen.From GB-A-1 182 692 a bistable electrical switching device of the type mentioned is known, in which a U-shaped permanent magnet forms part of a U-shaped magnetic circuit on the Each leg a control coil is provided, via which in the region of the leg ends arranged armature is movable between two switching positions. The thighs are through two connecting links coupled together via air gaps, wherein one of the links is broken and at the break points each connects to the poles of the U-shaped permanent magnet. Over the air gap between A magnetic shunt is created between the two connecting links to one to enable a stable operating point of the magnetic circuit.

Ziel der Erfindung ist es, eine Schaltvorrichtung der eingangs erwähnten Art vorzuschlagen, bei der der Dauermagnet in der abgefallenen Stellung des Ankers nur geringe Kräfte auf diesen ausübt und die Energie zum Umsteuern zwischen den zwei Zuständen der Schaltvorrichtung sehr niedrig ist.The aim of the invention is to propose a switching device of the type mentioned in the introduction, in which the permanent magnet in the dropped position of the armature only has small forces exerts this and the energy to switch between the two states of Switching device is very low.

Ein weiteres Ziel der Erfindung besteht darin, eine Schaltvorrichtung anzugeben, bei welcher die Maßnahmen zum Erreichen einer möglichst niedrigen Umsteuerenergie auf sehr kleinem Raum konzentriert werden können, sodaß eine Miniaturisierung dieser Schaltvorrichtung durchrührbar ist. Another object of the invention is to provide a switching device in which the measures to achieve the lowest possible reversal energy at a very low level Space can be concentrated so that miniaturization of this switching device is stirrable.

Dabei ist es eine weitere Aufgabe der Erfindung, diese Maßnahmen auch bei Serienfertigung der Schaltanordnung mit geringem Produktions- und Zeitaufwand und mit hoher Zuverlässigkeit durchzuführen.It is a further object of the invention to also implement these measures in series production the switching arrangement with low production and time expenditure and with high reliability perform.

Erfindungsgemäß wird dies bei einer bistabilen Schaltvorrichtung der eingangs genannten Art dadurch erreicht, daß der Querschnitt des zumindest einen Dauermagneten kleiner als der Querschnitt der an den Magnet-Abschnitt unmittelbar anschließenden Teile des Kerns bzw. des Joches ist, welche Teile bereichsweise mit den Polflächen des Dauermagneten in Stoßkontakt sind, und daß innerhalb des Magnet-Abschnitts der Kern bzw. das Joch über dessen gesamte Länge unterbrochen ist oder im Querschnitt eingeengt ist.According to the invention, this is done in a bistable switching device of the type mentioned thereby achieved that the cross section of the at least one permanent magnet is smaller than that Cross section of the parts of the core directly adjoining the magnet section or of the yoke is which parts in some areas with the pole faces of the permanent magnet Are butt contact, and that within the magnet section of the core or the yoke over the entire length of which is interrupted or the cross section is narrowed.

Durch die vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen ist der Dauermagnet in magnetischer Hinsicht seriell zur Steuerspule eingebaut, die den Kern umgibt. Dadurch ist sichergestellt, daß die vom Dauermagnet im Arbeitsluftspalt des Magnetsystems bedingte Kraft durch die Steuerspule, abhängig von deren Polarität, gestärkt oder geschwächt werden kann. Da nur ein Teil des Querschnitts aus dem oder den Dauermagneten gebildet ist, ergibt sich ein Streufluß über den parallel geschalteten Restquerschnitt. Durch diese Maßnahmen ist es auf einfache Weise durch entsprechende Dimensionierung des Dauermagneten möglich, sicherzustellen, daß bei geschlossenem Anker der Fluß des Dauermagneten überwiegend über die Serienschaltung Joch, Kern und Anker fließt, wodurch sich eine hohe Haltekraft für den Anker ergibt.The proposed measures make the permanent magnet serial in magnetic terms built into the control coil that surrounds the core. This ensures that the permanent magnet Force caused by the control coil in the working air gap of the magnet system of their polarity, can be strengthened or weakened. Because only part of the cross section is formed from the permanent magnet or magnets, there is a leakage flux over the parallel switched residual cross section. These measures make it easy to do appropriate dimensioning of the permanent magnet possible to ensure that when closed Anchor the flow of the permanent magnet predominantly through the series connection The yoke, core and armature flow, resulting in a high holding force for the armature.

Bei offenem Anker, d.h. bei großem Arbeitsluftspalt, ergibt sich ein Fluß des Dauermagneten, der überwiegend in dem Teil des Abschnittes oder der Abschnitte mit erhöhtem magnetischen Widerstand den oben erwähnten Streufluß bewirkt. Dadurch wird die Magnetkraft im Arbeitsluftspalt klein gehalten, sodaß mit relativ schwachen Ankerfedern das Auslangen gefunden wird, wobei jedoch die Rückstellkraft der Ankerfeder die auf den Anker einwirkenden Magnetkräfte bei abgefallenem Anker, bzw. bei großem Arbeitsluftspalt, übersteigen muß.With the anchor open, i.e. with a large working air gap, there is a flow of Permanent magnet, mainly in the part of the section or sections with increased magnetic resistance causes the above-mentioned leakage flux. This will make the Magnetic force in the working air gap is kept small, so that with relatively weak armature springs Auslangen is found, however, the restoring force of the armature spring on the armature acting magnetic forces when the armature has dropped or when there is a large working air gap, must exceed.

Eine Weiterbildung der Erfindung kann darin bestehen, daß innerhalb des Magnet-Abschnitts zwischen den unmittelbar anschließenden Teilen des Kerns bzw. des Joches ein Luftspalt gebildet ist.A further development of the invention can consist in that within the magnet section an air gap between the immediately adjacent parts of the core or yoke is formed.

Durch die vorgeschlagene Lösung ergibt sich der Vorteil eines sehr einfachen Aufbaus, der eine einfache und billige Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Schaltvorrichtung ermöglicht, da nur ein Dauermagnet so in einen Magnetkreisquerschnitt eingebracht werden muß, daß in einem Teil dieses Querschnitts ein Luftspalt verbleibt.The proposed solution has the advantage of a very simple structure, the enables simple and inexpensive manufacture of the switching device according to the invention, since only a permanent magnet has to be introduced into a magnetic circuit cross section that in an air gap remains in part of this cross section.

Eine andere Variante der Erfindung kann darin bestehen, daß der Luftspalt ringförmig um den Dauermagneten ausgebildet ist. Another variant of the invention can consist in that the air gap is annular the permanent magnet is formed.

Durch diese besonders einfache geometrische Anordnung ergibt sich eine einfache und kostengünstige Herstellung und eine symmetrische Verteilung des Streufeldes, wodurch Inhomogenitäten im Feldverlauf innerhalb des Joches vermieden werden.This particularly simple geometric arrangement results in a simple and inexpensive Production and a symmetrical distribution of the stray field, causing inhomogeneities be avoided in the course of the field within the yoke.

Ein weiteres Merkmal der Erfindung kann sein, daß der ringförmige Luftspalt in seiner Spaltdicke abgestuft ist.Another feature of the invention can be that the annular air gap in its gap thickness is graded.

Dadurch kann der Teil des Querschnittes je nach Abstufung der Spaltdicke in seinem magnetischen Widerstand verändert werden.This allows the part of the cross section to be magnetic depending on the gradation of the gap thickness Resistance to be changed.

Eine andere Ausführungsform der Erfindung kann darin bestehen, daß der Dauermagnet selbst einen vollen Querschnitt aufweist.
Dadurch können handelsübliche Formen von Dauermagneten für die Produktion eingesetzt werden.Another embodiment of the invention can consist in that the permanent magnet itself has a full cross section.
As a result, commercially available forms of permanent magnets can be used for production.

Weiters kann vorgesehen sein, daß der weitere Luftspalt als Hohlraum im Inneren des Dauermagneten ausgebildet ist.Furthermore, it can be provided that the further air gap as a cavity in the interior of the permanent magnet is trained.

Durch diese Merkmale ist sichergestellt, daß sich ein Streufluß bei abgefallenem Anker ergibt, wobei sich dieser durch den Luftspalt im Hohlraum des Dauermagneten ausbildet.These features ensure that there is a leakage flux when the anchor has dropped, this being formed by the air gap in the cavity of the permanent magnet.

Schließlich besteht eine weitere Ausführungsform der Erfindung darin, daß der Dauermagnet eine mit. der Umfangslinie des Querschnitts des Magnetkreises, im Bereich des Joches oder des Kernes, kongruente Umfangslinie aufweist und eine Einschnürung des Magnetkreises umgibt.Finally, a further embodiment of the invention is that the permanent magnet one with. the circumferential line of the cross section of the magnetic circuit, in the area of the yoke or of the core, has a congruent circumferential line and a constriction of the magnetic circuit surrounds.

Durch diese Merkmale kommt es aufgrund der Einschnürung des Magnetkreises zu Sättigungserscheinungen im Material des Magnetkreises, die in ihrer Wirkung gleich einem Streufluß sind.These features cause saturation phenomena due to the constriction of the magnetic circuit in the material of the magnetic circuit, the effect of which is equal to one Are stray flux.

Nach einem weiteren Merkmal der Erfindung kann vorgesehen sein, daß der Dauermagnet zwischen der Polfläche des Joches und einer Polplatte angeordnet ist, wobei sich seitlich des Dauermagneten durch einen Luftspalt beabstandete, warzenförmige Vorsprünge der Polplatte erstrecken, die an ihren höchsten Stellen auf der Polfläche des Joches aufliegen.According to a further feature of the invention it can be provided that the permanent magnet is arranged between the pole face of the yoke and a pole plate, with the side of the Permanent magnets spaced apart by an air gap, wart-shaped projections of the pole plate extend, which lie at their highest points on the pole face of the yoke.

Auf diese Weise kommt es zu einer Einschnürung des Magnetkreises, sodaß bei abgefallenem Anker der Bereich um die warzenförmigen Vorsprünge in die magnetische Sättigung geht Daneben entsteht auch im verbleibenden Luftspalt ein Streufeld, sodaß über eine Kombination aus Einschnürung und Luftspalt die Feldlinien des Dauermagneten geschlossen sind. In this way there is a constriction of the magnetic circuit, so that when the Anchors the area around the wart-like protrusions where magnetic saturation occurs In addition, a stray field is created in the remaining air gap, so that a combination the field lines of the permanent magnet are closed from the constriction and the air gap.

In diesem Zusammenhang kann weiters vorgesehen sein, daß der Dauermagnet zwischen der Polfläche des Joches und einer Polplatte angeordnet ist, wobei eine ringförmige Erhebung der Polplatte unter Ausbildung eines ringförmigen Luftspaltes den Dauermagneten umgibt, welche ringförmige Erhebung an ihrer Stirnseite auf der Polfläche des Joches aufliegt.
Auch hier liegt eine Kombination aus einem ringförmigen Luftspalt und einer Einschnürung des Magnetkreises vor, sodaß zum einen der Dauermagnet nicht kurzgeschlossen ist zum anderen aber bei abgefallenem Anker die Feldlinien des Dauermagneten sich schließen können.
Die Erfindung wird nun anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Dabei zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 schematisch eine bistabile Schaltvorrichtung gemäß dem Stand der Technik;
  • Fig. 2 bis 8 verschiedene Ausführungsformen der Anordnung des Dauermagneten im Bereich des Magnetkreises; und
  • Fig.9 schematisch eine erfindungsgemäße Schaltvorrichtung.
    • In Fig. 1 ist schematisch eine dem Stand der Technik entsprechende Schaltvorrichtung dargestellt, bei der in einem aus einem Joch 6, einem Anker 4, einem Kern 1 und einer Steuerspule 2 gebildeten Magnetsystem ein Dauermagnet 7 in das Joch eingesetzt ist. Es können aber auch mehrere solcherart eingesetzte Dauermagneten, sei es im Joch, im Kern und/oder im Anker, vorgesehen sein. Auch kann ein solcherart eingesetzter Dauermagnet aus mehreren Dauermagneten zusammengesetzt sein. Der vom Dauermagneten 7 erzeugte Magnetfluß kann über die auf dem Kern 1 angeordnete Spule 2 je nach Polarität der angelegten Spannung verstärkt oder geschwächt werden. Zum Aufrechterhalten zweier stabiler Zustände hält die Ankerfeder 5 in der offenen Stellung den Anker 4 gegen die anziehende Kraft des Dauermagneten 7. Erst bei Anlegen einer Steuerspannung an die Spule 2, deren erzeugter Magnetfluß jenen des Dauermagneten 7 verstärkt geht der Anker 4 in die andere stabile Positon unter Überwindung der wirkenden Federkraft über, wo er vom Dauermagneten 7 gehalten wird. Um wieder in die offene Stellung zu gelangen, muß eine entgegengesetzte Steuerspannung angelegt werden, die den Magnetfluß des Dauermagneten soweit abschwächt, daß der Anker 4 abfallen kann.
    In Fig.2 ist ein Detail einer erfindungsgemäßen Schaltvorrichtung dargestellt, wobei in einem Abschnitt im Bereich des Joches 6 oder Kernes 1 des aus dem Joch 6, dem Anker 4 und dem Kern 1 gebildeten Magnetkreises - im Querschnitt gesehen - ein Teil eines solchen Querschnitts aus dem Dauermagneten 7 gebildet ist und ein anderer Teil 20 desselben Querschnitts von einem unmagnetischen bzw. nicht magnetisierbaren Werkstoff, z.B. Kunststoff, oder Medium, z.B. Luft, erfüllt ist. Es können aber auch mehrere Abschnitte dieser Art vorgesehen sein und/oder mehrere Dauermagnete auf diese Art angeordnet sein. Durch diesen Teil 20 des Querschnittes ist einerseits bei geöffnetem Anker 4 ein über diesen Teil geschlossener Magnetkreis mit dem Streufluß FS hergestellt, sodaß ein Teil des vom Dauermagneten 7 ausgehenden Magnetflusses FHD über diesen Teil 20 des Querschnitts verläuft und somit nicht zur anziehenden Kraft auf den Anker 4 beiträgt. Damit kann aber die rückhaltende Feder 5 schwächer dimensioniert werden und es wird auch die nötige Umsteuerenergie für die Spule 2 geringer. Die Abschnitte mit Dauermagneten und erhöhtem magnetischen Widerstand können an beliebiger Stelle innerhalb des magnetischen Kreises vorgesehen sein. Der von der Steuerspule 2 erzeugbare Magnetfluß ist mit FHS bezeichnet. In this connection it can further be provided that the permanent magnet is arranged between the pole face of the yoke and a pole plate, an annular elevation of the pole plate surrounding the permanent magnet forming an annular air gap, which annular elevation rests on its end face on the pole face of the yoke.
    Here too there is a combination of an annular air gap and a constriction of the magnetic circuit, so that on the one hand the permanent magnet is not short-circuited but on the other hand the field lines of the permanent magnet can close when the armature has fallen off.
    The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to the drawing. Show:
  • 1 schematically shows a bistable switching device according to the prior art;
  • 2 to 8 different embodiments of the arrangement of the permanent magnet in the area of the magnetic circuit; and
  • 9 schematically shows a switching device according to the invention.
    • 1 schematically shows a switching device corresponding to the prior art, in which a permanent magnet 7 is inserted into the yoke in a magnet system formed from a yoke 6, an armature 4, a core 1 and a control coil 2. However, several permanent magnets used in this way, whether in the yoke, in the core and / or in the armature, can also be provided. A permanent magnet used in this way can also be composed of a plurality of permanent magnets. The magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet 7 can be amplified or weakened via the coil 2 arranged on the core 1 depending on the polarity of the applied voltage. In order to maintain two stable states, the armature spring 5 holds the armature 4 in the open position against the attractive force of the permanent magnet 7. Only when a control voltage is applied to the coil 2, the generated magnetic flux of which increases that of the permanent magnet 7, does the armature 4 move into the other stable one Position overcoming the spring force above where it is held by the permanent magnet 7. In order to return to the open position, an opposite control voltage must be applied, which weakens the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet to such an extent that the armature 4 can fall off.
    2 shows a detail of a switching device according to the invention, wherein in a section in the area of the yoke 6 or core 1 of the magnetic circuit formed from the yoke 6, the armature 4 and the core 1 - seen in cross section - part of such a cross section the permanent magnet 7 is formed and another part 20 of the same cross section is fulfilled by a non-magnetic or non-magnetizable material, for example plastic, or medium, for example air. However, several sections of this type can also be provided and / or several permanent magnets can be arranged in this way. Through this part 20 of the cross section, on the one hand, when the armature 4 is open, a magnetic circuit closed via this part with the stray flux F S is produced, so that part of the magnetic flux F HD emanating from the permanent magnet 7 runs over this part 20 of the cross section and thus does not exert an attractive force contributes the anchor 4. With this, however, the restraining spring 5 can be dimensioned weaker and the necessary reversing energy for the coil 2 is also reduced. The sections with permanent magnets and increased magnetic resistance can be provided anywhere in the magnetic circuit. The magnetic flux that can be generated by the control coil 2 is designated F HS .

    Bei der Ausführungsform nach Fig. 3 ist der Teil 20 des Querschnittes als ein den Dauermagneten 7 umgebender Ringraum ausgebildet. Der Dauermagnet 7 weist dabei gemäß einer anderen Variante der Erfindung einen Vollquerschnitt auf, welcher kleiner als der des Joches 6 ist. Der bei abgefallenem Anker 4 auftretende Streufluß FS verläuft in diesem ringförmigen Spalt und schwächt somit wiederum die Anziehungskraft auf den Anker 4 im abgefallenen Zustand.
    Die Fig. 4 zeigt eine Variante der Anordnung des Dauermagneten 7 aus Fig. 3. Dabei ist der z.B. als Luftspalt ausgebildete Ringraum 20 in seiner Spaltdicke abgestuft. Die einander zugekehrten Stirnflächen der Jochteile 6' und 6" sind mit je einer zentralen Vertiefung 16 versehen, in der der Dauermagnet 7 gehalten ist. Dabei weist der Dauermagnet 7 einen Querschnitt auf, der kleiner als jener der Vertiefung 16 ist. Dies insbesondere deshalb, um am Rand des Dauermagneten 7 einen magnetischen Kurzschluß zu verhindern. Außerdem ist die Höhe des Dauermagneten 7 größer als die Summe der Tiefen der beiden Vertiefungen 16. Durch die Größe der solcherart durch die Vertiefungen 16 gebildeten Stufen kann der Streufluß FS dimensioniert werden.
    Dabei kann als eine Variante auch vorgesehen sein, eine Stirnfläche eines Jochteiles 6' bzw. 6" eben auszubilden, wobei dann die Vertiefung 16 im anderen Jochteil 6', 6" entsprechend tief ausgebildet ist.
    Bei der Ausführungsform gemäß Fig.5 ist der Teil 20 des Querschnitts als Hohlraum 18 im Inneren des Dauermagneten 7 ausgebildet, dessen äußere Umfangslinie jener des Querschnittes der Jochteile 6' bzw. 6" entspricht. Dabei bildet sich bei abgefallenem Anker 4 im Bereich des Hohlraumes des Dauermagneten 7 ein Streufluß FS aus. Der durchgehende Hohlraum kann beliebig in seiner Form ausgebildet und muß nicht unbedingt zentrisch angeordnet sein. In Fig. 6 ist in einer weiteren Variante der Erfindung in einem Abschnitt des Magnetkreises, hier des Joches 6, ein Teil des Querschnittes aus einem Dauermagenten 7, ein weiterer Teil 20 des Querschnittes aus einem Luftspalt und der Rest aus dem Jochmaterial gebildet.
    Bei der in einem Längsschnitt dargestellten Ausführungsform nach Fig. 7 weist der Dauermagnet 7 eine im wesentlichen mit der Umfangslinie des Querschnittes des Magnetkreises, hier des Joches 6, kongruente Umfangslinie auf und umgibt eine Einschnürung dieses Teils des Magnetkreises 6. Das Joch 6 setzt sich aus den Teilen 6'und 6" zusammen, die jeweils an ihrem Ende einen zentrischen Ansatz in Form eines Kegelstumpfes aufweisen und mit diesen in den Durchbruch des Dauermagneten 7 eingreifen sowie dort mit ihren Deckflächen aneinandergrenzen. Zwischen den Innenwänden des Durchbruches und den beiden Ansätzen 19'und 19" der Jochteile 6' bzw. 6" verbleibt ein Teil 20 des Querschnittes als Luftspalt, der einen magnetischen Kurzschluß des Dauermagneten 7 verhindert. Dabei müssen die Ansätze keinesfalls kegelstumpfförmig ausgebildet sein, jede andere Form der Querschnittseinengung liegt genauso im Rahmen der Erfindung. Bei dieser Ausführungsform geht bei abgefallenem Anker 4 der Bereich des Ansatzes 19'bzw. 19" in die magnetische Sättigung, sodaß die Feldlinien des Dauermagneten zum Teil durch diesen hindurchgehen, es aber nicht zu einem magnetischen Kurzschluß kommt.
    In Fig. 8 ist der Bereich der Polfläche des Joches 6 dargestellt. Die gezeigte Ausführungsform besteht darin, daß ein flacher Dauermagnet 7 auf der Polfläche des Joches 6 so angeordnet ist, daß dieser nur einen Teil des Jochquerschnitts einnimmt. Auf den Dauermagneten 7 ist eine Polplatte 21 aufgesetzt, welche mit in den verbleibenden Teil des Querschnitts ragenden, warzenförmigen Vorsprünge 22 mit der gleichen Höhe wie der Dauermagnet 7 versehen ist, die sich zu beiden Seiten des Dauermagneten 7 erheben und an ihren höchsten Stellen auf der Polfläche des Joches 6 aufliegen, wobei ein Luftspalt zwischen Warzen und Dauermagnet besteht. Anstelle der Warzen 22 kann auch eine ringförmige Erhebung, die mit ihrer Stirnseite auf der Polfläche des Joches aufliegt, um den Dauermagneten 7 auf der Polplatte 21 vorgesehen sein, wobei ein ringförmiger Luftspalt zwischen Dauermagneten und ringförmiger Erhebung vorgesehen ist. Dabei entsteht im abgefallenen Zustand des Ankers 4 einerseits ein Streufeld FS und andererseits geht der Bereich um die warzenförmigen Erhebungen 22 bzw. um die ringförmige Erhebung in die Sättigung, sodaß die Feldlinien des Dauermagenten geschlossen sind, sich jedoch kein magnetischer Kurzschluß ergibt.
    In Fig. 9 ist eine Ausführungsform der Erfindung gezeigt, wobei der von unmagnetischem bzw. nicht magnetisierbarem Material bzw. Medium erfüllte Teil 20 des Querschnitts eines Abschnitts des Magnetkreises durch einen Luftspalt gebildet ist. Diese erfindungsgemäße bistabile Schaltvorrichtung weist einen L-förmigen Kern 1 auf, auf dem eine Steuerspule 2 aufgeschoben ist. An einer Polfläche 3 des Kernes 1 liegt ein Anker 4 auf, der mittels einer Ankerfeder 5 an dem Kern 1 gehalten ist, welche eine entsprechende Rückstellkraft aufbringt, um den Anker 4 in seiner dargestellten abgefallenen Lage zu halten.
    Im Bereich des mit dem Kern 1 verbundenen Joches 6, das bei der in der Fig. 9 dargestellten Ausführungsform zweiteilig ausgebildet ist, ist ein Dauermagnet 7 angeordnet, der die beiden Teile 6' und 6" des Joches 6 miteinander verbindet. Dabei weist der Dauermagnet 7 gemäß einer Variante der Erfindung einen kleineren Querschnitt als das Joch auf, wodurch sich in den an den Dauermagneten 7 angrenzenden Bereichen der Jochteile 6', 6" bei abgefallenem Anker 4 Streuflüsse FS in diesem Bereich ergeben. Dadurch ergibt sich eine kleinere Anziehungskraft auf den in der offenen Position verharrenden Anker 4.
    Die Polfläche 8 des Joches 6 wirkt mit dem Anker 4 zusammen und begrenzt einen Arbeitsluftspalt 9. Weiters weist der Anker 4 einen Ansatz 10 auf, der einen Kamm 11 steuert, der mit einem beweglichen Kontakt 12, der mit zwei Kontaktpillen 13 versehen ist, in Eingriff steht. Dieser Kontakt 12 wirkt mit zwei festen Kontakten 14, 15 zusammen.
    Der von der Steuerspule 2 erzeugte Hauptfluß FHS verstärkt oder schwächt den Magnetfluß FHD des Dauermagneten 7, der in axialer Richtung des Joches 6 magnetisiert ist, je nach der Polarität der Ansteuerung der Steuerspule 2.    In the embodiment according to FIG. 3, the part 20 of the cross section is designed as an annular space surrounding the permanent magnet 7. According to another variant of the invention, the permanent magnet 7 has a full cross section which is smaller than that of the yoke 6. The leakage flux F S occurring when the armature 4 has fallen off runs in this annular gap and thus in turn weakens the attraction force on the armature 4 in the dropped state.
    FIG. 4 shows a variant of the arrangement of the permanent magnet 7 from FIG. 3. The annular space 20, which is designed, for example, as an air gap, is graduated in its gap thickness. The mutually facing end faces of the yoke parts 6 'and 6 "are each provided with a central recess 16 in which the permanent magnet 7 is held. The permanent magnet 7 has a cross section which is smaller than that of the recess 16. This is particularly because in order to prevent a magnetic short circuit at the edge of the permanent magnet 7. In addition, the height of the permanent magnet 7 is greater than the sum of the depths of the two depressions 16. The size of the steps formed in this way by the depressions 16 allows the leakage flux F S to be dimensioned.
    As a variant, it can also be provided that an end face of a yoke part 6 'or 6 "is flat, in which case the recess 16 in the other yoke part 6', 6" is designed to be correspondingly deep.
    In the embodiment according to FIG. 5, the part 20 of the cross section is designed as a cavity 18 in the interior of the permanent magnet 7, the outer circumferential line of which corresponds to that of the cross section of the yoke parts 6 ′ or 6 ″ a leakage flux F S from the permanent magnet 7. The continuous cavity can be of any shape and does not necessarily have to be arranged centrally, in Fig. 6, in a further variant of the invention, in a section of the magnetic circuit, here the yoke 6, a part of the cross section from a permanent magnet 7, a further part 20 of the cross section from an air gap and the rest of the yoke material.
    In the embodiment shown in a longitudinal section according to FIG. 7, the permanent magnet 7 has a circumferential line which is essentially congruent with the circumferential line of the cross section of the magnetic circuit, here the yoke 6, and surrounds a constriction of this part of the magnetic circuit 6. The yoke 6 is exposed the parts 6 'and 6 "together, each of which has a central projection in the form of a truncated cone at its end and engages with it in the opening of the permanent magnet 7 and adjoins there with its cover surfaces. Between the inner walls of the opening and the two approaches 19' and 19 "of the yoke parts 6 'and 6", part 20 of the cross section remains as an air gap, which prevents a magnetic short circuit of the permanent magnet 7. In this case, the lugs do not have to be frustoconical, any other form of narrowing of the cross section is also within the scope of the invention. In this embodiment, the area goes with the anchor 4 dropped I of the approach 19 'or 19 "into the magnetic saturation, so that the field lines of the permanent magnet partially pass through it, but there is no magnetic short circuit.
    8 shows the area of the pole face of the yoke 6. The embodiment shown is that a flat permanent magnet 7 is arranged on the pole face of the yoke 6 so that it occupies only part of the yoke cross section. On the permanent magnet 7, a pole plate 21 is placed, which is provided with wart-like projections 22 which protrude into the remaining part of the cross section and have the same height as the permanent magnet 7, which rise on both sides of the permanent magnet 7 and at their highest points on the The pole face of the yoke 6 rest, with an air gap between the warts and the permanent magnet. Instead of the warts 22, an annular elevation, which rests with its end face on the pole face of the yoke, can be provided around the permanent magnet 7 on the pole plate 21, an annular air gap being provided between the permanent magnet and the annular elevation. This results in the dropped state of the armature 4 on the one hand a stray field F S and on the other hand the area around the wart-shaped elevations 22 or the annular elevation saturates so that the field lines of the permanent magnet are closed, but there is no magnetic short circuit.
    FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of the invention, the part 20 of the cross section of a section of the magnetic circuit that is filled with non-magnetic or non-magnetizable material or medium being formed by an air gap. This bistable switching device according to the invention has an L-shaped core 1, on which a control coil 2 is pushed. An armature 4 rests on a pole face 3 of the core 1, which armature is held on the core 1 by means of an armature spring 5, which exerts a corresponding restoring force in order to hold the armature 4 in its fallen position shown.
    In the area of the yoke 6 connected to the core 1, which is formed in two parts in the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, a permanent magnet 7 is arranged, which connects the two parts 6 'and 6 "of the yoke 6. The permanent magnet points 7, according to a variant of the invention, has a smaller cross section than the yoke, which results in 4 stray fluxes F S in this area in the areas of the yoke parts 6 ′, 6 ″ adjoining the permanent magnets 7. This results in a smaller force of attraction on the armature 4 which remains in the open position.
    The pole face 8 of the yoke 6 interacts with the armature 4 and delimits a working air gap 9. Furthermore, the armature 4 has an attachment 10 which controls a comb 11 which is in contact with a movable contact 12 which is provided with two contact pills 13 Intervention stands. This contact 12 interacts with two fixed contacts 14, 15.
    The main flux FHS generated by the control coil 2 amplifies or weakens the magnetic flux FHD of the permanent magnet 7, which is magnetized in the axial direction of the yoke 6, depending on the polarity of the control of the control coil 2.

    Claims (9)

    1. A bistable electric switching apparatus with a magnetic system consisting of a yoke (6) and a core (1), an armature (4) and at least one permanent magnet (7) as well as a control coil (2), in which the armature (4) is held by means of an armature spring (5) and an air gap is present in a switching position between the armature (4) and a pole face of the yoke (6) or core (1), and the armature is mechanically coupled with a switching member (12), with at least one magnet section being provided in the course of the yoke (6) or core (1) within which, as seen in a cross-sectional view, a part of such a cross section is formed from the at least one permanent magnet, characterized in that the cross section of the at least one permanent magnet (7) is smaller than the cross section of the portion of the core (1) or yoke (6) which is directly adjacent to the magnet section, which parts are in butt contact over sections with the pole faces of the permanent magnet (7), and that within the magnet section the core (1) or the yoke (6) is interrupted over its entire length or is constricted in its cross section.
    2. A switching apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that an air gap is formed within the magnet section between the directly adjacent parts of the core (1) or yoke (6).
    3. A switching apparatus as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the air gap is arranged annularly about the permanent magnet (7).
    4. A switching apparatus as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the annular air gap is graded in its depth of gap.
    5. A switching apparatus as claimed in one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the permanent magnet (7) is provided with a full cross section.
    6. A switching apparatus as claimed in claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the air gap is arranged as a hollow chamber in the interior of the permanent magnet (7).
    7. A switching apparatus as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the permanent magnet (7) is provided with a circumferential line which is congruent in the zone of the yoke (6) or core (1) with the circumferential line of the cross section of the magnetic circuit and encloses a constriction of the magnetic circuit.
    8. A switching apparatus as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the permanent magnet (7) is disposed between the pole face of the yoke (6) and a pole plate (21), with wart-shaped projections (22) of the pole plate (21) extending laterally of the permanent magnet, which projections are spaced by an air gap and rest at their highest places on the pole face of the yoke (6).
    9. A switching apparatus as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the permanent magnet (7) is disposed between the pole face (6) of the yoke (6) and a pole plate (21), with an annular elevation of the pole plate (21) enclosing the permanent magnet (7) by forming an annular air gap, which annular elevation rests on its face side on the pole face of the yoke (6).
    EP95890099A 1994-06-08 1995-05-29 Bistable switching device Expired - Lifetime EP0686989B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (3)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    AT114994 1994-06-08
    AT0114994A AT414183B (en) 1994-06-08 1994-06-08 BISTABLE SWITCHING DEVICE
    AT1149/94 1994-06-08

    Publications (2)

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    EP0686989A1 EP0686989A1 (en) 1995-12-13
    EP0686989B1 true EP0686989B1 (en) 2001-10-31

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    EP95890099A Expired - Lifetime EP0686989B1 (en) 1994-06-08 1995-05-29 Bistable switching device

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    US (1) US5703554A (en)
    EP (1) EP0686989B1 (en)
    AT (1) AT414183B (en)
    DE (1) DE59509770D1 (en)
    ES (1) ES2166810T3 (en)
    PL (1) PL308976A1 (en)

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    DE102005030044A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2007-01-04 Tyco Electronics Amp Gmbh Electromagnetic relay, has core fitted to core retainer opened in longitudinal direction of spool, where retainer is designed in spool body, and core has clamping lug at outer circumference of core or at inner circumference of retainer
    DE102005030046A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2007-01-04 Tyco Electronics Amp Gmbh Electromechanical break contact relay for use in e.g. motor vehicle, has switching contact movably connected with pallet, and switched by neutral magnetic force against spring force which electrically conducts against another contact
    DE102012106330A1 (en) 2012-07-13 2014-01-16 Tyco Electronics Amp Gmbh Coil core for electromagnetic drive used for relay, has anchor end that is located on movable armature of drive and is provided with permanent magnet

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    DE102004018791A1 (en) * 2004-04-15 2005-11-03 Tyco Electronics Amp Gmbh Electro mechanical relay uses permanent magnets set into the yoke to provide monostable or bistable operation
    DE102005030044A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2007-01-04 Tyco Electronics Amp Gmbh Electromagnetic relay, has core fitted to core retainer opened in longitudinal direction of spool, where retainer is designed in spool body, and core has clamping lug at outer circumference of core or at inner circumference of retainer
    DE102005030046A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2007-01-04 Tyco Electronics Amp Gmbh Electromechanical break contact relay for use in e.g. motor vehicle, has switching contact movably connected with pallet, and switched by neutral magnetic force against spring force which electrically conducts against another contact
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    DE102012106330A1 (en) 2012-07-13 2014-01-16 Tyco Electronics Amp Gmbh Coil core for electromagnetic drive used for relay, has anchor end that is located on movable armature of drive and is provided with permanent magnet

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    EP0686989A1 (en) 1995-12-13
    AT414183B (en) 2006-10-15
    ATA114994A (en) 2005-12-15
    DE59509770D1 (en) 2001-12-06
    US5703554A (en) 1997-12-30
    ES2166810T3 (en) 2002-05-01
    PL308976A1 (en) 1995-12-11

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