EP0679150B1 - Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body - Google Patents

Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0679150B1
EP0679150B1 EP94930913A EP94930913A EP0679150B1 EP 0679150 B1 EP0679150 B1 EP 0679150B1 EP 94930913 A EP94930913 A EP 94930913A EP 94930913 A EP94930913 A EP 94930913A EP 0679150 B1 EP0679150 B1 EP 0679150B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pyrotechnic
smoke
graphite
composition
composition according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94930913A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0679150A1 (en
Inventor
Uwe Krone
Klaus Möller
Ernest Schulz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nico Pyrotechnik Hanns Juergen Diederichs GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Nico Pyrotechnik Hanns Juergen Diederichs GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nico Pyrotechnik Hanns Juergen Diederichs GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Nico Pyrotechnik Hanns Juergen Diederichs GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP0679150A1 publication Critical patent/EP0679150A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0679150B1 publication Critical patent/EP0679150B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
    • C06D3/00—Generation of smoke or mist (chemical part)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S149/00—Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
    • Y10S149/117—Smoke or weather composition contains resin

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a pyrotechnic fog kit for camouflage purposes and its use in a fog body.
  • Artificial fog is known to be used against reconnaissance, target recognition and target tracking or to disguise tactical operations on the battlefield and to obstruct or isolate military targets. If it is generated by means of a pyrotechnic fog set, e.g. used in the form of smoke missiles or as a charge in artillery ammunition or missile warheads.
  • Classic camouflage mists use highly hygroscopic salts or acids as a basis, which form water droplet mists with the moisture in the air.
  • Mist based on hexachloroethane and zinc are known Mist based on hexachloroethane and zinc, phosphoric acid mist based on the combustion of white phosphorus or pyrotechnic mist sets based on red phosphorus or camouflage mist derived from these or based on the same principle.
  • the millimeter wave range it is known to produce effective dummy targets with appropriately dimensioned dipoles made of metallized glass fibers or carbon fibers.
  • the fiber material is brought to the area of application, for example, by projectiles or rockets or from containers on airplanes, where it is brought into effect by ejection or explosive distribution.
  • the retroreflection and scattering of millimeter waves on clouds of these fiber materials also swaps target objects in front of the radar receiver or covers a target to be camouflaged over a large area, for example a ship, an aircraft or a military installation.
  • these particle aerosol clouds are easy to locate and can be switched off with some electronic effort using the millimeter-wave sensors of rocket seekers. They are not effective in the optical and IR range due to their low mass.
  • the invention has for its object to modify a pyrotechnic fog set in such a way that the mist that arises during combustion absorbs, reflects or scatters electromagnetic radiation in a wide wavelength spectrum.
  • the essential idea of the invention is to store in the pyrotechnic fog set capable of expansion in the c-axis intercalation or intercalation compounds of graphite, which expand when the pyrotechnic set burns up in its reaction zone and are released with the reaction products of the burning pyrotechnic fog set .
  • the graphite compounds expand thermally and are released as conductive, asymmetrical, irregularly long and twisted particles with the exhaust gas stream of the burning pyrotechnic set.
  • the graphite particles and the exhaust gases flow through the outflow openings of the smoke flap and enrich the camouflage cloud of the combustion products of the pyrotechnic set with expanded graphite particles, which due to the thermal expansion have dimensions of approx. 0.001 to 10.0 Millimeters in length or more and have a width corresponding to their original grain size.
  • These graphite particles are broadband effective in scattering, reflection and absorption in the visible range as well as in the infrared and millimeter wave range. Because of their small size and density, their trickle rate is from the generated cloud only slight: They are carried by the wind with this cloud without any visible separation from the cloud of the combustion products of the pyrotechnic compound.
  • the camouflage effect can be made possible by absorption, reflection and scattering over all three spectral ranges mentioned above.
  • the fog can also last for a longer period, e.g. with a conventional fog body generated over a period of one minute and more. He combines the advantages of the classic pyrotechnic nebulas that work in the visible range of the spectrum, in particular their longer burning times and thus the "refilling" of the smoke wall once built up, with those of the particle nebulas effective for camouflage in the infrared and millimeter wave range.
  • the pyrotechnic fog sentences have e.g. Potassium perchlorate and magnesium as well as a combustion moderator and, if necessary, a binder.
  • the burn-off forms potassium chloride and magnesium oxide, which after being released from the mist set are loaded with water vapor in the air and form an optically effective camouflage mist.
  • the expanded graphite particles ensure strong absorption and scattering in the infrared and millimeter wave range due to their different size and shape.
  • a metal dust or graphite powder can be added to the pyrotechnic fog set.
  • the proportion of expanding substances in the pyrotechnic fog set is in the range between 40 and 65% in order to achieve the particle density in the cloud of clouds required for camouflage.
  • the proportion of the added metal dust or a graphite powder to improve the infrared camouflage effect is between 3 and about 15%, preferably about 5%.
  • a combustion moderator e.g. Black powder or azodicarbonamide used in a proportion between 1 to 10%.
  • a binder e.g. Nitrocellulose or novolaks used in a proportion between 1 to 5%.
  • the distribution of the particle size of the expanding graphite compounds can essentially be determined via the grain size of the starting materials. Since the pyrotechnic mist set is usually arranged in a mist body and is blown off from outflow openings when the pyrotechnic mist set burns up, it is also possible to control the distribution of the particle sizes of the expanded graphite over the flow cross sections at the outflow openings of the mist body.
  • the particle size of the expanded graphite is between 0.001 and 10 millimeters, preferably 1 micrometer and 5 millimeters. Halogens, metal halides, metal oxides, mineral acids but also organic compounds are to be used as interstitial or intercalation compounds for graphite.
  • Graphite hydrogen sulfate for example, has proven successful.
  • This graphite compound can be used to prepare a mist set with, for example, the following composition: 48% graphite hydrogen sulfate, 23% potassium perchlorate, 16% magnesium, 6% graphite powder, 4% combustion moderator and 3% binder. All percentages are percentages by weight.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/DE94/01237 Sec. 371 Date Dec. 18, 1995 Sec. 102(e) Date Dec. 18, 1995 PCT Filed Oct. 19, 1994 PCT Pub. No. WO95/11871 PCT Pub. Date May 4, 1995In a continuously burning pyrotechnic composition, compounds of graphite serve as additional components that are capable of thermal expansion in the C-axis perpendicular to the lattice plane and expand in the reaction zone of the pyrotechnic composition, being released with the reaction products of the burning pyrotechnic composition. This permits production of camouflage smokes that are effective in the optically visible range, the IR range and the MMW-RADAR range of electromagnetic radiation.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz für Tarnzwecke sowie dessen Verwendung in einem Nebelkörper.The invention relates to a pyrotechnic fog kit for camouflage purposes and its use in a fog body.

Gegen Aufklärung, Zielerkennung und Zielverfolgung oder zur Verschleierung taktischer Operationen auf dem Gefechtsfeld sowie zur Behinderung oder Vereinzelung militärischer Ziele wird bekanntermaßen künstlich erzeugter Nebel eingesetzt. Dieser wird, wenn er mittels eines pyrotechnischen Nebelsatzes erzeugt wird, z.B. in Form von Nebelwurfkörpern oder als Ladung in Artilleriemunition oder Raketengefechtsköpfen verwendet. Klassische Tarnnebel verwenden als Basis hoch hygroskopische Salze oder Säuren, die mit der Feuchtigkeit der Luft Wassertröpfchennebel bilden. Bekannt sind u.a. Nebel auf der Basis von Hexachlorethan und Zink, Phosphorsäurenebel, die auf der Verbrennung von weißem Phosphor beruhen oder pyrotechnische Nebelsätze auf der Basis von rotem Phosphor bzw. von diesen abgeleitete oder auf dem gleichen Prinzip beruhende Tarnnebel.Artificial fog is known to be used against reconnaissance, target recognition and target tracking or to disguise tactical operations on the battlefield and to obstruct or isolate military targets. If it is generated by means of a pyrotechnic fog set, e.g. used in the form of smoke missiles or as a charge in artillery ammunition or missile warheads. Classic camouflage mists use highly hygroscopic salts or acids as a basis, which form water droplet mists with the moisture in the air. Among others, are known Mist based on hexachloroethane and zinc, phosphoric acid mist based on the combustion of white phosphorus or pyrotechnic mist sets based on red phosphorus or camouflage mist derived from these or based on the same principle.

Fand die Aufklarung in der Vergangenheit zumeist mit optischen Hilfsmitteln im sichtbaren Bereich des elektromagnetischen Spektrums bei Wellenlängen zwischen 0,4 und 0,7 Mikrometern statt, so hat sie sich heute weitere, längerwellige Spektralbereiche erschlossen. Nächstes, nahes und fernes Infrarot mit Wellenlängen zwischen 0,9 und 14 Mikrometern wird ebenso genutzt wie der Bereich des Millimeterwellenradars mit Wellenlängen zwischen 1 und 30 Millimetern (entsprechend ca. 300 - 10 GHz).In the past, clarification mostly took place with optical aids in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum at wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers, but today it has opened up further, longer-wave spectral ranges. Next, near and far infrared with wavelengths between 0.9 and 14 micrometers is used as well as the range of the millimeter wave radar with wavelengths between 1 and 30 millimeters (corresponding to approx. 300 - 10 GHz).

Zur Verhinderung der Aufklärung in den letztgenannten Spektralbereichen sind die oben erwähnten klassischen Tarnnebel wirkungslos.The classic camouflage nebulae mentioned above are ineffective in preventing clarification in the latter spectral ranges.

Es ist bekannt, daß man gegen eine Aufklärung im Infrarotbereich leitfähige Partikelaerosole, wie Metallstäube und Graphitpulver, mit guter Tarnwirkung verwendet. Diese Staubwolken werden zumeist explosiv aus vorher kompaktiertem Material erzeugt. Sie decken auch den optischen Bereich mit ab. Kohlenstoff in Form von feinst verteiltem Ruß aus pyrochemischen Zersetzungsreaktionen hochkondensierter aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe oder perhalogenierter Kohlenwasserstoffe oder deren Polymeren ist bei Ausbringung in genügender Masse als IR-Nebel bekannt. Derartige Nebel decken in der Regel ebenfalls den optischen Bereich mit ab. Im Millimeterwellenbereich sind jedoch auch derartige IR-Nebel wirkungslos.It is known that, against a clarification in the infrared range, conductive particle aerosols, such as metal dusts and graphite powder, are used with a good camouflage effect. These dust clouds are mostly generated explosively from previously compacted material. They also cover the optical area. Carbon in the form of finely divided soot from pyrochemical decomposition reactions of highly condensed aromatic hydrocarbons or perhalogenated hydrocarbons or their polymers is known as IR mist when applied in sufficient quantities. Such fog generally also covers the optical range. However, such IR nebulae are also ineffective in the millimeter wave range.

Für den Millimeterwellenbereich ist es bekannt, mit entsprechend dimensionierten Dipolen aus metallisierten Glasfasern oder Kohlenstoffasern wirkungsvolle Scheinziele zu erzeugen. Das Fasermaterial wird z.B. durch Geschosse oder Raketen oder aus Containern an Flugzeugen in das Einsatzgebiet und dort durch Ausstoß oder explosive Verteilung zur Wirkung gebracht. Die Rückstrahlung und Streuung von Millimeterwellen an Wolken dieser Fasermaterialien tauscht auch dem Radarempfanger Zielobjekte vor oder überdeckt großflächig ein zu tarnendes Ziel, z.B. ein Schiff, ein Flugzeug oder eine militärische Anlage. Diese Partikelaerosolwolken sind jedoch gut zu orten und mit einigem elektronischen Aufwand mit den Millimeterwellensensoren von Raketensuchköpfen auszuschalten. Sie sind im optischen und IR-Bereich wegen zu geringer Masse nicht wirksam. Hinzu kommt ein weiterer schwerwiegender Nachteil aller Partikelaerosole, die auf der Dispersion von Feststoffen durch Ausstoß aus Behältern oder explosiver Zerlegung von Submunition mit zuvor kompaktiertem Material beruhen: Ihre Verweildauer am Ort der Tarnaufgabe ist extrem windabhängig, eine länger andauernde Wirkung ist nur durch weitere Ausbringung bzw. Nachschießen mit entsprechender, zusätzlicher Munition moglich. Dies ist sehr kostenintensiv und daher für die Tarnung größerer Flächen über längere Zeiträume uneffektiv.For the millimeter wave range, it is known to produce effective dummy targets with appropriately dimensioned dipoles made of metallized glass fibers or carbon fibers. The fiber material is brought to the area of application, for example, by projectiles or rockets or from containers on airplanes, where it is brought into effect by ejection or explosive distribution. The retroreflection and scattering of millimeter waves on clouds of these fiber materials also swaps target objects in front of the radar receiver or covers a target to be camouflaged over a large area, for example a ship, an aircraft or a military installation. However, these particle aerosol clouds are easy to locate and can be switched off with some electronic effort using the millimeter-wave sensors of rocket seekers. They are not effective in the optical and IR range due to their low mass. In addition, there is another serious disadvantage of all particle aerosols that are based on the dispersion of solids by ejection from containers or the explosive disassembly of submunition with previously compacted material: their dwell time at the place of the camouflage task is extreme depending on the wind, a longer lasting effect is only possible by further deployment or additional shooting with appropriate additional ammunition. This is very cost-intensive and therefore ineffective for camouflaging larger areas over long periods.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz dahingehend zu modifizieren, daß der beim Abbrand entstehende Nebel elektromagnetische Strahlung in einem breiten Wellenlängenspektrum absorbiert, reflektiert oder streut.The invention has for its object to modify a pyrotechnic fog set in such a way that the mist that arises during combustion absorbs, reflects or scatters electromagnetic radiation in a wide wavelength spectrum.

Diese Aufgabe ist gemäß der Erfindung durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Patentanspruches 1 angegebenen Merkmale gelöst.This object is achieved according to the invention by the features specified in the characterizing part of patent claim 1.

Demgemäß besteht der wesentliche Gedanke der Erfindung darin, in den pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz zur Expansion in der c-Achse befähigte Zwischengitter- bzw. Interkalationsverbindungen von Graphit einzulagern, die beim Abbrand des pyrotechnischen Satzes in dessen Reaktionszone expandieren und mit den Reaktionsprodukten des abbrennenden pyrotechnischen Nebelsatzes freigesetzt werden. In der Reaktionszone des pyrotechnischen Nebelsatzes expandieren die Graphitverbindungen thermisch und werden als leitfähige, asymmetrische, unregelmäßig lange und verdrillte Teilchen mit dem Abgasstrom des abbrennenden pyrotechnischen Satzes freigegeben. Ist der pyrotechnische Nebelsatz z.B. in einem Nebelwurfkörper angeordnet, so strömen die Graphitteilchen und die Abgase durch die Ausströmöffnungen des Nebelwurfkörpers und reichern die Tarnwolke der Abbrandprodukte des pyrotechnischen Satzes mit expandierten Graphitteilchen an, welche durch die thermische Expansion Dimensionen von ca. 0,001 bis 10,0 Millimeter Länge oder mehr und eine ihrer ursprünglichen Korngröße entsprechende Breite aufweisen. Diese Graphitpartikel sind breitbandig in Streuung, Reflexion und Absorption sowohl im sichtbaren Bereich sowie im Infrarot- als auch im Millimeterwellenbereich wirksam. Aufgrund ihrer geringen Größe und Dichte ist ihre Ausrieselrate aus der erzeugten Wolke nur gering: Sie werden ohne sichtbare Trennung von der Nebelwolke der Abbrandprodukte des pyrotechnischen Satzes mit dieser Wolke vom Wind weitergetragen.Accordingly, the essential idea of the invention is to store in the pyrotechnic fog set capable of expansion in the c-axis intercalation or intercalation compounds of graphite, which expand when the pyrotechnic set burns up in its reaction zone and are released with the reaction products of the burning pyrotechnic fog set . In the reaction zone of the pyrotechnic mist set, the graphite compounds expand thermally and are released as conductive, asymmetrical, irregularly long and twisted particles with the exhaust gas stream of the burning pyrotechnic set. If the pyrotechnic mist set is arranged, for example, in a smoke flare, the graphite particles and the exhaust gases flow through the outflow openings of the smoke flap and enrich the camouflage cloud of the combustion products of the pyrotechnic set with expanded graphite particles, which due to the thermal expansion have dimensions of approx. 0.001 to 10.0 Millimeters in length or more and have a width corresponding to their original grain size. These graphite particles are broadband effective in scattering, reflection and absorption in the visible range as well as in the infrared and millimeter wave range. Because of their small size and density, their trickle rate is from the generated cloud only slight: They are carried by the wind with this cloud without any visible separation from the cloud of the combustion products of the pyrotechnic compound.

Mit einem pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz gemäß der Erfindung kann die Tarnwirkung durch Absorption, Reflexion und Streuung über alle drei oben genannten Spektralbereiche ermöglicht werden. Der Nebel kann auch über einen längeren Zeitraum, bei einem herkömmlichen Nebelkörper z.B. über einen Zeitraum von einer Minute und mehr erzeugt werden. Damit vereinigt er die Vorteile der klassischen, im sichtbaren Bereich des Spektrums wirkenden pyrotechnischen Nebel, insbesondere deren längere Brenndauer und damit das "Nachfüttern" der einmal aufgebauten Nebelwand, mit denen der für die Tarnung im Infrarot- und Millimeterwellenbereich wirksamen Partikelnebel.With a pyrotechnic fog set according to the invention, the camouflage effect can be made possible by absorption, reflection and scattering over all three spectral ranges mentioned above. The fog can also last for a longer period, e.g. with a conventional fog body generated over a period of one minute and more. He combines the advantages of the classic pyrotechnic nebulas that work in the visible range of the spectrum, in particular their longer burning times and thus the "refilling" of the smoke wall once built up, with those of the particle nebulas effective for camouflage in the infrared and millimeter wave range.

Die Eigenschaft von Graphitverbindungen, bei höherer Temperatur unter Zersetzung in der c-Achse zu expandieren, ist an sich bekannt; vgl. Römpps Chemie-Lexikon, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 1990, S. 1643 und 1644.0The property of graphite compounds to expand at a higher temperature with decomposition in the c-axis is known per se; see. Römpps Chemie-Lexikon, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 1990, pp. 1643 and 1644.0

In der US-PS 3 404 061 werden aus einem derartigen Material lange Streifen oder Blätter hergestellt, die anisotropische oder auch streng ausgerichtete Eigenschaften aufweisen. Die Dichte dieses Materials kann durch entsprechende Interkalationsstoffe und die Temperatur in weiten Grenzen beeinflußt werden.In US Pat. No. 3,404,061, long strips or sheets are produced from such a material, which have anisotropic or strictly aligned properties. The density of this material can be influenced within wide limits by appropriate intercalation substances and the temperature.

Aus der GB-PS 1 588 876 ist es bekannt, Metallbrande dadurch zu löschen, daß das Feuer mit Graphitverbindungen abgedeckt wird, die an der Oberfläche des brennenden Metalls expandieren und die Oberfläche dadurch gegenüber der Umgebung isolieren, so daß das Feuer erstickt wird.From GB-PS 1 588 876 it is known to extinguish metal fires by covering the fire with graphite compounds which expand on the surface of the burning metal and thereby isolate the surface from the surroundings, so that the fire is suffocated.

Über weitere Anwendungen expandierter Graphite siehe auch S.H. Anderson et al. "Exfoliation of Intercalated Graphite", Carbon, Band 22, Nr. 3, Seiten 253 bis 263, 1984.For further applications of expanded graphite, see also SH Anderson et al. "Exfoliation of Intercalated Graphite", Carbon, Volume 22, No. 3, pages 253 to 263, 1984.

Die pyrotechnischen Nebelsätze weisen z.B. Kaliumperchlorat und Magnesium sowie einen Abbrandmoderator und gegebenenfalls ein Bindemittel auf. Durch den Abbrand bilden sich Kaliumchlorid und Magnesiumoxid, die sich nach dem Freisetzen aus dem Nebelsatz an der Luft mit Wasserdampf beladen und einen optisch wirksamen Tarnnebel bilden. Die expandierten Graphitpartikel stellen eine starke, aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen Größe und Form sehr breitbandige Absorption und Streuung im Infrarot- und Millimeterwellenbereich sicher. Zur Erhöhung der Tarnwirkung im Infrarotbereich kann dem pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz noch ein Metallstaub oder Graphitpulver beigesetzt werden. Der Anteil der expandierenden Stoffe in dem pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz liegt im Bereich zwischen 40 und 65 %, um die für eine Tarnwirkung erforderliche Partikeldichte in der Nebelwolke zu erzielen. Der Anteil des gegebenenfalls zugesetzten Metallstaubes bzw. eines Graphitpulvers zur Verbesserung der Infrarot-Tarnwirkung liegt zwischen 3 und etwa 15 %, vorzugsweise bei etwa 5 %.The pyrotechnic fog sentences have e.g. Potassium perchlorate and magnesium as well as a combustion moderator and, if necessary, a binder. The burn-off forms potassium chloride and magnesium oxide, which after being released from the mist set are loaded with water vapor in the air and form an optically effective camouflage mist. The expanded graphite particles ensure strong absorption and scattering in the infrared and millimeter wave range due to their different size and shape. To increase the camouflage effect in the infrared range, a metal dust or graphite powder can be added to the pyrotechnic fog set. The proportion of expanding substances in the pyrotechnic fog set is in the range between 40 and 65% in order to achieve the particle density in the cloud of clouds required for camouflage. The proportion of the added metal dust or a graphite powder to improve the infrared camouflage effect is between 3 and about 15%, preferably about 5%.

Als Abbrandmoderator werden bei dem pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz z.B. Schwarzpulver oder Azodicarbonamid in einem Anteil zwischen 1 bis 10 % verwendet.As a combustion moderator, e.g. Black powder or azodicarbonamide used in a proportion between 1 to 10%.

Falls ein Bindemittel eingesetzt wird, werden z.B. Nitrozellulose oder Novolake in einem Anteil zwischen 1 bis 5% verwendet.If a binder is used, e.g. Nitrocellulose or novolaks used in a proportion between 1 to 5%.

Die Verteilung der Partikelgröße der expandierenden Graphitverbindungen kann im wesentlichen über die Korngröße der Ausgangsstoffe bestimmt werden. Da der pyrotechnische Nebelsatz in der Regel in einem Nebelkörper angeordnet ist und beim Abbrand des pyrotechnischen Nebelsatzes aus Ausströmöffnungen abgeblasen wird, ist es jedoch auch möglich, die Verteilung der Partikelgrößen des expandierten Graphits über die Strömungsquerschnitte an den Ausströmöffnungen des Nebelkörpers zu steuern. Die Partikelgröße des expandierten Graphits liegt, wie bereits oben angegeben, bei Dimensionen zwischen 0,001 und 10 Millimeter, vorzugsweise 1 Mikrometer und 5 Millimeter. Als Zwischengitter- bzw. Interkalationsverbindungen für Graphit sind Halogene, Metallhalogenide, Metalloxide, Mineralsäuren aber auch organische Verbindungen zu verwenden. Bewährt hat sich z.B. Graphithydrogensulfat. Mit dieser Graphitverbindung kann ein Nebelsatz mit z.B. folgender Zusammensetzung präpariert werden: 48 % Graphithydrogensulfat, 23 % Kaliumperchlorat, 16 % Magnesium, 6 % Graphitpulver, 4 % Abbrandmoderator und 3 % Bindemittel. Sämtliche Prozentzahlen sind hierbei Gewichtsprozente.The distribution of the particle size of the expanding graphite compounds can essentially be determined via the grain size of the starting materials. Since the pyrotechnic mist set is usually arranged in a mist body and is blown off from outflow openings when the pyrotechnic mist set burns up, it is also possible to control the distribution of the particle sizes of the expanded graphite over the flow cross sections at the outflow openings of the mist body. The As already stated above, the particle size of the expanded graphite is between 0.001 and 10 millimeters, preferably 1 micrometer and 5 millimeters. Halogens, metal halides, metal oxides, mineral acids but also organic compounds are to be used as interstitial or intercalation compounds for graphite. Graphite hydrogen sulfate, for example, has proven successful. This graphite compound can be used to prepare a mist set with, for example, the following composition: 48% graphite hydrogen sulfate, 23% potassium perchlorate, 16% magnesium, 6% graphite powder, 4% combustion moderator and 3% binder. All percentages are percentages by weight.

Claims (7)

  1. Pyrotechnic smoke composition for camouflage purposes, characterised in that there are incorporated, in a continuously deflagrating pyrotechnic smoke composition, interstitial or intercalary compounds of graphite which are capable of thermal expansion and are released in the reaction zone of the pyrotechnic composition and expand therein, the expansion of the graphite compounds taking place in the direction of the c-axis perpendicular to the lattice plane.
  2. Smoke composition according to claim 1, characterised in that the continuously deflagrating pyrotechnic composition produces reaction products which form, in the visible range of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, a smoke capable of providing camouflage.
  3. Smoke composition according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the graphite compounds are present in the pyrotechnic smoke composition in a proportion of between 40 and 65 percent by weight, and preferably of around 50 percent by weight.
  4. Smoke composition according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the particles expanded in the reaction zone of the pyrotechnic composition are essentially strand-shaped and have dimensions of between 0.001 and 10 millimetres, and preferably of between 0.001 and 5 millimetres.
  5. Smoke composition according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that graphite powder is additionally admixed to the pyrotechnic smoke composition.
  6. Smoke composition according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the expanding graphite compound is graphite hydrogen sulphate.
  7. Use of the smoke composition according to one of the preceding claims in a smoke body which has outlet apertures via which the reaction products of the pyrotechnic composition and the expanded graphite particles are released.
EP94930913A 1993-10-29 1994-10-19 Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body Expired - Lifetime EP0679150B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4337071A DE4337071C1 (en) 1993-10-29 1993-10-29 Pyrotechnic smoke charge for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke body
DE4337071 1993-10-29
PCT/DE1994/001237 WO1995011871A1 (en) 1993-10-29 1994-10-19 Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0679150A1 EP0679150A1 (en) 1995-11-02
EP0679150B1 true EP0679150B1 (en) 1997-08-13

Family

ID=6501414

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94930913A Expired - Lifetime EP0679150B1 (en) 1993-10-29 1994-10-19 Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (1) US5656794A (en)
EP (1) EP0679150B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3592714B2 (en)
KR (1) KR0181559B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE156796T1 (en)
AU (1) AU675740B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2152916C (en)
DE (2) DE4337071C1 (en)
DK (1) DK0679150T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2107864T3 (en)
IL (1) IL111359A (en)
NO (1) NO304304B1 (en)
WO (1) WO1995011871A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA948326B (en)

Families Citing this family (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2299990A (en) * 1995-04-18 1996-10-23 Secr Defence Pyrotechnic material
FR2763120B1 (en) * 1997-05-09 2001-12-28 Buck Chem Tech Werke SUBMUNITION BODY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOG
US6076671A (en) * 1998-03-18 2000-06-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Solid particle aerosol belt and dissemination method
DE19914095A1 (en) * 1999-03-27 2000-09-28 Piepenbrock Pyrotechnik Gmbh Pyrotechnic mist set for generating an aerosol that is impenetrable in the visible, infrared and millimeter-wave range
DE19914033A1 (en) 1999-03-27 2000-09-28 Piepenbrock Pyrotechnik Gmbh Process for generating a camouflage fog that is transparent on one side in the infrared spectral range
GB2354573A (en) * 1999-09-23 2001-03-28 Secr Defence An obscurant device
US6635130B2 (en) * 1999-10-09 2003-10-21 Diehl Munitionssysteme Gmbh & Co. Kg Pyrotechnic composition for producing IR-radiation
CH710862B1 (en) 1999-11-26 2016-09-15 Imerys Graphite & Carbon Switzerland Sa Process for the production of graphite powders with increased bulk density.
DE10013398A1 (en) * 2000-03-17 2001-09-20 Comet Gmbh Pyrotechnik Appbau Pollutant-free colored smoke, consists of fine metallic particles which absorb light, and whose size can be altered.
JP2005505904A (en) * 2001-10-08 2005-02-24 ティムカル アーゲー Electrochemical battery
FR2840977B1 (en) 2002-06-12 2004-09-03 Giat Ind Sa DEVICE AND MUNITION FOR PROTECTING A VEHICLE OR A FIXED PLATFORM AGAINST A THREAT
FR2840978B1 (en) 2002-06-12 2004-09-03 Giat Ind Sa MASKING AMMUNITION
DE102004023564A1 (en) * 2004-05-13 2005-12-08 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Pyrotechnic fog set
US7343861B1 (en) 2005-05-31 2008-03-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Device and method for producing an infrared emission at a given wavelength
US10941086B2 (en) 2012-05-07 2021-03-09 Knowflame, Inc. Capsaicinoid smoke
WO2013169813A2 (en) 2012-05-07 2013-11-14 Polaris Sensor Technologies, Inc. Low flame smoke
DE102012015757B4 (en) * 2012-08-09 2015-06-11 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Method for burnup acceleration of a pyrotechnic active mass
KR101478643B1 (en) * 2014-08-14 2015-01-02 국방과학연구소 Pyrotechnic smoke material for obscruing multi-spectrum using expanded graphite and red phosphorus
US10196875B2 (en) * 2014-09-30 2019-02-05 Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc Deployment of expandable graphite
US10088278B1 (en) * 2017-04-26 2018-10-02 The Boeing Company Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) generation
US10969207B1 (en) * 2020-03-04 2021-04-06 The Boeing Company Magnetically enhanced EMP generating device

Family Cites Families (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB991581A (en) * 1962-03-21 1965-05-12 High Temperature Materials Inc Expanded pyrolytic graphite and process for producing the same
US3335040A (en) * 1966-11-21 1967-08-08 Dow Chemical Co Pyrotechnic disseminating composition containing a nitramine fuel
US4004517A (en) * 1975-01-02 1977-01-25 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Pyrotechnic munition and process
DE2608866C3 (en) * 1976-03-04 1980-01-03 Sigri Elektrographit Gmbh, 8901 Meitingen Process for the production of graphite hydrogen sulfate
IL53397A0 (en) * 1976-11-22 1978-01-31 Ceca Sa Method and agents for extinguishing metal fires
SE418495B (en) * 1978-03-31 1981-06-09 Lennart Holm APPLICATION OF PARTICLES OF ACTIVE CARBON IN AEROSOLS INTENDED FOR RADIATION ABSORPTION SPECIFICALLY IN IR
US4432818A (en) * 1980-08-22 1984-02-21 Hughes Aircraft Company Compositions for use in heat-generating reactions
US4756778A (en) * 1980-12-04 1988-07-12 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Protecting military targets against weapons having IR detectors
DE3238455A1 (en) * 1982-10-16 1984-04-19 Pyrotechnische Fabrik F. Feistel GmbH + Co KG, 6719 Göllheim FOGGED BODY
US4604276A (en) * 1983-09-19 1986-08-05 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Intercalation of small graphite flakes with a metal halide
FR2583037B1 (en) * 1985-06-07 1987-11-13 France Etat Armement EFFICIENT FLOWABLE SMOKING COMPOSITIONS IN INFRARED
GB2191770A (en) * 1986-06-17 1987-12-23 Secr Defence Ignition transfer medium
FR2617474B1 (en) * 1987-07-02 1990-01-05 Lacroix E Tous Artifices PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OPAQUE SMOKE WITH INFRARED RADIATION, MANUFACTURING METHOD AND LURE COMPRISING SUCH A COMPOSITION
NO171750C (en) * 1991-01-21 1993-04-28 Raufoss As DEVICE FOR ROEYK GRANATE
US5255125A (en) * 1992-12-28 1993-10-19 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Particulate obscurant disseminator air source

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR0181559B1 (en) 1999-04-15
JP3592714B2 (en) 2004-11-24
AU675740B2 (en) 1997-02-13
CA2152916A1 (en) 1995-05-04
KR950704212A (en) 1995-11-17
NO952343D0 (en) 1995-06-14
JPH08505357A (en) 1996-06-11
DK0679150T3 (en) 1998-03-23
ES2107864T3 (en) 1997-12-01
IL111359A (en) 1998-06-15
ATE156796T1 (en) 1997-08-15
ZA948326B (en) 1995-06-14
EP0679150A1 (en) 1995-11-02
NO952343L (en) 1995-06-14
NO304304B1 (en) 1998-11-30
IL111359A0 (en) 1995-01-24
CA2152916C (en) 2005-04-19
AU7989394A (en) 1995-05-22
DE59403727D1 (en) 1997-09-18
US5656794A (en) 1997-08-12
WO1995011871A1 (en) 1995-05-04
DE4337071C1 (en) 1995-03-02

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0679150B1 (en) Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body
DE4244682B4 (en) High-intensity pyrotechnic infrared drone
DE3326884C2 (en) Process for masking visible and infrared radiation and mist ammunition to carry out this process
EP1173394B9 (en) Pyrotechnic active mass for producing an aerosol highly emissive in the infrared spectrum and impenetrable in the visible spectrum
DE2752946B2 (en) Use of an incendiary compound for incendiary projectiles
EP1173395B1 (en) Pyrotechnic smoke screen units for producing an aerosol impenetrable in the visible, infrared and millimetric wave range
US4728375A (en) Pyrotechnic composition for producing radiation-blocking screen
EP2468700B1 (en) Pyrotechnic decoy material for infra-red decoys
DE2034618A1 (en) Projectile movable towards a target
KR910000506B1 (en) Pyrotechnical smoke charges
DE102004047231B4 (en) submunitions
EP1286129B1 (en) Incendiary munition for a flight stabilised penetrating projectile
DE19704070A1 (en) Camouflage and / or deception device
EP1637510B1 (en) Use of a infrared radiation generating material for a civil airplane
DE3443778A1 (en) Pyrotechnic mixture for producing a radiation barrier screen, process for its preparation and device for discharging a pyrotechnic mixture
DE19964172B4 (en) Pyrotechnic set for generating IR radiation
EP2770294B1 (en) Explosive agent mass for a live ammunition
EP1954651B1 (en) Incendiary compound comprising a combustible from group ivb of the periodic table, and projectile containing said incendiary compound
DE2720695A1 (en) Incendiary compsn. for armour-piercing shell - contg. metallic oxidant, metal powder and reducing agent with separate ignition charge in tip
DE2020727A1 (en) Cartridge for fire arms
Znak et al. Energy-condensed compositions for generation of black aerosol clouds
DE71585C (en) Smoke generator for hollow projectiles
DE102004018862A1 (en) Method and device for producing an infrared panel radiator
DD299753A7 (en) SPOTLIGHTING ROCKET

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19950824

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT CH DE DK ES FR GB IT LI NL SE

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19960410

GRAG Despatch of communication of intention to grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT CH DE DK ES FR GB IT LI NL SE

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 156796

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 19970815

Kind code of ref document: T

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 59403727

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19970918

ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed

Owner name: SPADINI MARUSCO

GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)

Effective date: 19971027

ET Fr: translation filed
REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FG2A

Ref document number: 2107864

Country of ref document: ES

Kind code of ref document: T3

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DK

Ref legal event code: T3

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 20001023

Year of fee payment: 7

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20011020

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: IF02

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FD2A

Effective date: 20021113

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20051012

Year of fee payment: 12

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Payment date: 20051024

Year of fee payment: 12

Ref country code: DK

Payment date: 20051024

Year of fee payment: 12

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20051027

Year of fee payment: 12

Ref country code: AT

Payment date: 20051027

Year of fee payment: 12

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Payment date: 20051031

Year of fee payment: 12

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 20060112

Year of fee payment: 12

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20061019

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20061020

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20061031

Ref country code: DK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20061031

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20061031

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20070501

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

EUG Se: european patent has lapsed
GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20061019

NLV4 Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee

Effective date: 20070501

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

Effective date: 20070629

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20061019

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20061031

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20091021

Year of fee payment: 16

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R081

Ref document number: 59403727

Country of ref document: DE

Owner name: RHEINMETALL WAFFE MUNITION GMBH, DE

Free format text: FORMER OWNER: NICO-PYROTECHNIK HANNS-JUERGEN DIEDERICHS GMBH & CO KG, 22946 TRITTAU, DE

Effective date: 20110413

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20101019

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R084

Ref document number: 59403727

Country of ref document: DE

Effective date: 20130725

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20131021

Year of fee payment: 20

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R071

Ref document number: 59403727

Country of ref document: DE