EP0679150A1 - Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body. - Google Patents

Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body.

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Publication number
EP0679150A1
EP0679150A1 EP94930913A EP94930913A EP0679150A1 EP 0679150 A1 EP0679150 A1 EP 0679150A1 EP 94930913 A EP94930913 A EP 94930913A EP 94930913 A EP94930913 A EP 94930913A EP 0679150 A1 EP0679150 A1 EP 0679150A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pyrotechnic
graphite
mist
fog
set according
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP94930913A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0679150B1 (en
Inventor
Uwe Krone
Klaus Moeller
Ernest Schulz
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Nico Pyrotechnik Hanns Juergen Diederichs GmbH and Co KG
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Nico Pyrotechnik Hanns Juergen Diederichs GmbH and Co KG
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
    • C06D3/00—Generation of smoke or mist (chemical part)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S149/00—Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
    • Y10S149/117—Smoke or weather composition contains resin

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a pyrotechnic fog kit for camouflage purposes and its use in a fog body.
  • Artificial fog is known to be used against reconnaissance, target recognition and target tracking or to disguise tactical operations on the battlefield and to obstruct or isolate military targets. If it is generated by means of a pyrotechnic fog set, e.g. used in the form of smoke missiles or as a charge in artillery ammunition or missile warheads.
  • Classic camouflage mists use highly hygroscopic salts or acids as a basis, which form water droplet mists with the moisture in the air.
  • Mist based on hexachloroethane and zinc are known Mist based on hexachloroethane and zinc, phosphoric acid mist based on the combustion of white phosphorus or pyrotechnic mist sets based on red phosphorus or camouflage mist derived from these or based on the same principle.
  • the invention has for its object to modify a pyrotechnic fog set in such a way that the mist that arises during combustion absorbs, reflects or scatters electromagnetic radiation in a wide wavelength spectrum.
  • the essential idea of the invention is to store in the pyrotechnic mist set graphite compounds capable of expansion in the c-axis, which expand when the pyrotechnic set burns up in its reaction zone and are released with the reaction products of the burning pyrotechnic mist set.
  • the graphite compounds expand thermally and are released as conductive, asymmetrical, irregularly long and twisted particles with the exhaust gas stream of the pyrotechnic set that burns.
  • the graphite particles and the exhaust gases flow through the outflow openings of the smoke flap and enrich the camouflage cloud of the combustion products of the pyrotechnic set with expanded graphite particles, which due to the thermal expansion have dimensions of approx. 0.001 to 10.0 Millimeters in length or more and have a width corresponding to their original grain size.
  • These graphite particles are broadband effective in scattering, reflection and absorption in the infrared as well as in the millimeter wave range. Because of their small size and density, their trickle rate is from the generated cloud only slight: They are carried by the wind with this cloud without any visible separation from the cloud of the combustion products of the pyrotechnic compound.
  • the camouflage effect can be made possible by absorption, reflection and scattering over all three spectral ranges mentioned above.
  • the fog can also last for a longer period, e.g. with a conventional fog body generated over a period of one minute and more. He combines the advantages of the classic pyrotechnic nebulas that work in the visible range of the spectrum, in particular their longer burning times and thus the "refilling" of the smoke wall once built up, with those of the particle nebulas effective for camouflage in the infrared and millimeter wave range.
  • the pyrotechnic mist sets contain, for example, potassium perchlorate and magnesium, as well as a combustion moderator and, if appropriate, a binder.
  • the burn-off forms potassium chloride and magnesium oxide, which after being released from the mist set are loaded with water vapor in the air and form an optically effective camouflage mist.
  • the expanded graphite particles ensure strong absorption and scattering in the infrared and millimeter wave range due to their different size and shape.
  • a metal dust or graphite powder can be added to the pyrotechnic fog set.
  • the proportion of the expanding substances in the pyrotechnic fog set is in the range between 40 and 65% in order to achieve the particle density in the cloud of clouds required for camouflage.
  • the proportion of the added metal dust or a graphite powder to improve the infrared camouflage effect is between 3 and about 15%, preferably about 5%.
  • a combustion moderator e.g. Black powder or azodicarbonamide used in a proportion between 1 to 10%.
  • a binder e.g. Nitrocellulose or novolaks used in a proportion between 1 to 5%.
  • the distribution of the particle size of the expanding graphite compounds can essentially be determined via the grain size of the starting materials. Since the pyrotechnic mist set is usually arranged in a mist body and is blown off from outflow openings when the pyrotechnic mist set burns up, it is also possible to control the distribution of the particle sizes of the expanded graphite over the flow cross sections at the outflow openings of the mist body.
  • the particle size of the expanded graphite is between 0.001 and 10 millimeters, preferably 1 micrometer and 5 millimeters. Halogens, metal halides, metal oxides, mineral acids but also organic compounds are to be used as interstitial or intercalation compounds for graphite.
  • Graphite hydrogen sulfate for example, has proven itself. This graphite compound can be used to prepare a mist set with, for example, the following composition: 48% graphite hydrogen sulfate, 23% potassium perchlorate, 16% magnesium, 6% graphite powder, 4% combustion moderator and 3% binder. All percentages are percentages by weight.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/DE94/01237 Sec. 371 Date Dec. 18, 1995 Sec. 102(e) Date Dec. 18, 1995 PCT Filed Oct. 19, 1994 PCT Pub. No. WO95/11871 PCT Pub. Date May 4, 1995In a continuously burning pyrotechnic composition, compounds of graphite serve as additional components that are capable of thermal expansion in the C-axis perpendicular to the lattice plane and expand in the reaction zone of the pyrotechnic composition, being released with the reaction products of the burning pyrotechnic composition. This permits production of camouflage smokes that are effective in the optically visible range, the IR range and the MMW-RADAR range of electromagnetic radiation.

Description

Pyrotechnischer Nebelsatz für Tarnzwecke und dessen Verwendung in einem NebelkörperPyrotechnic fog kit for camouflage purposes and its use in a fog body
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz für Tarnzwecke sowie dessen Verwendung in einem Nebelkörper.The invention relates to a pyrotechnic fog kit for camouflage purposes and its use in a fog body.
Gegen Aufklärung, Zielerkennung und Zielverfolgung oder zur Verschleierung taktischer Operationen auf dem Gefechtsfeld sowie zur Behinderung oder Vereinzelung militärischer Ziele wird bekanntermaßen künstlich erzeugter Nebel eingesetzt. Dieser wird, wenn er mittels eines pyrotechnischen Nebelsatzes erzeugt wird, z.B. in Form von Nebelwurfkörpern oder als Ladung in Artilleriemunition oder Raketengefechtsköpfen verwendet. Klassische Tarnnebel verwenden als Basis hoch hygroskopische Salze oder Säuren, die mit der Feuchtigkeit der Luft Wassertröpfchennebel bilden. Bekannt sind u.a. Nebel auf der Basis von Hexachlorethan und Zink, Phosphorsäurenebel, die auf der Verbrennung von weißem Phosphor beruhen oder pyrotechnische Nebelsätze auf der Basis von rotem Phosphor bzw. von diesen abgeleitete oder auf dem gleichen Prinzip beruhende Tarnnebel.Artificial fog is known to be used against reconnaissance, target recognition and target tracking or to disguise tactical operations on the battlefield and to obstruct or isolate military targets. If it is generated by means of a pyrotechnic fog set, e.g. used in the form of smoke missiles or as a charge in artillery ammunition or missile warheads. Classic camouflage mists use highly hygroscopic salts or acids as a basis, which form water droplet mists with the moisture in the air. Among others, are known Mist based on hexachloroethane and zinc, phosphoric acid mist based on the combustion of white phosphorus or pyrotechnic mist sets based on red phosphorus or camouflage mist derived from these or based on the same principle.
Fand die Aufklärung in der Vergangenheit zumeist mit optischen Hilfsmitteln im sichtbaren Bereich des elektromagnetischen Spektrums bei Wellenlängen zwischen 0,4 und 0,7 Mikrometern statt, so hat sie sich heute weitere, längerwellige Spektralbereiche erschlossen. Nächstes, nahes und fernes Infrarot mit Wellenlängen zwischen 0,9 und 14 Mikrometern wird ebenso genutzt wie der Bereich des Millimeterwellenradars mit Wellenlängen zwischen 1 und 30 Millimetern (entsprechend ca. 300 - 10 GHz) . Zur Verhinderung der Aufklärung in den letztgenannten Spektralbereichen sind die oben erwähnten klassischen Tarnnebel wirkungslos.In the past, the enlightenment took place mostly with optical aids in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum at wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers, but today it has opened up further, longer-wave spectral ranges. Next, near and far infrared with wavelengths between 0.9 and 14 micrometers is used as well as the range of the millimeter wave radar with wavelengths between 1 and 30 millimeters (corresponding to approx. 300 - 10 GHz). The classic camouflage nebulae mentioned above are ineffective in preventing clarification in the latter spectral ranges.
Es ist bekannt, daß man gegen eine Aufklärung im Infrarotbereich leitfähige Partikelaerosole, wie Metallst ube und Graphitpulver, mit guter Tarnwirkung verwendet. Diese Staubwolken werden zumeist explosiv aus vorher kompaktiertem Material erzeugt. Sie decken auch den optischen Bereich mit ab. Kohlenstoff in Form von feinst verteiltem Ruß aus pyrochemisehen Zersetzungsreaktionen hochkondensierter aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe oder perhalogenierter Kohlenwasserstoffe oder deren Polymeren ist bei Ausbringung in genügender Masse als IR-Nebel bekannt. Derartige Nebel decken in der Regel ebenfalls den optischen Bereich mit ab. Im Millimeterwellenbereich sind jedoch auch derartige IR- Nebel wirkungslos.It is known that, against a clarification in the infrared range, conductive particle aerosols, such as metal dust and graphite powder, are used with a good camouflage effect. These dust clouds are mostly generated explosively from previously compacted material. They also cover the optical area. Carbon in the form of very finely divided soot from pyrochemical decomposition reactions of highly condensed aromatic hydrocarbons or perhalogenated hydrocarbons or their polymers is known as IR mist when applied to a sufficient extent. Such fog generally also covers the optical range. However, such IR nebulae are also ineffective in the millimeter wave range.
Für den Millimeterwellenbereich ist es bekannt, mit entsprechend dimensionierten Dipolen aus metallisierten Glasfasern oder Kohlenstoffasern wirkungsvolle Scheinziele zu erzeugen. Das Fasermaterial wird z.B. durch Geschosse oder Raketen oder aus Containern an Flugzeugen in das Einsatzgebiet und dort durch Ausstoß oder explosive Verteilung zur Wirkung gebracht. Die Rückstrahlung und Streuung von Millimeterwellen an Wolken dieser Fasermaterialien täuscht auch dem Radarempfänger Zielobjekte vor oder überdeckt großflächig ein zu tarnendes Ziel, z.B. ein Schiff, ein Flugzeug oder eine militärische Anlage. Diese Partikelaerosolwolken sind jedoch gut zu orten und mit einigem elektronischen Aufwand mit denFor the millimeter wave range, it is known to produce effective dummy targets with appropriately dimensioned dipoles made of metallized glass fibers or carbon fibers. The fiber material is e.g. by projectiles or missiles or from containers on airplanes into the area of operation and brought to effect there by ejection or explosive distribution. The retroreflection and scattering of millimeter waves on clouds of these fiber materials also falsifies target objects for the radar receiver or covers a target to be camouflaged over a large area, e.g. a ship, an airplane, or a military installation. However, these particle aerosol clouds are easy to locate and with some electronic effort
Millimeterwellensensoren von Raketensuchköpfen auszuschalten. Sie sind im optischen und IR-Bereich wegen zu geringer Masse nicht wirksam. Hinzu kommt ein weiterer schwerwiegender Nachteil aller Partikelaerosole, die auf der Dispersion von Feststoffen durch Ausstoß aus Behältern oder explosiver Zerlegung von Submunition mit zuvor kompaktiertem Material beruhen: Ihre Verweildauer am Ort der Tarnaufgabe ist extrem windabhängig, eine länger andauernde Wirkung ist nur durch weitere Ausbringung bzw. Nachschießen mit entsprechender, zusätzlicher Munition möglich. Dies ist sehr kostenintensiv und daher für die Tarnung größerer Flächen über längere Zeiträume uneffektiv.Turn off millimeter wave sensors from missile seekers. They are not effective in the optical and IR range due to their low mass. In addition, there is another serious disadvantage of all particle aerosols, which are based on the dispersion of solids by ejection from containers or explosive decomposition of submunition with previously compacted material: their dwell time at the place of the camouflage task is extreme depending on the wind, a longer lasting effect is only possible by further deployment or additional shooting with appropriate, additional ammunition. This is very cost-intensive and therefore ineffective for camouflaging larger areas over long periods.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz dahingehend zu modifizieren, daß der beim Abbrand entstehende Nebel elektromagnetische Strahlung in einem breiten Wellenlängenspektrum absorbiert, reflektiert oder streut.The invention has for its object to modify a pyrotechnic fog set in such a way that the mist that arises during combustion absorbs, reflects or scatters electromagnetic radiation in a wide wavelength spectrum.
Diese Aufgabe ist gemäß der Erfindung durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Patentanspruches 1 angegebenen Merkmale gelöst.This object is achieved according to the invention by the features specified in the characterizing part of patent claim 1.
Demgemäß besteht der wesentliche Gedanke der Erfindung darin, in den pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz zur Expansion in der c-Achse befähigte Graphitverbindungen einzulagern, die beim Abbrand des pyrotechnischen Satzes in dessen Reaktionszone expandieren und mit den Reaktionsprodukten des abbrennenden pyrotechnischen Nebelsatzes freigesetzt werden. In der Reaktionszone des pyrotechnischen Nebelsatzes expandieren die GraphitVerbindungen thermisch und werden als leitfähige, asymmetrische, unregelmäßig lange und verdrillte Teilchen mit dem Abgasstrom des abbrennenden pyrotechnischen Satzes freigegeben. Ist der pyrotechnische Nebelsatz z.B. in einem Nebelwurfkörper angeordnet, so strömen die Graphitteilchen und die Abgase durch die Ausströmöffnungen des Nebelwurfkörpers und reichern die Tarnwolke der Abbrandprodukte des pyrotechnischen Satzes mit expandierten Graphitteilchen an, welche durch die thermische Expansion Dimensionen von ca. 0,001 bis 10,0 Millimeter Länge oder mehr und eine ihrer ursprünglichen Korngröße entsprechende Breite aufweisen. Diese Graphitpartikel sind breitbandig in Streuung, Reflexion und Absorption sowohl im Infrarot- als auch im Millimeterwellenbereich wirksam. Aufgrund ihrer geringen Größe und Dichte ist ihre Ausrieselrate aus der erzeugten Wolke nur gering: Sie werden ohne sichtbare Trennung von der Nebelwolke der Abbrandprodukte des pyrotechnischen Satzes mit dieser Wolke vom Wind weitergetragen.Accordingly, the essential idea of the invention is to store in the pyrotechnic mist set graphite compounds capable of expansion in the c-axis, which expand when the pyrotechnic set burns up in its reaction zone and are released with the reaction products of the burning pyrotechnic mist set. In the reaction zone of the pyrotechnic mist set, the graphite compounds expand thermally and are released as conductive, asymmetrical, irregularly long and twisted particles with the exhaust gas stream of the pyrotechnic set that burns. If the pyrotechnic mist set is arranged, for example, in a smoke flare, the graphite particles and the exhaust gases flow through the outflow openings of the smoke flap and enrich the camouflage cloud of the combustion products of the pyrotechnic set with expanded graphite particles, which due to the thermal expansion have dimensions of approx. 0.001 to 10.0 Millimeters in length or more and have a width corresponding to their original grain size. These graphite particles are broadband effective in scattering, reflection and absorption in the infrared as well as in the millimeter wave range. Because of their small size and density, their trickle rate is from the generated cloud only slight: They are carried by the wind with this cloud without any visible separation from the cloud of the combustion products of the pyrotechnic compound.
Mit einem pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz gemäß der Erfindung kann die Tarnwirkung durch Absorption, Reflexion und Streuung über alle drei oben genannten Spektralbereiche ermöglicht werden. Der Nebel kann auch über einen längeren Zeitraum, bei einem herkömmlichen Nebelkörper z.B. über einen Zeitraum von einer Minute und mehr erzeugt werden. Damit vereinigt er die Vorteile der klassischen, im sichtbaren Bereich des Spektrums wirkenden pyrotechnischen Nebel, insbesondere deren längere Brenndauer und damit das "Nachfüttern" der einmal aufgebauten Nebelwand, mit denen der für die Tarnung im Infrarot- und Millimeterwellenbereich wirksamen Partikelnebel.With a pyrotechnic fog set according to the invention, the camouflage effect can be made possible by absorption, reflection and scattering over all three spectral ranges mentioned above. The fog can also last for a longer period, e.g. with a conventional fog body generated over a period of one minute and more. He combines the advantages of the classic pyrotechnic nebulas that work in the visible range of the spectrum, in particular their longer burning times and thus the "refilling" of the smoke wall once built up, with those of the particle nebulas effective for camouflage in the infrared and millimeter wave range.
Die Eigenschaft von GraphitVerbindungen, bei höherer Temperatur unter Zersetzung in der c-Achse zu expandieren, ist an sich bekannt; vgl. Römpps Chemie-Lexikon, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 1990, S. 1643 und 1644.0The property of graphite compounds to expand at a higher temperature with decomposition in the c-axis is known per se; see. Römpps Chemie-Lexikon, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 1990, pp. 1643 and 1644.0
In der US-PS 3 404 061 werden aus einem derartigen Material lange Streifen oder Blätter hergestellt, die anisotropische oder auch streng ausgerichtete Eigenschaften aufweisen. Die Dichte dieses Materials kann durch entsprechende Interkalationsstoffe und die Temperatur in weiten Grenzen beeinflußt werden.In US Pat. No. 3,404,061, long strips or sheets are produced from such a material, which have anisotropic or even strictly aligned properties. The density of this material can be influenced within wide limits by appropriate intercalation substances and the temperature.
Aus der GB-PS 1 588 876 ist es bekannt, Metallbrände dadurch zu löschen, daß das Feuer mit GraphitVerbindungen abgedeckt wird, die an der Oberfläche des brennenden Metalls expandieren und die Oberfläche dadurch gegenüber der Umgebung isolieren, so daß das Feuer erstickt wird.From GB-PS 1 588 876 it is known to extinguish metal fires by covering the fire with graphite compounds which expand on the surface of the burning metal and thereby isolate the surface from the surroundings, so that the fire is suffocated.
Über weitere Anwendungen expandierter Graphite siehe auch S.H. Anderson et al. "Exfoliation of Intercalated Graphite", Carbon, Band 22, Nr. 3, Seiten 253 bis 263, 1984. Die pyrotechnischen Nebelsätze weisen z.B. Kaliumperchlorat und Magnesium sowie einen Abbrandmoderator und gegebenenfalls ein Bindemittel auf. Durch den Abbrand bilden sich Kaliumchlorid und Magnesiumoxid, die sich nach dem Freisetzen aus dem Nebelsatz an der Luft mit Wasserdampf beladen und einen optisch wirksamen Tarnnebel bilden. Die expandierten Graphitpartikel stellen eine starke, aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen Größe und Form sehr breitbandige Absorption und Streuung im Infrarot- und Millimeterwellenbereich sicher. Zur Erhöhung der Tarnwirkung im Infrarotbereich kann dem pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz noch ein Metallstaub oder Graphitpulver beigesetzt werden. Der Anteil der expandierenden Stoffe in dem pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz liegt im Bereich zwischen 40 und 65 %, um die für eine Tarnwirkung erforderliche Partikeldichte in der Nebelwolke zu erzielen. Der Anteil des gegebenenfalls zugesetzten Metallstaubes bzw. eines Graphitpulvers zur Verbesserung der Infrarot- Tarnwirkung liegt zwischen 3 und etwa 15 %, vorzugsweise bei etwa 5 %.For further applications of expanded graphite, see also SH Anderson et al. "Exfoliation of Intercalated Graphite", Carbon, Volume 22, No. 3, pages 253 to 263, 1984. The pyrotechnic mist sets contain, for example, potassium perchlorate and magnesium, as well as a combustion moderator and, if appropriate, a binder. The burn-off forms potassium chloride and magnesium oxide, which after being released from the mist set are loaded with water vapor in the air and form an optically effective camouflage mist. The expanded graphite particles ensure strong absorption and scattering in the infrared and millimeter wave range due to their different size and shape. To increase the camouflage effect in the infrared range, a metal dust or graphite powder can be added to the pyrotechnic fog set. The proportion of the expanding substances in the pyrotechnic fog set is in the range between 40 and 65% in order to achieve the particle density in the cloud of clouds required for camouflage. The proportion of the added metal dust or a graphite powder to improve the infrared camouflage effect is between 3 and about 15%, preferably about 5%.
Als Abbrandmoderator werden bei dem pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz z.B. Schwarzpulver oder Azodicarbonamid in einem Anteil zwischen 1 bis 10 % verwendet.As a combustion moderator, e.g. Black powder or azodicarbonamide used in a proportion between 1 to 10%.
Falls ein Bindemittel eingesetzt wird, werden z.B. Nitrozellulose oder Novolake in einem Anteil zwischen 1 bis 5% verwendet.If a binder is used, e.g. Nitrocellulose or novolaks used in a proportion between 1 to 5%.
Die Verteilung der Partikelgröße der expandierenden GraphitVerbindungen kann im wesentlichen über die Korngröße der Ausgangsstoffe bestimmt werden. Da der pyrotechnische Nebelsatz in der Regel in einem Nebelkörper angeordnet ist und beim Abbrand des pyrotechnischen Nebelsatzes aus Ausströmöffnungen abgeblasen wird, ist es jedoch auch möglich, die Verteilung der Partikelgrößen des expandierten Graphits über die Strömungsquerschnitte an den Ausströmöffnungen des Nebelkörpers zu steuern. Die Partikelgröße des expandierten Graphits liegt, wie bereits oben angegeben, bei Dimensionen zwischen 0,001 und 10 Millimeter, vorzugsweise 1 Mikrometer und 5 Millimeter. Als Zwischengitter- bzw. Interkalationsverbindungen für Graphit sind Halogene, Metallhalogenide, Metalloxide, Mineralsäuren aber auch organische Verbindungen zu verwenden. Bewährt hat sich z.B. Graphithydrogensulfat. Mit dieser Graphitverbindung kann ein Nebelsatz mit z.B. folgender Zusammensetzung präpariert werden: 48 % Graphithydrogensulfat, 23 % Kaliumperchlorat, 16 % Magnesium, 6 % Graphitpulver, 4 % Abbrandmoderator und 3 % Bindemittel. Sämtliche Prozentzahlen sind hierbei Gewichtsprozente. The distribution of the particle size of the expanding graphite compounds can essentially be determined via the grain size of the starting materials. Since the pyrotechnic mist set is usually arranged in a mist body and is blown off from outflow openings when the pyrotechnic mist set burns up, it is also possible to control the distribution of the particle sizes of the expanded graphite over the flow cross sections at the outflow openings of the mist body. The As already indicated above, the particle size of the expanded graphite is between 0.001 and 10 millimeters, preferably 1 micrometer and 5 millimeters. Halogens, metal halides, metal oxides, mineral acids but also organic compounds are to be used as interstitial or intercalation compounds for graphite. Graphite hydrogen sulfate, for example, has proven itself. This graphite compound can be used to prepare a mist set with, for example, the following composition: 48% graphite hydrogen sulfate, 23% potassium perchlorate, 16% magnesium, 6% graphite powder, 4% combustion moderator and 3% binder. All percentages are percentages by weight.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Pyrotechnischer Nebelsatz für Tarnzwecke, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in einem kontinuierlich abbrennenden pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz Verbindungen von Graphit eingebracht sind, die in der Reaktionszone des pyrotechnischen Satzes freigegeben werden, wobei die Expansion der Verbindungen des Graphits in Richtung der zur Gitterebene senkrechten c-Achse erfolgt.1. Pyrotechnic mist set for camouflage purposes, characterized in that compounds of graphite are introduced in a continuously burning pyrotechnic mist set, which are released in the reaction zone of the pyrotechnic set, the expansion of the compounds of graphite taking place in the direction of the c-axis perpendicular to the lattice plane .
2. Nebelsatz nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der kontinuierlich abbrennende pyrotechnische Satz Reaktionsprodukte erzeugt, welche im sichtbaren Bereich des Spektrums der elektromagnetischen Strahlung einen tarnfähigen Nebel bilden.2. Fog set according to claim 1, characterized in that the continuously burning pyrotechnic set produces reaction products which form a camouflaged fog in the visible region of the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation.
3. Nebelsatz nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verbindungen von Graphit in einem Anteil zwischen 40 und 65 Gewichtsprozent, vorzugsweise etwa 50 Gewichtsprozent, im pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz vorliegen.3. Mist set according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the compounds of graphite are present in a proportion between 40 and 65 percent by weight, preferably about 50 percent by weight, in the pyrotechnic mist set.
4. Nebelsatz nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die in der Reaktionszone des pyrotechnischen Satzes expandierten Teilchen im wesentlichen strangförmig sind und Dimensionen zwischen 0,001 und 10 Millimeter, vorzugsweise zwischen 0,001 und 5 Millimetern aufweisen.4. Mist set according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the particles expanded in the reaction zone of the pyrotechnic set are essentially strand-shaped and have dimensions between 0.001 and 10 millimeters, preferably between 0.001 and 5 millimeters.
5. Nebelsatz nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß dem pyrotechnischen Nebelsatz zusätzlich Graphitpulver beigemischt ist.5. Fog set according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pyrotechnic fog set is additionally mixed with graphite powder.
6. Nebelsatz nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die expandierende Graphitverbindung Graphithyrogensulfat ist. 6. Mist set according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the expanding graphite compound is graphite pyrogen sulfate.
7. Verwendung des Nebelsatzes nach einem der vorhergehenden7. Use of the fog set according to one of the preceding
Ansprüche in einem Nebelkörper, der Ausströmöffnungen aufweist, über die die Reaktionsprodukte des pyrotechnischen Satzes und die expandierten Graphitpartikel freigesetzt werden. Claims in a mist body, which has outflow openings through which the reaction products of the pyrotechnic compound and the expanded graphite particles are released.
EP94930913A 1993-10-29 1994-10-19 Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body Expired - Lifetime EP0679150B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4337071A DE4337071C1 (en) 1993-10-29 1993-10-29 Pyrotechnic smoke charge for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke body
DE4337071 1993-10-29
PCT/DE1994/001237 WO1995011871A1 (en) 1993-10-29 1994-10-19 Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0679150A1 true EP0679150A1 (en) 1995-11-02
EP0679150B1 EP0679150B1 (en) 1997-08-13

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EP94930913A Expired - Lifetime EP0679150B1 (en) 1993-10-29 1994-10-19 Pyrotechnic smoke-generating composition for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke-generating body

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US (1) US5656794A (en)
EP (1) EP0679150B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3592714B2 (en)
KR (1) KR0181559B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE156796T1 (en)
AU (1) AU675740B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2152916C (en)
DE (2) DE4337071C1 (en)
DK (1) DK0679150T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2107864T3 (en)
IL (1) IL111359A (en)
NO (1) NO304304B1 (en)
WO (1) WO1995011871A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA948326B (en)

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DE19914033A1 (en) 1999-03-27 2000-09-28 Piepenbrock Pyrotechnik Gmbh Process for generating a camouflage fog that is transparent on one side in the infrared spectral range
GB2354573A (en) * 1999-09-23 2001-03-28 Secr Defence An obscurant device
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ATE156796T1 (en) 1997-08-15
CA2152916C (en) 2005-04-19
ES2107864T3 (en) 1997-12-01
IL111359A (en) 1998-06-15
NO952343L (en) 1995-06-14
DE59403727D1 (en) 1997-09-18
WO1995011871A1 (en) 1995-05-04
JPH08505357A (en) 1996-06-11
EP0679150B1 (en) 1997-08-13
NO304304B1 (en) 1998-11-30
KR0181559B1 (en) 1999-04-15
IL111359A0 (en) 1995-01-24
DK0679150T3 (en) 1998-03-23
JP3592714B2 (en) 2004-11-24
NO952343D0 (en) 1995-06-14
KR950704212A (en) 1995-11-17
DE4337071C1 (en) 1995-03-02
AU675740B2 (en) 1997-02-13
AU7989394A (en) 1995-05-22
US5656794A (en) 1997-08-12
CA2152916A1 (en) 1995-05-04
ZA948326B (en) 1995-06-14

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