EP0669870A4 - Organic geotextile. - Google Patents

Organic geotextile.

Info

Publication number
EP0669870A4
EP0669870A4 EP19930909685 EP93909685A EP0669870A4 EP 0669870 A4 EP0669870 A4 EP 0669870A4 EP 19930909685 EP19930909685 EP 19930909685 EP 93909685 A EP93909685 A EP 93909685A EP 0669870 A4 EP0669870 A4 EP 0669870A4
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
soil
geotextile
organic geotextile
organic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19930909685
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0669870A1 (en
Inventor
Fina Mark Alfred De
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
UNITED BONDED FABRICS Pty Ltd TRADING AS FELT TRADERS
UNITED BONDED FABRICS Pty Ltd
Original Assignee
UNITED BONDED FABRICS Pty Ltd TRADING AS FELT TRADERS
UNITED BONDED FABRICS Pty Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by UNITED BONDED FABRICS Pty Ltd TRADING AS FELT TRADERS, UNITED BONDED FABRICS Pty Ltd filed Critical UNITED BONDED FABRICS Pty Ltd TRADING AS FELT TRADERS
Publication of EP0669870A4 publication Critical patent/EP0669870A4/en
Publication of EP0669870A1 publication Critical patent/EP0669870A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/024Woven fabric
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/06Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by a fibrous or filamentary layer mechanically connected, e.g. by needling to another layer, e.g. of fibres, of paper
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02BHYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/122Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20Securing of slopes or inclines
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2410/00Agriculture-related articles

Definitions

  • the present invention is concerned with geotextiles and more particularly, with geotextiles for soil stabilisation.
  • Erosion is a significant problem on unvegetated land, particularly if it slopes steeply, where water runs over that land. Any significant rainfall is likely to run off the land causing rainfall and wash erosion. Particularly susceptible areas are river and creek banks and road cuttings.
  • an organic geotextile for soil stabilisation comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
  • the scrim is of sufficiently open weave and
  • said first layer is of sufficiently low density that desirable vegetation can penetrate said organic geotextile in growing therethrough. It is particularly preferred that the overall density of the geotextile be 300 to 400 grams/metre 2 and, more particularly, 360 grams/metre 2 .
  • the geotextile may further comprise a third layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to the scrim on the other side of the scrim to said first layer.
  • the first layer, the scrim and the third layer are of sufficiently high density that vegetation cannot penetrate said organic geotextile.
  • the organic geotextile has a density between 600g/m 2 and 700g/m 2 , preferably 620g/m 2 .
  • said first layer consists of a web of teased jute fibres and the scrim is a jute scrim.
  • said third layer where present, also consists of a web of teased jute fibres.
  • jute fibre is teased through a web forming machine such as a "Garnet” or a “Card”.
  • the web is then “lapped” on an "apron” and the jute scrim (which i ⁇ woven in a separate operation) i ⁇ laid on the web of jute fibre.
  • the web with the scrim laid on top i ⁇ then processed through a "needle punching machine” .
  • This machine comprises a plurality of barbed needles which move up and down through the web of jute fibre and have the effect of re-orientating certain individual jute fibres from the horizontal plane to the vertical plane thereby mechanically bonding the fibres together and joining the scrim to the web.
  • Thi ⁇ process is known as "felting" or needle punching. It is preferred that no bonding agent be added.
  • the product i ⁇ then trimmed to the desired width and thickne ⁇ and cut into the de ⁇ ired length. Conveniently, the geotextile i ⁇ ⁇ old in a roll 25-30 metres long by 1.83 metre ⁇ wide and 3.0 millimetre ⁇ thick, by way of example.
  • the jute u ⁇ ed to form the tea ⁇ ed jute fibre can come from a variety of ⁇ ource ⁇ ⁇ uch a ⁇ new or recycled he ⁇ ian fabric or bagging, compre ⁇ ed bale ⁇ of jute fibre known a ⁇ "caddie ⁇ ” or jute he ⁇ ian off cut ⁇ known a ⁇ "gunny cutting ⁇ ". Any of the ⁇ e may be u ⁇ ed individually or in combination.
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEET i ⁇ provided a method of ⁇ tabilising soil comprising the steps of:-
  • an organic geotextile comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres ⁇ ecured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of ⁇ oil a ⁇ a mat which ⁇ erves to dissipate hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorb ⁇ water; (ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with said first layer in contact with ⁇ oil; and, optionally, (iii) ⁇ ecuring said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil i ⁇ promoted and the ⁇ oil is protected from rainfall erosion.
  • an organic geotextile comprising a first low- density layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to an open-weave woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to said area as a mat which serves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drop ⁇ and absorbs water; (ii) laying said organic geotextile over said area with said first layer in contact with the soil; optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position; and (iv) allowing desirable vegetation to grow through said organic geotextile, whereby run off in said area i ⁇ reduced, deep infiltration of water into the ⁇ oil i ⁇ promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
  • the geotextile is fixed to the ground to ensure it remains in place. Pinning the geotextile at intervals to the ground also ensures that vigorous plant species such as millet do not lift the geotextile cover a ⁇ they grow thereby reducing its effectiveness as an erosion control agent.
  • pins would be driven in every 600-700 mm on a gentle slop and every 400 mm on a steeper slope at the joins between each roll of geotextile used or at a rate so ⁇ tipulated by a ⁇ ite engineer or similar. Each roll would also be pinned with one pin on a
  • the ground may be pretreated by grading, filling and a ⁇ ociated earthwork ⁇ , then provided with top soil, desired seed and fertili ⁇ er prior to covering the ground with the geotextile cover. It would then be expected that vegetation will appear through the cover within one to two week ⁇ if a vigorou ⁇ ⁇ pecie ⁇ such as millet is chosen.
  • a vigorou ⁇ ⁇ pecie ⁇ such as millet is chosen.
  • a mixture of fast growing species such as millet and more desirable species such as couch, acacia, eucalypt, etc. is used.
  • Tree and shrub species may be planted in seed form under the mat or, once the vegetation or grass is established, by cutting holes in the cover and planting them in those hole ⁇ .
  • an organic geotextile comprising a first high density layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a high density woven scrim constituting a second layer and a third high density layer of fine, intertwining fibres ⁇ ecured to the other ⁇ ide of the scrim, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of ⁇ oil as a mat which serve ⁇ to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorb water; (ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with either said first layer or said third layer in contact with ⁇ oil; and, optionally, (iii) ⁇ ecuring said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil i ⁇ promoted and the ⁇ oil is protected from rainfall erosion, said organic geotextile acting as a barrier to prevent growth of undesirable vegetation.
  • the geotextile is nominally 6 mm thick, has an overall den ⁇ ity between 600g/m 2 and 700g/m 2 , more preferably, of
  • the growth of trees on land susceptible to erosion further ⁇ erve ⁇ to stabilise that land but the method of enhancing the growth of young trees according to the present invention is not limited to that application and is generally applicable to gardening and horticulture.
  • Figure 1 i ⁇ a schematic diagram of one illu ⁇ trative example of a geotextile in accordance with the invention suitable for soil ⁇ tabili ⁇ ation and e ⁇ tabli ⁇ hment of de ⁇ irable vegetation, and
  • Figure 2 i ⁇ a schematic diagram providing a partially exploded view of one illu ⁇ trative example of a geotextile in accordance with the present invention suitable for use as a weed barrier.
  • Figure 1 shows schematically a geotextile 10 having a bottom layer 12 which contact ⁇ the soil to be stabili ⁇ ed consisting of low density teased jute fibre and a top layer 11 of jute scrim.
  • the jute scrim used herein is a very open weave of jute fibres.
  • the product is nominally 3mm thick, has a density of 360g/m 2 and is to be referred to through the specification as "Jutemaster FM" .
  • Figure 2 illu ⁇ trates a geotextile 20 having a top layer 23 and a bottom layer 22 of teased jute fibre. Each of the layers is attached to the middle layer 21 which is a jute scrim, although layer 23 is shown spaced from the scrim so that the location of the scrim can be seen.
  • Soil type sodic red brown earth
  • CEC Cation Exchange Capacity
  • Simulated rainfall using a rotating disc rainfall ⁇ imulator was applied for 30 minutes at 65 mm/h and 15 minutes at 130 mm/h.
  • the high intensities were chosen to highlight the effectiveness of the geotextile against typical short, heavy storm in northern Australia.
  • the occurrence of 30 minutes of rain at 65 mm/h would be an annual event in most part ⁇ of Queen ⁇ land.
  • the 130 mm/h rain represents exceptional but not unusual storms in the tropic ⁇ .
  • the total rainfall for the low and high inten ⁇ itie ⁇ were 16.3 and 32.5 mm re ⁇ pectively.
  • the boxes were filled with special spout ⁇ to collect runoff water and were tilted to the required gradient ⁇ on a stand. For each simulator run, two boxes were used.
  • runoff was reduced by more than 50% under Jutemaster FM and up to 80% under Jutema ⁇ ter TM on all ⁇ lope gradient ⁇ .
  • Water infiltration into the soil depends greatly on the soil surface cover which protects the roughnes ⁇ of soil surface (soil surface structure) and also to slow down the movement of water thus enhancing the water entry/absorption to the soil.
  • Results shown in Table 2 demonstrate the effectiveness of both Jutemaster FM and TM in improving water infiltration to the soil. Almost total absorption was recorded under both low and high rainfall intensitie ⁇ and at all three gradient ⁇ for both grade ⁇ . This can be explained by the fact that surface ⁇ oil ⁇ tructure under Jutema ⁇ ter remained almo ⁇ t intact after 30 minute ⁇ of rain while the bare ⁇ oil ⁇ urface ⁇ tructure was completely destroyed.
  • Table 2 Water infiltration as a percentage of rainfall.
  • Table 4 Wetting depth (cm), 30 cm from the collection spouts.
  • I SUBSTITUTE SHEET increased particularly under high rainfall intensity.
  • the surface wa ⁇ protected by either FM or TM grade ⁇ ⁇ oil lo ⁇ es were virtually stopped even under high rainfall intensity.
  • Anchor pin ⁇ were driven in along the joins. Each roll was then pinned in the centre. The Jutemaster was folded under the toe of the ⁇ lope and placed under rocks where
  • the couch gra ⁇ did not appear to be germinating evenly, so the millet was cut to a height of 40 mm and then lightly raked to allow for greater light penetration.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)

Abstract

An organic geotextile for soil stabilisation comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.

Description

ORGANIC GEOTEXTILE TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention is concerned with geotextiles and more particularly, with geotextiles for soil stabilisation.
BACKGROUND ART
Erosion is a significant problem on unvegetated land, particularly if it slopes steeply, where water runs over that land. Any significant rainfall is likely to run off the land causing rainfall and wash erosion. Particularly susceptible areas are river and creek banks and road cuttings.
It is well known that a slope which is subject to erosion can be stabilised if vegetation can be established on the slope, but vegetation will not establish itself when the top soil is being washed away periodically. A number of proposals to stabilise erosion banks using matting based on sugarcane bagasse, wood, wool or coconut fibres and including additives such as binding agents have had limited success. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an organic geotextile which promotes soil stabilisation by protecting the soil surface from rainfall erosion, reducing surface runoff and promoting water infiltration into the soil, and enhancing establishment of desirable vegetation through favourable soil moisture and temperature.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an organic geotextile which suppresses growth of undesirable vegetation by providing a physical barrier to growth of the vegetation and sunlight blockage, promoting water infiltration and reducing runoff and evaporation.
According to one broad aspect of the invention there is provided an organic geotextile for soil stabilisation comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
Preferably, the scrim is of sufficiently open weave and
SUBSTITUTE SHEET | said first layer is of sufficiently low density that desirable vegetation can penetrate said organic geotextile in growing therethrough. It is particularly preferred that the overall density of the geotextile be 300 to 400 grams/metre2 and, more particularly, 360 grams/metre2.
Alternatively, the geotextile may further comprise a third layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to the scrim on the other side of the scrim to said first layer. Preferably the first layer, the scrim and the third layer are of sufficiently high density that vegetation cannot penetrate said organic geotextile. More particularly, the organic geotextile has a density between 600g/m2 and 700g/m2, preferably 620g/m2.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention said first layer consists of a web of teased jute fibres and the scrim is a jute scrim. Preferably said third layer, where present, also consists of a web of teased jute fibres.
In order to prepare the preferred geotextile described above, jute fibre is teased through a web forming machine such as a "Garnet" or a "Card". The web is then "lapped" on an "apron" and the jute scrim (which iε woven in a separate operation) iε laid on the web of jute fibre. The web with the scrim laid on top iε then processed through a "needle punching machine" . This machine comprises a plurality of barbed needles which move up and down through the web of jute fibre and have the effect of re-orientating certain individual jute fibres from the horizontal plane to the vertical plane thereby mechanically bonding the fibres together and joining the scrim to the web. Thiε process is known as "felting" or needle punching. It is preferred that no bonding agent be added. The product iε then trimmed to the desired width and thickneεε and cut into the deεired length. Conveniently, the geotextile iε εold in a roll 25-30 metres long by 1.83 metreε wide and 3.0 millimetreε thick, by way of example.
The jute uεed to form the teaεed jute fibre can come from a variety of εourceε εuch aε new or recycled heεεian fabric or bagging, compreεεed baleε of jute fibre known aε "caddieε" or jute heεεian off cutε known aε "gunny cuttingε". Any of theεe may be uεed individually or in combination.
According to a further broad aεpect of the invention there
SUBSTITUTE SHEET iε provided a method of εtabilising soil comprising the steps of:-
(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres εecured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of εoil aε a mat which εerves to dissipate hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbε water; (ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with said first layer in contact with εoil; and, optionally, (iii)εecuring said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil iε promoted and the εoil is protected from rainfall erosion.
According to a still further broad aspect of the invention there iε provided method of εtabilising an area of soil that iε vulnerable to eroεion and eεtablishing desirable vegetation in εaid area comprising the steps of:-
(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first low- density layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to an open-weave woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to said area as a mat which serves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain dropε and absorbs water; (ii) laying said organic geotextile over said area with said first layer in contact with the soil; optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position; and (iv) allowing desirable vegetation to grow through said organic geotextile, whereby run off in said area iε reduced, deep infiltration of water into the εoil iε promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
Preferably, the geotextile is fixed to the ground to ensure it remains in place. Pinning the geotextile at intervals to the ground also ensures that vigorous plant species such as millet do not lift the geotextile cover aε they grow thereby reducing its effectiveness as an erosion control agent. Typically, pins would be driven in every 600-700 mm on a gentle slop and every 400 mm on a steeper slope at the joins between each roll of geotextile used or at a rate so εtipulated by a εite engineer or similar. Each roll would also be pinned with one pin on a
j SUBSTITUTE SHEET gentle εlope and two pins on a steeper slope in the centre of the roll at the same intervals as at the joins. At the top of a εlope to be stabiliεed the cover may be pinned in a trench which iε then filled in to hold the cover more εecurely. At the bottom of the slope the cover should be folded under the toe of the slope and secured under rocks where posεible or pinned.
The ground may be pretreated by grading, filling and aεεociated earthworkε, then provided with top soil, desired seed and fertiliεer prior to covering the ground with the geotextile cover. It would then be expected that vegetation will appear through the cover within one to two weekε if a vigorouε εpecieε such as millet is chosen. Preferably, a mixture of fast growing species such as millet and more desirable species such as couch, acacia, eucalypt, etc. is used. Tree and shrub species may be planted in seed form under the mat or, once the vegetation or grass is established, by cutting holes in the cover and planting them in those holeε.
According to yet another broad aspect of the invention there is provided method of stabiliεing εoil and preventing growth of undeεirable vegetation in the εoil comprising the steps of:-
(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first high density layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a high density woven scrim constituting a second layer and a third high density layer of fine, intertwining fibres εecured to the other εide of the scrim, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of εoil as a mat which serveε to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorb water; (ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with either said first layer or said third layer in contact with εoil; and, optionally, (iii)εecuring said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil iε promoted and the εoil is protected from rainfall erosion, said organic geotextile acting as a barrier to prevent growth of undesirable vegetation.
Preferably, the geotextile is nominally 6 mm thick, has an overall denεity between 600g/m2 and 700g/m2, more preferably, of
SUBSTITUTE SHEET 620g/m2 and is t ,ιs sufficiently dense that it provides a physical barrier t_- weed growth aε well as preventing sunlight reaching any weeds already growing in the vicinity of the young treeε. Competition for nutrientε and εunlight iε therefore reduced and growth of the treeε iε enhanced. The growth of trees on land susceptible to erosion further εerveε to stabilise that land but the method of enhancing the growth of young trees according to the present invention is not limited to that application and is generally applicable to gardening and horticulture. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
In order to more fully describe the invention reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which:-
Figure 1 iε a schematic diagram of one illuεtrative example of a geotextile in accordance with the invention suitable for soil εtabiliεation and eεtabliεhment of deεirable vegetation, and
Figure 2 iε a schematic diagram providing a partially exploded view of one illuεtrative example of a geotextile in accordance with the present invention suitable for use as a weed barrier. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Figure 1 shows schematically a geotextile 10 having a bottom layer 12 which contactε the soil to be stabiliεed consisting of low density teased jute fibre and a top layer 11 of jute scrim. The jute scrim used herein is a very open weave of jute fibres. The product is nominally 3mm thick, has a density of 360g/m2 and is to be referred to through the specification as "Jutemaster FM" .
Figure 2 illuεtrates a geotextile 20 having a top layer 23 and a bottom layer 22 of teased jute fibre. Each of the layers is attached to the middle layer 21 which is a jute scrim, although layer 23 is shown spaced from the scrim so that the location of the scrim can be seen. The product iε nominally 6 mm thick, has a density of 620g/m2 and is to be referred to throughout the specification as "Jutemaεter TM" .
Eyam leε
Exam le 1
(a) Materialε
SUBSTITUTE SHEET Jutemaster FM and Jutemaster TM were subject to a rainfall simulator evaluation using a soil which has been shown to be highly erodible. It is hard setting sand loam about 10cm deep, overlying a dense clay which becomes increaεingly εodic with depth. It haε the following phyεical and chemical characteriεticε.
Soil type: sodic red brown earth
Clay content: 26%
Silt content: 14%
Sand content: 60% pH: 7.1
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC): 16 meg/lOOg
(b) Rainfall
Simulated rainfall using a rotating disc rainfall εimulator was applied for 30 minutes at 65 mm/h and 15 minutes at 130 mm/h. The high intensities were chosen to highlight the effectiveness of the geotextile against typical short, heavy storm in northern Australia. The occurrence of 30 minutes of rain at 65 mm/h would be an annual event in most partε of Queenεland. The 130 mm/h rain represents exceptional but not unusual storms in the tropicε.
The total rainfall for the low and high intenεitieε were 16.3 and 32.5 mm reεpectively.
(c) Slope Gradient
Three gradientε were tested: 3:1, 4:1 and 10:1. These gradients cover the range of εlopeε often requiring geotextile materialε for εtabiliεation.
(d) Sample Preparation
After removing large rocks and foreign materials, the soil was firmly packed into galvaniεed εteel boxes (250 mm wide, 450 mm long and 75 mm deep). The soil surface was covered completely by either Jutemaεter FM or TM.
The boxes were filled with special spoutε to collect runoff water and were tilted to the required gradientε on a stand. For each simulator run, two boxes were used.
(e) Replication
Each treatment (geotextile grade X gradient) was replicated twice.
(f) Data Collection
I SUBSTITUTE SHEET | For each run the following data were collected: Runoff rate Total runoff Total soil movement
Depth of wetting at 30 cm from the collecting εpout From these results, water infiltration rate, total infiltration and rainfall before runoff were calculated, (g) Results on water runoff and soil moisture testε (i) Surface runoff:
Following rain the amount of water that cannot be absorbed by the soil will run off, the runoff quantity depends greatly on the surface cover, soil roughness and land slopes. Results from Table 1 clearly show that both Jutemaster FM and TM reduce runoff greatly, particularly under high rainfall intensity.
Under low rainfall intensity conditions, where minimum runoff would be expected on bare soil surface, runoff was reduced by more than 50% under Jutemaster FM and up to 80% under Jutemaεter TM on all εlope gradientε.
The effectiveneεs of both grades was best demonstrated under high rainfall conditions. The average reduction of runoff was up to 90%. These results clearly demonstrate the suitability of Jutemaster FM for steep slope stabilisation.
The uniformity of the resultε between replications indicates that the variation in mat density is minimal and quality control iε satisfactory. Table 1: Runoff as a percentage of total rain.
1 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (ii) Water Infiltration:
Water infiltration into the soil depends greatly on the soil surface cover which protects the roughnesε of soil surface (soil surface structure) and also to slow down the movement of water thus enhancing the water entry/absorption to the soil.
Results shown in Table 2 demonstrate the effectiveness of both Jutemaster FM and TM in improving water infiltration to the soil. Almost total absorption was recorded under both low and high rainfall intensitieε and at all three gradientε for both gradeε. This can be explained by the fact that surface εoil εtructure under Jutemaεter remained almoεt intact after 30 minuteε of rain while the bare εoil εurface εtructure was completely destroyed. Table 2: Water infiltration as a percentage of rainfall.
(iii) Time before runoff occurred:
The results preεented above can be beεt seen in terms of the time elapsed before runoff occurred. Table 3 shows that under low intensity rainfall (65 mm/h) runoff occurred approximately 13 minuteε after rain on bare εoil on all εlope gradientε. Under high rainfall intenεity (130 mm/h) runoff occurred only 7 minuteε after rain.
However, when εoilε εurface waε protected by either Jutemaεter FM or TM, no runoff occurred at the end of the experimental periods (30 for low intenεity and 15 minutes for high intensity rainfall). Both soil erosion and soil moisture levels are inversely related to runoff quantity
SUBSTITUTE SHEET and rate. Theεe reεultε further indicate the εuitability of both gradeε of Jutemaεter in soil erosion control. Table 3: Time (minutes) before runoff occurred.
15+ and 30+ indicating no runo f occurre at t e en o experimental periodε of 15 and 30 minutes respectively.
(iv) Depth of wetting:
Soil protected by both Jutemaster FM and TM were almost completely saturated with water under both rainfall intensities and all three gradients. These are in sharp contrast with the bare soil where only up to two thirdε of the soil profile were wet (Table 4).
Table 4: Wetting depth (cm), 30 cm from the collection spouts.
75+ Comp ete y saturate .
(h) Resultε on εoil loεε
Reεultε on Table 5 clearly εhow that both Jutemaεter FM and TM were highly effective againεt εoil eroεion. When soil surface was bare, soil losseε increased as slope gradient
I SUBSTITUTE SHEET increased particularly under high rainfall intensity. When the surface waε protected by either FM or TM gradeε, εoil loεεes were virtually stopped even under high rainfall intensity.
These resultε indicate that for general εlope εtabiliεation Jutemaεter FM iε an extremely effective geotextile in εoil erosion control.
Table 5: Soil concentration in runoff water (g/1) .
Example 2
A heavily eroded creek bank waε rehabilitated using Jutemaster FM in the following manner. SLOPE PREPARATION
4.1 Day One (i) All protruding edges along the bank were smoothed by the Case 350 Drott.
(ϋ) An impervious barrier of heavy black plastic (concrete liner) was pinned up againεt the embankment 0.5 - 1 metre above the existing bed level and approximately 2 metres on the gully bed. It waε pinned against the embankment to help potential piping.
(iii) 72 tonnes (6 truck loads) of various sizes of quarry face spoor were brought in and were εpread on the gully bed to give protection from gully flow. The optimum εize for the bed rockε iε 200-400 mm. j SUBSTITUTE SHEET 4 . 2 Day Two ( i ) The embankment was graded by the
Drott and major depressions were filled.
(ϋ) Agricultural gypsum was εpread manually at a rate of 0.5 - 1 kg per square metre.
(iϋ) Top soil, was spread on the embankment to a depth of 20-30 cm and compacted to 10 cm.
4 .2 Day Three ( i ) The embankment was lightly raked and then seeded with a mixture of Green Couch and Giant Bermuda Couch. Native seed of Tallowwood, Matt Rush and Black Wattle were broadcast separately. Fertiliser was broadcast over the side.
5.0 INSTALLATION (i) The Jutemaster FM was rolled from the top of the slope to the bottom with each roll overlapping 10 cm, and leaving an extra metre at the toe. It was laid looεely enough to conform to contourε and firmly enough to prevent εoil movement and bagging.
(ϋ) A trench approximately 10 - 15 cm was dug at the top of the slope with the Jutemaster being pinned in the trench and then the trench backfilled. This ensures that Jutemaster is well secured, aε when wet it becomeε very heavy.
(iϋ) Anchor pinε were driven in along the joins. Each roll was then pinned in the centre. The Jutemaster was folded under the toe of the εlope and placed under rocks where
SUBSTITUTE SHEET poεεible or pinned.
6.0 DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETATIVE COVER
6.1 Day Four
The entire slope waε thoroughly watered, making sure the moisture penetrated the top 20mm of soil. Follow-up εprinkling waε required. Within one week the millet appeared through the Jutemaster.
6.2 Progresε of Vegetative Cover.
The couch graεε did not appear to be germinating evenly, so the millet was cut to a height of 40 mm and then lightly raked to allow for greater light penetration.
By 6 weeks the millet had been brushcut twice, but seed heads started appearing. Theεe were completely removed by bruεhcutting.
The Acacia εeed εtarted germinating after 7 weeks.
Holes were cut in the Jutemaster and local tree and shrub εpecieε were planted. By thiε time the graεεes were sufficiently established to hold the Jutemaεter in place, stabilising the bank.
Variations and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art may be made without departing from the broad ambit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
I SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Claims

1. An organic geotextile for soil stabilisation comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain dropε and absorbs water whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
2. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 1 wherein the scrim is of sufficiently open weave and εaid first layer is of sufficiently low density that desirable vegetation can penetrate said organic geotextile in growing therethrough.
3. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 2 having a density between 300g/m2 and 400g/m2, preferably 360g/m2.
4. An organic geotextile aε claimed in claim 1 further compriεing a third layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to the scrim on the other side of the scrim to said first layer.
5. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 4 wherein the εcrim, εaid first layer and said third layer are of sufficiently high density that vegetation cannot penetrate εaid organic geotextile.
6. An organic geotextile aε claimed in claim 5 having a density between 600g/m2 and 700g/m2, preferably 620g/m2.
7. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 1 wherein said first layer consiεtε of a web of teaεed jute fibreε.
8. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 4 wherein said third layer consiεtε of a web of teaεed jute fibreε.
9. An organic geotextile aε claimed in claim 7 or claim 8 wherein the scrim is a jute scrim.
10. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 1 wherein εaid first layer iε εecured to the εcrim by re-orienting certain of the fibreε from an orientation entirely within the reεpective layers to an orientation extending from the respective layers into the scrim.
11. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 4 wherein said third layer is secured to the scrim by re-orienting certain of the fibres from an orientation entirely within the respective layers to an orientation extending from the reεpective layerε
I SUBSTITUTE SHEET into the scrim.
12. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 10 or claim 11 wherein the fibres are re-orientated in a needle punching operation.
13. A method of stabilising εoil compriεing the εtepε of:-
(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibreε εecured to a woven εcrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which εerveε to diεsipate hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with said first layer in contact with soil; and, optionally,
(iii)securing said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
14. A method of stabiliεing an area of soil that is vulnerable to erosion and establishing desirable vegetation in εaid area compriεing the εtepε of:-
(i) providing an organic geotextile compriεing a firεt low- denεity layer of fine, intertwining fibreε εecured to an open-weave woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to εaid area aε a mat which εerves to diεsipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over said area with said first layer in contact with the soil; optionally,
(iii)securing said organic geotextile in poεition; and
(iv) allowing deεirable vegetation to grow through said organic geotextile, whereby run off in εaid area iε reduced, deep infiltration of water into the εoil iε promoted and the εoil iε protected from rainfall erosion.
15. A method as claimed in Claim 14 wherein said area is a sloping area of unvegetated land such as a river or creek bank, erosion gully or road cutting.
16. A method of stabiliεing soil and preventing growth of undesirable vegetation in the εoil compriεing the εtepε of:-
(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a firεt high density layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a
I J—S~U_BSTITUTE,SHEETI high density woven scrim constituting a second layer and a third high density layer of fine, intertwining fibreε secured to the other side of the scrim, εaid organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serveε to diεεipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorb water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with either εaid first layer or said third layer in contact with εoil; and, optionally
(iii)securing εaid organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the εoil iε promoted and the εoil iε protected from rainfall eroεion, εaid organic geotextile acting aε a barrier to prevent growth of undeεirable vegetation.
17. A method as claimed in Claim 16 wherein εaid organic geotextile iε laid around desirable vegetation such as young trees to prevent weed growth.
I SUBSTITUTE SHEET
EP93909685A 1992-05-22 1993-05-24 Organic geotextile Withdrawn EP0669870A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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AUPL2579/92 1992-05-22
AUPL257992 1992-05-22
PCT/AU1993/000237 WO1993024315A1 (en) 1992-05-22 1993-05-24 Organic geotextile

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EP0669870A1 EP0669870A1 (en) 1995-09-06

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GB9602138D0 (en) * 1996-02-02 1996-04-03 Knight Austin A flexible structure for reinforcing earthworks
GB2352751B (en) * 1999-08-03 2003-08-06 Graham Howard Chaplin The system for the arrestment stabilisation and natural reinstatement of soft cliff erosion
MA31877B1 (en) * 2009-05-27 2010-12-01 Laasri Laila Biodegradable geotextiles with natural fibers extracted from Allied and Dom plants
CN106233841A (en) * 2016-07-30 2016-12-21 山东胜伟园林科技有限公司 A kind of salt discharging pipe containing non-woven fabrics pervious bed and the application in the salt discharge of salt-soda soil thereof
CN106211836A (en) * 2016-07-30 2016-12-14 山东胜伟园林科技有限公司 A kind of hidden pipe salt discharge method and the application in the sulfate type alkaline land improving of northwest thereof
CN108127986B (en) * 2017-12-25 2024-03-22 波力尔(北京)科技发展有限公司 Composite reinforced cement lining and preparation method thereof

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EP0669870A1 (en) 1995-09-06
AU4053193A (en) 1993-12-30
WO1993024315A1 (en) 1993-12-09
CA2136422A1 (en) 1993-12-09
AU686100B2 (en) 1998-02-05

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