CA2136422A1 - Organic geotextile - Google Patents
Organic geotextileInfo
- Publication number
- CA2136422A1 CA2136422A1 CA002136422A CA2136422A CA2136422A1 CA 2136422 A1 CA2136422 A1 CA 2136422A1 CA 002136422 A CA002136422 A CA 002136422A CA 2136422 A CA2136422 A CA 2136422A CA 2136422 A1 CA2136422 A1 CA 2136422A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- soil
- layer
- organic geotextile
- geotextile
- organic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
- B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/024—Woven fabric
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/06—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by a fibrous or filamentary layer mechanically connected, e.g. by needling to another layer, e.g. of fibres, of paper
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
- E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
- E02B3/122—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
- E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2410/00—Agriculture-related articles
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
- Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
An organic geotextile for soil stabilisation comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
Description
~.x-~ WO 93~24315 ~ 13 6 f~ 2 2 PCr/AU93/00237 ORGANIC GEOTEXTILE
TECHNICAL FIELD
~ he present invention is concerned with geotextiles and more particularly, with geotextiles for soil 6tabili~ation.
~CRGROUND ART
Erosion i8 a significant problem on unvegetated land, particularly if it 8 lope6 6teeply, where water run6 over that land. Any significant rainfall is likely to run off the land ~-causing rainfall and wash erosion. Particularly susceptible areas are river and creek bank~ and road cuttings.
It is well known that a slope which is 6ubject to ero6ion can be stabili6ed if vegetation can be established on the 610pe, but vegetation will not e6tablish it6elf when the top soil i6 being washed away periodically. A number of proposals to stabili6e erosion banks using matting ba6ed on 6ugarcane bagasse, wood, wool or coconut fibre6 and including additive6 such as binding agent6 have had limited succe66.
DISCLOSURE OF IN~ENTION ~;
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an organic geotextile which promotes soil stabilisation by protecting the soil surface from rainfall erosion, reducing surface runoff and promoting water infiltration into the soil, and enhancing establishment of desirable vegetation through favourable soil moisture and temperature.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an organic geotextile which suppresses growth of undesirable vegetation by providing a physical barrier to growth of the vegetation and sunlight blockage, promoting water infiltration and reducing runoff and evaporation.
According to one broad aspect of the invention there i6 provided an organic geotextile for soil stabilisation comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which ~erves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the 60il is promoted` and the 80il i5 protected from rainfall ero6ion.
Preferably, the scrim is of sufficiently open weave and ¦ SU8SmUT SHEET ¦
W093/243lS ~ PCT/AU93/00237 said first layer is of sufficiently low density that de6irable vegetation can penetrate said organic geotextile in growing therethrough. It is particularly preferred that the overall den6ity of the geotextile be 300 to 400 gram~/metre2 and, more particularly, 360 grams/metre2.
Alternatively, the geotextile may further comprise a third layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to the scrim on the other side of the scrim to said first layer. Preferably the first layer, the scrim and the third layer are of sufficiently high density that vegetation cannot penetrate said organic geotextile. More particularly, the organic geotextile has a density between 600g/m2 and 700g/m2, preferably 620g/m2.
~ n a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention said first layer consists of a web of teased jute fibres and the scrim is a jute scrim. Preferably said third layer, where present, also consists of a web of teased jute fibres.
In order to prepare the preferred geotextile described above, jute fibre is teased through a web forming machine such as a "Garnet" or a "Card". The web is then "lapped" on an "apron" and the jute 6crim (which is woven in a separate operation) is laid on the web of jute fibre. The web with the scrim` laid on top is then proces6ed through a "needle punching machine~. ~his machine comprise6 a plurality of barbed needle6 which move up and down through the web of jute fibre and have the effect of re-orientating certain individual jute fibres from the horizontal plane to the vertical plane thereby mechanically bonding the fibres together and joining the 6crim to the web.
This proce6s i~ known as ~felting" or needle punching. It is preferred that no bonding agent be added. The product i~ then trimmed to the desired width and thicknes6 and cut into the desired length. Conveniently, the geotextile is sold in a roll 25-30 metres long by 1.83 metres wide and 3.0 millimetres thick, by way of example.
The jute used to form the tea~ed jute fibre can come from a variety of ~sources such as new or recycled hessian fabric or bagging, compressed bales of jute fibre known as "caddies 1l or jute hessian off cuts known as "gunny cuttings". Any of these may be used individually or in combination.
According to a further broad aspect of the invention there ¦ SUBSmUTE SHEET
- W093/2431; 21~ 6 ~12 ~ PCT/AU93/00237 is provided a method of ~tabilising 60il comprising the 6teps of:-(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first layer offine, intertwining fibres 6ecured to a woven scrim constituting a ~econd layer, ~aid organic geotextlle being adapted to be applied to an area of 60il as a mat which 6erves to dissipate hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with said first layer in contact with soil; and, optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
According to a ~till further broad a6pect of the invention there is provided method of stabilising an area of soil that is vulnerable to erosion and establishing desirable vegetation in said area comprising the steps of:-(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first low-density layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to an open-weave woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to said area as a mat which 6erves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and ab60rbs water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over said area with said ~;~ first layer in contact with the 60il; optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position; and ; (iv) allowing desirable vegetation to grow through said organic geotextile, whereby run off in said area is reduced, deap infiltration of water into the 60il iS promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
Preferably, the geotextile is fixed to the ground to ensure it remains in place. Pinning the geotextile at intervals to the ground also ensures that vigorous plant species such as millet do not lift~the geotextile cover as they grow thereby reducing its effectiveness as an erosion control agent. ~ypically, pins would be driven in every 600-700 mm on a gentle 610p and every 400 mm on a steeper slope at the joins between each roll of geotextile u6ed or at a rate so stipulated by a site engineer or similar. Each roll would also be pinned with one pin on a j SUBSTITUT~ S~IEET ¦
W093/24315 PCT/A~93/00237~
c~6 ~ 4 gentle slope and two pins on a steeper slope in the centre of the roll at the same intervals as at the joins. At the top of a 610pe to be stabilised the cover may be pinned in a trench which is then filled in to hold the cover more securely. At the bottom of the slope the cover should be folded under t~e toe of the slope and secured under rocks where possible or pinned.
The ground may be pretreated by grading, filling and associated earthworks, then provided with top 60il, desired 6eed and fertili6er prior to covering the ground with the geotextile cover. It would then be expected that vegetation will appear through the cover within one to two weeks if a vigorous species 6uch as millet is cho6en. Preferably, a mixture of fast growing species such as millet and more desirable 6pecies such as couch, acacia, eucalypt, etc. is u6ed. Tree and 6hrub specie~ may be planted in seed form under the mat or, once the vegetation or gra6s i6 established, by cutting holes in the cover and planting them in those hole6.
According to yet another broad aspect of the invention there is provided method of stabili6ing soil and preventing growth of undesirable vegetation in the 60il comprising the steps of:-(ij providing an organic geotextile comprising a first highdensity layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a high density woven scrim constituting a second layer and a third high density layer of fine, intertwining fibres ecured to the other 6ide of the 6crim, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serve6 to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and ab60rb water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with either said first layer or 6aid third layer in contact with soil;
and, optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in po6ition, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the 80il iS protected from rainfall erosion, said organic geotextile acting as a barrier to prevent growth of undesirable vegetation.
Preferably, the geotextile is nominally 6 mm thick, has an overall density between 600g/m2 and 700g/m2, more preferably, of ¦ SUBSTITUTE SHEET ¦
~ .
' ` W O 93/~4315 ~ 1 ~ 642~ PCT/AU93/00237 620g/m2 and is thus 6ufficiently dense that it provides a physical barrier to weed growth a6 well as preventing ~unlight reaching any weeds already growing in the vicinity of the young tree~. Competition fo, nutrient6 and ~unlight is therefore reduced and growth of the trees is enhanced. The growth of trees on land susceptible to erosion further ~erves to stabilise that land but the method of enhancing the growth of young trees according to the present invention is not limited to that application and is generally applicable to gardening and horticulture.
~RIEF ~ESCRIPTION OF DFU~WINGS
In order to more fully describe the invention reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which:-Figure 1 i6 a schematic diagram of one illu6trative example of a geotextile in accordance with the invention suitable for 60il stabilisation and establishment of desirable vegetation, and Figure 2 is a 6chematic diagram providing a partially exploded view of one illustrative example of a geotextilein accordance with the present invention suitable for use a6 a weed barrier.
EST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Figure 1 show6 schematically a geotextile 10 having a bottom layer 12 which contacts the soil to be stabilised consisting of low density teased jute fibre and a top layer 11 o$ jute scrim. The jute scrim used herein is a very open weave of jute fibres. The product is nominally 3mm thick, has a density of 360g/m2 and is to be referred to through the specification as "Jutemaster FM".
Figure 2 illustrate6 a geotextile 20 having a top layer 23 and a bottom layer 22 of tea6ed jute fibre. Each of the layers is attached to the middle layer 21 which is a jute scrim, although layer 23 is shown spaced from the scrim so that the location of the scrim can be seen. The product is nominally 6 mm thick, has a density of 620g/m2 and is to be referred to throughout the specification as "Jutemaster TM".
~x~m~les ~1 (a) ~erials ¦ SU8Sm~TE SHEET ¦
W093~24315 4~ PCT/AU93/00237 Jutemaster FM and Jutema6ter TM were subject to a rainfall 6imulator evaluation using a ~oil which has been shown to be highly erodible. It is hard 6etting sand loam about lOcm deep, ovèrlying a dense clay which becomes increasingly sodic with depth. It has the following physical and ~chemical characteristics.
Soil type: ~odic red brown earth Clay content: 26%
Silt content: 14%
Sand content: 60%
pH: 7.1 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC): 16 meg/lOOg (b) Rainfall Simulated rainfall using a rotating disc rainfall simulator was applied for 30 minutes at 65 mm/h and 15 minutes at 130 mm/h. The high intensities were chosen to highlight the effectiveness of the geot~xtile against typical short, heavy storm in northern Australia. The occurrence of 30 minutes of rain at 65 mm/h would be an annual event in most parts of Queensland. The 130 mm/h rain represent6 exceptional but not unusual storms in the tropics.
The total rainfall for the low and high intensities were 16.3 and 32.5 mm respectively.
(c) Slope Gradient Three~ gradients were tested: 3:1, 4:1 and 10:1. These gradients cover ~he range of slopes often requiring geotextile materials for stabilisation.
(d) Sample Preparation After removing large rocks and foreign materials, the soil :, was firmly packed into galvani~ed steel boxes (250 mm wide, 450 mm long and 75 mm deep). The soil surface was covered completely by either Jutema6ter FM or TM.
The boxes were filled with special spouts to collect runoff water and were tilted to the required gradients on a stand. For each simulat~r run, two boxes were used.
(e) Replication Each treatment (geotextile grade X gradient) was replicated twice.
~f) Data Collection ¦ SUBSmUTE~ SHEET ¦
-4',`~ .'. WO 93/24315 213 6 1~ 2 ~? PC~r/A U93/00237 For each run the following data were collected:
Runoff rate Total runoff Total ~oil movement Depth of wetting at 30 cm from the collecting spou~
From these results, water infiltration rate, total infiltration and rainfall before runoff were calculated.
(g) Results on water runoff and soil moistu~e tests (i) Surface runoff:
Following rain the amount of water that cannot be absorbed by the soil will run off, the runoff quantity depends greatly on the surface cover, ~oil roughnes~ and land slopes. Results from Table l clearly show that both Jutemaster FM and TM reduce runoff greatly, particularly under high rainfall inten6ity.
Under low rainfall intensity conditions, where minimum runoff would be expected on bare 60il 6urface, runoff was reduced by more than 50~ under Jutemaster FM and up to 80% under Jutemaster TM on all slope gradients.
The effectivene6s of both grade6 wa6 be6t ~ .
demonstrated under high rainfall condition6. The average reduction of runoff was up to 90%. These results clearly demonstrate the suitability of Jutemaster FM for steep slope stabili6ation.
The uniformity of the results between replications ~-~ indicates that the variation in mat density i~ minimal and quality control is sati6factory.
Table l: Runoff a~ a porcontage of total rain.
~ . . ,_ .. , ,~ .
S~OPE G~ADIENTS
RAINFALLSURFACE l ¦ INTENSIT~COVER 10:1 4:1 3:1 Low Bare 33 23 20 ~65 mm/h) FM 10 163 10 . I
High Bare 52 42 39 (130 mm/h) FM 43 32 5 ~____ .`
¦ SUBSTITUTE SHEET ¦
W093/2431~ PCT/AU93/00237 5 (ii) Water Infiltration:
water infiltration into the ~oil depends greatly on the soil surface cover which protects the roughnes6 of soil 6urface (soil ~urface ~tructure) and also to 510w down the movement of water thus enhancing the water entry/a~60rption to the 80il.
Results hown in Table 2 demonstrate the effectiveness of both Jutemaster FM and TM in improving water infiltration to the 60il. Almo6t total absorption was recorded under both low and high rainfall intensities and at all three ~radients for both grades. This can be explained by the fact that surface 60il 6tructure under Jutemaster remained almost intact after 30 minutes of rain while the bare soil surface structure wa6 completely destroyed.
Table 2: Water infiltration as a percentage of rainfall.
l _ - I '`.
SLOPE GRADIENTS ¦
RAINFA~L SURFACE _ INTENSITY COVER lO:l 4:1 3:1 I , Low Bare 67 77 80 ¦
(65 mm/h) FM 90 87 90 _ High Bare 48 58 6l (l30 mm/h) FM 96 97 95 I , .
(iii) Time before runoff occurred:
The results presented above can be best seen in term6 of the time elapsed before runoff occurred. Table 3 shows that under low intensity rainfall (65 mm/h) runoff occurred approximately 13 minutes after rain on bare 80il on all slope gradients. Under high rainfall intensity (130 mm/h) runoff occurred only 7 minutes after rain.
However, when soils surface was protected by either Jutemaster FM or TM, no runoff occurred at the end of the experimental periods (30 for low intensity and 15 minutes for high intensity rainfall). Both soil ero6ion and soil moisture levels are inversely related to runoff quantity ! SUBSmUTE SHEET
~ WO93/24315 21 3 6 '~ 2 2 PCT/AU93/00237 . . ~ .
and rate. These results further indicate the suitability of bot~ grades of Jutemaster in soil ero~ion control.
Table 3: Ti~e (minutes) before runoff occurred.
~ ':' SLOPE GRADIENTS
RAINFALLSURFA OE .
INTENSITY COVER 10:1 4:1 3.1 Bare 10 16 12 Low (65 mm/h) FM 30+ 30~ 30+
TM 30+ 30+ 30+
I .
Bare 7 8 7 s High (130 mm/h) FM 15+ 15+ 15+
TM 15+ 15+ 15+ `
: . . . .-5+ and 30 lndlcatlng no runoff ccurred at the end of experimental periods of 15 and 30 minutes respectively.
~iv) Depth of wetting: ~
Soil protected by both Jutemaster FM and TM were almost completely saturated with water under both rainfall intensities and all three gradients. These are in sharp ~i contrast with the bare soil where only up to two thirds of the soil profile were wet (Table 4).
Table 4: Wetting depth (cm), 30 cm from the collection spouts.
:: ~ -._ S W PE GRADIENTS
RAINFAIL SURFACE
INTENSITY COVER 10:1 4:1 3:1 Low Bare 50 50 50 (65 mm/h) FM 75+ 73 73 TM 75+ 75+ 75+
l . . l High Bare 40 45 50 (130 mm/h) FM 75+ 67 70 TM 75+ 75+ 75+
, . , " ., . ." _ .
+ Complete y saturate~.
(h) ~gsults on soil loss '~
Results on Table 5 clearly show that both Jutemaster FM and TM were highly effective against soil erosion. When soil surface~ was bare, soil losses increased as slope gradient ¦ SU E SHEET¦
W093/2431~ ~ PCT/AU93/00237 ~-`
~36~ o increased particularly under high rainfall inten6ity. When the surface wa6 protected by either FM or TM grade~, soil 106~e6 were virtually stopped even under high rainfall intensity.
The~e results indicate that for general 610pe stabili~ation Jutemaster FM is an extremely effective geotextile in ~oil erosion control.
Tsble 5: Soil concentration in runoff water (g~l).
.
SLOPE GRADIENTS :
RAINFAI.L SURFACE , .
IllTENSIT~r COVER 10 :1 ~ :1 3 :1 Low Bare 12.5 51.1 60.8 , (65 mm/h) FN 0 0 0 TM O O O
I
High Bare 154.6 236.3 253.5¦ FM ¦ 1.0 1 1.5 ¦ 1.5 ~ j ~xam~le 2 A heavily eroded creek bank wa6 rehabilitated using Jutemaster FM in the following manner.
~ .
S~OPE PREPARATION
- 4.I Day One (i) All protruding edge6 along the bank were smoothed by the Case 350 Drott.
(ii) An impervious barrier of heavy black plastic (concrete liner) was pinned up against the embankment 0.5 - 1 metre above the existing bed level and approximately 2 metres on the gully bed. It was pinned against the embankment to help potential piping.
(iii) 72 tonnes (6 truck loads) of variou6 ~izes of quarry face 6poor were brought in and were spread on the gully bed to give protection from gully flow. The optimum size for the bed rocks is 200-400 mm.
! SUBSmUTE SHEET
, . . . . . . , . . . . .. .. .. ~ .. .. , . . .. .. . . ~ .. . .
,''t"~ , W093~24315 ll 2 1 ~ 6 ~ 2 2 PCT/AU93/00237 4.2 Day Two (i) The embankment was graded by the Drott and major depres6ion6 were filled.
(ii) Agricultural gypsum was~ 6pread manually at a rate of 0.5 - l kg per square metre.
(iii) Top soil, was spread on the ; embankment to a depth of 20-30 cm and compacted to l0 cm.
4.2~ Day Three (i) The embankment was lightly raked and then seeded with a mixture of Green Couch and Giant Bermuda Couch.
Native seed of Tallowwood, Matt Ru6h - ~ and Black Wattle were broadcast separately. Fertiliser was broadcast over the side.
5.0 INSTALLATION
he Jutemaster FM was rolled from the top of the slope to the bottom with each roll overlapping l0 cm, and leaving an extra metre at the ` toe. It was laid loosely enough to conform to contours and firmly enough to prevent 50il movement and bagging.
iij A trench approximately l0 - 15 cm was dug at the top of the slope with the Jutemaster being pinned in the ; trench and then the trench backfilled. This ensures that ` Jutemaster is well secured, as when wet it becomes very heavy.
(iii) I Anchor pins were driven in along the joins. Each roll was then pinned in the centre. The Jutemaster was folded under the toe of the slope and placed under rocks where SUBSmUT~
;:
W093/24315 ~36 4~ ~ 12 PCT/AU93/00237 ~
possible or pinned.
6.0 DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETATIVE COVER
6.1 Day Four The entire slope was th~roughly watered, making sure the moisture penetrated the top 20mm of soil. Follow-up s~rinkling l~
was required. Within one week the millet appeared through the F"
-Jutemaster.
6.2 Progre6s of Vegetative Cover. ;
The couch gras6 did not appear to be germinating evenly, 60 the millet was cut to a height of 40 mm and then lightly raked to allow for greater light penetration.
By 6 weeks the millet had been brushcut twice, but seed heads started appearing. These were completely removed by brushcutting.
The Acacia seed started germinating after 7 weeks.
Holes were cut in the Jutemaster and local tree and shrub species were planted. By this time the grasses were `~
sufficiently established to hold the Jutemaster in place, stabilising the bank.
Variations and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art may be made without departing from the broad ambit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
i SUBSTITUTE SHEEr ¦
TECHNICAL FIELD
~ he present invention is concerned with geotextiles and more particularly, with geotextiles for soil 6tabili~ation.
~CRGROUND ART
Erosion i8 a significant problem on unvegetated land, particularly if it 8 lope6 6teeply, where water run6 over that land. Any significant rainfall is likely to run off the land ~-causing rainfall and wash erosion. Particularly susceptible areas are river and creek bank~ and road cuttings.
It is well known that a slope which is 6ubject to ero6ion can be stabili6ed if vegetation can be established on the 610pe, but vegetation will not e6tablish it6elf when the top soil i6 being washed away periodically. A number of proposals to stabili6e erosion banks using matting ba6ed on 6ugarcane bagasse, wood, wool or coconut fibre6 and including additive6 such as binding agent6 have had limited succe66.
DISCLOSURE OF IN~ENTION ~;
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an organic geotextile which promotes soil stabilisation by protecting the soil surface from rainfall erosion, reducing surface runoff and promoting water infiltration into the soil, and enhancing establishment of desirable vegetation through favourable soil moisture and temperature.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an organic geotextile which suppresses growth of undesirable vegetation by providing a physical barrier to growth of the vegetation and sunlight blockage, promoting water infiltration and reducing runoff and evaporation.
According to one broad aspect of the invention there i6 provided an organic geotextile for soil stabilisation comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which ~erves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the 60il is promoted` and the 80il i5 protected from rainfall ero6ion.
Preferably, the scrim is of sufficiently open weave and ¦ SU8SmUT SHEET ¦
W093/243lS ~ PCT/AU93/00237 said first layer is of sufficiently low density that de6irable vegetation can penetrate said organic geotextile in growing therethrough. It is particularly preferred that the overall den6ity of the geotextile be 300 to 400 gram~/metre2 and, more particularly, 360 grams/metre2.
Alternatively, the geotextile may further comprise a third layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to the scrim on the other side of the scrim to said first layer. Preferably the first layer, the scrim and the third layer are of sufficiently high density that vegetation cannot penetrate said organic geotextile. More particularly, the organic geotextile has a density between 600g/m2 and 700g/m2, preferably 620g/m2.
~ n a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention said first layer consists of a web of teased jute fibres and the scrim is a jute scrim. Preferably said third layer, where present, also consists of a web of teased jute fibres.
In order to prepare the preferred geotextile described above, jute fibre is teased through a web forming machine such as a "Garnet" or a "Card". The web is then "lapped" on an "apron" and the jute 6crim (which is woven in a separate operation) is laid on the web of jute fibre. The web with the scrim` laid on top is then proces6ed through a "needle punching machine~. ~his machine comprise6 a plurality of barbed needle6 which move up and down through the web of jute fibre and have the effect of re-orientating certain individual jute fibres from the horizontal plane to the vertical plane thereby mechanically bonding the fibres together and joining the 6crim to the web.
This proce6s i~ known as ~felting" or needle punching. It is preferred that no bonding agent be added. The product i~ then trimmed to the desired width and thicknes6 and cut into the desired length. Conveniently, the geotextile is sold in a roll 25-30 metres long by 1.83 metres wide and 3.0 millimetres thick, by way of example.
The jute used to form the tea~ed jute fibre can come from a variety of ~sources such as new or recycled hessian fabric or bagging, compressed bales of jute fibre known as "caddies 1l or jute hessian off cuts known as "gunny cuttings". Any of these may be used individually or in combination.
According to a further broad aspect of the invention there ¦ SUBSmUTE SHEET
- W093/2431; 21~ 6 ~12 ~ PCT/AU93/00237 is provided a method of ~tabilising 60il comprising the 6teps of:-(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first layer offine, intertwining fibres 6ecured to a woven scrim constituting a ~econd layer, ~aid organic geotextlle being adapted to be applied to an area of 60il as a mat which 6erves to dissipate hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with said first layer in contact with soil; and, optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
According to a ~till further broad a6pect of the invention there is provided method of stabilising an area of soil that is vulnerable to erosion and establishing desirable vegetation in said area comprising the steps of:-(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first low-density layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to an open-weave woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to said area as a mat which 6erves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and ab60rbs water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over said area with said ~;~ first layer in contact with the 60il; optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position; and ; (iv) allowing desirable vegetation to grow through said organic geotextile, whereby run off in said area is reduced, deap infiltration of water into the 60il iS promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
Preferably, the geotextile is fixed to the ground to ensure it remains in place. Pinning the geotextile at intervals to the ground also ensures that vigorous plant species such as millet do not lift~the geotextile cover as they grow thereby reducing its effectiveness as an erosion control agent. ~ypically, pins would be driven in every 600-700 mm on a gentle 610p and every 400 mm on a steeper slope at the joins between each roll of geotextile u6ed or at a rate so stipulated by a site engineer or similar. Each roll would also be pinned with one pin on a j SUBSTITUT~ S~IEET ¦
W093/24315 PCT/A~93/00237~
c~6 ~ 4 gentle slope and two pins on a steeper slope in the centre of the roll at the same intervals as at the joins. At the top of a 610pe to be stabilised the cover may be pinned in a trench which is then filled in to hold the cover more securely. At the bottom of the slope the cover should be folded under t~e toe of the slope and secured under rocks where possible or pinned.
The ground may be pretreated by grading, filling and associated earthworks, then provided with top 60il, desired 6eed and fertili6er prior to covering the ground with the geotextile cover. It would then be expected that vegetation will appear through the cover within one to two weeks if a vigorous species 6uch as millet is cho6en. Preferably, a mixture of fast growing species such as millet and more desirable 6pecies such as couch, acacia, eucalypt, etc. is u6ed. Tree and 6hrub specie~ may be planted in seed form under the mat or, once the vegetation or gra6s i6 established, by cutting holes in the cover and planting them in those hole6.
According to yet another broad aspect of the invention there is provided method of stabili6ing soil and preventing growth of undesirable vegetation in the 60il comprising the steps of:-(ij providing an organic geotextile comprising a first highdensity layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a high density woven scrim constituting a second layer and a third high density layer of fine, intertwining fibres ecured to the other 6ide of the 6crim, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serve6 to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and ab60rb water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with either said first layer or 6aid third layer in contact with soil;
and, optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in po6ition, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the 80il iS protected from rainfall erosion, said organic geotextile acting as a barrier to prevent growth of undesirable vegetation.
Preferably, the geotextile is nominally 6 mm thick, has an overall density between 600g/m2 and 700g/m2, more preferably, of ¦ SUBSTITUTE SHEET ¦
~ .
' ` W O 93/~4315 ~ 1 ~ 642~ PCT/AU93/00237 620g/m2 and is thus 6ufficiently dense that it provides a physical barrier to weed growth a6 well as preventing ~unlight reaching any weeds already growing in the vicinity of the young tree~. Competition fo, nutrient6 and ~unlight is therefore reduced and growth of the trees is enhanced. The growth of trees on land susceptible to erosion further ~erves to stabilise that land but the method of enhancing the growth of young trees according to the present invention is not limited to that application and is generally applicable to gardening and horticulture.
~RIEF ~ESCRIPTION OF DFU~WINGS
In order to more fully describe the invention reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which:-Figure 1 i6 a schematic diagram of one illu6trative example of a geotextile in accordance with the invention suitable for 60il stabilisation and establishment of desirable vegetation, and Figure 2 is a 6chematic diagram providing a partially exploded view of one illustrative example of a geotextilein accordance with the present invention suitable for use a6 a weed barrier.
EST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Figure 1 show6 schematically a geotextile 10 having a bottom layer 12 which contacts the soil to be stabilised consisting of low density teased jute fibre and a top layer 11 o$ jute scrim. The jute scrim used herein is a very open weave of jute fibres. The product is nominally 3mm thick, has a density of 360g/m2 and is to be referred to through the specification as "Jutemaster FM".
Figure 2 illustrate6 a geotextile 20 having a top layer 23 and a bottom layer 22 of tea6ed jute fibre. Each of the layers is attached to the middle layer 21 which is a jute scrim, although layer 23 is shown spaced from the scrim so that the location of the scrim can be seen. The product is nominally 6 mm thick, has a density of 620g/m2 and is to be referred to throughout the specification as "Jutemaster TM".
~x~m~les ~1 (a) ~erials ¦ SU8Sm~TE SHEET ¦
W093~24315 4~ PCT/AU93/00237 Jutemaster FM and Jutema6ter TM were subject to a rainfall 6imulator evaluation using a ~oil which has been shown to be highly erodible. It is hard 6etting sand loam about lOcm deep, ovèrlying a dense clay which becomes increasingly sodic with depth. It has the following physical and ~chemical characteristics.
Soil type: ~odic red brown earth Clay content: 26%
Silt content: 14%
Sand content: 60%
pH: 7.1 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC): 16 meg/lOOg (b) Rainfall Simulated rainfall using a rotating disc rainfall simulator was applied for 30 minutes at 65 mm/h and 15 minutes at 130 mm/h. The high intensities were chosen to highlight the effectiveness of the geot~xtile against typical short, heavy storm in northern Australia. The occurrence of 30 minutes of rain at 65 mm/h would be an annual event in most parts of Queensland. The 130 mm/h rain represent6 exceptional but not unusual storms in the tropics.
The total rainfall for the low and high intensities were 16.3 and 32.5 mm respectively.
(c) Slope Gradient Three~ gradients were tested: 3:1, 4:1 and 10:1. These gradients cover ~he range of slopes often requiring geotextile materials for stabilisation.
(d) Sample Preparation After removing large rocks and foreign materials, the soil :, was firmly packed into galvani~ed steel boxes (250 mm wide, 450 mm long and 75 mm deep). The soil surface was covered completely by either Jutema6ter FM or TM.
The boxes were filled with special spouts to collect runoff water and were tilted to the required gradients on a stand. For each simulat~r run, two boxes were used.
(e) Replication Each treatment (geotextile grade X gradient) was replicated twice.
~f) Data Collection ¦ SUBSmUTE~ SHEET ¦
-4',`~ .'. WO 93/24315 213 6 1~ 2 ~? PC~r/A U93/00237 For each run the following data were collected:
Runoff rate Total runoff Total ~oil movement Depth of wetting at 30 cm from the collecting spou~
From these results, water infiltration rate, total infiltration and rainfall before runoff were calculated.
(g) Results on water runoff and soil moistu~e tests (i) Surface runoff:
Following rain the amount of water that cannot be absorbed by the soil will run off, the runoff quantity depends greatly on the surface cover, ~oil roughnes~ and land slopes. Results from Table l clearly show that both Jutemaster FM and TM reduce runoff greatly, particularly under high rainfall inten6ity.
Under low rainfall intensity conditions, where minimum runoff would be expected on bare 60il 6urface, runoff was reduced by more than 50~ under Jutemaster FM and up to 80% under Jutemaster TM on all slope gradients.
The effectivene6s of both grade6 wa6 be6t ~ .
demonstrated under high rainfall condition6. The average reduction of runoff was up to 90%. These results clearly demonstrate the suitability of Jutemaster FM for steep slope stabili6ation.
The uniformity of the results between replications ~-~ indicates that the variation in mat density i~ minimal and quality control is sati6factory.
Table l: Runoff a~ a porcontage of total rain.
~ . . ,_ .. , ,~ .
S~OPE G~ADIENTS
RAINFALLSURFACE l ¦ INTENSIT~COVER 10:1 4:1 3:1 Low Bare 33 23 20 ~65 mm/h) FM 10 163 10 . I
High Bare 52 42 39 (130 mm/h) FM 43 32 5 ~____ .`
¦ SUBSTITUTE SHEET ¦
W093/2431~ PCT/AU93/00237 5 (ii) Water Infiltration:
water infiltration into the ~oil depends greatly on the soil surface cover which protects the roughnes6 of soil 6urface (soil ~urface ~tructure) and also to 510w down the movement of water thus enhancing the water entry/a~60rption to the 80il.
Results hown in Table 2 demonstrate the effectiveness of both Jutemaster FM and TM in improving water infiltration to the 60il. Almo6t total absorption was recorded under both low and high rainfall intensities and at all three ~radients for both grades. This can be explained by the fact that surface 60il 6tructure under Jutemaster remained almost intact after 30 minutes of rain while the bare soil surface structure wa6 completely destroyed.
Table 2: Water infiltration as a percentage of rainfall.
l _ - I '`.
SLOPE GRADIENTS ¦
RAINFA~L SURFACE _ INTENSITY COVER lO:l 4:1 3:1 I , Low Bare 67 77 80 ¦
(65 mm/h) FM 90 87 90 _ High Bare 48 58 6l (l30 mm/h) FM 96 97 95 I , .
(iii) Time before runoff occurred:
The results presented above can be best seen in term6 of the time elapsed before runoff occurred. Table 3 shows that under low intensity rainfall (65 mm/h) runoff occurred approximately 13 minutes after rain on bare 80il on all slope gradients. Under high rainfall intensity (130 mm/h) runoff occurred only 7 minutes after rain.
However, when soils surface was protected by either Jutemaster FM or TM, no runoff occurred at the end of the experimental periods (30 for low intensity and 15 minutes for high intensity rainfall). Both soil ero6ion and soil moisture levels are inversely related to runoff quantity ! SUBSmUTE SHEET
~ WO93/24315 21 3 6 '~ 2 2 PCT/AU93/00237 . . ~ .
and rate. These results further indicate the suitability of bot~ grades of Jutemaster in soil ero~ion control.
Table 3: Ti~e (minutes) before runoff occurred.
~ ':' SLOPE GRADIENTS
RAINFALLSURFA OE .
INTENSITY COVER 10:1 4:1 3.1 Bare 10 16 12 Low (65 mm/h) FM 30+ 30~ 30+
TM 30+ 30+ 30+
I .
Bare 7 8 7 s High (130 mm/h) FM 15+ 15+ 15+
TM 15+ 15+ 15+ `
: . . . .-5+ and 30 lndlcatlng no runoff ccurred at the end of experimental periods of 15 and 30 minutes respectively.
~iv) Depth of wetting: ~
Soil protected by both Jutemaster FM and TM were almost completely saturated with water under both rainfall intensities and all three gradients. These are in sharp ~i contrast with the bare soil where only up to two thirds of the soil profile were wet (Table 4).
Table 4: Wetting depth (cm), 30 cm from the collection spouts.
:: ~ -._ S W PE GRADIENTS
RAINFAIL SURFACE
INTENSITY COVER 10:1 4:1 3:1 Low Bare 50 50 50 (65 mm/h) FM 75+ 73 73 TM 75+ 75+ 75+
l . . l High Bare 40 45 50 (130 mm/h) FM 75+ 67 70 TM 75+ 75+ 75+
, . , " ., . ." _ .
+ Complete y saturate~.
(h) ~gsults on soil loss '~
Results on Table 5 clearly show that both Jutemaster FM and TM were highly effective against soil erosion. When soil surface~ was bare, soil losses increased as slope gradient ¦ SU E SHEET¦
W093/2431~ ~ PCT/AU93/00237 ~-`
~36~ o increased particularly under high rainfall inten6ity. When the surface wa6 protected by either FM or TM grade~, soil 106~e6 were virtually stopped even under high rainfall intensity.
The~e results indicate that for general 610pe stabili~ation Jutemaster FM is an extremely effective geotextile in ~oil erosion control.
Tsble 5: Soil concentration in runoff water (g~l).
.
SLOPE GRADIENTS :
RAINFAI.L SURFACE , .
IllTENSIT~r COVER 10 :1 ~ :1 3 :1 Low Bare 12.5 51.1 60.8 , (65 mm/h) FN 0 0 0 TM O O O
I
High Bare 154.6 236.3 253.5¦ FM ¦ 1.0 1 1.5 ¦ 1.5 ~ j ~xam~le 2 A heavily eroded creek bank wa6 rehabilitated using Jutemaster FM in the following manner.
~ .
S~OPE PREPARATION
- 4.I Day One (i) All protruding edge6 along the bank were smoothed by the Case 350 Drott.
(ii) An impervious barrier of heavy black plastic (concrete liner) was pinned up against the embankment 0.5 - 1 metre above the existing bed level and approximately 2 metres on the gully bed. It was pinned against the embankment to help potential piping.
(iii) 72 tonnes (6 truck loads) of variou6 ~izes of quarry face 6poor were brought in and were spread on the gully bed to give protection from gully flow. The optimum size for the bed rocks is 200-400 mm.
! SUBSmUTE SHEET
, . . . . . . , . . . . .. .. .. ~ .. .. , . . .. .. . . ~ .. . .
,''t"~ , W093~24315 ll 2 1 ~ 6 ~ 2 2 PCT/AU93/00237 4.2 Day Two (i) The embankment was graded by the Drott and major depres6ion6 were filled.
(ii) Agricultural gypsum was~ 6pread manually at a rate of 0.5 - l kg per square metre.
(iii) Top soil, was spread on the ; embankment to a depth of 20-30 cm and compacted to l0 cm.
4.2~ Day Three (i) The embankment was lightly raked and then seeded with a mixture of Green Couch and Giant Bermuda Couch.
Native seed of Tallowwood, Matt Ru6h - ~ and Black Wattle were broadcast separately. Fertiliser was broadcast over the side.
5.0 INSTALLATION
he Jutemaster FM was rolled from the top of the slope to the bottom with each roll overlapping l0 cm, and leaving an extra metre at the ` toe. It was laid loosely enough to conform to contours and firmly enough to prevent 50il movement and bagging.
iij A trench approximately l0 - 15 cm was dug at the top of the slope with the Jutemaster being pinned in the ; trench and then the trench backfilled. This ensures that ` Jutemaster is well secured, as when wet it becomes very heavy.
(iii) I Anchor pins were driven in along the joins. Each roll was then pinned in the centre. The Jutemaster was folded under the toe of the slope and placed under rocks where SUBSmUT~
;:
W093/24315 ~36 4~ ~ 12 PCT/AU93/00237 ~
possible or pinned.
6.0 DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETATIVE COVER
6.1 Day Four The entire slope was th~roughly watered, making sure the moisture penetrated the top 20mm of soil. Follow-up s~rinkling l~
was required. Within one week the millet appeared through the F"
-Jutemaster.
6.2 Progre6s of Vegetative Cover. ;
The couch gras6 did not appear to be germinating evenly, 60 the millet was cut to a height of 40 mm and then lightly raked to allow for greater light penetration.
By 6 weeks the millet had been brushcut twice, but seed heads started appearing. These were completely removed by brushcutting.
The Acacia seed started germinating after 7 weeks.
Holes were cut in the Jutemaster and local tree and shrub species were planted. By this time the grasses were `~
sufficiently established to hold the Jutemaster in place, stabilising the bank.
Variations and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art may be made without departing from the broad ambit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
i SUBSTITUTE SHEEr ¦
Claims (17)
1. An organic geotextile for soil stabilisation comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
2. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 1 wherein the scrim is of sufficiently open weave and said first layer is of sufficiently low density that desirable vegetation can penetrate said organic geotextile in growing therethrough.
3. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 2 having a density between 300g/m2 and 400g/m2, preferably 360g/m2.
4. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a third layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to the scrim on the other side of the scrim to said first layer.
5. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 4 wherein the scrim, said first layer and said third layer are of sufficiently high density that vegetation cannot penetrate said organic geotextile.
6. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 5 having a density between 600g/m2 and 700g/m2, preferably 620g/m2.
7. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 1 wherein said first layer consists of a web of teased jute fibres.
8. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 4 wherein said third layer consists of a web of teased jute fibres.
9. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 7 or claim 8 wherein the scrim is a jute scrim.
10. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 1 wherein said first layer is secured to the scrim by re-orienting certain of the fibres from an orientation entirely within the respective layers to an orientation extending from the respective layers into the-scrim.
11. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 4 wherein said third layer is secured to the scrim by re-orienting certain of the fibres from an orientation entirely within the respective layers to an orientation extending from the respective layers into the scrim.
12. An organic geotextile as claimed in claim 10 or claim 11 wherein the fibres are re-orientated in a needle punching operation.
13. A method of stabilising soil comprising the steps of:-(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serves to dissipate hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with said first layer in contact with soil; and, optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with said first layer in contact with soil; and, optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
14. A method of stabilising an area of soil that is vulnerable to erosion and establishing desirable vegetation in said area comprising the steps of:-(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first low-density layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to an open-weave woven scrim constituting a second layer, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to said area as a mat which serves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorbs water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over said area with said first layer in contact with the soil; optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position; and (iv) allowing desirable vegetation to grow through said organic geotextile, whereby run off in said area is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over said area with said first layer in contact with the soil; optionally, (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position; and (iv) allowing desirable vegetation to grow through said organic geotextile, whereby run off in said area is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion.
15. A method as claimed in Claim 14 wherein said area is a sloping area of unvegetated land such as a river or creek bank, erosion gully or road cutting.
16. A method of stabilising soil and preventing growth of undesirable vegetation in the soil comprising the steps of:-(i) providing an organic geotextile comprising a first high density layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to a high density woven scrim constituting a second layer and a third high density layer of fine, intertwining fibres secured to the other side of the scrim, said organic geotextile being adapted to be applied to an area of soil as a mat which serves to dissipate the hydraulic impact of rain drops and absorb water;
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with either said first layer or said third layer in contact with soil;
and, optionally (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion, said organic geotextile acting as a barrier to prevent growth of undesirable vegetation.
(ii) laying said organic geotextile over the soil with either said first layer or said third layer in contact with soil;
and, optionally (iii)securing said organic geotextile in position, whereby run off is reduced, deep infiltration of water into the soil is promoted and the soil is protected from rainfall erosion, said organic geotextile acting as a barrier to prevent growth of undesirable vegetation.
17. A method as claimed in Claim 16 wherein said organic geotextile is laid around desirable vegetation such as young trees to prevent weed growth.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPL2579 | 1992-05-22 | ||
| AUPL257992 | 1992-05-22 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2136422A1 true CA2136422A1 (en) | 1993-12-09 |
Family
ID=3776181
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002136422A Abandoned CA2136422A1 (en) | 1992-05-22 | 1993-05-24 | Organic geotextile |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0669870A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU686100B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2136422A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1993024315A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106233841A (en) * | 2016-07-30 | 2016-12-21 | 山东胜伟园林科技有限公司 | A kind of salt discharging pipe containing non-woven fabrics pervious bed and the application in the salt discharge of salt-soda soil thereof |
| CN108127986A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-06-08 | 波力尔（北京）科技发展有限公司 | Composite strengthening cement liner and preparation method thereof |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9602138D0 (en) * | 1996-02-02 | 1996-04-03 | Knight Austin | A flexible structure for reinforcing earthworks |
| GB2352751B (en) * | 1999-08-03 | 2003-08-06 | Graham Howard Chaplin | The system for the arrestment stabilisation and natural reinstatement of soft cliff erosion |
| MA31877B1 (en) * | 2009-05-27 | 2010-12-01 | Laasri Laila | Biodegradable geotextiles with natural fibers extracted from Allied and Dom plants |
| CN106211836A (en) * | 2016-07-30 | 2016-12-14 | 山东胜伟园林科技有限公司 | A kind of hidden pipe salt discharge method and the application in the sulfate type alkaline land improving of northwest thereof |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU4200068A (en) * | 1968-08-12 | 1970-02-19 | Montecatini Edisons. P. A | Nonwoven fabrics and process for preparing same |
| FR2182251B1 (en) * | 1972-11-17 | 1977-02-18 | Naue Kg E A H | |
| DE2537056C3 (en) * | 1975-08-18 | 1982-02-11 | Volker F.W. 2000 Hamburg Zimmermann | Ground cover for plantings, tree nurseries or the like. |
| JPS58386B2 (en) * | 1978-05-12 | 1983-01-06 | 三井化学株式会社 | Asphalt waterproof base material |
| JPS58983B2 (en) * | 1978-07-24 | 1983-01-08 | 三井化学株式会社 | Asphalt waterproof base material |
| AU539158B2 (en) * | 1980-01-23 | 1984-09-13 | Munters Pty Limited | Erosion control |
| US4353946A (en) * | 1981-03-13 | 1982-10-12 | Seasonmakers Pty. (Australia) Lts | Erosion control means |
| AU574151B2 (en) * | 1984-04-13 | 1988-06-30 | Fibertex Pty. Ltd. | Erosion control blanket |
| NZ209914A (en) * | 1984-08-02 | 1986-07-11 | Seasonmakers Australia Pty Ltd | Soil erosion control blanket:stitched mat of woodwool |
| US4619553A (en) * | 1985-04-24 | 1986-10-28 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | High temperature oil boom cover blanket |
| DE8624990U1 (en) * | 1986-09-18 | 1989-07-27 | Behrens, Wolfgang, 27243 Groß Ippener | CARRIER CONSTRUCTION FOR A VEGETATION |
| IT216762Z2 (en) * | 1989-07-19 | 1991-10-03 | Alcantara Spa | COUPLED ITEM, CONTAINING A LAYER OF NON-WOVEN MICROFIBROUS MATERIAL, USEFUL IN THE FURNITURE AND TRANSPORT SECTOR. |
| AU640204B2 (en) * | 1990-03-13 | 1993-08-19 | Environmental Enterprises Australia Pty Ltd | Erosion matting |
| AT393931B (en) * | 1990-04-03 | 1992-01-10 | Schoeller Textil Hard Ges M B | EROSION PROTECTION AND PLANT MAT |
| US5226255A (en) * | 1990-11-27 | 1993-07-13 | Grass Ventures, Ltd. | Plant mat and method |
| AU634105B2 (en) * | 1991-09-13 | 1993-02-11 | Foreshore Protection Pty Limited | Revetment fabric |
| DE4135714A1 (en) * | 1991-10-30 | 1992-06-04 | Gefa Produkte Fabritz Gmbh | Water-storing soil or erosion protection mat - comprises fibrous organic material, cellular fabric underlay and contains mixt. of seeds and organic copolymer water storage medium |
-
1993
- 1993-05-24 WO PCT/AU1993/000237 patent/WO1993024315A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1993-05-24 AU AU40531/93A patent/AU686100B2/en not_active Expired
- 1993-05-24 CA CA002136422A patent/CA2136422A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-05-24 EP EP93909685A patent/EP0669870A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106233841A (en) * | 2016-07-30 | 2016-12-21 | 山东胜伟园林科技有限公司 | A kind of salt discharging pipe containing non-woven fabrics pervious bed and the application in the salt discharge of salt-soda soil thereof |
| CN108127986A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-06-08 | 波力尔（北京）科技发展有限公司 | Composite strengthening cement liner and preparation method thereof |
| CN108127986B (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2024-03-22 | 波力尔（北京）科技发展有限公司 | Composite reinforced cement lining and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0669870A1 (en) | 1995-09-06 |
| AU4053193A (en) | 1993-12-30 |
| WO1993024315A1 (en) | 1993-12-09 |
| EP0669870A4 (en) | 1995-07-17 |
| AU686100B2 (en) | 1998-02-05 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Gray et al. | Biotechnical and soil bioengineering slope stabilization: a practical guide for erosion control | |
| Theisen | The role of geosynthetics in erosion and sediment control: An overview | |
| KR100920027B1 (en) | Vegetation Method Reinforced Soil Slopes with Geotextile Curtain Wall combined with steel buckel and anchor Nails | |
| JP3053071B2 (en) | Natural ecological self-restoration type slope construction method and slope structure | |
| Mishra et al. | Soil and water conservation engineering | |
| Singh | Bioengineering techniques of slope stabilization and landslide mitigation | |
| Vishnudas et al. | The protective and attractive covering of a vegetated embankment using coir geotextiles | |
| KR100830150B1 (en) | Inclined plane greening method and tree planting device for the method | |
| CN104294830A (en) | Side slope ecological protection and recovery method and arrangement structure | |
| KR100860748B1 (en) | Honey cell greening works | |
| CA2136422A1 (en) | Organic geotextile | |
| AU657819B2 (en) | Organic geotextile | |
| Bayfield et al. | Managing the impacts of recreation on vegetation and soils: a review of techniques | |
| Schiechtl | FAO watershed management field manual: vegetative and soil treatment measures | |
| Blanco et al. | Mechanical Structures and Engineering Techniques | |
| Choudhury et al. | Bio-engineering approach with jute geotextile for slope stabilization | |
| Lewis et al. | Developing timber harvesting prescriptions to minimize site degradation | |
| AU686053B2 (en) | Organic geotextile | |
| Osman et al. | Soils on steep slopes | |
| CN215122496U (en) | Anti-scouring ecological blanket | |
| JPS63284321A (en) | Sheathing for inclined surface of filling | |
| CN216820990U (en) | Vegetation recovery structure | |
| Theisen | The expanding role of geosynthetics in erosion and sediment control | |
| Hossain | Topsoil erosion control using jute geotextile (JGT) under simulated rainfall | |
| KR200409052Y1 (en) | Vegetation Restoration Improvement for Landslope terrestrial Protection |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |