EP0664574A1 - Einrichtung zur Kompensation des Richtungsfehlers bei einer Antenne mit elektronischer Ablenkung - Google Patents

Einrichtung zur Kompensation des Richtungsfehlers bei einer Antenne mit elektronischer Ablenkung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0664574A1
EP0664574A1 EP95400071A EP95400071A EP0664574A1 EP 0664574 A1 EP0664574 A1 EP 0664574A1 EP 95400071 A EP95400071 A EP 95400071A EP 95400071 A EP95400071 A EP 95400071A EP 0664574 A1 EP0664574 A1 EP 0664574A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
phase
antenna
phase shifter
symmetrical
faulty
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Granted
Application number
EP95400071A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0664574B1 (de
Inventor
Jean Aubry
André Peyrat
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Thales SA
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Thomson CSF SA
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Publication of EP0664574A1 publication Critical patent/EP0664574A1/de
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Publication of EP0664574B1 publication Critical patent/EP0664574B1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/267—Phased-array testing or checking devices

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for compensating for pointing errors caused by breakdowns of phase shifters of electronically scanned antennas or of coefficients of beam-forming antennas by calculation.
  • the pointing of the beam at a given time towards a given direction of space is made by acting on the radiation phase of the radiating sources called elementary sources constituting the antenna. So that the direction of pointing changes are rapid, the modification of the phase of the elementary sources is obtained by the insertion of electronically controlled phase shifters connected in series between a microwave power distributor and the elementary sources.
  • a phase shifter can serve several elementary sources, but the most generally adopted solution is to provide a phase shifter for each elementary source.
  • the electronic control of the phase shifters is made so that the radiated energy is focused over a long distance in a desired direction. This is done by positioning the different phase shifters in a certain phase state determined in a manner known to those skilled in the art.
  • Chapter 7 of the second edition of Merril I. Skolnick's "Radar Handbook" published by Mac Grawhill editions gives a broad description of the techniques used and their applications to radars.
  • phase shifters are therefore controlled by digital data in the form of messages giving the phase to be displayed on N bits, which corresponds to 2 N phase positions theoretically spaced every 360 ° / 2 N.
  • N 1 to 4.
  • phase-shifter failures therefore notably consist in providing performance for the antenna in the absence of failures on the phase-shifters more severe than necessary so that, in the presence of failures on the phase-shifters, the required performance are always obtained.
  • the phase shifters are monitored to determine either permanently or at close intervals whether they are in working order.
  • the number of suspect phase shifters is kept up to date and constantly monitored so as to alert the operator or the services responsible for maintenance when their number approaches or reaches the maximum number that the system can support, without falling below the performance level. required. A maintenance action is necessary to replace the suspect phase shifters.
  • the two diodes of the 0-180 ° cell are switched to two separate states. One is then passing, therefore in a low impedance state, possibly capacitive. The result is that the microwave signal which crosses the phase shifter is then cut or rather strongly attenuated. Therefore, it no longer participates in the radiation of the antenna and the pointing error in free space of the beam resulting from the failure of the phase shifter in question is canceled. This is a direct result of the fact that by creating an amplitude hole at the level of the corresponding radiating element, which inhibits the effect of phase errors, the antenna pattern is deformed symmetrically and the direction of maximum radiation remains unchanged.
  • the object of the invention is to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks, in particular by making it possible to cancel the pointing error in free space due to one or more breakdowns of phase shifters without it being necessary to complicate the latter.
  • the subject of the invention is a device for compensating for pointing errors caused by failures of phase shifters of a plane electronic scanning antenna having a symmetrical amplitude power distribution, characterized in that it comprises means positioning a faulty phase shifter and its symmetrical phase shifter in additional phase states.
  • the main advantages of the invention are that it frees the antenna design from the constraints of the effect of breakdowns on pointing accuracy, that it applies to all types of electronic phase shifters, that it does not require incorporate in the phase shifter means to prevent it from radiating when it breaks down, that it allows flexibility of use, that it is simple to implement and that it is economical.
  • Figure 1 shows the constitution of a planar electronic scanning antenna. It includes radiating elementary sources 1. In order for changes in pointing direction to be rapid, the phase modification of the elementary sources 1 is obtained by means of electronically controlled phase shifters 2, mounted in series between a microwave power distributor 3 and the elementary sources 1. A phase shifter 2 is for example associated with each elementary source 1. The input of the power distributor 3 is for example connected to the output of a power transmitter 4.
  • the principle of the invention exploits a particular formulation of the pointing error which shows that there are other means for canceling the pointing error caused by the failure of a phase shifter than preventing it from radiating in particular.
  • the amplitude of the electric field resulting at great distance in the direction of direction cosine u0 is, when the antenna is positioned to point in the direction of direction cosine u, given in free space by the following relation: where n is the number of an elementary source, A n the amplitude of the signal it radiates, ⁇ the wavelength in air and x n its abscissa and where ⁇ n represents the phase error on the phase shifter associated with the elementary source number n.
  • ⁇ n 0 with errors near completion and quantification.
  • the pointing direction obtained is obtained by searching for the maximum radiation as a function of the director cosine u0, which is obtained by canceling the derivative of the function
  • the principle of the invention consists in canceling the pointing error ⁇ u not by canceling the amplitudes A p but by canceling the term at numerator of relation (3), i.e. the term it being understood that the antenna has a symmetrical distribution, that is to say in which the elementary sources located symmetrically, except for the mechanical tolerances, with respect to the center radiate with identical amplitudes and opposite phases, with the errors of realization near .
  • the device comprises means enabling it, as soon as a phase shifter has failed, to put the symmetrical phase shifter in a state at any additional time 2 ⁇ near the state in which the phase shifter is found to be faulty.
  • the faulty phase shifter is in the phase state ⁇
  • its symmetrical phase shifter is positioned in the phase state ⁇ - ⁇ or 3 ⁇ - ⁇ , or more generally (2 k +1) ⁇ - ⁇ , k being an integer relative number.
  • the faulty phase shifter is for example blocked in a fixed phase state ⁇ 0 and kept in this state permanently. Its symmetrical phase shifter is then blocked in the additional phase state, ⁇ - ⁇ 0 or 3 ⁇ - ⁇ 0 for example, and permanently maintained in this phase state.
  • phase states remaining available on the faulty phase shifter continue, for example, to be used and the symmetrical phase shifter is positioned at all times in the additional phase state.
  • phase states of the two phase shifters therefore vary with the antenna beam, while remaining additional to within 2 ⁇ .
  • the pointing error resulting from the fault are thus canceled and this without resorting to the cancellation of the signal radiated by the faulty phase shifter.
  • the command displayed at a given instant may be the same as in the absence of failure or then take into account the type of failure detected to, for example, best approximate the desired state by means of the phase states remaining available.
  • the phase ⁇ A actually obtained is a function of the command displayed and of the fault affecting the phase shifter.
  • the device according to the invention can for example be used for beating beam antennas of an MLS landing system.
  • each of the two antennas of the system, the azimuth antenna and the antenna elevation radiates a fan-like beam, that is to say angularly narrow in one dimension and wide in the other.
  • the spatial scanning of these beams is carried out by electronic scanning, at the speed of 50 microseconds per degree for example.
  • the device according to the invention makes it possible to obtain an improved MLS system in terms of pointing accuracy, and therefore of guiding precision of aircraft, by the fact that pointing errors of the beating beam antennas caused by breakdowns on the electronically controlled phase shifters are compensated for by the device according to the invention.
  • An azimuth electronic scanning antenna of an MLS system is for example constituted by a planar network of regularly spaced radiating guides, supplied through a power distribution and connected to the output of a transmitter.
  • the antenna comprises for example N radiating guides, N being even. These guides are for example numbered from 1 to N / 2 for the right part and from -1 to -N / 2 for the left part.
  • the guides numbered n and -n are symmetrical with respect to the plane of symmetry of the antenna and the power distribution is also symmetrical.
  • Each radiating guide is associated with a 4-bit phase shifter, for example.
  • These phase shifters include, for example, a succession of four phase shift cells, 180 °, 90 °, 45 ° and 22.5 °, respectively.
  • Each cell uses for example two diodes which are controlled either in the on state or in the blocked state. Two diodes of the same cell receive identical control signals at all times, except in the event of a fault, that is to say that they are both positioned at all times, ie in the on state, which corresponds to a first phase state, ie in the blocked state, which corresponds to the second phase state of the cell.
  • the device according to the invention comprises for example means for permanently monitoring the state of the diodes.
  • the state of the diodes is for example monitored via the control circuit by the value of the current in the control line and by the value of the voltage on the control line, each diode having a control line.
  • a normally functioning diode consumes in the passing state a significant current under a low voltage and in the blocked state a quasi-zero current under a voltage of several volts.
  • the failure of a diode puts it either in open circuit, which is an infrequent case, or in short circuit, which is the general case.
  • the control circuit self-monitors, for example, itself and transmits to the control system of the phase shifters, called a pointer, the overall state of the control circuit and of the phase shifters.
  • the device according to the invention is for example located in this pointer. It shares, for example, hardware circuits of the latter and includes, for example, software installed in addition to the pointer software.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates, by way of example and by means of a block diagram, the installation of a device according to the invention in a pointer 21.
  • a bus 22 comprising all the control lines for the diodes of the phase shifters 2 connects by these lines the phase shifters 2 to the pointer 21.
  • the latter includes for example the device according to the invention which is at least made up of means 23 for putting a phase shifter out of order and its symmetrical phase shifter in additional phase states. It further comprises, for example, means 24 for reading the state of the phase shifters. These states are obtained for example in the aforementioned manner by comparing the currents and voltages of the phase-shifting diodes with the positioning orders conveyed by the control lines of the bus 22.
  • phase shifters 2 are for example equipped with means 25 for establishing their state, these means acting for example by comparing the diode voltages with control voltages conveyed by the bus 22.
  • a processing of the other diode of the cell can be carried out, so that the failure of only one diode only causes blocking in one of the two normal states of the phase cell of which the diode is a part.
  • the second cell diode can for example be placed in the same microwave impedance state as the faulty diode by means for controlling the state of the diodes of the device according to the invention. So for example, if the faulty diode is in open circuit, the second diode is put in the blocked state.
  • the two diodes then have the same impedance state, open circuit, for a high frequency signal as if they were both in working condition and blocked. In this way, any failure of a single diode results in the blocking of the phase cell of which it is part in one of its two normal states.
  • the device according to the invention can be applied not only to a passive antenna supplied through a power distribution and diode phase shifters from a centralized transmitter, but it can also be applied to an active antenna incorporating the transmission function such as illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • a plurality of amplifiers 31 connected to the outputs of a low level distribution 32 feeds the different radiant elementary sources.
  • the phase shifters 2 are this time for example placed upstream of the amplifiers 31 and possibly integrated therein, the whole being able for example to be produced in the form of an integrated circuit.
  • the device according to the invention frees the design of the antennas from the constraints resulting from the effect of the failures on the pointing accuracy. It therefore allows, by eliminating a major cause of imprecision, a simpler and therefore less costly design. It can also apply to all types of phase shifters with electronic control whatever the technology used, it applies in particular to phase shifters with ferrites, phase shifters with diodes, or phase shifters in MMIC technology, these initials coming from the Anglo-Saxon expression "Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuits". In addition, it is not necessary to incorporate means into a phase shifter to prevent the latter from radiating when it is out of order.
  • phase shifter is an element used in numerous copies in an antenna with electronic scanning and represents, consequently, a significant part of the cost of the antenna. Any increase in the complexity of the phase shifter therefore has a negative impact on the cost of the antenna.
  • the device according to the invention also has flexibility of use due to the fact that there are a large number of solutions for choosing the phases ⁇ 0 and ⁇ - ⁇ 0, or 3 ⁇ - ⁇ 0 for example, which is equivalent, in which the faulty phase shifter and its symmetrical phase shifter are respectively blocked.
  • the device according to the invention can also be transposed to the case of an antenna with beam formation by calculation provided that this antenna is planar and symmetrical and provided that the laws of calculation of the beams are symmetrical in amplitude and in phase.
  • the invention consists when one of the phase values ⁇ 0 to be used in the calculation of a given radiation pattern is designated as erroneous or even only suspect, to set, for this radiation pattern, the value of phase concerning the symmetrical radiating source in the additional phase state. In this way, the pointing error linked to the erroneous phase value ⁇ 0 is canceled.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
EP95400071A 1994-01-21 1995-01-13 Einrichtung zur Kompensation des Richtungsfehlers bei einer Antenne mit elektronischer Ablenkung Expired - Lifetime EP0664574B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9400635A FR2715511B1 (fr) 1994-01-21 1994-01-21 Dispositif de compensation des erreurs de pointage causées par des pannes de déphaseurs d'antennes à balayage électronique ou de coefficients d'antennes à formation de faisceaux par le calcul.
FR9400635 1994-01-21

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0664574A1 true EP0664574A1 (de) 1995-07-26
EP0664574B1 EP0664574B1 (de) 1998-12-02

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EP95400071A Expired - Lifetime EP0664574B1 (de) 1994-01-21 1995-01-13 Einrichtung zur Kompensation des Richtungsfehlers bei einer Antenne mit elektronischer Ablenkung

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5650786A (de)
EP (1) EP0664574B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3477884B2 (de)
DE (1) DE69506290T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2715511B1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2762937A1 (fr) * 1997-05-05 1998-11-06 Alsthom Cge Alcatel Antenne active a reseau d'elements rayonnants a architecture redondante

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2775347B1 (fr) * 1998-02-24 2000-05-12 Thomson Csf Procede de determination de l'erreur de calage de la face rayonnante d'une antenne reseau a balayage electronique

Citations (8)

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DE2442185B2 (de) * 1974-09-04 1977-02-10 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Schaltung zur funktionspruefung einer elektronisch phasengesteuerten antennenanordnung
DE2904095A1 (de) * 1978-02-06 1979-08-09 Hazeltine Corp Phasengesteuerte feldantenne und phasenschiebereinrichtung
JPS6051302A (ja) * 1983-08-31 1985-03-22 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 移相器制御回路
US4649393A (en) * 1984-02-17 1987-03-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Phased array antennas with binary phase shifters
US4697141A (en) * 1986-07-31 1987-09-29 Hazeltine Corporation Testing of RF diode phase shifters
EP0367167A2 (de) * 1988-10-31 1990-05-09 Hughes Aircraft Company Verfahren und System zur Reduzierung von Phasenfehlern in einem Strahlsteuerungsregler für Radar mit phasengesteuerter Gruppenantenne
US4926186A (en) * 1989-03-20 1990-05-15 Allied-Signal Inc. FFT-based aperture monitor for scanning phased arrays
US5083131A (en) * 1990-05-31 1992-01-21 Hughes Aircraft Company Local compensation of failed elements of an active antenna array

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FR2153164B1 (de) * 1971-09-22 1976-10-29 Thomson Csf
FR2292370A1 (fr) * 1974-11-21 1976-06-18 Thomson Csf Generateur hyperfrequence de puissance a diodes a resistance negative et emetteur comportant un tel generateur
US4005361A (en) * 1975-11-04 1977-01-25 Lockheed Electronics Co., Inc. Performance assurance apparatus for phased antenna array drives
US4191960A (en) * 1978-01-27 1980-03-04 Hazeltine Corporation Phased array antenna with reduced phase quantization error
FR2429505A1 (fr) * 1978-06-20 1980-01-18 Thomson Csf Systeme d'alimentation periscopique pour antenne bi-gamme
US4176354A (en) * 1978-08-25 1979-11-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Phased-array maintenance-monitoring system
FR2527785A1 (fr) * 1982-05-27 1983-12-02 Thomson Csf Procede et dispositif de reduction de la puissance des signaux de brouillage recus par les lobes lateraux d'une antenne radar
FR2548836B1 (fr) * 1983-07-08 1986-02-21 Thomson Csf Antenne a couverture quasi torique a deux reflecteurs
FR2557737B1 (fr) * 1983-12-30 1987-12-18 Thomson Csf Antenne a deux reflecteurs cylindro-paraboliques croises et son procede de fabrication
FR2580868B1 (fr) * 1985-04-19 1988-04-08 Thomson Csf Dispositif reflechissant les ondes electromagnetiques d'une polarisation et son procede de realisation
FR2640821B1 (fr) * 1988-12-16 1991-05-31 Thomson Csf Antenne a couverture tridimensionnelle et balayage electronique, du type reseau volumique rarefie aleatoire
FR2645281B1 (fr) * 1989-03-31 1991-05-31 Thomson Csf Mesure de la stabilite en emission-reception d'un radar
FR2664985B1 (fr) * 1990-07-20 1992-11-27 Thomson Csf Dispositif de mesure de l'angle de site pour un radar equipe d'une antenne a reflecteur du type a double courbure.
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2442185B2 (de) * 1974-09-04 1977-02-10 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Schaltung zur funktionspruefung einer elektronisch phasengesteuerten antennenanordnung
DE2904095A1 (de) * 1978-02-06 1979-08-09 Hazeltine Corp Phasengesteuerte feldantenne und phasenschiebereinrichtung
US4359740A (en) * 1978-02-06 1982-11-16 Hazeltine Corporation Phased array antenna with extinguishable phase shifters
JPS6051302A (ja) * 1983-08-31 1985-03-22 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 移相器制御回路
US4649393A (en) * 1984-02-17 1987-03-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Phased array antennas with binary phase shifters
US4697141A (en) * 1986-07-31 1987-09-29 Hazeltine Corporation Testing of RF diode phase shifters
EP0367167A2 (de) * 1988-10-31 1990-05-09 Hughes Aircraft Company Verfahren und System zur Reduzierung von Phasenfehlern in einem Strahlsteuerungsregler für Radar mit phasengesteuerter Gruppenantenne
US4926186A (en) * 1989-03-20 1990-05-15 Allied-Signal Inc. FFT-based aperture monitor for scanning phased arrays
US5083131A (en) * 1990-05-31 1992-01-21 Hughes Aircraft Company Local compensation of failed elements of an active antenna array

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2762937A1 (fr) * 1997-05-05 1998-11-06 Alsthom Cge Alcatel Antenne active a reseau d'elements rayonnants a architecture redondante
WO1998050979A1 (fr) * 1997-05-05 1998-11-12 Alcatel Antenne active a reseau d'elements rayonnants a architecture redondante
US6288673B1 (en) 1997-05-05 2001-09-11 Alcatel Active antenna with array of radiating elements with redundant architecture

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2715511B1 (fr) 1996-02-23
JPH07235824A (ja) 1995-09-05
DE69506290T2 (de) 1999-05-12
DE69506290D1 (de) 1999-01-14
US5650786A (en) 1997-07-22
JP3477884B2 (ja) 2003-12-10
EP0664574B1 (de) 1998-12-02
FR2715511A1 (fr) 1995-07-28

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