Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
  • C11D3/0026—Low foaming or foam regulating compositions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
  • C11D1/12—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
  • C11D1/29—Sulfates of polyoxyalkylene ethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
  • C11D1/75—Amino oxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
  • C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
  • C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
  • C11D3/38627—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase containing lipase
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
  • C11D3/3902—Organic or inorganic per-compounds combined with specific additives
  • C11D3/3905—Bleach activators or bleach catalysts
  • C11D3/3907—Organic compounds

Definitions

• This invention relates to machine dishwashing compositions comprising a cleaning surfactant system, and preferably a water-soluble detergent builder system, and a suds suppressor system.
• the compositions comprise said surfactant system at a level which is directly related to the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant system, measured in water.
• Machine dishwashing processes are also provided.
• alkoxylated nonionic surfactants especially the low-foaming ethoxylated or ethoxylated/propoxylated alcohols, which are usually included at low levels in the formulations as wetting agents or to provide control of sudsing rather than to provide a primary cleaning function.
• alkoxylated nonionic surfactants commonly also find use as wetting agents in rinse aid compositions.
• Certain other surfactants which do not fall into the general class of the low-foaming/suds controlling alkoxylated nonionics, may act as a source of foaming and sudsing under the conditions of heat and agitation of a machine dishwashing process. This sudsing and foaming is highly undesirable in such a process. The desire to avoid such sudsing and foaming may explain why these other surfactants are not currently incorporated into commercially available machine dishwashing detergent products as cleaning agents.
• silicone suds suppressor may be incorporated into machine dishwashing detergent compositions being disclosed in for example US-A-3933672 and US-A-4136045.
• the incorporation of such silicone suds suppressor ameliorates the problem of sudsing and foaming during the dishwashing process and thus enables the formulator to include higher levels of surfactant which need not be inherently low foaming into the detergent product.
• Builder compounds are conventionally used in machine dishwashing and rinsing detergent products. Their principal action is to chelate magnesium and calcium ions.
• the magnesium and calcium ions may, in the absence of builder compounds or in underbuilt conditions, form insoluble salts which deposit as visible spots or films on the surfaces of the articles being washed. It is desirable that the builder compounds used in machine dishwashing detergent products are water-soluble since water insoluble builder compounds may also deposit on the articles being washed, remaining as visible spots at the end of the wash process.
• the overall performance of a machine dishwashing detergent product- is judged on a combination of its effectiveness in removing soils, particularly greasy soils, and its ability to prevent the redepositon of the soils, or the breakdown products of the soils or of any insoluble salts on the articles being washed.
• the insoluble salts may be the calcium, magnesium or heavy metal ion-containing salts of the soils, or the breakdown products of the soils, or they may be purely inorganic in nature. Redeposition effects result in the articles being coated in an unseemly film, appearing streaked or being covered in visible spots. Spotting, filming and streaking effects are usually most noticeable on glassware and on plastic articles.
• machine dishwashing or rinsing detergent products are free from chlorine bleaches or phosphate builder compounds.
• optimization of cleaning performance and minimization of spotting and filming effects are known to be particular challenges for the formulators of machine dishwashing containing no chlorine bleach and/or no phosphate builder compound.
• improved cleaning performance particularly improved soil removal performance
• a cleaning surfactant system which is distinct from the more typical wetting and/or suds controlling alkoxylated nonionic surfactant systems, incorporated at a level in the composition which is directly related to the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant system.
• the Applicants have also found that enhanced cleaning performance may be obtained in a machine dishwashing process where the wash solution employed in the process contains surfactant at a level which is directly related to the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of that surfactant.
• CMC critical micelle concentration
• the cleaning surfactant system has a high CMC value high levels of that surfactant system will be needed to provide effective cleaning performance.
• the surfactant system has a low CMC value lower levels of incorporation are reguired.
• surfactant for example, amine oxide surfactants are employed at too low a level in a machine dishwashing process the surfactant may physically or chemically interact with any fatty acids present in the wash solution, in a way which adversely affects the cleaning performance of the surfactant.
• surfactants for example, amine oxide surfactants are employed at too low a level in a machine dishwashing process the surfactant may physically or chemically interact with any fatty acids present in the wash solution, in a way which adversely affects the cleaning performance of the surfactant.
• relatively strong surfactant-fatty acid complexes may be formed which compromise the availability of the surfactant for detergency purposes.
• Free fatty acids can be present at not insignificant levels (up to 30% by weight) in "cooked" fat soils, and are also produced in the enzymatic hydrolysis of protein, and fat soils.
• Optimization of surfactant level, with regard to the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant system, is hence especially important in the formulation of enzyme- containing machine dishwashing compositions, particularly those containing lipolytic enzymes.
• the measured CMC value of a surfactant system is to an extent dependent upon the nature of the solution medium in which the measurement is made.
• the ionic strength of the solution and temperature are relevant factors.
• the CMC of a surfactant in the wash solution of a typical machine dishwashing process which is formed by dissolving a multicomponent detergent product in a volume of water at a certain temperature, will thus be different from, but related to, the CMC value measured in water under standard defined conditions CMC.
• the critical micelle concentration of a surfactant system in a solution medium is, as has been noted above, to an extent dependent on the nature of that solution medium. Where the ionic strength of the solution medium is increased, the CMC value will decrease. Thus more effective cleaning performance is predicted to be obtained in a machine dishwashing process for wash solutions of high ionic strength in comparison to those of lower ionic strength for a fixed concentration of surfactant in the wash solution.
• said surfactant systems in accord with the invention contain at least in part a surfactant which demonstrates lime soap dispersant capability and hence acts such as to mitigate spotting and filming effect of articles in the wash.
• a suds suppressor system as a preferred optional component, means that the surfactant system may be of either a low or high foaming character and may be present at relatively high levels in the composition.
• a lime soap dispersant is a material that prevents the precipitation of alkali metal, ammonium or amine salts of fatty acids by calcium or magnesium ions.
• lime soap dispersants have found widespread use in fatty acid soap-containing detergent products such as bar soaps and soap flakes for use in laundering processes.
• Lime soap dispersants are included in such fatty acid soap containing detergent product, to aid dispersion of the highly undesirable lime soap scums or curds which inevitable arise due to the fatty acid soaps forming insoluble magnesium and calcium salts with hardness ions present in the wash solution.
• machine dishwashing compositions typically contain only non-soap surfactants as the components of any surfactant systems.
• Many, non-soap surfactants typically do not form insoluble magnesium and calcium salts with hardness ions present in the wash solution, and therefore the inclusion of lime soap dispersants in detergent compositions containing only non- soap surfactants is conventionally seen as unnecessary.
• any lime soap dispersant component of the surfactant system is also an effective surface active agent.
• the surfactant system contains, at least in part, surfactant which demonstrates good lime soap dispersant capability.
• the machine dishwashing detergent compositions of the present invention are of particular value when formulated as compositions containing no chlorine bleach and no phosphate builder compound.
• a detergent composition suitable for use in a machine dishwashing process containing a surfactant system free from alkoxylated nonionic surfactant at a level, in ppm by weight, of greater than 1500 times the critical micelle concentration, in ppm, of said surfactant system, measured in water.
• At least 10% by weight of the surfactant system comprises surfactant having a lime soap dispersant power of no more than 8 .
• the composition contains from 1% to 80% by weight of detergent builder compound.
• composition contains from 0.01% to 15% by weight of a suds suppressor system.
• the detergent builder compound is a non-phosphate detergent builder compound.
• the composition is free from chlorine bleach.
• a machine dishwashing process comprising treating soiled articles selected from crockery, glassware, hollowware and cutlery and mixtures thereof, with a wash solution having dissolved or dispensed therein an amount of machine dishwashing composition in accord with the compositional aspect of the invention, such that the concentration, in ppm by weight, of said surfactant system in said wash solution is at least six times, preferably at least ten times, more preferably at least twenty times, and most preferably at least thirty times the critical micelle concentration, in ppm, of the surfactant system, measured in water.
• a machine dishwashing process from 8g to 60g of product will be employed, the product being dissolved or dispersed in a wash solution of volume from 3 to 10 litres, to give a product concentration of from 800 ppm to 20,00 ppm, preferably from 2,000 to 10,000 ppm, more preferably from 3,000 to 6,000 ppm.
• the machine dishwashing compositions of the invention contain as an essential component a surfactant system comprising surfactant which may be selected from anionic, cationic, nonionic, ampholytic, amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants and mixtures thereof.
• surfactant which may be selected from anionic, cationic, nonionic, ampholytic, amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants and mixtures thereof.
• the primary role of said surfactant system is to aid cleaning, that is soil removal.
• the surfactant system of the invention does not contain the alkoxylated nonionic surfactant compounds described herein.
• Such alkoxylated nonionic surfactant compounds may however be present as optional components of the composition as wetting agents or as suds controlling components.
• the surfactant system is typically present at a level of from 1.5% to 50% by weight, more preferably 2.5% to 25% by weight, most preferably from 3% to 20% by weight of the composition, the components of the surfactant system having been selected on the basis of their critical micelle concentration, as measured in water, to allow inclusion at such levels by weight.
• compositions of the invention preferably contain at most, only low levels of fatty acid compounds, such as fatty acids, soap surfactants, and other fatty acid salts.
• soap surfactants it is meant herein the sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, typically with a carbon, chain length of from 8 to 18 carbons atom, including for example, the sodium and potassium salts of stearic, palmitic and oleic acids.
• the compositions of the invention may however incorporate at levels of no more than 3% by weight, more preferably no more than 1% by weight, fatty acid compounds, such as for example the C14-C2 0 fatty acids, fatty acid-containing compounds such as aluminium tristearate and soap surfactants which may act as corrosion inhibitors.
• the surfactant system is present in the machine dishwashing compositions in accord with the invention at a level, in ppm by weight, of greater than 1500, preferably greater than 2500, more preferably greater than 5000, most preferably greater than 10,000 times the critical micelle concentration of said surfactant system, expressed in ppm, measured in water.
• the surfactant system for inclusion in the compositions in accord with the invention preferably has a critical micelle concentration, in water, of not more than lOOppm, more preferably not more than 50ppm, most preferably not more than 20ppm.
• compositions are employed at a product dosage level to provide a concentration of surfactant system in the wash solution, expressed in ppm by weight, of at least six times, preferably at least ten times, more preferably at least twenty times, most preferably at least thirty times the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant system, in ppm, measured in water.
• at least 10% by weight, more preferably 25% by weight, most preferably at least 50% and in an exemplary composition in accord with the invention 100% by weight of the surfactant system comprises surfactant having good lime soap dispersant capability, characterized in that said surfactant has a lime soap dispersant power of no more than 8, preferably no more than 7, more preferably less than 6.
• a lime soap dispersant is a material that prevents the precipitation of alkali metal, ammonium or amine salts of fatty acids by calcium or magnesium ions.
• a numerical measure of the effectiveness of a lime soap dispersant is given by the lime soap dispensing power (LSDP) which is determined using the lime soap dispersion test as described in an article by H.C. Borghetty and CA. Bergman, J. Am.
• the LSDP is the % weight ratio of dispersing agent to sodium oleate required to disperse the lime soap deposits formed by 0.025g of sodium oleate in
• the lime soap dispersing power is then obtained as:
• LSDP (weight of lime soap dispersing agent) x 100 (weight of sodium oleate)
• a material with a lower LSDP is a more effective lime soap dispersant than one with a higher LSDP.
• Surfactants having good lime soap dispersant capability will include certain amine oxides, betaines, sulfobetaines, alkyl ethoxysulfates and ethoxylated alcohols.
• the surfactant system is preferably formulated to be compatible with any enzyme components present in the composition.
• the surfactant system is most preferably formulated such that it promotes, or at least does not degrade, the stability of any enzyme in these compositions.
• the anionic surfactant may be essentially any anionic surfactant, including anionic sulfate, and sulfonate surfactant.
• Highly preferred anionic surfactants herein are sodium or potassium salt-forms for which the corresponding calcium salt form has a low Krafft temperature of for example 30 deg. C or below, or, even better, 20 deg. C or lower.
• anionic surfacants the calcium salts of which have low Krafft temperatures, into the surfactant systems in accord with the present invention tends to minimize film formation on hard surfaces.
• examples of such highly preferred anionic surfactants are the alkyl ethoxy sulfate surfactants.
• the anionic sulfate surfactant may be any organic sulfate surfactant. It is preferably selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 20 linear or branched chain alkyl sulfate which has been ethoxylated with from about 0.5 to about 20 moles of ethylene oxide per molecule, C9-C17 acyl-N-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) glucamine sulfated, -N-(C 2 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl) glucamine sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
• the anionic sulfate surfactant is a Cg-C ⁇ g alkyl sulfate which has been ethoxylated with from about 0.5 to about 20, preferably from about 0.5 to about 5, moles of ethylene oxide per molecule.
• Preferred alkyl ethoxy sulfate surfactants comprise a primary alkyl ethoxy sulfate derived from the condensation product of a Cg-C 18 alcohol with an average of from about
• C ⁇ 2 -C 1 5 alkyl sulfate which has been ethoxylated with from about 1 to about 5 moles of ethylene oxide per molecule is preferred alkyl ethoxy sulfate surfactant.
• Highly branched C ⁇ o ⁇ 1 8 alkyl ethoxy sulfates, with a degree of ethoxylation of from 5 to 20, in combination with linear methyl branched Cg-C ⁇ o alkyl ethoxy sulfates with a degree of ethoxylation of from 5 to 20 are also preferred.
• compositions of the invention are formulated to have a pH of between 6 to 9.5, preferably between 7.5 to 9, wherein the pH is defined herein to be the pH of a 1% solution of the composition measured at 20°C
• surprisingly robust soil removal is obtained when C ⁇ o ⁇ c l8 alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactant, with an average degree of ethoxylation of from 0.5 to 5 is incorporated into the composition in combination with a proteolytic enzyme, such as neutral or alkaline proteases at a level of active enzyme of from 0.005% to 2%.
• Preferred alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactant for inclusion in such compositions with a pH of between 6 to 9.5 are the C ⁇ -Ci5 alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactants with an average degree of ethoxylation of from 1 to 5, preferably 2 to 4, most preferably 3.
• Blends can be made of material having different degrees of ethoxylation and/or different ethoxylate distributions arising from the specific ethoxylation techniques employed and subsequent processing steps such as distillation.
• Anionic sulfate surfactants include the C5-C17 acyl-N-(C ⁇ - C 4 alkyl) and -N-(C ⁇ C 2 hydroxyalkyl) glucamine sulfates, preferably those in which the C5-C17 acyl group is derived from coconut or palm kernel oil. These materials can be prepared by the method disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,717,894, Schwartz, issued September 13, 1955.
• the counterion for the anionic sulfate surfactant component is preferably selected from calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, or alkanol-ammonium, and mixtures thereof, more preferably sodium or potassium, or mixtures thereof.
• Anionic sulfonate surfactant Anionic sulfonate surfactant
• Anionic sulfonate surfactants suitable for use herein include essentially any sulfonate surfactants including, for example, the salts (eg : alkali metal salts) of C 5 -C 2 o linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, C -C22 primary or secondary alkane sulfonates, C 6 -C 2 olefin sulfonates, sulfonated polycarboxylic acids, alkyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty acyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty oleyl glycerol sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates, and any mixtures thereof. Certain sulfonate surfactants may form precipitates with hardness ions making them less preferred for use herein.
• Anionic alkyl ethoxy carboxylate surfactant Anionic alkyl ethoxy carboxylate surfactant
• Alkyl ethoxy carboxylates suitable for use herein include those with the fomula RO(CH 2 CH 2 0) X CH 2 C00"M + wherein R is a C to C 18 alkyl group, x ranges from 0 to 10, and the ethoxylate distribution is such that, on a weight basis, the amount of material where x is 0 is less than about 20
• the preferred alkyl ethoxy carboxylates are those where R is a C* ⁇ 2 to C ⁇ 8 alkyl group.
• Anionic alkyl polvethoxy polvcarboxylate surfactant Anionic alkyl polvethoxy polvcarboxylate surfactant
• Alkyl polyethoxy polcarboxylate surfactants suitable for use herein include those having the formula :
• R is a C 6 to C ⁇ 8 alkyl group, x is from 1 to 25, R* ⁇ and R are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl acid radical, succinic acid radical, hydroxysuccinic acid radical, and mixtures thereof, wherein at least one R ⁇ or R 2 is a succinic acid radical or hydroxysuccinic acid radical, and R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having between 1 and 8 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.
• anionic surfactants suitable for the purposes of the invention are the alkali metal sarcosinates of formula R-CON (R 1 ) CH 2 COOM
• R is a C 5 -C 17 linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group
• R 1 is a alkyl group
• M is an alkali metal ion.
• Preferred examples are the myristyl and oleyl methyl sarcosinates in the form of their sodium salts.
• alkyl ester sulfonate surfactants which include linear esters of C 8 -C 0 carboxylic acids (i.e., fatty acids) which are sulfonated with gaseous S0 3 according to "The Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society," 52 (1975), pp. 323- 329.
• Suitable starting materials would include natural fatty substances as derived from tallow, palm oil, etc.
• the preferred alkyl ester sulfonate surfactants have the structural formula:
• R 3 is a C 8 -C 2 o hydrocarbyl, preferably an alkyl, or combination thereof
• R 4 is a C- ⁇ -Cg hydrocarbyl, preferably an alkyl, or combination thereof
• M is a cation which forms a water soluble salt with the alkyl ester sulfonate.
• Suitable salt-forming cations include metals such as sodium,, potassium, and lithium, and substituted or unsubstituted ammonium cations, such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine.
• R 3 is c 1 0 ⁇ 18 alkyl
• R is methyl, ethyl or isopropyl.
• methyl ester sulfonates wherein R 3 is C 10 -C ⁇ 8 alkyl.
• anionic surfactants useful for detersive purposes can also be included in the compositions hereof. These can include salts (including, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, and substituted ammonium salts such as mono-, di- and triethanolamine salts) of fatty oleyl glycerol sulfates, alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates, alkyl phosphates, isethionates such as the acyl isethionates, N- acyl taurates, fatty acid amides of methyl tauride, alkyl succinates and sulfosuccinates, onoesters of sulfosuccinate (especially saturated and unsaturated C- 2 -
• salts including, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, and substituted ammonium salts such as mono-, di- and triethanolamine salts
• fatty oleyl glycerol sulfates alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether
• C monoesters diesters of sulfosuccinate (especially saturated and unsaturated C 6-C1,4_ diesters) , N-acyl sarcosinates, sulfates of alkylpolysaccharides such as the sulfates of alkylpolyglucoside (the nonionic nonsulfated compounds being described herein) , branched primary alkyl sulfates, alkyl polyethoxy carboxylates such as those of the formula RO(CH 2 CH 2 0)-.CH 2 COO-M + wherein R is a C 8 -C 22 alkyl, k is an integer from 0 to 10, and M is a soluble salt-forming cation, and fatty acids esterified with isethionic acid and neutralized with sodium hydroxide.
• R is a C 8 -C 22 alkyl
• k is an integer from 0 to 10
• M is a soluble salt-forming cation
• Resin acids and hydrogenated resin acids are also suitable, such as rosin, hydrogenated rosin, and resin acids and hydrogenated resin acids present in or derived from tall oil. Further examples are given in "Surface Active Agents and Detergents" (Vol. I and II by Schwartz, Perry and Berch) . A variety of such surfactants are also generally disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,929,678, issued December 30, 1975 to Laughlin, et al. at Column 23, line 58 through Column 29, line 23.
• nonionic surfactant components of the surfactant system in accord with the invention do not include the nonionic alkylene oxide condensates (alkyloxylated nonionic surfactants) described hereinafter, which however may be present as optional components of compositions in accord with the invention for their suds controlling and/or wetting agent properties.
• Suitable nonionic detergent surfactants are generally disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,929,678, Laughlin et al., issued December 30, 1975, at column 13, line 14 through column 16, line 6, incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary, non- limiting classes of useful nonionic surfactants are listed below.
• Nonionic polvhvdroxy fatty acid amide surfactant Nonionic polvhvdroxy fatty acid amide surfactant
• Polyhydroxy fatty acid amides suitable for use herein are those having the structural formula :
• Rl is H, hydrocarbyl, 2-hydroxy ethyl, 2- hydroxy propyl, or a mixture thereof, preferable C1-C4 alkyl, more preferably C*** ⁇ or C alkyl, most preferably C 1 alkyl (i.e., methyl); and R 2 is a C 5 -C 31 hydrocarbyl, preferably straight-chain C 5 -C 19 alkyl or alkenyl, more preferably straight-chain Cg-C 17 alkyl or alkenyl, most preferably straight-chain C ⁇ -C ⁇ alkyl or alkenyl, or mixture thereof; and Z is a polyhydroxyhydrocarbyl having a linear hydrocarbyl chain with at least 3 hydrox Is directly connected to the chain, or an alkoxylated derivative
• Z preferably will be derived from a reducing sugar in a reductive amination reaction; more preferably Z is a glycityl.
• Suitable reducing sugars include glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, annose, and xylose.
• high dextrose corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, and high maltose corn syrup can be utilized as well as the individual sugars listed above. These corn syrups may yield a mix of sugar components for Z. It should be understood that it is by no means intended to exclude other suitable raw materials. Z preferably will be selected from the group consisting of -CH -(CHOH) n -CH2-OH ,
• n is an integer from 3 to 5, inclusive, and R* is H or a cyclic or aliphatic monosaccharide, and alkoxylate derivative thereof.
• R* is H or a cyclic or aliphatic monosaccharide, and alkoxylate derivative thereof.
• Most preferred are glycityls wherein n is 4, particularly -CH 2 -(CHOH) 4 -CH 2 OH.
• R 1 can be, for example, N-methyl, N-ethyl, N-propyl, N-isopropyl, N-butyl, N-2-hydroxy ethyl, or N-2- hydroxy propyl.
• R2-CO-N ⁇ can be, for example, cocamide, stearamide, oleamide, lauramide, myristamide, capricamide, palmitamide, tallowamide, etc.
• Z can be 1-deoxyglucityl, 2-deoxyfructityl, 1- deoxymaltityl, 1-deoxylactityl, l-deoxygalactityl, 1- deoxymannityl, 1-deoxymaltotriotityl, etc.
• the most preferred polyhydroxy fatty acid amide has the general formula : 0 CH 3
• R 2 is a straight chain C ⁇ -C ⁇ alkyl or alkenyl group.
• Suitable alkylpolysaccharides for use herein are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,565,647, Llenado, issued January 21, 1986, having a hydrophobic group containing from about 6 to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably from about 10 to about 16 carbon atoms and a polysaccharide, e.g., a polyglycoside, hydrophilic group containng from about 1.3 to about 10, preferably from about 1.3 to about 3, most preferably from about 1.3 to about 2.7 saccharide units. Any reducing saccharide containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms can be used, e.g., glucose, galactose and galactosyl moieties can be substituted for the glucosyl moieties.
• the hydrophobic group is attached at the 2-, 3-, 4-, etc. positions thus giving a glucose or galactose as opposed to a glucoside or galactoside.
• the intersaccharide bonds can be, e.g., between the one position of the additional saccharide units and the 2-, 3-, 4-, and/or 6- positions on the preceding saccharide units.
• a polyalkyleneoxide chain joining the hydrophobic moiety and the polysaccharide moiety.
• the preferred alkyleneoxide is ethylene oxide.
• Typical hydrophobic groups include alkyl groups, either saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched containing from 8 to 18, preferably from 10 to 16, carbon atoms.
• the alkyl group is a straight-chain saturated alkyl group.
• the alkyl group can contain up to about 3 hydroxyl groups and/or the polyalkyleneoxide chain can contain up to about 10, preferably less than 5, alkyleneoxide moieties.
• Suitable alkyl polysaccharides are octyl, nonyldecyl, undecyldodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, and octadecyl, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexaglucosides, galatoses.
• Suitable mixtures include coconut alkyl, di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentaglucosides and tallow alkyl tetra-, penta- and hexaglucosides.
• the preferred alkylpolyglycosides have the formula
• R2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylphenyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkylphenyl, and mixtures thereof in which the alkyl groups contain from 10 to 18, preferably from 12 to 14, carbon atoms; n is 2 or 3, preferably from about 1.3 to about 3, most preferably from about 1.3 to about 2.7.
• the glycosyl is preferably derived from glucose. To prepare these compounds, the alcohol or alkylpolyethoxy alcohol is formed first and then reacted with glucose, or a source of glucose, to form the glucoside (attachment at the 1-position) . The additional glycosyl units can then be attached between their 1-position and the preceding glycosyl units 2-,3-, 4- and/or 6-position, preferably predominantly the 2-position.
• Nonionic fattv acid amide surfactant Nonionic fattv acid amide surfactant
• Fatty acid amide surfactants suitable for use herein are those having the formula:
• R 6 C—N(R 7 )2 wherein R 6 is an alkyl group containing from 7 to 21, preferably from 9 to 17 carbon atoms and each R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C-- L -C4 alkyl, C-- L -C 4 hydroxyalkyl, and -(C 2 H 0) x H, where x is in the range of from 1 to 3.
• a pholytic surfactant A pholytic surfactant
• Ampholytic surfactants can be incorporated into the detergent compositions herein. These surfactants can be broadly described as aliphatic derivatives of secondary or tertiary amines, or aliphatic derivatives of heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic radical can be straight chain or branched.
• One of the aliphatic substituents contains at least about 8 carbon atoms, typically from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and at least one contains an anionic water-solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate. See U.S. Patent No. 3,929,678 to Laughlin et al., issued December 30, 1975 at column 19, lines 18-35 for examples of ampholytic surfactants.
• Suitable amphoteric surfactants for use herein include the alkyl amphocarboxylic acids of the formula
• R is a C 8 -C 18 alkyl group, and R* is of the general formula
• R 1 is a (CH 2 ) x C00M or CH 2 CH 2 0H, and x is 1 or 2 and
• M is preferably chosen from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, mono-, di-, and tri-ethanolammonium, most preferably from sodium, potassium, ammonium and mixtures thereof with magnesium ions.
• the preferred R alkyl chain length is a C 10 to c 14 alkyl group.
• a preferred amphocarboxylic acid is produced from fatty imidazolines wherein the dicarboxylic acid functionality of the amphodicarboxylic acid is diacetic acid and/or dipropionic acid.
• Amine oxides useful, as amphoteric surfactants, in the present invention include those compounds having the formula :
• R 3 is selected from an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, acylamidopropoyl and alkyl phenyl group, or mixtures thereof, containing from 8 to 26 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 16 carbon atoms;
• R 4 is an alkylene or hydroxyalkylene group containing from 2 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 2 carbon atoms, or mixtures thereof;
• x is from 0 to 5, preferably from 0 to 3; and each R 5 is an alkyl or hydyroxyalkyl group containing from 1 to 3, preferably from 1 to 2 carbon atoms, or a polyethylene oxide group containing from 1 to 3, preferable 1, ethylene oxide groups.
• the R 5 groups can be attached to each other, e.g.
• amine oxide surfactants in particular include C 10 -C 18 alkyl dimethyl amine oxides and C 8 -C 18 alkoxy ethyl dihydroxyethyl amine oxides.
• Examples of such materials include dimethyloctylamine oxide, diethyldecylamine oxide, bis-(2-hydroxyethy1)dodecylamine oxide, dimethyldodecylamine oxide, dipropyltetradecylamine oxide, methylethylhexadecylamine oxide, dodecylamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide, cetyl di ethylamine oxide, stearyl dimethylamine oxide, tallow dimethylamine oxide and tallow bis-(2-hydroxy ethyl) amine oxide.
• Preferred are CIQ-CIS alkyl dimethylamine oxide, and C 10 -1 8 acylamido alkyl dimethylamine oxide.
• Zwitterionic surfactants can also be incorporated into the detergent compositions hereof. These surfactants can be broadly described as derivatives of secondary and tertiary amines, derivatives of heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines, or derivatives of quaternary ammonium, quaternary phosphonium or tertiary sulfonium compounds. See U.S. Patent No. 3,929,678 to Laughlin et al., issued December 30, 1975 at column 19, line 38 through column 22, line 48 (herein incorporated by reference) for examples of zwitterionic surfactants.
• the betaines useful herein are those compounds having the formula R(R' ) 2 N + R 2 C00 ⁇ wherein R is a C 6 -C 18 hydrocarbyl group, preferably a IQ-C 16 alkyl group or C 10 -i 6 acylamido alkyl group, each R 1 is typically C1-C 3 alkyl, preferably methyl,m and R 2 is a C- ⁇ -C ⁇ hydrocarbyl group, preferably a
• betaines include coconut acylamidopropyldimethyl betaine; hexadecyl dimethyl betaine; C 1 _ 1 4 acyla idopropylbetaine; C 8 -i 4 acylamidohexyldiethyl betaine; [Ci4_i 6 acylmethylamidodiethylammonio]-l-carboxybutane; C 16 _ 18 acylamidodimethylbetaine; C 12 _ 16 acylamidopentanediethyl- betaine; [C 12 _ 16 acylmethylamidodimethylbetaine.
• Preferred betaines are C12- 1S dimethyl-ammonio hexanoate and the C- ⁇ o- 18 acylamidopropane (or ethane) dimethyl (or diethyl) betaines.
• the sultaines useful herein are those compounds having the formula (R(R X ) 2 N + R 2 S0 3 ⁇ wherein R is a C 6 -C 18 hydrocarbyl group, preferably a C 10 ⁇ c 1 6 alkyl group, more preferably a c 12 ⁇ c 13 alkyl group, each R 1 is typically C1-C3 alkyl, preferably methyl, and R 2 is a Ci-Cg hydrocarbyl group, preferably a 0* ⁇ -0 3 alkylene or, less preferably a hydroxyalkylene group.
• Suitable sultaines include C 12 -C 14 dimethylammonio-2-hydroxypropyl sulfonate, c 12-14 amido propyl ammonio-2-hydroxypropyl sultaine, C 12 _ 14 dihydroxyethylammonio propane sulfonate, and C- ⁇ ⁇ IQ dimethylammonio hexane sulfonate, with C ⁇ 2 _i4 amido propyl ammonio-2-hydroxypropyl sultaine being preferred.
• R is a hydrocarbon group having from 7 to 22 carbon atoms
• A is the group (C(O))
• n is 0 or 1
• R 1 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group
• x is 2 or 3
• y is an integer of 0 to 4
• Q is the group -R 2 COOM wherein R 2 is an alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and M is hydrogen or an ion from the groups alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, ammonium and substituted ammonium
• B is hydrogen or a group Q as defined.
• Preferred amides are C 8 -C 20 alkyl mono- or di-C 2 -C 3 alkanolamides, especially monoethanola ides, diethanolamides, and isopropanolamides.
• Ampholytic, amphoteric and zwitteronic surfactants are generally used in combination with one or more anionic and/or nonionic surfactants.
• Cationic surfactants can also be used in the detergent compositions herein and suitable quaternary ammonium surfactants are selected from mono Cg-Cig, preferably Cg- C 10 N-alkyl or alkenyl ammonium surfactants wherein remaining N positions are substituted by methyl, hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl groups.
• Alkoxylated nonionic surfactants are defined herein to include the nonionic ethoxylated alcohol surfactants , nonionic condensates of alkyl phenols, the nonionic ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohols, nonionic EO/PO condensates with propylene glycol and nonionic EO ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohols, nonionic EO/PO condensates with propylene glycol and nonionic EO condensation products with propylene oxide/ethylene diamine adducts, as described hereinafter.
• Such alkoxylated nonionic surfactants may be incorporated into the machine dishwashing compositions at levels of no more than 5% by weight, more typically no more than 3% by weight, preferably from 0.5% to 2.5% by weight of the composition.
• These alkyloxylated nonionic surfactants may act as wetting agents or suds controllers, but typically do not have a primary cleaning role.
• polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols are suitable for use herein.
• the polyethylene oxide condensates are preferred. These compounds include the condensation products of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group containing from about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms in either a straight chain or branched chain configuration with the alkylene oxide.
• the ethylene oxide is present in an amount equal to from about 5 to about 25 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl phenol.
• nonionic surfactants of this type include IgepalTM CO-630, marketed by the GAF Corporation; and TritonTM X-45, X-114, X-100, and X-102, all marketed by the Rohm & Haas Company.
• alkyl ethoxylate condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with from about 1 to about 25 moles of ethylene oxide are suitable for use herein.
• the alkyl chain of the aliphatic alcohol can either be straight or branched, primary or secondary, and generally contains from 6 to 22 carbon atoms.
• Particularly preferred are the condensation products of alcohols having an alkyl group containing from
• nonionic surfactants of this type include TergitolTM 15-S-9 (the condensation product of CH-C15 linear alcohol with 9 moles ethylene oxide) , TergitolTM 24-L-6 NMW (the condensation product of c 12 ⁇ 14 primary alcohol with 6 moles ethylene oxide with a narrow molecular weight distribution) , both marketed by
• NeodolTM 45-9 the condensation product of C 14 -C 15 linear alcohol with 9 moles of ethylene oxide
• NeodolTM 23-6.5 the condensation product of C ⁇ 2 -
• NeodolTM 45-7 (the condensation product of C ⁇ -C ⁇ linear alcohol with 7 moles of ethylene oxide)
• NeodolTM 45-4 the condensation product of C14-C15 linear alcohol with 4 moles of ethylene oxide
• KyroTM EOBN (the condensation product of C1 3 -C15 alcohol with 9 moles ethylene oxide) , marketed by The Procter & Gamble Company.
• the ethoxylated Cg-C 18 fatty alcohols and Cg-C 18 mixed ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohols are suitable surfactants for use herein, particularly where water soluble.
• the ethoxylated fatty alcohols are the c 1 0 *" c 1 8 ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a degree of ethoxylation of from 3 to 50, most preferably these are the C 1 -C 18 ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a degree of ethoxylation from 3 to 40.
• the mixed ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohols have an alkyl chain length of from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, a degree of ethoxylation of from 3 to 30 and a degree of propoxylation of from l to 10.
• a highly preferred surfactant of this type is a C13-C15 mixed ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohol with an average degree of ethoxylation of 3.8, and an average degree of propoxylation of 4.5, sold under the tradename Pluratec LF404 by BASF GmbH.
• the condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol are suitable for use herein.
• the hydrophobic portion of these compounds preferably has a molecular weight of from about 1500 to about 1800 and exhibits water insolubility.
• the addition of polyoxyethylene moieties of this hydrophobic portion tends to increase the water solubility of the molecule as a whole, and the liquid character of the product is retained up to the point where the polyoxyethylene content is about 50% of the total weight of the condensation product, which corresponds to condensation with up to about 40 moles of ethylene oxide.
• Examples of compounds of this type include certain of the commercially-available PluronicTM surfactants, marketed by BASF.
• the condensation products of ethylene oxide with the product resulting from the reaction of propylene oxide and ethylenediamine are suitable for use herein.
• the hydrophobic moiety of these products consists of the reaction product of ethylenediamine and excess propylene oxide, and generally has a molecular weight of from about 2500 to about 3000.
• This hydrophobic moiety is condensed with ethylene oxide to the extent that the condensation product contains from about 40% to about 80% by weight of polyoxyethylene and has a molecular weight of from about 5,000 to about 11,000.
• this type of nonionic surfactant include certain of the commercially available TetronicTM compounds, marketed by BASF.
• a hydrotrope is typically added to the compositions of the present invention, and may be present at levels of from 0.5% to 10%, preferably from 1% to 5%, by weight.
• Useful hydrotropes include sodium, potassium, and ammonium xylene sulfonates, sodium, potassium, and ammonium toluene sulfonate, sodium potassium and ammonium cumene sulfonate, and mixtures thereof.
• hydrotropes include polycarboxylates. Some polycarboxylates have calcium chelating properties as well as hydrotropic properties. Particularly useful hydrotropes are alkylpolyethoxy polycarboxylate surfactants of the type as previously described herein.
• R is a C 8 to C ⁇ 8 alkyl group
• x is from 1 to 2
• M is preferably chosen from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, mono-, di-, and tri-ethanolammonium, most preferably from sodium, potassium, ammonium, and mixtures thereof with magnesium ions.
• the preferred alkyl chain length (R) is a C 10 to c 14 alkyl group and the dicarboxylic acid functionally is diacetic acid and/or dipropionic acid.
• alkyl amphodicarboxylic acid is the amphoteric surfactant Miranol R 2CM Cone.manufactured by Miranol, Inc., Dayton, NJ.
• the machine dishwashing detergent composition of the present invention preferably contains water-soluble detergent builder compound present at a level of from 1% to 80% by weight, preferably from 10% to 70% by weight, most preferably from 20% to 60% weight of the composition.
• Suitable water-soluble detergent builder compounds include, but are not restricted to monomeric polycarboxylates, of their acid forms homo or copolymeric polycarboxylic acids or their salts in which the polycarboxylic acid comprises at least two carboxylic radicals separated from each other by not more that two carbon atoms, carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, phosphates, silicates and mixtures of any of the foregoing.
• Suitable water-soluble monomeric or oligomeric carboxylate builders can be selected from a wide range of compounds but such compounds preferably have a first carboxyl logarithmic acidity/constant (pK ⁇ ) of less than 9, preferably of between 2 and 8.5, more preferably of between 4 and 7.5.
• the logarithmic acidity constant is defined by reference to the equilibrium
• A is the fully ionized carboxylate anion of the builder salt.
• acidity constants are defined at 25°C and at zero ionic strength.
• Literature values are taken where possible (see Stability Constants of Metal-Ion Complexes, Special Publication No. 25, The Chemical Society, London) : where doubt arises they are determined by potentiometric titration using a glass electrode.
• the carboxylate or polycarboxylate builder can be momomeric or oligomeric in type although monomeric polycarboxylates are generally preferred for reasons of cost and performance.
• Monomeric and oligomeric builders can be selected from acyclic, alicyclic, heterocyclic and aromatic carboxylates having the general formulae
• R* ⁇ represents H,Ci_3Q alkyl or alkenyl optionally substituted by hydroxy, carboxy, sulfo or phosphono groups or attached to a polyethylenoxy moiety containing up to 20 ethyleneoxy groups
• R 2 represents H, C ⁇ _4 alkyl, alkenyl or hydroxy alkyl, or alkaryl, sulfo, or phosphono groups
• X represents a single bond; O; S; SO; S0 ; or NR ⁇ ;
• Y represents H; carboxy;hydroxy; carboxymethyloxy; or c l - 30 alkyl or alkenyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or carboxy groups;
• Z represents H; or carboxy; m is an integer from 1 to 10; n is an integer from 3 to 6; p, q are integers from 0 to 6, p + q being from 1 to 6; and wherein, X, Y, and Z each have the same or different representations when repeated in a given molecular formula, and wherein at least one Y or Z in a molecule contain a carboxyl group.
• Suitable carboxylates containing one carboxy group include the water soluble salts of lactic acid, glycolic acid and ether derivatives thereof as disclosed in Belgian Patent Nos. 831,368, 821,369 and 821,370.
• Polycarboxylates containing two carboxy groups include the water-soluble salts of succinic acid, malonic acid, (ethylenedioxy) diacetic acid, maleic acid, diglycolic acid, tartaric acid, tartronic acid and fumaric acid, as well as the ether carboxylates described in German Offenlegenschrift 2,446,686, and 2,446,687 and U.S. Patent No. 3,935,257 and the sulfinyl carboxylates described in Belgian Patent No. 840,623.
• Polycarboxylates containing three carboxy groups include, in particular, water-soluble citrates, aconitrates and citraconates as well as succinate derivatives such as the carboxymethyloxysuccinates described in British Patent No. 1,379,241, lactoxysuccinates described in British Patent No. 1,389,732, and aminosuccinates described in Netherlands Application 7205873, and the oxypolycarboxylate materials such as 2-oxa-l,1,3-propane tricarboxylates described in British Patent No. 1,387,447.
• Polycarboxylates containing four carboxy groups include oxydisuccinates disclosed in British Patent No. 1,261,829, 1,1,2,2-ethane tetracarboxylates, 1,1,3,3-propane tetracarboxylates and 1,1,2,3-propane tetracarboxylates.
• Polycarboxylates containing sulfo substituents include the sulfosuccinate derivatives disclosed in British Patent Nos. 1,398,421 and 1,398,422 and in U.S. Patent No. 3,936,448, and the sulfonated pyrolysed citrates described in British Patent No. 1,439,000.
• Alicyclic and heterocyclic polycarboxylates include cyclopentane-cis,cis,cis-tetracarboxylates, cyclopentadienide pentacarboxylates, 2,3,4,5- tetrahydrofuran - cis, cis, cis-tetracarboxylates, 2,5- tetrahydrofuran - cis - dicarboxylates, 2,2,5,5- tetrahydrofuran - tetracarboxylates, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexane - hexacarboxylates and carboxymethyl derivatives of polyhydric alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol and xylitol.
• Aromatic polycarboxylates include mellitic acid, pyromellitic acid and the phthalic acid derivatives disclosed in British Patent No. 1,425,343.
• the preferred polycarboxylates are hydroxycarboxylates containing up to three carboxy groups per molecule, more particularly citrates.
• the parent acids of the monomeric or oligomeric polycarboxylate chelating agents or mixtures thereof with their salts are also contemplated as components of builder systems of detergent compositions in accordance with the present invention.
• Other suitable water soluble organic salts are the homo- or co-polymeric polycarboxylic acids or their salts in which the polycarboxylic acid comprises at least two carboxyl radicals separated from each other by not more than two carbon atoms. Polymers of the latter type are disclosed in GB-A-1,596,756.
• salts are polyacrylates of MWt 2000-5000 and their copolymers with maleic anhydride, such copolymers having a molecular weight of from 20,000 to 70,000, especially about 40,000. These materials are normally used at levels of from 0.5% to 10% by weight more preferably from 0.75% to 8%, most preferably from 1% to 6% by weight of the composition.
• Water-soluble detergent builders include, but are not limited to, the alkali metal, ammonium and alkanolammonium salts of polyphosphates (exemplified by the tripolyphosphates, pyrophosphates , and glassy polymeric meta-phosphates) , phytic acid, silicates, carbonates (including bicarbonates and sesquicarbonates) , and sulfates.
• polyphosphates exemplified by the tripolyphosphates, pyrophosphates , and glassy polymeric meta-phosphates
• phytic acid phytic acid
• silicates carbonates (including bicarbonates and sesquicarbonates)
• sulfates sulfates.
• Borate builders, as well as builders containing borate-forming materials that can produce borate under detergent storage or wash conditions can also be used but are not preferred at wash conditions less that about 50°C, especially less than about 40°C.
• carbonate builders are the alkaline earth and alkali metal carbonates, including sodium carbonate and sesqui-carbonate and mixtures thereof with ultra-fine calcium carbonate as disclosed in German Patent Application No. 2,321,001 published on November 15, 1973.
• phosphate builders are the alkali metal tripolyphosphates, sodium, potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium orthophosphate, sodium polymeta/phosphate in which the degree of polymerization ranges from about 6 to 21, and salts of phytic acid.
• Suitable silicates include the water soluble sodium silicates with an Si0 2 : Na 0 ratio of from 1.0 to 2.8, with ratios of from 1.6 to 2.4 being preferred, and 2.0 ratio being most preferred.
• the silicates may be in the form of either the anhydrous salt or a hydrated salt.
• Sodium silicate with an Si0 2 : Na 2 0 ratio of 2.0 is the most preferred silicate.
• Silicates are preferably present in the machine dishwashing detergent compositions at the invention at a level of from 5% to 50% by weight of the composition, more preferably from 10% to 40% by weight.
• compositions may also include less water soluble builders although preferably their levels of incorporation are minimized.
• less water soluble builders include the crystalline layered silicates and the largely water insoluble sodium aluminosilicates.
• Crystalline layered sodium silicates have the general formula
• M is sodium or hydrogen
• x is a number from 1.9 to
• Crystalline layered sodium silicates of this type are disclosed in EP-A-0164514 and methods for their preparation are disclosed in DE-A-
• x in the general formula above has a value of 2
• M is sodium and y is 0 and preferred examples of this formula comprise the oi - , ⁇ -, y - and S ⁇ - forms of Na 2 Si 2 05.
• These materials are available from Hoechst AG FRG as respectively NaSKS-5, NaSKS-7, NaSKS-11 and NaSKS-6.
• the most preferred material is ⁇ -Na 2 Si 2 0 5 , NaSKS-6.
• the crystalline layered sodium silicate material is preferably present in granular detergent compositions as a particulate in intimate admixture with a solid, water- soluble ionisable material.
• the solid, water-soluble ionisable material is selected from organic acids, organic and inorganic acid salts and mixtures thereof. The primary requirement is that the material should contain at least on functional acidic group of which the pKa should be less than 9, providing a capability for at least partial neutralisation of the hydroxyl ions released by the crystalline layered silicate.
• incorporation in the particulate of other ingredients additional to the crystalline layered silicate and ionisable water soluble compound can be advantageous particularly in the processing of the particulate and also in enhancing the stability of detergent compositions in which the particulates are included.
• certain types of agglomerates may require the addition of one or more binder agents in order to assist in binding the silicate and ionisable water soluble material so as to produce particulates with acceptable physical characteristics.
• the crystalline layered sodium silicate containing particulates can take a variety of physical forms such as extrudates, marumes, agglomerates, flakes or compacted granules.
• a preferred process for preparing compacted granules comprising crystalline layered silicate and a solid, water-soluble ionisable material has been disclosed in the commonly assigned British Application No. 9108639.7 filed on 23 April 1991 (Attorney's Docket No CM369F) .
• Suitable aluminosilicate zeolites have the unit cell formula Na z [ (A10 ) z (Si0 2 )y] .
• XH 2 0 wherein z and y are at least .6; the molar ratio of z to y is from 1.0 to 0.5 and x is at least 5, preferably from 7.5 to 276, more preferably from 10 to 264.
• the aluminosilicate material are in hydrated form and are preferably crystalline, containing from 10% to 28%, more preferably from 18% to 22% water in bound form.
• aluminosilicate ion exchange materials are further characterised by their calcium ion exchange capacity, which is at least 200 mg equivalent of CaC0 3 water hardness/g of aluminosilicate, calculated on an anhydrous basis, and which generally is in the range of from 300 mg eq./g to 352 mg eq./g.
• the aluminosilicate ion exchange materials herein are still further characterised by their calcium ion exchange rate which is at least 130 mg equivalent of CaC ⁇ 3 / litre / minute / (g/litre) [2 grains Ca + + / gallon/ minute/ gram/ gallon) ] of aluminosilicate (anhydrous basis) , and which generally lies within the range of from 130 mg equivalent of CaC0 3 / litre/ minute/ (gram/litre) [2 grains/ gallon/ minute/ (gram/ gallon) ] to 390 mg equivalent of CaC0 3 / litre/ minute/ (gram/litre) [4 grains/ gallon/ minute/ (gram/ gallon)], based on calcium ion hardness.
• Optimum aluminosilicates for builder purpose exhibit a calcium ion exchange rate of at least 260 mg equivalent of CaC0 3 /litre/ minute/ (gram/litre) [4 grains/gallon/minute/
• the aluminosilicate ion exchange materials can be naturally occurring materials, but are preferably synthetically derived. A method for producing aluminosilicate ion exchange materials is discussed in US Patent No. 3,985,669. Synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials are available under the designations Zeolite A, Zeolite B, Zeolite P, Zeolite X, Zeolite HS and mixtures thereof. Zeolite A has the formula
• Zeolite X has the formula Na 86 [ (A10 2 ) 86 (Si0 2 ) 10 6-l • 276 H 2° nas the formula Na 6 [ (A10 2 ) 6 (Si0 2 ) 6 ] 7.5 H 2 0) .
• the machine dishwashing or rinsing detergent compositions of the invention preferably comprise a suds suppressing system present at a level of from 0.01% to 15%, preferably from 0.05% to 10%, most preferably from 0.1% to 5% by weight of the composition.
• Suitable suds suppressing systems for use herein may comprise essentially any known antifoam compound, including, for example silicone antifoam compounds, 2-alkyl alcanol antifoam compounds, and paraffin antifoam compounds.
• antifoam compound it is meant herein any compound or mixtures of compounds which act such as to depress the foaming or sudsing produced by a solution of a detergent composition, particularly in the presence of agitation of that solution.
• the suds suppressing system may be incorporated into the detergent compositions by essentially any process route.
• One preferred suds suppressing system comprises in combination a spray-on component and a particulate component.
• Preferred spray-on components comprise in combination an antifoam compound and a carrier fluid and optionally a dispersant compound.
• the antifoam compound is dissolved, dispersed, suspended or emulsified in said carrier fluid.
• the carrier fluid should be inert in nature, that is it should not undergo undesirable chemical reaction with the antifoam compound, and also preferably be storage stable under normal atmospheric conditions and in the environment of a granular detergent matrix.
• Any spray-on component is incorporated into the granular detergent compositions of the invention by a spray-on process, that is a process whereby the fluid is sprayed on to some or all of the individual granular components of the composition.
• a spray-on process that is a process whereby the fluid is sprayed on to some or all of the individual granular components of the composition.
• the spray-on process will be such as to provide a uniform and sufficient application of the suds suppressing component to any granular components of the composition which comprise a high sudsing surfactant.
• a preferred composition for a spray-on component comprises (a) antifoam compound, preferably silicone antifoam compound, most preferably a silicone antifoam compound comprising in combination
• silicone/silica antifoam compound at a level of from 1% to 50%, preferably 5% to 25% by weight of the silicone/silica antifoam compound; wherein said silica/silicone antifoam compound is incorporated at a level of from 5% to 50%, preferably 10% to 40% " by weight of the spray-on component;
• a dispersant compound most preferably comprising a silicone glycol rake copolymer with a polyoxyalkylene content of 72-78% and an ethylene oxide to propylene oxide ratio of from 1:0.9 to 1:1.1, at a level of from 0.5% to 10%, preferably 1% tol0% by weight of the spray-on component;
• a particularly preferred silicone glycol rake copolymer of this type is DC0544, commercially available from DOW Corning;
• an inert carrier fluid compound most preferably comprising a Ci6 ⁇ c 18 ethoxylated alcohol with a degree of ethoxylation of from 5 to 50, preferably 8 to 15, at a level of from 5% to 80%, preferably 10% to 70%, by weight of the spray-on component;
• Any spray on component of the suds suppressing system may be incorporated as such, or in a preferred execution may be mixed with other components such as liquid nonionic surfactants, and perfume, and this mixture sprayed on as a whole.
• Particulate components of the suds suppressing system are particulate in form and incorporated into the compositions of the invention in this form.
• particulate form it is meant essentially any of the particulate forms which may be typically adapted by a component of a granular detergent composition.
• the particulate component can therefore be, for example, in the form of granules, flakes, prills, marumes or noodles.
• the particulate is granular in nature.
• Granules themselves may be agglomerates formed by pan or drum agglomeration or by an in-line mixer, and also may be spray-dried particles produced by atomising an aqueous slurry of the ingredients in a hot air stream which removes most of. the water.
• the spray dried granules are then subjected to densification steps, eg : by high speed cutter mixers and/or compacting mills, to increase density before being reagglomerated.
• Any particulate component of the suds suppressing system may comprise in combination antifoam compound, and a carrier material which is highly preferably water-soluble or water-dispersible in nature.
• a suitable particulate antifoam component useful in the compositions herein comprises a mixture of an alkylated siloxane of the type hereinabove disclosed and solid silica.
• the solid silica can be a fumed silica, a precipitated silica or a silica, made by the gel formation technique.
• the silica particles suitable have an average particle size of from 0.1 to 50 micrometers, preferably from 1 to 20 micrometers and a surface area of at least 50m 2 /g.
• These silica particles can be rendered hydrophobic by treating them with dialkylsilyl groups and/or trialkylsilyl groups either bonded directly onto the silica or by means of a silicone resin. It is preferred to employ a silica the particles of which have been rendered hydrophobic with dimethyl and/or trimethyl silyl groups.
• a preferred particulate antifoam compound for inclusion in the detergent compositions in accordance with the invention suitably contain an amount of silica such that the weight ratio of silica to silicone lies in the range from 1:100 to 3:10, preferably from 1:50 to 1:7.
• Another suitable particulate antifoam component is represented by a hydrophobic silanated (most preferably trimethyl-silanated) silica having a particle size in the range from 10 nanometers to 20 nanometers and a specific surface area above 50m 2 /g, intimately admixed with dimethyl silicone fluid having a molecular weight in the range from about 500 to about 200,000 at a weight ratio of silicone to silanated silica of from about 1:1 to about 1:2.
• a hydrophobic silanated (most preferably trimethyl-silanated) silica having a particle size in the range from 10 nanometers to 20 nanometers and a specific surface area above 50m 2 /g, intimately admixed with dimethyl silicone fluid having a molecular weight in the range from about 500 to about 200,000 at a weight ratio of silicone to silanated silica of from about 1:1 to about 1:2.
• Suitable particulate antifoam components are disclosed in Bartollota et al. US Patent 3,933,672.
• a highly preferred particulate antifoam component is described in EP-A-0210731 and comprises a silicone antifoam compound and an organic carrier material having a melting point in the range 50°C to 85°C, wherein the organic carrier material comprises a monoester of glycerol and a fatty acid having a carbon chain containing from 12 to 20 carbon atoms.
• EP-A-0210721 discloses other preferred particulate antifoam components wherein the organic carrier material is a fatty acid or alcohol having a carbon chain containing from 12 to 20 carbon atoms, or a mixture thereof, with a melting point of from 45°C to 80°C.
• An exemplary particulate antifoam component for use herein is a particulate agglomerate component, made by an agglomeration process, comprising in combination (i) from 5% to 30%, preferably from 8% to 15% by weight of the component of silicone antifoam compound, preferably comprising in combination polydimethyl siloxane and silica;
• agglomerate binder compound comprises a - -C ⁇ Q ethoxylated alcohol with a degree of ethoxylation of from 50 to 100;
• silicone antifoam compounds as components of seperate particulate components also permits the inclusion therein of C 2 Q-C 2 4 fatty acids, microcrystalline waxes and high MWt copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide which would otherwise adversely affect the despersibility of the matrix.
• Techniques for forming such particulates are disclosed in US Patent No. 3,933,672.
• a preferred suds suppressing system has the weight ratio of antifoam compound comprised in the spray-on component to antifoam compound comprised in the particulate component of from 5:1 to 1:1, most preferably from 4:1 to 2:1.
• Particularly preferred antifoam compounds for use herein are silicone antifoam compounds defined herein as any antifoam compound including a silicone component. Such silicone antifoam compounds also typically contain a silica component.
• silicone antifoam compounds also typically contain a silica component.
• silica component The term "silicone” as used herein, and in general- throughout the industry, encompasses a variety of relatively high molecular weight polymers containing siloxane units and hydrocarbyl group of various types.
• Preferred silicone antifoam compounds are the siloxanes having the general structure :
• each R independently can be an alkyl or an aryl radical.
• substituents are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl, and phenyl.
• Preferred polydiorganosiloxanes are polydimethylsiloxanes having trimethylsilyl endblocking units and having a viscosity at 25°C of from 5 x 10 ⁇ 5 m 2 /s to 0.1m 2 /s i.e. a value on n in the range 40 to 1500. These are preferred because of their ready availability and their relatively low cost.
• Suitable antifoam compounds include the monocarboxylie fatty acids and soluble salts thereof. These materials are described in US Patent 2,954,347, issued September 27, 1960 to Wayne St. John.
• the monocarboxylic fatty acids, and salts thereof, for use as suds suppressor typically have hydrocarbyl chains of 10 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
• Suitable salts include the alkali metal salts such as sodium, potassium, and lithium salts, and ammonium and alkanolammoniu salts.
• Other suitable antifoam compounds include, for example, high molecular weight hydrocarbons such as paraffin, fatty esters (e.g.
• fatty acid triglycerides , fatty acid esters of monovalent alcohols, aliphatic CI 8 -C4 Q ketones (e.g. stearone) N-alkylated amino triazines such as tri- to hexa- alkylmelamines or di- to tetra alkyldiamine chlortriazines formed as products of cyanuric chloride with two or three moles of a primary or secondary amine containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, propylene oxide, bis stearic acid amide and monostearyl di-alkali metal (e.g. sodium, potassium, lithium) phosphates and phosphate esters.
• aliphatic CI 8 -C4 Q ketones e.g. stearone
• N-alkylated amino triazines such as tri- to hexa- alkylmelamines or di- to tetra alkyldiamine chlortriazines formed as products of cyanuric chlor
• the hydrocarbons such as paraffin and haloparaffin
• the liquid hydrocarbons will be liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and will have a pour point in the range of about -40°C and about 5°C, and a minimum boiling point not less than 110°C (atmospheric pressure) . It is also known to utilize waxy hydrocarbons, preferably having a melting point below about 100°C.
• Hydrocarbon suds suppressors are described, for example, in U.S. Patent 4,265,779, issued May 5, 1981 to Gandolfo et al.
• the hydrocarbons thus, include aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons having from about 12 to about 70 carbon atoms.
• the term "paraffin", as used in this suds supressor dicussion, is intended to include mixtures of true paraffins and cyclic hydrocarbons.
• Suitable 2-alky-alcanols antifoam compounds for use herein have been described in DE 40 21 265.
• the 2-alkyl-alcanols suitable for use herein consist of a C 6 to C- j ⁇ g alkyl chain carrying a terminal hydroxy group, and said alkyl chain is substituted in the a position by a C ⁇ to C 10 alkyl chain.
• the alkyl chain carrying the hydroxy group is a C 8 to C 1 alkyl chain, and the alkyl chain in the a position is a C 2 to C 8 alkyl chain, most preferably C 3 to Cg.
• Preferably all alkyl chains herein are straight. It has been found that 2-hexyl-decanol and 2-butyl-octanol are particularly suitable for use herein. 2-hexyl-decanol and 2-butyl- octanol are commercially available fron Condea under the trade names ISOFOL 16 and ISOFOL 12.
• the suds suppressing system for use herein comprises from 0.01% to 15% by weight of the total composition of said 2-alkyl- alcanols, preferably from 0.05% to 10%, most preferably from 0.1% to 5%.
• Mixtures of 2-alkyl-alcanols can be used in the compositions according to the present invention. Such mixtures are comprised in commercially available materials, for instance ISALCHEM 123 R from Enichem.
• the machine dishwashing detergent compositions of the ' invention will preferably included bleaching agent selected from chlorine bleaches, inorganic perhydrate salts, peroxyacid bleach precursors and organic peryoxacids.
• Chlorine bleaches include the alkali metal hypochlorites and chlorinated cyanuric acid salts.
• the machine dishwashing detergent compositions in accord with the invention will generally include an inorganic perhydrate salt, normally in the form of the sodium salt at a level of from 1% to 40% by weight, more preferably from 2% to 30% by weight and most preferably from 5% to 25% by weight of the detergent compositions.
• an inorganic perhydrate salt normally in the form of the sodium salt at a level of from 1% to 40% by weight, more preferably from 2% to 30% by weight and most preferably from 5% to 25% by weight of the detergent compositions.
• the machine dishwashing detergent compositions of the present invention will also generally include peroxyacid bleach precursors (bleach activators) .
• the peroxyacid bleach precursors are normally incorporated at a level of from 1% to 20% by weight, more preferably from 1% to 10% by weight, most preferably from 1% to 7% by weight of the compositions.
• the machine dishwashing detergent compositions may also contain organic peroxyacids at a level of from 1% to 15% by weight, " more preferably from 1% to 10% by weight of the composition.
• inorganic perhydrate salts include perborate, percarbonate, perphosphate, persulfate and persilicate salts.
• the inorganic perhydrate salts are normally the alkali metal salts.
• the inorganic perhydrate salt may be included as the crystalline solid without additional protection.
• the preferred executions of such granular compositions utilize a coated form of the material which provides better storage stability for the perhydrate salt in the granular product.
• Sodium perborate which is the most preferred perhydrate for inclusion in the machine dishwashing detergent compositions in accordance with the invention, can be in the form of the monohydrate of nominal formula NaB0 2 H 2 0 2 or the tetrahydrate NaB0 H 2 0 .3H 2 0.
• Sodium percarbonate which is another preferred perhydrate for inclusion in detergent compositions in accordance with the invention, is an addition compound having a formula corresponding to 2Na 2 C ⁇ 3 ,3H 2 0 2 , and is available commercially as a crystalline solid.
• the percarbonate is most preferably incorporated into such compositions in coated form.
• the most preferred coating material comprises mixed salt of an alkali metal sulphate and carbonate.
• the weight ratio of the mixed salt coating material to percarbonate lies in the range from 1 : 200 to 1 : 4, more preferably from 1 : 99 to 1 :
• the mixed salt is of sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate which has the general formula Na 2 S0 4 .n.Na 2 C0 3 wherein n is form 0.1 to 3, preferably n is from 0.3 to 1.0 and most preferably n is from 0.2 to 0.5.
• Another suitable coating material is sodium silicate of Si0 2 : Na 0 ratio from 1.6 : 1 to 3.4 : 1, preferably 2.8 :
• silicate solids by weight of the percarbonate.
• Magnesium silicate can also be included in the coating.
• suitable coating materials include the alkali and alkaline earth metal sulphates and carbonates.
• Potassium peroxymonopersulfate is another inorganic perhydrate salt of particular usefulness in the machine dishwashing detergent compositions.
• Peroxyacid bleach precursors for inclusion in the machine dishwashing detergent compositions in accordance with the invention probably contain one or more N- or O- acyl groups, which precursors can be selected from a wide range of classes. Suitable classes include anhydrides, esters, imides and acylated derivatives of imidazoles and oximes, and examples of useful materials within these classes are disclosed in GB-A-1586789. The most preferred classes are esters such as are disclosed in GB-A-836988, 864798, 1147871 and 2143231 and imides such as are disclosed in GB- A-855735 & 1246338.
• Particularly preferred precursor compounds are the N,N,N ,N tetra acetylated compounds of formula
• x can be O or an integer between 1 & 6.
• TAMD tetra acetyl methylene diamine
• TAED tetra acetyl ethylene diamine
• TAHD tetraacetyl hexylene diamine
• peroxyacid bleach activator compounds are the amide substituted compounds of the following general formulae:
• R 1 is an aryl or alkaryl group with from about 1 to about 14 carbon atoms
• R 2 is an alkylene, arylene, and alkarylene group containing from about 1 to 14 carbon atoms
• R 5 is H or an alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and L can be essentially any leaving group.
• R l preferably contains from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
• R 2 preferably contains from about 4 to 8 carbon atoms.
• R may be straight chain or branched alkyl, substituted aryl or alkylaryl containing branching, substitution, or both and may be sourced from either synthetic sources or natural sources including for example, tallow fat.
• R 2 Analogous structural variations are permissible for R 2 .
• the substitution can include alkyl, aryl, halogen, nitrogen, sulphur and other typical substituent groups or organic compounds.
• R 5 is preferably H or methyl.
• R 1 and R 5 should not contain more than 18 carbon atoms total. Amide substituted bleach activator compounds of this type are described in EP-A-0170386.
• peroxyacid bleach precursor compounds include sodium nonanoyloxy benzene sulfonate, sodium trimethyl hexanoyloxy benzene sulfonate, sodium acetoxy benzene sulfonate and sodium benzoyloxy benzene sulfonate as disclosed in, for example, EP-A-0341947.
• the machine dishwashing detergent compositions of the invention may also contain organic peroxyacids of which a particularly preferred class are the amide substituted peroxyacids of general formulae:
• R , R 2 and R 5 are as defined previously for the corresponding amide substituted peroxyacid bleach activator compounds.
• organic peroxyacids include diperoxy dodecanedioc acid, diperoxy tetra decanedioc acid, diperoxyhexadecanedioc acid, mono- and diperazelaic acid, mono- and diperbrassylic acid, monoperoxy phthalic acid, perbenzoic acid, and their salts as disclosed in, for example, EP-A-0341 947.
• Anti-redeposition and soil-suspension agents suitable herein include cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose, homo-or co-polymeric polycarboxylic acids or their salts and polyamino compounds.
• Polymers of this type include the polyacrylates and copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene, methylvinyl ether or methacrylic acid, the maleic anhydride constituting at least 20 mole percent of the copolymer disclosed in detail in EP-A-137669.
• Polyamino compounds such as those derived from aspartic acid are disclosed in EP-A-305282, EP-A- 305283 and EP-A-351629. These materials are normally used at levels of from 0.5% to 10% by weight, more preferably; from 0.75% to 9%, most preferably from 1% to 8% by weight of the composition.
• polyethylene glycols particularly those of molecular weight 1000-10000, more particularly 2000 to 8000 and most preferably about 4000. These are used at levels of from 0.2% to 5% by weight, more preferably from 0.25% to 2.5% by weight. These polymers and the previously mentioned homo- co- polymeric polycarboxylate salts are valuable for reducing ash deposition, and improving cleaning performance on clay, proteinaceous and oxidizable soils in the presence of transition metal impurities.
• Another optional ingredient useful in detergent compositions is one or more enzymes.
• Preferred enzymatic materials include the commercially available amylases, neutral and alkaline proteases, lipases, esterases and cellulases conventionally incorporated into detergent compositions. Suitable enzymes are discussed in US Patents 3,519,570 and 3,533,139.
• the enzymes are preferably coated or prilled with additives inert toward the enzymes to minimize dust formation and improve storage stability. Techniques for accomplishing this are well known in the art.
• an enzyme stabilization system is preferably utilized. Enzyme stabilization techniques for aqueous detergent compositions are also well known in the art.
• protease enzymes include those sold under the tradena es Alcalase and Savinase by Novo Industries A/S (Denmark) and Maxatase by International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. (The Netherlands) .
• Protease enzyme may be.incorporated into the compositions in accordance with the invention at a level of from 0.005% to 2% active enzyme by weight of the composition.
• Preferred amylases include, for example, &-amylases obtained from a special strain of B licheniforms, described in more detail in GB-1,269,839 (Novo).
• Preferred commercially available amylases include for example, Rapidase, sold by International Bio-Synthetics Inc, and Termamyl, sold by Novo Industries A/S.
• Amylase enzyme may be incorporated into the composition in accordance with the invention at a level of from 0.005% to 2% active enzyme by weight of the composition.
• An especially preferred lipase enzyme is manufactured and sold by Novo Industries A/S (Denmark) under the trade name Lipolase (Biotechnology Newswatch, 7 March 1988, page 6) and mentioned along with other suitable lipases in EP-A- 0258068 (Novo) .
• Another especially preferred lipcise is described in EP-A-0218272 in the name of Gist-Brocades NV.
• Lipase enzyme may be incorporated into the compositions in accordance with the invention at a level of from 0.005% to 2% active enzyme by weight of the composition.
• compositions of the invention include perfumes, colours and filler salts, with sodium sulfate being a preferred filler salt.
• the present compositions may also contain corrosion inhibitor, preferably incorporated at a level of from 0.05% to 10%, preferably from 0.1% to 5% by weight of the total composition.
• Suitable corrosion inhibitors include paraffin oil typically a predominantly branched aliphatic hydrocarbon having a number of carbon atoms in the range of from 20 to 50; preferred paraffin oil selected from predominantly branched C 2 5_ 45 species with a ratio of cyclic to noncyclic hydrocarbons of about 32:68; a paraffin oil meeting these characteristics is sold by Wintershall, Salzbergen, Germany, under the trade name WINOG 70.
• Suitable corrosion inhibitor compounds include benzotriazole and any derivatives thereof, mercaptans and diols, especially mercaptans with 4 to 20 carbon atoms including lauryl mercaptan, thiophenol, thionapthol, thionalide and thioanthranol.
• mercaptans and diols especially mercaptans with 4 to 20 carbon atoms including lauryl mercaptan, thiophenol, thionapthol, thionalide and thioanthranol.
• the CI 2 -C Q fatty acids, or their salts especially aluminium tristearate.
• the C ⁇ 2 -C 2 o hydroxy fatty acids, or their salts are also suitable.
• Phosphonated octa-decane and other anti-oxidants such as betahydroxytoluene (BHT) are also suitable.
• the detergent compositions of the invention may be formulated to contain as a non-essential component heavy metal ion sequestrant, incorporated at a level of from 0.005% to 3%, preferably 0.05 to 1%, most preferably 0.07% to 0.4%, by weight of the total composition.
• Suitable heavy metal ion sequestrant for use herein include organic phosphonates, such as amino alkylene poly (alkylene phosphonate) , alkali metal ethane 1- hydroxy disphosphonates, nitrilo trimethylene phosphonates.
• organic phosphonates such as amino alkylene poly (alkylene phosphonate) , alkali metal ethane 1- hydroxy disphosphonates, nitrilo trimethylene phosphonates.
• Preferred among above species are diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonate) , hexamethylene diamine tetra fmethylene phosphonate) and hydroxy-ethylene 1,1 diphosphonate.
• the phosphonate compounds may be present either in their acid form or as a complex of either an alkali or alkaline metal ion, the molar ratio of said metal ion to said phosphonate compound being at least 1:1.
• Such complexes are described in US-A-4,259,200.
• the organic phosphonate compounds are in the form of their magnesium salt.
• Suitable heavy metal ion sequestrant for use herein include nitrilotriacetic acid and polyaminocarboxylic acids such as ethylenediaminotetracetic acid, ethylenetriamine pentacetic acid, ethylenediamine disuccinic acid or the water soluble alkali metal salts thereof.
• EDDS ethylenediamine-N,N'- disuccinic acid
• alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, or substituted ammonium salts thereof, or mixtures thereof Especially preferred is ethylenediamine-N,N'- disuccinic acid (EDDS) or the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, or substituted ammonium salts thereof, or mixtures thereof.
• Preferred EDDS compounds are the free acid form and the sodium or magnesium salt or complex thereof. Examples of such preferred sodium salts of EDDS include Na 2 EDDS and
• magnesium complexes of EDDS include MgEDDS and Mg 2 EDDS.
• the magnesium complexes are the most preferred for inclusion in compositions in accordance with the invention.
• heavy metal ion sequestrants for use herein are iminodiacetic acid derivatives such as 2-hydroxyethyl diacetic acid or glyceryl imino diacetic acid, described in EPA 317 542 and EPA 399 133.
• the heavy metal ion sequestrant herein can consist of a mixture of the above described species.
• the machine dishwashing compositions of the invention can be formulated in any desirable form such as powders, granulates, pastes, liquids, gels and tablets but are preferably granular.
• granular machine dishwashing detergent compositions in accordance with the present invention can be made via a variety of methods including dry mixing, spray drying, agglomeration and granulation.
• a preferred method of making the granular machine dishwashing compositions involves a combination of dry mixing and agglomeration techniques.
• the bulk density of the granular detergent compositions in accordance with the present invention typically have a bulk density of at least 650 g/litre, more usually at least 700 g/litre and more preferably from 800 g/litre to 1200 g/litre.
• Bulk density is measured by means of a simple funnel and cup device consisting of a conical funnel moulded rigidly on a base and provided with a flap valve at its lower extremity to allow the contents of the funnel to be emptied into an axially aligned cylindrial cup disposed below the funnel.
• the funnel is 130 mm and 40 mm at its respective upper and lower extremities. It is mounted so that the lower extremity is 140 mm above the upper surface of the base.
• the cup has an overall height of 90 mm, an internal height of 87 mm and an internal diameter of 84 mm. Its nominal volume is 500 ml.
• the funnel is filled with powder by hand pouring, the flap valve is opened and powder allowed to overfill the cup.
• the filled cup is removed from the frame and excess powder removed from the cup by passing a straight edged implement e.g. a knife, across its upper edge.
• the filled cup is then weighed and the value obtained for the weight of powder doubled to provide the bulk density in g/litre. Replicate measurements are made as required.
• the particle size of the components of granular compositions in accordance with the invention should preferably be such that no more than 5% of particles are greater than 1.4mm in diameter and not more than 5% of particles are less than 0.15mm in diameter.
• the liquid should be thixotropic (ie; exhibit high viscosity when subjected to low stress and lower viscosity when subjected to high stress) , or at least have very high viscosity, for example, of from 1,000 to 10,000,000 centipoise.
• a viscosity control agent or a thixotropic agent to provide a suitable liquid product form.
• Suitable thixotropic or viscosity control agents include methyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, starch, polyvinyl, pyrrolidone, gelatin, colloidal silica, and natural or synthetic clay minerals.
• Pasty compositions in accordance with the invention generally have viscosities of about 5,000 centipoise and up to several hundred million centipoise.
• a small amount of a solvent or solubilizing agent or of a gel-forming agent can be included. Most commonly, water is used in this context and forms the continuous phase of a concentrated dispersion. Certain nonionic surfactants at high levels form a gel in the presence of small amount of water and other solvents. Such gelled compositions also envisaged in the present invention.
• the surfactant system of the compositions/processes of the invention is incorporated at a level which is directly related to the critical micelle concentration of that surfactant system measured in water at a temperature of 20°C.
• the critical micelle concentration is expressed in units of ppm.
• Many methods are known for the determination of critical micelle concentrations. Any reliable method is suitable for use in the determination of these values therein. Suitable methods are described in "Critical Micelle Concentrations of Aqueous Surfactant Systems" by P. Mukerjee and K.J. Mysels, NSRDS-NBS 36, pages 8 to 19.
• a test method for assessing the greasy soil removal (cleaning) ability of a detergent composition in a machine dishwashing process is the "lipstick removal test method".
• lipstick soiled plastic beakers are prepared by taking clean plastic beakers and applying three lipstick lines, of surface area approx 1cm x 4cm to each beaker. Thirty-two of such soiled beakers are prepared.
• the lipstick commonly employed is No. 539, "Raspberry Rage" from the Cover Girl j Remarkable range as sold by Noxell. Two soiled beakers are then placed in each of four automatic dishwashing machines together with a ballast load of clean glasses.
• test plastic beakers are distributed such that one is in the front right hand position, and the other in the front left hand position in the upper wash basket.
• the 50°C wash cycle, with no prewash, is selected and 20 g. of product employed, with a wash volume of typically 5 litres.
• the water has a Clark hardness of 13°C.
• Different comparative detergent products are used in each of the four machines, and the test procudure repeated four times, such that each product is used once in each machine. Lipstick removal is comparatively graded using a Scheffe scale by three expert graders. Statistical analysis is used to identify statistically significant (95% confidence level) performance benefits.
• the foaming power of a surfactant system, within a detergent composition may be measured using the DIN 53902 parts 1 and 2 test methods.
• the wetting power of a surfactant system may be measured using the DIN 53901 test method.
• Ci-Sodium citrate dihydrate Phosphate Sodium tripolyphosphate MA/AA: Copolymers of 1:4 maleic/acrylic acid, average molecular weight about 80,000
• Silicate Amorphous Sodium Silicate (Si0 2 :Na 2 0 ratio normally follows)
• Amylase Amylolytic enzyme sold under the tradename
• Lipase Lipolytic enzyme sold under the tradename
• Sulphate Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate Perborate: anhydrous sodium parborate monohydrate bleach, empirical formula NaB0 2 .H 2 0
• TAED Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine
• Dobanol A blend of C 12 -C ⁇ s ethoxylated alcohols with an average degree of ethoxylation of 9, sold under the tradename Dobanol 25.9 by Shell Chemicals (UK) Ltd
• 35AE3S C- j ⁇ -C* ] ⁇ alkyl ethoxysulfate with an average degree of ethoxylation of 3
• 25AE3S C 12 ⁇ 15 alkyl ethoxysulfate with an average degree of ethoxylation of 3.
• machine dishwashing detergent compositions were prepared (parts by weight) in accord with the invention.
• 35AE3S has a critical micelle concentration, measured in water, of about 30ppm.
• C18DMA0.2H 2 0 has a critical micelle concentration, measured in water, of about lppm.
• the composition was used in a process in accord with the process aspect of the invention as follows : the 50°C wash setting of a mini dishwasher was selected, the wash process comprising main wash and rinse cycles.
• the volume of wash solution in the main wash was about 2.5 litres.
• 10 grams of each of products A to E was employed in each case to give a surfactant level in the main wash solution of LSD1 of 400 ppm for product A and 200 ppm for products B to E respectively.
• the water hardness was 10° Clark Hardness (142.9 ppm CaC0 3 equivalent).
• Plastic beakers and a ballast load of clean crockery comprised the wash load. Improved cleaning, and in particular spotting/filming prevention, was obtained when the performance of products A to E was compared to products related to A to E, being identical other than in not containing the (non-alkoxylated nonionic) surfactant.
• compositions D and E are granular machine dishwashing detergent compositions.
• Product D is a prior art composition
• product E is a composition in accordance with the invention.
• Product E gave good spotting/filming performance when employed in a machine dishwashing process at a product dosage of 4,000 ppm in the wash solution (i.e. concentration of 25AE3S of 200 ppm in the wash solution) .
• Product E also gave improved soil removal, over product D which contains no 25AE3S.
• 25AE3S has a critical micelle concentration measured in water of about 30ppm.
• the abbreviated component identifications have the following meanings:
• BLEND DMAO 80:20 wt. C18/C16 blend of Octadecyldimethylamine N-Oxide dihydrate and Hexadecyldimethylamine N-Oxide dihydrate
• Citric Acid citric acid anhydrous granular
• Carbonate sodium carbonate anhydrous granular
• LF404 C13-C15 mixed ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohol with average degree of ethoxylation 3.8 and average degree of propoxylation 4.5 sold under the tradename PLURAFAC LF404 by BASF Gmbh.
• L2 lipase from pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, activity 100,000 LU/g
• MA/AA-1 Dispersant polymer from BASF sold as SOKOLAN CP5, dry form (92% active)
• PB Sodium Perborate (Monohydrate or Tetrahydrate) granular
• TAED tetra-acetylethylenediamine, 92% active prill with carboxymethylcellulose
• Example 3 the quantities of ingredients are percentages by weight of ingredients on an anhydrous basis unless otherwise indicated, regardless of the forms of the ingredients actually mixed to form the compositions.
• Granular automatic dishwashing detergents of the invention are as follows:
• compositions are used at a concentration of about 0.28% by weight in North American GE Potscrubber dishwashers; or at a concentration of about 0.4% by weight in European Miele Dishwashers, to remove eg: lipstick from plastic beakers in the lipstick removal test method.
• the compositions I - III provide statistically significant performance benefits in the lipstick removal test method over related formulations identical, other than that they do not contain amine oxide surfactants.
• the critical micelle concentrations, measured in water, of C18DMA0.2MH2o, Blend DHAO and BEHEAO Blend, are about 1 ppm, 2ppm and 4ppm respectively.

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