Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
  • E02D31/002—Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
  • E02D31/004—Sealing liners

Definitions

• This invention relates to a waterproofing material suitable for waterproofing ponds, lakes, lagoons or comparable sites whereby water is retained, or wherein waste is deposited and the ground beneath has to be protected against leakage of aqueous or other liquid.
• the material can al ⁇ o be used in relation to water proofing structures, covering contaminated land to prevent flow of water into such contaminated land and lining trenches which separate contaminated areas from clear areas.
• the material can also be used as roofing material on flat or sloping roofs.
• Several materials have been proposed in the past which include a layer of swellable smectite such as montmorillonite and/or sponite incorporated within the material to act as the sealing agent.
• the montmorillonite has been carried by a support layer or base which has been provided in various ways. A support layer acts as protection but also gives additional strength within the material.
• European patent number 59625 describes a waterproofing material which is a laminate comprising a fabric base, particles of montmorillonite adhered to the base and a scrim adhered over the montmorillonite particles to retain them on the base.
• the CLEM specification requires as an essential feature thereof that the base be capable of venting gas. Although venting of gas from beneath a contained body of water or other matter can be an advantage, it is a great disadvantage to incorporate such vendibility into the actual base. Although there are few sites where venting is necessary it is, when venting is needed, desirable to provide a separate venting layer quite separate from the waterproofing material overlapping the first sheet (10) .
• sheet (10) ha ⁇ a venting base (13) , a layer of montmorillonite (14) adhered to the base (13) and a scrim (15) on top of the montmorillonite.
• sheet (12) has base (16) , montmorillonite (17) and scrim (18) .
• the layer of ba ⁇ e (16) overlying the montmorillonite (14) provides a path, between the two layers of montmorillonite (14) and (17) which, becau ⁇ e it is designed to vent air can also allow liquid ⁇ uch as water to wick out along the path indicated.
• the incorporation of a venting base in the sheets (10) and (12) can have undesirable results.
• FIG. 2 shows how the construction described in European patent application 246 311 (McGROARTY) overcomes these problems.
• MCGROARTY European patent application 246 311
• a lower sheet (19) has a base (20) and montmorillonite (21) .
• An overlaid sheet (22) has base (23) and montmorillonite (24) .
• the base (20) and (23) are of solid plastic ⁇ non-venting and impermeable material.
• the ba ⁇ e (23) forms a non- water transmissive layer between the two layers of montmorillonite (21) and (24) thus giving a very good seal.
• Thi ⁇ is a significant advantage over the prior art of figure 1.
• the bases (20) and (23) are made from a thick, impervious and essentially solid plastics material, described in the specification as HDPE.
• Waterproofing materials of thi ⁇ kind are u ⁇ ually ⁇ upplied in rolls and have to be unrolled and placed to lie in the pond, lagoon or storage ⁇ pace.
• ba ⁇ e (20) (23) made from high den ⁇ ity polyethylene the McGROARTY material i ⁇ less flexible that when u ⁇ ing a fabric (non-woven or woven) for the base. This means that the product is much more difficult to handle and the montmorillonite is likely to crack during folding and unfolding.
• the adhering of the montmorillonite to its surface is not ea ⁇ y. Quite large quantitie ⁇ of very strong glue have to be u ⁇ ed.
• the montmorillonite particle ⁇ or granule ⁇ are applied in layer ⁇ which are adhered not only to the base but al ⁇ o to each other.
• Thi ⁇ makes the product even less flexible and more difficult to handle.
• McGROARTY has to dispense with any scrim such as the scrim (15) (18) and this means that if any montmorillonite i ⁇ loosened due to folding and unfolding it can easily become displaced leaving voids in the montmorillonite layer.
• the McGROARTY material is also very stiff and difficult to handle.
• a further waterproofing barrier material is disclo ⁇ ed in Briti ⁇ h patent number 2 202 185 (NAUE) .
• NAUE Briti ⁇ h patent number 2 202 185
• This product again ha ⁇ di ⁇ advantage ⁇ .
• both the non-woven layers of textile material are essentially gas venting. Therefore, when they are laid they have the ⁇ ame di ⁇ advantages as the CLEM construction.
• the montmorillonite is not adhered to the layers, as the material i ⁇ unfolded, folded and manhandled during installation, the montmorillonite can move relative to the two layer ⁇ leaving voids and/or more permeable thinner areas in the montmorillonite layer.
• montmorillonite Whilst the montmorillonite can be quite highly purified, it is not unusual for a low percentage of shale particles to remain in the final sized and graded montmorillonite.
• An unfortunate result of the use of relatively large granules of montmorillonite in the layer is that granules of impurities can also become incorporated in the material.
• the chemical nature of ⁇ hale and ⁇ ome other impuritie ⁇ have the effect that not only are they not montmorillonite (and therefore do not swell upon contact with water) , but, when wetted, act as to inhibit swelling in adjacent montmorillonite granules.
• a single granule of shale in a layer of waterproofing material can form a small area (perhaps 10mm in diameter) which does not swell upon being contacted with water.
• Small ⁇ uch areas are generally water impermeable, but medium and larger ⁇ uch areas allow water to pas ⁇ through the ⁇ heet.
• water pre ⁇ ure i ⁇ high thi ⁇ flow can cause significant wa ⁇ h out of adjacent montmorillonite leading to failure of the sealing system.
• the percentage of impuritie ⁇ i ⁇ ⁇ mall and although the failure rate is ⁇ mall, when a large area i ⁇ ⁇ ealed u ⁇ ing sheet material incorporating such impurities it needs only a single leak for the whole system to have failed.
• a pond or lagoon which has a single leak is no pond or lagoon at all!
• Particulate montmorillonite has also been mixed with various organic components to form a thick putty ( ⁇ ee US Patent Number 4 534 925) .
• Typical component ⁇ are polypropene and polybutene. This material has been extruded in the form of rod ⁇ and sheets, usually being stored between layers of release paper. Such material has been used for ⁇ ealing ground foundations and similar structures. It ha ⁇ not, however, being extruded ⁇ o as to become united with a carrier sheet and be capable of use in large roll ⁇ for covering large areas.
• polypropene and polybutene used i ⁇ intended deliberately to give the extruded material a rubbery or formable con ⁇ i ⁇ tency enabling it to be moulded by hand around small areas such as chimneys, at joints in concrete panels or where drains penetrate foundations. These materials are al ⁇ o quite expense and prohibitively so for use in relation to large area sheets.
• an object of the present invention to provide a waterproofing material whereby the above described disadvantages are reduced or minimised.
• Smectite include ⁇ montmorillonite (dioctahedral) and ⁇ aponite (trioctahedral) clay mineral ⁇ and their chemical varietie ⁇ . They have commercially valuable ⁇ welling and ion-exchange propertie ⁇ .
• the smectites have a layer of lattice structure, but differ from mica ⁇ in that the bond ⁇ between layers are weakened because of internal chemical ⁇ ubstitutions. Montmorillonite consi ⁇ t ⁇ of layer ⁇ of negatively charged oxygen (0) atoms within which several types of positively-charged cations are fixed in specific position ⁇ .
• FIG. 1 In a two dimensional schematic diagram of the structure (figure 1) , four layer ⁇ of oxygen atoms can be seen to define upper and lower tetrahedral ⁇ heets containing tetravalent silicon (Si) and sometimes trivalent cations (3+) of aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) .
• the apice ⁇ of the tetrahedra point toward each other and oxygen atom ⁇ at the apices form part of the octahedral sheet that may contain trivalent cations (Al, Fe) , divalent cations (Fe, Mg) , both divalent (+2) and trivalent cations, or divalent and monovalent (+1) lithium (Li) cations.
• the presence of two tetrahedral sheets and one octahedral sheet is the basi ⁇ for cla ⁇ ifying the montmorillonite structure as 2.1 (2x tetrahedral 1 x octahedral sheet structure) .
• the 2.1 structural units are separated by interlayer ⁇ of loosely held hydrated cations. These cations are present to balance the negatively charged structure.
• a particle of Montmorillonite is to expand it needs to take in water into its interlayers.
• Thi ⁇ mechanism is valency dependent. Ionic compounds are formed because a metal atom donates one or two electrons to a non-metal atom (or acid radical group) .
• table salt sodium chloride
• the electron from the highe ⁇ t energy level in the ⁇ odium atom i ⁇ donated to the chlorine atom and they both form ion ⁇ a ⁇ odium one plu ⁇ cation and chloride one minu ⁇ anion.
• This process is diffu ⁇ ion, and i ⁇ defined in this instance a ⁇ a movement of molecule ⁇ from a region where they are at a comparatively high concentration (dry) to a region where they are at a lower concentration (hydration) giving a volume increa ⁇ e. Diffusion will always proceed whenever such a concentration gradient exist ⁇ , and it will continue until eventually the molecule ⁇ are uniformally distributed and lattice stabili ⁇ ation i ⁇ achieved, at which time equilibrium is said to be reached.
• Osmosis for the present purpose can be regarded as a special case of diffusion; the diffusion of water from a weaker to a stronger concentration.
• a weak solution of table salt for example, will contain relatively less salt and more water than a strong solution of salt.
• concentration gradient i ⁇ from the weak to the strong ⁇ olution. If two ⁇ uch solutions were in contact, the water molecules would move one way and the salt molecules the other until both were uniformly distributed (equilibrium) . If, however, the two solutions are separated by a membrane which allows water but not ⁇ alt to pass through, only water can diffuse.
• Such a membrane is said to be selectively permeable or "semi permeable" and the water movement is called osmo ⁇ i ⁇ , and i ⁇ defined in thi ⁇ in ⁇ tance a ⁇ the movement of a ⁇ olvent (water) across a selectively permeable interface (membrane) from a weak to a strong concentration of ions in ⁇ olution.
• Montmorillonite interlayers are water selective due to the attraction of dipolar water molecule ⁇ to the highly charged clay particles.
• the montmorillonite clay is made up of a plurality of structural plates each of which has four layer ⁇ of oxygen atoms.
• the outer layer of each plate has a generally tetrahedral format and presents a surface to the interlayer to which cations are loo ⁇ ely bonded.
• ⁇ odium montmorillonite which is a popular and useful material the cations are ⁇ odium ions and are connected to the tetrahedral layers by relatively weak Van Der Waal bonds.
• the interlayers contain a certain amount of hydrating water molecules.
• montmorillonite When the montmorillonite is contacted with water more water enters the interlayer, being attracted to the charged cations in the interlayer and moving by diffu ⁇ ion and capillary reaction ⁇ o a ⁇ to increa ⁇ e the thickne ⁇ of the interlayer. If a body of montmorillonite i ⁇ confined between a pair of relatively immobile ⁇ urface ⁇ the pressure within it upon contact with water can become so high such as to prevent any further movement of water into the structure. This build up of a high pre ⁇ ure layer which cannot ab ⁇ orb any water makes montmorillonite an excellent water-proofing agent. It is widely used in civil engineering structures.
• calcium montmorillonite wherein the loosely held cations in the interlayer are mainly Ca 2+ rather than Na +. Because of their divalancy the calcium ions bind more ⁇ trongly to the outer tetrahedral layer ⁇ than doe ⁇ ⁇ odium. In u ⁇ e calcium bentonite has a property that when initially wetted it will ⁇ well and expand in the ⁇ ame way as sodium montmorillonite. However, if the material should dry out, for example due to low rain fall or a falling water table calcium montmorillonite cannot shrink back to its original size upon lo ⁇ of water without cracking.
• a calcium bentonite water proofing material should only be u ⁇ ed in case ⁇ where permanent wetness is to be encountered. It i ⁇ possible to treat calcium bentonite with a strong sodium containing solution so a ⁇ to displace a certain percentage of the calcium ions from the interlayer and replace them with sodium so a ⁇ to give the calcium montmorillonite propertie ⁇ closer to sodium montmorillonite. However, this material is not as good a ⁇ pure ⁇ odium montmorillonite, and tend ⁇ to ⁇ uffer from the same problems as calcium montmorillonite.
• All ⁇ odium containing montmorillonite ⁇ do have a problem when the water which come ⁇ into contact with them is contaminated by salts, particularly sea water or other ⁇ alts which render the ground water ioni ⁇ ed and highly active.
• salts particularly sea water or other ⁇ alts which render the ground water ioni ⁇ ed and highly active.
• calcium is invariable present in quantity from soil and minerals. When such ionic calcium come ⁇ into contact with montmorillonite it invariably tends to migrate into the interlayers. Once in the interlayer the double valency of the Ca+ cation ⁇ make ⁇ the calcium selectively adhere to the four side ⁇ of the tetredral layer ⁇ displacing ⁇ odium.
• the present invention is additionally concerned with smectite liner intercalation complex (herein after referred to as a - ⁇
• the smectite containing layer is ⁇ andwiched between ⁇ aid support sheet and a cover sheet.
• Reinforcement can be provided in the middle of the smectite containing layer.
• the reinforcement can be secured to the cover sheet and/or the support sheet.
• the invention also provides a method of making a waterproofing material including mixing particular smectite with at least one other sub ⁇ tance to form a plastic mass, forming that mass into a layer and uniting it with a support sheet.
• the laminate of the smectite layer and the support ⁇ heet can be treated after union to cau ⁇ e the layer to loo ⁇ e a degree of pla ⁇ ticity to enable it to be handled and ⁇ tored without undergoing further deformation.
• the ⁇ mectite is mixed primarily with water to form a pa ⁇ te or a putty like pla ⁇ tic ma ⁇ which can be extruded rolled or otherwi ⁇ e formed into a continuou ⁇ layer. - . -
• the layer After forming the layer can be subjected to a drying step to remove excess water to convert the smectite layer into a more dimensionally ⁇ table configuration unlikely to deform further during transportation and storage and further to increase the swellability of the smectite upon contact with water in use.
• Additives which modify the behaviour the smectite under certain specified conditions such a ⁇ salt water, or presence of strong leachates, radiation hydrocarbons or organic chemicals can be added at the mixing stage to be operative when the smectite is in use.
• Union of the layer of smectite containing layer with the support sheet can be by adhesive, but desirably no adhesive is used, the mixture of smectite (and other substance( ⁇ ) ) being such a ⁇ to allow pressure force the plastic mass into the interstice ⁇ of the cover ⁇ heet (which i ⁇ desirably of a textile nature) phy ⁇ ically to unite the two. Similar connection can be effected between the layer and the cover ⁇ heet.
• organic material ⁇ such as a ⁇ methanol, ethanol and other alcohol ⁇ , glycerine, diesel and other oils and fats can be used.
• the ⁇ e materials do have the advantage that it is not necessary to drive off water ⁇ o a ⁇ to increase the swellability of the smectite layer, but they also have the disadvantage ⁇ that they do need a drying ⁇ tep ⁇ o that the material is not subject to further deformation under its own weight during storage and transportation and many organic material ⁇ are u ⁇ ually far more expen ⁇ ive then water.
• Alcohol ⁇ particularly methyl alcohol do, however, have particular advantage ⁇ . Whilst alcohols are generally expensive, they are also usually far more volatile than water. Thus, a pla ⁇ tic ma ⁇ made using methyl alcohol can, after having been formed into a cohesive continuous layer be dried using far less heat than would be neces ⁇ ary to drive out the water from a similar mass. In addition to this however, the alcohol driven off can be condensed and reused thus offsetting the cost thereof.
• the montmorillonite me ⁇ h ⁇ ize can be anything from 50 mesh or smaller, desirably, however the size is a maximum of 100. In practice a mesh size of 200 ha ⁇ been found useful although variations downwards from about 100 mesh do work although with le ⁇ s desirable qualities. Finer eshe ⁇ are perfectly acceptable, but tend to be unnecessary.
• the smectite used i ⁇ desirably sodium montmorillonite although calcium montmorillonite ( modified by treatment sodium hydroxide) can be used. As the montmorillonite is usually broken down ⁇ ignificantly during mixing to micro ⁇ ize ⁇ , initial grain ⁇ ize i ⁇ not critical.
• the fabrics used as support and/or cover layer can be conventional woven or non-woven textiles such a ⁇ nylon or polypropylene or polyester. They should be non-venting (that is to say they do not allow gas or liquid to pa ⁇ along the structure in use to any significant degree) .
• the fabrics are desirably woven and this degree of non-venting can be achieved by ensuring that the fabric is of relatively open mesh and fairly thin, a significant portion thereof being embedded in and physically uniting with the outer layer of the montmorillonite layer.
• the invention includes of course, a waterproofing ⁇ heet made by the methods afore ⁇ aid.
• the invention also provides apparatus for making a waterproofing material including a conveyor, mean ⁇ for feeding a support to the conveyor, mean ⁇ for applying a pla ⁇ tic smectite-containing mass onto the support, and means for forming said pla ⁇ tic mas ⁇ into a uniform continuous layer.
• Means can be provided for sizing the laminate in thickne ⁇ and/or in width.
• the apparatu ⁇ includes means for conditioning the laminate after formation to render it stable in use and storage.
• Said means can include an oven for evaporating substances, from the laminate.
• Means for supplying the plastic mass to the conveyor can include one or more nozzles, and/or an extrusion head.
• Means can also be provided for ⁇ upplying a cover ⁇ heet to a ⁇ urface of the layer remote from the ⁇ upport ⁇ heet.
• Mean ⁇ can al ⁇ o be provided for feeding a reinforcement to be embedded within the ⁇ mectite containing layer.
• Mean ⁇ can be provided for uniting ⁇ aid reinforcement with one or both of the cover and ⁇ upport ⁇ heet ⁇ ; for example by heat ⁇ ealing.
• the invention method also provide ⁇ a method of waterproofing a ⁇ tructure to prevent ingre ⁇ s and/or egres ⁇ of aqueou ⁇ fluids including the steps of providing a plurality of sheets each in the form of a laminate of a support sheet and a layer of cohesive smectite, formed from a plastic mass, laying the sheet ⁇ to cover the surface of ⁇ aid article in overlapping relation ⁇ hip and protecting ⁇ aid ⁇ heet ⁇ again ⁇ t accidental damage in u ⁇ e.
• the invention further provide ⁇ a method of ⁇ ealing a site including providing at that site apparatu ⁇ as aforesaid, transporting smectite and other sub ⁇ tance( ⁇ ) to the ⁇ ite, making the material of the invention at the ⁇ ite and laying the material of the invention directly at the site after manufacture.
• the invention al ⁇ o provide ⁇ roofing material in the form of a ⁇ upport sheet in combination with a layer of swellable ⁇ mectite formed from a plastic ma ⁇ .
• the invention ⁇ till further provides a roof incorporating as part of its water proofing layer, a layer of ⁇ wellable smecite clay formed from a plastic mas ⁇ .
• the layer can be part of the material as aforesaid or can be of other convenient construction.
• the invention ⁇ till further provides a seal for a pipe or other plumbing fitting ⁇ incorporating or consisting of a body formed from a plastic mass of smectite.
• the smectite can be in the form of a sealing ring or annulus or can be provided as a continuous length for wrapping around joints.
• the sealing material can be made by the aforesaid methods of forming a pla ⁇ tic ma ⁇ and extruding, cutting or moulding therefrom.
• the smectite can be formed in other ways, for example by dry powder moulding to form a cohesive mass.
• the sealing material can be provided with a surface layer, for example by having a surrounding sheath of net or like support material. Internal reinforcement can be incorporated if nece ⁇ sary and such internal reinforcement can, if desired, be connected to outer support layer( ⁇ ) on the body of montmorillonite.
• the sealing body of montmorillonite can be wholly or partial surrounded by an impermeable or partly permeable sheet.
• Such sheet can be arranged to allow water to enter therein but not to leave so as to swell the montmorillonite within the sheath and to urge part of the sheath into sealing engagement with its surroundings. Such an arrangement can prevent extrusion of the
• the invention provides as a ⁇ econd feature thereof a waterproofing material in the form of a body of material formed from a pla ⁇ tic ma ⁇ , wherein ⁇ aid pla ⁇ tic mass contains a smectite/liner intercalation complex.
• the liner can clo ⁇ ely bind sodium cations to the outer layers of plates of the smectite structure therefore reducing the possibility of their replacement by calcium cations.
• the lining can replace the sodium cations leaving a generally neutral face which can ab ⁇ orb water by capillary action, but which i ⁇ generally neutral and therefore does not attract calcium cations.
• the liner used will normally be an organic compound compatible with the outer layers of the smectite plate ⁇ .
• Suitable compound can be ⁇ ugar ⁇ such as fructose, glucose, dextrose and the like which have comparable molecular ⁇ hape ⁇ and will complex with the tetrahedral layers on the outside of the plate.
• the material can be added a ⁇ the polyacrylate or an acrylation proce ⁇ can be carried out in contact with the clay.
• Another possible liner is alkylammonium tri ethyl alkyl ammonium.
• the acrylate can have the formula shown in figure 2.
• the acrylate can replace the ⁇ odium cation ⁇ which normally coat the outer layer ⁇ of the smectite plates.
• the acrylate polymer can be doped with various de ⁇ irable material to alter variou ⁇ propertie ⁇ of the clay.
• One particular doping agent i ⁇ glycerol.
• the introduction of glycerol can increase the flexibility of the clay so that a length of the clay can be bent easily without breaking.
• Methanol can also be introduced as a u ⁇ eful material for increasing the flexibility and reducing the ⁇ tiffness of the mixture thu ⁇ a ⁇ i ⁇ ting in it ⁇ proces ⁇ ing.
• the invention further provide ⁇ a method of treating a ⁇ mectite clay to form a leach-resistant clay including the step of reacting it with a liner capable of complexing with face ⁇ of the clay ⁇ tructural plate ⁇ adjacent the interlayer ⁇ to form a coating which resists replacement of sodium cations.
• the liner can be polyacrylate.
• the liner can be alkylammonium timetheyl alkylammonium.
• the liner can be mixed with the clay as a monomer or in the polymer form and in the fir ⁇ t ca ⁇ e can polymeri ⁇ e within the clay.
• the invention include ⁇ a ⁇ mectite clay made by the method afore ⁇ aid.
• the invention al ⁇ o provide ⁇ a ⁇ mectite clay having interlayer ⁇ provided with an organic liner preventing replacement of ⁇ odium cations and capable of absorbing water and ⁇ welling.
• a body of a montmorillonite is constrained between two surfaces, such as the concrete of a ⁇ tructure and the ground, when contacted by water it swells and forms the aforesaid high pressure layer which prevents ingre ⁇ of water to the ⁇ tructure and therefore effectively waterproof ⁇ it.
• larger quantities of montmorillonite can be used.
• higher quantities of montmorillonite mean thicker sheet ⁇ of material which are more difficult to handle and which are heavier have more tran ⁇ portation costs and are bulky.
• Sheet material u ⁇ ed for waterproofing in ground ⁇ ituation or for roof ⁇ , wall ⁇ and the like tend to have relatively low densities. This is because they are generally made from particulate montmorillonite adhered to a supporting ⁇ heet a ⁇ of pla ⁇ tic ⁇ material or textile material and ⁇ ecured thereto by a variety of means ranging from adhesive to needling to sewing or by embedment in a mesh of fibres.
• the invention provide ⁇ a ⁇ mectite clay waterproofing material having a den ⁇ ity greater than 1000 kg. m 3 .
• the waterproofing material can be a sheet at least a metre wide and desirably up to four metres wide or more.
• the invention further provides a waterproofing material including smectite clay in combination with an organic material forming a liner on it ⁇ interlayer ⁇ and having a den ⁇ ity greater than 1000 kg m 3 .
• the material can be formed by rolling, extru ⁇ ion or the like.
• the invention additionally provides a method of forming a SLIC wherein alcohol is used to facilitate introduction of the liner into the smectite interlayer and to remove exce ⁇ liner.
• the alcohol can be methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or any higher fluid alcohol.
• the invention also provide ⁇ a method of forming a SLIC including expo ⁇ ing the forming complex to suction remove gas whilst reaction is proceeding.
• the gas will usually be air but may be air together with by ⁇ product gas form the reaction.
• the degassed material is subsequently subjected to pressure .
• the invention also provides a method of forming a SLIC including expo ⁇ ing the forming complex to pre ⁇ ure during reaction to increase the density of the product.
• the pressure is u ⁇ ed after a suction treatment which has removed exces ⁇ air and po ⁇ ible other gases.
• the pressure step can, therefore, reduce the number of voids in the product as well a ⁇ urging the molecule ⁇ of the product clo ⁇ er together to enhance the reaction to produce a den ⁇ er product.
• the den ⁇ ity of the product i ⁇ greater than 1000 kilogramme ⁇ per cubic metre.
• the pre ⁇ ure can be applied by extru ⁇ ion or by passing the forming material through rollers, or by any other convenient mean ⁇ .
• the invention therefore, further provides a method of forming a SLIC wherein the reaction is constrained to proceed at such a rate as to ensure that the temperature of the forming product varies between 15 and 30°C. Desirably the temperature is maintained in a range from 20 to 25°C.
• the product i ⁇ subjected to pres ⁇ ure a ⁇ afore ⁇ aid it i ⁇ de ⁇ irable that the pressure is applied when the temperature is within the range ⁇ afore ⁇ aid.
• the invention provides, as a further feature a SLIC having a significantly reduced expansion pressure compared with known smectite based waterproofing material.
• the expansion pres ⁇ ure can be a ⁇ low a ⁇ 10mm of concrete a ⁇ carried out in the test later defined herein.
• the invention provides a barrier against aggressive ionic fluid, the barrier being in the form of a constrained layer of a SLIC, wherein interlayers of the smectite have been treated with said liner to form the complex, the interlayer being capable of absorbing water to swell the complex to a barrier pres ⁇ ure and ⁇ aid liner preventing ion exchange between said fluid and the smectite.
• the fluid will normally be aqueous and can be highly ionised fluid such as leachate or fluid containing fertilizer and the like.
• the barrier can be equally effective against organic fluids or fluids containing organic material, as the smectite interlayer ⁇ remain proof against ion exchange with such fluid.
• THe con ⁇ traint can be a back-fill or overlay of earth or other material or in solid structure an adjacent or surrounding area of concrete or the like can be used.
• the invention provides a method of securing a seal material to a ⁇ urface wherein the seal material is a SLIC, compri ⁇ ing u ⁇ e of an adhesive compatible to the liner to cause adhesion.
• the adhe ⁇ ive can be a cyano acrylate adhesive.
• molecule ⁇ of the liner extend outwardly from the particle ⁇ of ⁇ mectite they form a very convenient anchor which can become attached to glue molecule ⁇ . Becau ⁇ e they them ⁇ elves are securely anchored within the interlayer they form adhesion between the entire complex and the structure to which the complex i ⁇ to be adhered.
• the adhesive u ⁇ ed is an ephemeral adhesive which will hold the seal material for a sufficient period of time to allow it to be installed and for further structure to be formed adjacent, but will soon degrade to allow water entry so a ⁇ to avoid the provi ⁇ ion of any adhesive film or layer which might allow water seepage past the seal.
• the invention further provides a method of making a fluid barrier including forming blocks of a high density SLIC and arranging said blocks in a layer.
• the layer can be a wall, a floor or a roof.
• the blocks can be bonded a ⁇ brick ⁇ .
• a bentonite containing pa ⁇ te can be u ⁇ ed a ⁇ a lute.
• the paste can contain a SLIC.
• Figures 1 and 2 are cro ⁇ ⁇ ectional view illustrating overlap joints in the prior art and their di ⁇ advantage ⁇ ;
• Figure 3 is a cros ⁇ ⁇ ectional view illu ⁇ trating a preferred waterproofing material of the invention
• Figure 4 is an enlarged cros ⁇ ⁇ ectional view illu ⁇ trating a ⁇ urface of a preferred material of the invention
• Figure 5 is a schematic view illustrating the apparatus of the invention suitable for carrying out a preferred method of the invention
• Figure 6 i ⁇ a plan view of part of the apparatu ⁇ of figure 5 and illu ⁇ trating two possible variations;
• Figure 7 i ⁇ a view ⁇ imilar to figure 3 but illustrating a modified material of the invention
• Figure 8 is a view similar to figure 7 but illustrating a still further modified material
• Figure 9 is a view comparable to figure 1, but illustrating an overlap join made using the material of the present invention.
• Figure 10 is an enlarged view of the portion ringed at numeral 10 in figure 9.
• Figure 11 i ⁇ a ba ⁇ ic two dimensional sketch illu ⁇ trating structure of montmorillonite
• Figure 12 is a chemical formula illustrating the ⁇ tructure of an acrylate useable in the invention.
• Figure 13 is an enlarged view illustrating the structure of montmori1lonite
• Figure 14 is attempted three dimensional representation of montmorillonite after acylation
• Figure 15 is a view similar to figure 4 but illustrating the addition of doping elements.
• Figure 16 is a view similar to figure 5 but illustrating the microscopic effect ⁇ of the acrylation.
• the preferred waterproofing material (10) of the invention is a laminate consisting of a core layer (11) containing montmorillonite.
• the core layer (11) is united with a support sheet (12) and i ⁇ de ⁇ irably but not e ⁇ entially overlaid by a cover ⁇ heet (13) .
• a preferred apparatus (14) of the invention comprises a conveyor (15) having an upper run (16) and a lower run (17) entrained about end rollers (18) and (19) .
• the upper run (16) travel ⁇ from left to right in figure 5.
• a ⁇ upport sheet (20) is fed from a ⁇ upply roll (21) by a guide roll (22) ⁇ o a ⁇ to run on and in synchronism with the conveyor (16) .
• the support sheet (20) is a sheet of woven or non-woven textile material (preferably woven) which i ⁇ relatively loose weave, being quite porous in a direction transverse to its plane.
• the web forming the support sheet can be made of any geotextile material which is suitable for di ⁇ po ⁇ al within the ground for long periods.
• Typical materials for weaving or forming the fabric of the sheet (20) can be polypropylene, polyester ⁇ including nylon, and many other pla ⁇ tic ⁇ material ⁇ alone or in blend ⁇ .
• the material should be sufficiently strong to ⁇ upport the compo ⁇ ite laminate to be formed and can be ⁇ imilar to many of the facing ⁇ heet ⁇ u ⁇ ed in relation to the prior known material ⁇ di ⁇ cussed in the introduction hereto.
• Polypropylene and cotton mixers can also be u ⁇ ed.
• a typical ⁇ upport and/or cover ⁇ heet can be of a print weave and of a weight 700g per ⁇ q.metre.
• a hopper mixer Downstream of the supply roll is a hopper mixer (23) in which ; 2 -
• particulate montmorillonite can be supplied as indicated by the arrow (24) .
• the particulate montmorillonite can be supplied from a mill or like supply and in the preferred embodiment is of 200 mesh. Finer mesh can be used although great advantages are not obtained. Meshes up to 50 mesh can be used, but at sizes greater then 100 mesh, union between the montmorillonite particles is less effective.
• the proces ⁇ which take ⁇ place in the hopper mixer (23) can be either a continuous or a batch proces ⁇ .
• a measured quantity of montmorillonite is mixed with a mea ⁇ ured quantity of one or more other ⁇ ub ⁇ tance ⁇ to produce a fluent ma ⁇ .
• the other ⁇ ub ⁇ tance( ⁇ ) can be supplied from a tank or comparable supply (25) .
• the sub ⁇ tance( ⁇ ) (26) will normally be fluid and when mixed with the montmorillonite will form a ⁇ hapable mas ⁇ .
• a liquid u ⁇ ed can be an organic liquid ⁇ uch a ⁇ glycerine, die ⁇ el oil or comparable oil ⁇ or mixes thereof, gels and other plastic or deformable mas ⁇ -forming sub ⁇ tances.
• water is mixed with the montmorillonite there being approximately from 10 to 30% water, desirably about 15 to 20%.
• liquid such as alcohol can be u ⁇ ed.
• Methyl, ethyl or propyl alcohol can be used. Methyl is preferred. It therefore needs les ⁇ drying power than water. It can be reclaimed and reu ⁇ ed.
• the mixture i ⁇ in the preferred embodiment as mentioned pure water.
• the chemical ⁇ of tho ⁇ e ⁇ pecial qualitie ⁇ can be included in the mixture of water.
• Methanol alone or water alone can be used, but neither of these is satisfactory.
• the material desirably contains a bulking agent, an anti fungicidal preserving agent, to prevent growth of mould in or on the material and de ⁇ irably a lubricant to assist in the extrusion process and convey also a degree of flexibility to the plastic mas ⁇ .
• CMC is a very desirable sub ⁇ tance in that it provides all these properties. It has anti fungicidal properties, it i ⁇ a lubricant and it makes the product more flexible. It al ⁇ o ha ⁇ the great advantage that upon contact by water, in use, it dis ⁇ olve ⁇ .
• a bulking agent which dissolves in water and aids water ingress to the montmorillonite is very desirable. In ⁇ tead of being provided by a single material these propertie ⁇ can be provided by other materials. Although many synthetic materials do have these properties, they tend to be expensive and simple plant extracts which are much cheaper are desired. As a bulking agent/lubricant guargu can be u ⁇ ed or starch. In connection with these two material ⁇ a ⁇ eparate preservative such as any conventional anti fungicidal or micro agent would have to be used.
• Any convenient liquid alcohol can be used having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Above the 12 alcohols tend to be too viscose for use but below that number any convenient alcohol can be used. It is expected, however, that methyl alcohol will be used because of its cheapnes ⁇ and ea ⁇ y availability.
• the CC can be in the form of ⁇ odium carboxy methyl cellulo ⁇ e or any other convenient compound thereof. Protection again ⁇ t bacterial attack i ⁇ important becau ⁇ e the bacterial reactions can produce hydro carbons which react with the sodium irons in the clay. This can reduce the ⁇ wellability of the clay.
• a ⁇ a possible variation a soluble coating can be provided to ⁇ urround a body of material of the invention.
• Thi ⁇ can be arranged to degrade over a relatively ⁇ hort period of time ( ⁇ uch a ⁇ a week) .
• Thi ⁇ would enable block seals and the like to be installed without becoming greasy and unhandlable due to adver ⁇ e weather condition ⁇ , but would not affect the function of material to swell in use after a brief period of time.
• the montmorillonite u ⁇ ed i ⁇ de ⁇ irably ⁇ odium montmorillonite but calcium montmorillonite or treated calcium also be used.
• the materials are first mixed by means of a mixer (27) and then extruded by ⁇ crew ⁇ (28) to an extru ⁇ ion nozzle (29) .
• the fluid mas ⁇ i ⁇ spread out as a thin layer covering the entire width of the conveyor run (16) .
• the reinforcement is required within the montmorillonite layer in order that it can be laid on steep slope ⁇ without lo ⁇ of function it can be desirable to incorporate within the pla ⁇ tic ma ⁇ a reinforcing layer. This can be done by embedding the reinforcing layer into the mas ⁇ as it i ⁇ being extruded or it i ⁇ being ⁇ pread out into a layer.
• the reinforcing layer can be made in the form of a core having bri ⁇ tle ⁇ or comparable formation ⁇ extending outward ⁇ which, with the core di ⁇ po ⁇ ed centrally in the body of montmorillonite extend to the ⁇ urface thereof and contact and possibly project through the surface layers.
• the material of the reinforcement and the ⁇ urface layer ⁇ can be made ⁇ uch that the exposed bristle ⁇ can be heat ⁇ ealed to contact and be ⁇ ecured to the outer layer ⁇ . It i ⁇ envisaged that it would be pos ⁇ ible for the montmorillonite mass to be extruded or formed into a pair of ⁇ heets and the reinforcement feed between them and to have its bri ⁇ tles projecting through each of the two part layers of the montmorillonite core and project to the other ⁇ urface ⁇ thereof ! 7 -
• extrusion of a thin layer of the plastic mass containing montmorillonite is desirable, as it can be 3 or more metres wide, it could well be that a three metre wide extrusion nozzle is either expensive, slow, or requires inordinate amounts of power to be successful.
• Such a extrusion nozzle (29) is ⁇ hown in figure 5 which al ⁇ o show ⁇ an alternative which will be de ⁇ cribed later.
• the layer (30) of montmorillonite containing plastic ma ⁇ is levelled and formed into a uniform uninterrupted layer.
• Thi ⁇ can be achieved by means of an initial doctor blade (31) or more likely, a roller, and sub ⁇ equent ⁇ izing roller ⁇ (32) to (34).
• the pairs of sizing rolls (32) (33) (34) can effect kneading and levelling of the fluid material and ⁇ ub ⁇ equent ⁇ ize thickness reductions.
• Figure 6 shows one of the roller ⁇ and ⁇ how ⁇ the pla ⁇ tic ⁇ material extruded outward ⁇ beyond the edge of the conveyor and being removed by trimming knive ⁇ (36) .
• the sub ⁇ tance which convert the powdered montmorillonite into a pla ⁇ tic fluent mass will need some degree of treatment, for example by evaporation, drying or partial chemical change so a ⁇ to ensure that the final material can not deform further in use or in storage.
• Thi ⁇ can be effected by means of a treatment facility indicated by the reference numeral (39) .
• the treatment facility (39) When the mixture sub ⁇ tance i ⁇ e ⁇ entially water or an evaporable liquid the treatment facility (39) will be in the form of an oven and will reduce the solvent water content of the montmorillonite containing layer from 20% down to 5% or less.
• the treatment facility can be in the form of an oven casing (40) to which hot air is supplied at an inlet (41) and leaves via outlet (42) .
• the laminate (40) After leaving the treatment facility (39) the laminate (40) can be allowed to cool and then be fed to a store roll (44) .
• a knife or the like can be provided for cutting the laminate a ⁇ it leave ⁇ the oven when roll (44) i ⁇ full.
• the consistency of the plastic/fluent ma ⁇ containing montmorillonite can vary widely from almo ⁇ t a liquid condition to a ⁇ tiff pa ⁇ te.
• the ⁇ tiffer the pa ⁇ te the better as water has to be expelled by pas ⁇ age through the oven.
• the stiffer the material the le ⁇ later treatment i ⁇ necessary to render the final laminate stable and non-deformable during transportation and storage and use. This process will usually involve evaporation comparable to oven drying or a chemical treatment.
• a ⁇ maller extru ⁇ ion or fluid delivery nozzle (45) can be u ⁇ ed which can be mounted so as to perform a generally sinuou ⁇ path tran ⁇ versely of the direction of travel of the run (17) of the belt (15) .
• the nozzle (45) can follow a path indicated by the line (46) .
• the support sheet and/or the cover sheet can be of woven or non-woven material.
• Woven material is preferred but it gives significant ⁇ trength with le ⁇ er weight of material ⁇ .
• a non-woven material might have advantage, however in that it can form a phy ⁇ ical union with the montmorillonite containing core (11) .
• the montmorillonite in one or each of the cores can swell and expand into the unfilled portions of the fabrics (50) (51) and forming effectively a continuous layer of expanded montmorillonite uniting the two core ⁇ and providing a completely water tight ⁇ eal.
• the invention include ⁇ the waterproofing material it ⁇ elf, the method of an apparatus for producing it and a method of waterproofing a structure including the step ⁇ of placing ⁇ heet ⁇ material of the invention in overlapping relation ⁇ hip and placing overburden to protect the ⁇ heet ⁇ against damage in use.
• a further di ⁇ advantage of exi ⁇ ting method ⁇ of waterproofing large ⁇ ite ⁇ ⁇ uch a ⁇ pond filled ⁇ ites, pond ⁇ , lagoons and the like is that the material has to be made in bulk in a factory and then transported to the site.
• the material is manufactured in as wide a width a ⁇ possible consistent with manufacturing problems and transpiration.
• the material may be from a minimum of 4 up to 10 or 20mm or more in thickness , the length of roll which can be tran ⁇ ported i ⁇ not very high.
• On large ⁇ ite ⁇ the elimination of large amount ⁇ of joint ⁇ and the elimination of road transportation can mean significant cost savings.
• the apparatus of the invention can be divided into a number of mobile unit ⁇ , for example the main conveyor, the mixing hopper and the drying could form three ⁇ eparate unit load ⁇ .
• the invention envisage ⁇ the use of a material comprising expandable montmorillonite clay into a flat or slightly ⁇ lopping roof as the whole or a ⁇ ignificant part of the water proofing component thereof.
• the material of the invention i ⁇ particularly ⁇ uitable for thi ⁇ purpo ⁇ e a ⁇ it can be laid on relatively higher slopes then previously known montmorillonite sheets without them being very expensive. Thu ⁇ , in the ca ⁇ e of a roof which ha ⁇ ⁇ tand ⁇ the montmorillonite sheet of the present invention can be laid to extend not only the flat ⁇ urface but also upstands to form a water proof layer.
• the montmorillonite core will normally be laid by several cm of gravel or like material providing a bearing layer protecting the montmorillonite beneath.
• the invention envisages the use of montmorillonite expandable clay a ⁇ ⁇ ealant in pipe ⁇ and other plumbing.
• the montmorillonite material can be in the form of ring ⁇ , annular ⁇ trip ⁇ or ⁇ heets and incorporated in underground drainage or supply pipe ⁇ , dome ⁇ tic pla ⁇ tic ⁇ or metal pipe ⁇ and comparable plumbing in ⁇ tallations.
• the cheapnes ⁇ of the montmorillonite mean ⁇ that they are ready and cheap ⁇ ub ⁇ titute for rubber or pla ⁇ tic sealing ring ⁇ and are cheap enough to be replaced when ever the joint need ⁇ to be opened or replaced.
• a polyacrylate a ⁇ the liner a quantity of untreated ⁇ odium montmorillonite and approximately 10% by weight of a polyacrylate of the formula ⁇ hown in figure 2, from 2% to 7% of a ⁇ odium carboxymethyl cellulo ⁇ e (CMC) , 14% of methanol and 5% of glycerol were intimately mixed together. Kneading and mixing were continued until the mixture reached a suitable consistency for extrusion. Thi ⁇ can take longer than would normally be necessary for simple mixing a ⁇ the chemical reaction between the acrylate and the structural plates of the clay take ⁇ ⁇ ome time to occur. The heat emitted by ⁇ uch reaction i ⁇ an important factor in bringing the forming ⁇ mectite acrylic complex to a ⁇ uitable consi ⁇ tency and structure.
• CMC ⁇ odium carboxymethyl cellulo ⁇ e
• micro ⁇ copic scale which is illu ⁇ trated very schematically in figure 6) a particle of clay consi ⁇ t ⁇ of a plurality of small structural plate ⁇ between which the helical acrylate molecule ⁇ are disposed.
• the surfaces of the helical acrylate molecules are bonded to the tetrahedra within the faces of the ⁇ tructure plate ⁇ oppo ⁇ ite the interlayer ⁇ and project beyond the edge ⁇ of the particle. This projection of the acrylate molecules beyond the surface of the particle has a ⁇ ignificant effect in the abortion of water by the clay.
• the acrylate does, to some extent mask the electro-chemical water absorbing propertie ⁇ of the clay by effectively neutrali ⁇ ing the ⁇ odium cation ⁇ in the interlayer
• the extending helical polyacrylate molecules extending outwardly from the particle ⁇ have a ⁇ urface tension effect which draws water toward ⁇ the particle ⁇ and causes it to enter into the interlayers by capillary action thu ⁇ cau ⁇ ing a ⁇ welling of the particle which is comparable to the electro-chemical swelling which previously occurred but which i ⁇ not dependent on the pre ⁇ ence of cation ⁇ within the interlayer ⁇ .
• a further alternative liner material is alkylammonium trimethyl alkyl ammonium which can be used in the manner very ⁇ imilar to the polyacrylic compound to give a ⁇ imilar complex with ⁇ imilar propertie ⁇ .
• the actual den ⁇ ity can be varied by varying the proportion of material ⁇ in the complex. - "t b -
• the waterproofing material can be made without using the liner such a ⁇ polyacrylate.
• CNC either in addition to the acrylate or as a sub ⁇ titute therefore.
• the CNC can be useful in varying the reaction rate of the clay but it also has a property of forming, on the surface of the extruded material a layer which improves the life of the ⁇ ealing material by resisting degradation and swelling by rain over a fir ⁇ t few hours or day ⁇ .
• a layer of conventional particulate smectite clay waterproofing sheet was laid on the ground and contacted with typical water high in ionic leaching chemicals. After six hour ⁇ the bentonite layer had ab ⁇ orbed the liquid and had swelled to form a uniform water retaining layer.
• a complex according to the invention was similarly treated and had, within six hour ⁇ reached preci ⁇ ely the ⁇ ame condition.
• the complex montmorillonite clay of the pre ⁇ ent invention formed a uniform waterproofing layer.
• a cyano- acrylic adhe ⁇ ive can be formulated which can adhere the smectite complex clay body to concrete and the like and which can allow the body to expand and contract as it is wetted, dried and re ⁇ wetted over many cycles.
• a sheet of the clay either as a cohesive body formed by extrusion or otherwise or in a particular manner to a supporting sheet, for example of high density polyethylene, a geotextile or the like by means of adhesive, needle punching or the like.
• Adhesive and/or stitching or penetration by polymer ⁇ pike ⁇ weldable to a sheet on the other side of the clay can be used to form a stable slope engaging material.
• a ⁇ well as montmorillonite, saponite and other smectites can be u ⁇ ed.
• the material then falls to the base of the vacuum chamber and is engaged by the rollers of the extru ⁇ ion machine and driven toward ⁇ a 25mm ⁇ quare extrusion head having 3mm radius corners.
• the forming complex (intercalation commence ⁇ in the mixer and i-s ⁇ till continuing a ⁇ extru ⁇ ion take ⁇ place) ha ⁇ a smooth outer surface and is a coherent flexible and u ⁇ eful ⁇ eal material for u ⁇ e at the junction between the ⁇ tructural component ⁇ ⁇ uch a ⁇ concrete ⁇ labs, panels and where service conduits pa ⁇ s through foundations and the like.
• the percentage ⁇ of the variou ⁇ material ⁇ u ⁇ ed can be varied a ⁇ follows:-
• the alcohol u ⁇ ed can be methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or any other liquid alcohol and ⁇ erve ⁇ to facilitate introduction of the liner into the ⁇ mectite interlayers.
• ⁇ ome of the alcohol is, during the heating stage, (the heating i ⁇ due to the heat of the reaction which begin ⁇ to effect the material towards the end of the reaction period) is expelled and carries with it
• excess polyacrylate which can be deposited on the outside of the extruded strip as a shiny layer.
• This layer may ⁇ erve as lubricant as the ⁇ trip passes ⁇ through the die and helps to produce a smooth continuous surface.
• this deposited acrylate also forms a coating for the material which delays the onset of severe water briefly and helps in allowing the material to be installed and perhaps wetted or exposed to the atmosphere before additional material is applied to the surround.
• the function of the pres ⁇ ure during extru ⁇ ion is to increa ⁇ e the den ⁇ ity of the product by eliminating voids which might otherwise form within a less than coherent mass.
• Thi ⁇ together with the vacuum ⁇ tep which ha ⁇ removed air has the effect of compressing the material to a high density.
• Thi ⁇ move ⁇ the molecule ⁇ ⁇ lightly closer together during extrusion thus increa ⁇ ing the rate of reaction and encouraging the formation of the complex from the intercalated polyacrylate liner.
• the den ⁇ ity i ⁇ greater than 1,000 kilogrammes per metre cube and a preferred density is over 1,3000 kilogrammes per metre cubic.
• the process described above produces a sealing strip very suitable for use in concrete foundations and the like and also in plumbing applications in the sealing of pipes and comparable fitting ⁇ .
• the material can be extruded in many shapes for example square, strip, triangular or in any other convenient form. By rolling or extrusion the material can be formed into sheets which can be used to form an ideal barrier against aggres ⁇ ive ironi ⁇ ed fluid ⁇ .
• Such ioni ⁇ ed fluid will usually be leachet ⁇ from plants or sites or may be atmospheric water or ground water contacting the capping of a landfill site. It ha ⁇ been found that fertili ⁇ er and other materials which may be applied to foliage above a landfill site forms a highly ionised material as aggressive as any leachate and which can seriously damage conventional bentonite liners and capping.
• the material of the invention can be formed into bricks, either on a block making machine into which portions of the forming complex can be introduced and compressed to shape, cr a generally rectangular strip can be extruded and cut as by travelling knives to form blocks.
• the blocks can be used then to form a barrier by building in the nature of a wall, or by laying them on a floor, or lying them on some support to form a roof for a containment area.
• the blocks can be bonded a ⁇ conventional bricks and a bentonite containing or other paste can be used as a lute in the joints. Desirably a SLIC paste is used as the lute.
• a cavity layer can be provided and individually drained in order to allow testing of the integrity of a "front line" layer cf the wall and provide an air gap to prevent transfer of water from one wall to the other by direct contact.
• a further advantage of the material of the invention resides in the fact that by appropriate selection of the liner the susceptibility of the material to adherence can be greatly increased. It is often useful to be able to attach a sealing strip to a, for example, vertical surface. This can be at the junction of various concrete components, between concrete panels or the like. In the past this has involved the provision of a recess into which the strip must be pushed (and the recess accordingly rather carefully dimensioned to receive the strip as a push fit) or the strip must be clipped or nailed in position.
• the liner to be compatible with a convenient adhesive it is po ⁇ ible for a layer of adhe ⁇ ive to be made which will ⁇ ecure a strip of the material invention to, for example, a vertical surface.
• a layer of adhe ⁇ ive to be made which will ⁇ ecure a strip of the material invention to, for example, a vertical surface.
• glue such as cyano acrylate adhesive
• the bonding can be by means of spaced portion ⁇ of the adhesive spotted at intervals along the line to which the ⁇ trip is to be attached.
• the adhesive used is designed to be an adhesive which will hold the ⁇ trip securely over a maximum period of perhap ⁇ three or ⁇ ix day ⁇ in order to allow the user to carry out all processes in relation to the installation of the seal and the creation of other structures nearby.
• the adhesive thereafter degrades in order to prevent the po ⁇ siblity of a waterproof adhesive film remaining which might provide a water path which could by-pass the seal strip.
• the material can be extruded as a strip profile or as a wide sheet.
• oroducin ⁇ a wide sheet it is desirable to extrude the material in the form of a hollow formation and then split that hollow formation to form a sheet.

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• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
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• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
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• 1993
  • 1993-08-24 DK DK94908846T patent/DK0658231T4/da active
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  • 1993-08-24 WO PCT/GB1993/001807 patent/WO1994005863A2/en active IP Right Grant
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