EP0654771B1 - Method for preventing false alarms in a fire detecting system and device for performing this method - Google Patents

Method for preventing false alarms in a fire detecting system and device for performing this method Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0654771B1
EP0654771B1 EP94113870A EP94113870A EP0654771B1 EP 0654771 B1 EP0654771 B1 EP 0654771B1 EP 94113870 A EP94113870 A EP 94113870A EP 94113870 A EP94113870 A EP 94113870A EP 0654771 B1 EP0654771 B1 EP 0654771B1
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interval
sub
threshold value
signal
sensor
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0654771A1 (en
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Bernhard Dr. Piller
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Siemens Building Technologies AG
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Siemens Building Technologies AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
    • G08B29/18—Prevention or correction of operating errors
    • G08B29/20—Calibration, including self-calibrating arrangements
    • G08B29/24—Self-calibration, e.g. compensating for environmental drift or ageing of components
    • G08B29/26—Self-calibration, e.g. compensating for environmental drift or ageing of components by updating and storing reference thresholds

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  • the present invention relates to a method for avoiding false alarms in a fire detection system, with a plurality of detectors connected to a control center, which at least a sensor for monitoring fire parameters and for delivering the corresponding ones
  • a control center which at least a sensor for monitoring fire parameters and for delivering the corresponding ones
  • False alarms which are among the most common faults in fire protection systems, occur among other things the reason is because the sensors are "mistaken" by not moving between one a fire-indicating fire parameter and a fire-pretending parameter can distinguish.
  • the main cause of this deception is that both sizes are physically the same but of different origin, that is, the physical size For example, "smoke" once from a fire, once from a cigar smoker and once can be caused by welding work in the respective room. If the one in question If the detector responds to smoke as a fire parameter, it will in any of the three cases do, and it will not be possible to trigger false alarms by the cigar smoker or the welding work by increasing the reliability of the sensor or individual To prevent components from this. As known systems, however, almost exclusively Such an improvement in reliability is usually directed to the number do not reduce false alarms of the type described.
  • the invention is now intended to provide a method by means of which false alarms are used largely avoided or at least noticeably reduced. This will accomplish this task solved that in a method of the type mentioned in the additional characterizing Part of claims 1 and 2 specified process steps are carried out.
  • interference level monitoring is carried out the detector through circuits that generate at least one fault alarm threshold, which is at a certain distance from the operating point of the signal from the detector. at If the fault alarm threshold is exceeded, the alarm memory arranged in the detector is triggered without an alarm being issued set.
  • the interference level monitoring that takes place during normal operating time informs early on whether there is a tendency towards false alarms in the detector concerned.
  • the Exceeding the fault alarm threshold is displayed on the detector itself and / or to the control center forwarded so that the operator in question is always informed on which Notification maintenance work must be carried out to remedy the fault.
  • This noise level monitoring is a type of detector self-monitoring, but it has no information about it provides whether or that a false alarm due to application errors can be expected.
  • False alarms are the ratio of the time it takes to decide whether to issue a warning whether or not, and the reliability of this decision. Because on the one hand it has to Decision will be made within the shortest possible time as a false alarm is common shortly after a change in the environmental conditions. And on the other hand it is statistical relevance of the data collected during this short period of time is not great and can this should not be at all.
  • This problem of estimating the likelihood of a false alarm from just a little Information is provided in a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention solved in that the maximum value of the sensor signal is determined in each subinterval and off the mean of all subintervals is calculated as the mean for the relevant interval.
  • the invention further relates to fire alarm systems for carrying out the methods mentioned according to claims 6 and 7.
  • reference numeral 1 designates the or a sensor of a fire detector, on the Output a sensor signal S is available.
  • Reference numeral 2 denotes a block 2, in which the quantization of the sensor signals S takes place, that is to say the continuous sensor signal is sampled becomes.
  • Reference number 3 denotes a stage for signal analysis, at the output of which the probability of one False alarm indicating signal W is available.
  • the signal analysis is usually carried out not in the detector, but in the control center to which the detector with sensors 1 is connected are. It does not matter whether the control center receives the sensor signal S received or not in quantized form; in the latter case the quantization in the Central are done, which in the figure by the sensor 1 with the analysis stage 3 directly connecting, dashed line is indicated.
  • an interval is first defined over which the sensor signal should be analyzed.
  • the length of this interval can vary in minutes, days, Move weekly or even monthly range.
  • a second interval is then preferably of the same length as the first or an interval grid with lengths corresponding to the first interval grid is determined and the result of the analysis of the sensor signal in each Subintervals of the first interval to the corresponding subintervals of the second interval.
  • a main prerequisite for this is the behavior of the sensor signal S in one to be able to deduce the behavior in a second interval in the first interval the presence of a steady state. So one assumes that during the observation and registration of the signal was in a steady state, and that this will continue to be the case during the second interval.
  • intervals of different lengths are therefore recommended because the weighting of a signal regarding its relevance for a possible Alarm is very dependent on the time reference. So if, for example, on 20 events in a single day, i.e. exceeding any threshold, occur, then, based on an interval of one day in length, 20 mutually independent events. Relating to a half-yearly or yearly interval on the other hand, it is a cluster of events that in no way as can be viewed independently of each other.
  • the Intervals composed of several subintervals in analysis level 3 only considers the event with the greatest amplitude per subinterval. Leading in fact that in a given subinterval all events with amplitudes below the maximum are not taken into account, but is not critical, because these events are detected at shorter intervals and sub-intervals. The maximum values of the individual subintervals then become one for the respective one Interval representative mean. Finally, this mean becomes derived the probability of a false alarm.
  • the user determines to what extent the system should prevent false alarms. For example, if 9 out of 10 false alarms are to be prevented, P is set to 0.9. This value and the number m of subintervals define the condition for the system to issue a warning: Warning if: ⁇ L ⁇ - In [1 - P 1 / m (T, L)]
  • the range of intervals so that the shortest by the shortest response time of a user, that is typically 10 minutes, and the longest by the maximum expected Duration of the steady state, for example 6 months. If starting from the shortest interval, the interval length doubles, then results that from 10 minutes to 6 months 15 intervals.
  • the means for each interval is obtained by filtering the maxima of the subintervals with a digital low-pass filter. This mean value together with the provisional maximum is in each case Interval saved.
  • the algorithm for the warning is very simple: the system calculates the mean values and checks whether this is a given, at the likelihood of avoidance of a false alarm P exceeds the corresponding threshold value. This can be different for each interval. If, as stated above, 9 out of 10 False alarms are to be prevented, then the system, as soon as it detects that the mean one within an interval of, for example, one hour Has exceeded a value of 22% of the threshold value, give a hint and one Request intervention within the next hour. If the interval is 1 month, then the hint would be different because the intervention would not be so urgent would.
  • This function is a so-called application error determination or message alerting the user to any application errors should draw attention.
  • the basic idea is that it is determined automatically whether and how often a detector within a certain interval a certain, does not yet exceed an alarm level that triggers the alarm. Because then there is Risk of a false alarm being triggered at some point.
  • Fig. 2 shows the diagram of a plotted against time t Sensor signal S, wherein on the ordinate a threshold value G1 for the low mentioned Danger level is drawn.
  • a detector counts each time the threshold is exceeded G1 and delivers a corresponding pulse In to a counter 4.
  • the counter 4 counts the pulses In over the selected time interval T of, for example, 24 hours and reports the counter reading in the example shown at the end of the time interval is 5, to a comparator 5. This compares the meter reading received with a set value and gives an advisory message if this value is exceeded the type of "inappropriate use" or the like.
  • the illustrated embodiment can be further expanded, for example, by the signal S is quantized and thus how long the exceedance is determined of the threshold value G1 has lasted through the signal S.
  • the signal S is quantized and thus how long the exceedance is determined of the threshold value G1 has lasted through the signal S.
  • the signal S is quantized and thus how long the exceedance is determined of the threshold value G1 has lasted through the signal S.
  • the signal S is quantized and thus how long the exceedance is determined of the threshold value G1 has lasted through the signal S.
  • the signal S is quantized and thus how long the exceedance is determined of the threshold value G1 has lasted through the signal S.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fire Alarms (AREA)
  • Alarm Systems (AREA)

Abstract

The fire-detecting system contains detectors with sensors (1) for monitoring fire characteristics. The sensors (1) generate corresponding sensor signals (S) which are fed to an analytical stage (evaluation stage) (3). The probability (W) of a future false alarm is estimated in this analytical stage and an indication signal is output if the probability has a specific magnitude. <IMAGE>

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Vermeidung von Fehlalarmen in einem Brandmeldesystem, mit einer Mehrzahl von mit einer Zentrale verbundenen Meldern, welche mindestens einen Sensor zur Überwachung von Brandkenngrössen und zur Abgabe entsprechender Sensorsignale aufweisen, aus denen in einem Signalverarbeitungsprozess, welcher einen Vergleich der Sensorsignale mit einem unterhalb einer Gefahrenstufe liegenden Schwellwert umfasst, durch Vergleich mit entsprechenden Gefahrenstufen Gefahrensignale abgeleitet werden.The present invention relates to a method for avoiding false alarms in a fire detection system, with a plurality of detectors connected to a control center, which at least a sensor for monitoring fire parameters and for delivering the corresponding ones Have sensor signals from which in a signal processing process, which is a comparison which comprises sensor signals with a threshold value below a danger level, hazard signals can be derived by comparison with corresponding hazard levels.

Fehlalarme, die zu den häufigsten Störungen bei Brandschutzsystemen zählen, treten unter anderem deswegen auf, weil sich die Sensoren "täuschen", indem sie nicht zwischen einer auf einen Brand hinweisenden Brandkenngrösse und einem einen Brand nur vortäuschenden Parameter unterscheiden können. Die Hauptursache für diese Täuschung liegt darin, das beide Grössen physikalisch gleich aber verschiedenen Ursprungs sind, dass also die physikalische Grösse "Rauch" beispielsweise einmal von einem Brand, einmal von einem Zigarrenraucher und einmal durch Schweissarbeiten in dem jeweiligen Raum verursacht sein kann. Wenn nun der betreffende Melder auf die Brandkenngrösse Rauch anspricht, dann wird er das in jedem der drei Fälle tun, und es wird nicht möglich sein, die Auslösung von Fehlalarmen durch den Zigarrenraucher oder die Schweissarbeiten durch eine Steigerung der Zuverlässigkeit des Sensors oder einzelner Komponenten von diesem zu verhindern. Da bekannte Systeme aber nahezu ausschliesslich auf eine solche Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit gerichtet sind, können sie in aller Regel die Anzahl von Fehlalarmen der beschriebenen Art nicht reduzieren.False alarms, which are among the most common faults in fire protection systems, occur among other things the reason is because the sensors are "mistaken" by not moving between one a fire-indicating fire parameter and a fire-pretending parameter can distinguish. The main cause of this deception is that both sizes are physically the same but of different origin, that is, the physical size For example, "smoke" once from a fire, once from a cigar smoker and once can be caused by welding work in the respective room. If the one in question If the detector responds to smoke as a fire parameter, it will in any of the three cases do, and it will not be possible to trigger false alarms by the cigar smoker or the welding work by increasing the reliability of the sensor or individual To prevent components from this. As known systems, however, almost exclusively Such an improvement in reliability is usually directed to the number do not reduce false alarms of the type described.

Durch die Erfindung soll nun ein Verfahren angegeben werden, durch dessen Anwendung Fehlalarme weitgehend vermieden oder zumindest spürbar reduziert werden. Diese Aufgabe wird dadurch gelöst, dass bei einem Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art zusätzlich die im kennzeichnenden Teil der Ansprüche 1 und 2 angegebenen Verfahrensschritte durchgeführt werden.The invention is now intended to provide a method by means of which false alarms are used largely avoided or at least noticeably reduced. This will accomplish this task solved that in a method of the type mentioned in the additional characterizing Part of claims 1 and 2 specified process steps are carried out.

Beim erfindungsgemässen Verfahren versucht man nicht, Fehlalarme durch Erhöhung der Zuverlässigkeit des Systems oder von dessen Komponenten zu reduzieren, sondern man legt das System so aus, dass Fehlalarme vorausgesagt werden können. Wenn die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines künftigen Fehlalarms einen bestimmten Wert erreicht oder überschreitet, dann erhält der Benutzer einen Hinweis oder eine Warnung und kann darauf entsprechend reagieren. Eine der Hauptanwendungen des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens liegt in der sogenannten Applikationsfehlerermittlung, durch die der Benutzer auf eventuelle Anwendungsfehler aufmerksam gemacht werden soll. In the method according to the invention, no attempt is made to avoid false alarms by increasing the reliability of the system or its components, but you put the system down so that false alarms can be predicted. If the probability of one future false alarm reaches or exceeds a certain value, then the user receives a notice or warning and can react accordingly. One of the main applications of the method according to the invention lies in the so-called application error determination, by which the user is made aware of any application errors should.

Bei einer in der EP-A-0 121 048 beschriebenen Gefahrenmeldeanlage erfolgt eine Störpegelüberwachung der Melder durch Stromkreise, welche mindestens eine Störalarmschwelle erzeugen, die einen bestimmten Abstand zum Arbeitspunkt des Signals des Melderdetektors einnimmt. Bei Überschreiten der Störalamschwelle wird der im Melder angeordnete Alarmspeicher ohne Alarmabgabe gesetzt. Die während der normalen Betriebszeit erfolgende Störpegelüberwachung informiert frühzeitig, ob bei dem betreffenden Melder eine Tendenz zu Fehlalarmen vorliegt. Das Überschreiten der Störalarmschwelle wird am Melder selbst angezeigt und/oder an die Zentrale weitergeleitet, so dass die betreffende Bedienungsperson immer darüber informiert ist, an welchen Meldern Wartungsarbeiten zur Behebung der Störung vorzunehmen sind. Diese Störpegelüberwachung ist eine Art von Melder-Selbstüberwachung, die aber keinerlei Informationen darüber liefert, ob oder dass ein Fehlalarm aufgrund von Anwendungsfehlern zu erwarten ist.In a hazard alarm system described in EP-A-0 121 048, interference level monitoring is carried out the detector through circuits that generate at least one fault alarm threshold, which is at a certain distance from the operating point of the signal from the detector. at If the fault alarm threshold is exceeded, the alarm memory arranged in the detector is triggered without an alarm being issued set. The interference level monitoring that takes place during normal operating time informs early on whether there is a tendency towards false alarms in the detector concerned. The Exceeding the fault alarm threshold is displayed on the detector itself and / or to the control center forwarded so that the operator in question is always informed on which Notification maintenance work must be carried out to remedy the fault. This noise level monitoring is a type of detector self-monitoring, but it has no information about it provides whether or that a false alarm due to application errors can be expected.

Das Prinzip der Häufigkeitsermittlung mittels Zählung von Überschreitungen eines vorgegebenen Schwellwerts durch ein Sensorsignal und Auslösung eines Alarm- oder Warnsignals, wenn das Zählergebnis einen vorgegebenen Wert erreicht, ist aus der US-A-4 764 755 bekannt. Dieses Dokument beschreibt ein Intrusionssystem mit einem aus zwei Pyroelementen bestehenden Pyrosensor, bei welchem ein Eindringling ein aus drei Pulsen bestehendes Intrusionssignal erzeugt. Daher wird ein Alarmschwellwert festgelegt, für dessen Überschreitung mehr als zwei Pulse nötig sind, und es wird gefordert, dass diese mehr als zwei Pulse innerhalb eines bestimmten Intervalls auftreten müssen.The principle of determining the frequency by counting the exceeding of a given one Threshold value through a sensor signal and triggering an alarm or warning signal if that Counting result reaches a predetermined value is known from US-A-4 764 755. This document describes an intrusion system with a pyro sensor consisting of two pyro elements, in which an intruder generates an intrusion signal consisting of three pulses. An alarm threshold value is therefore defined, which requires more than two pulses to be exceeded and is required to have more than two pulses within a certain interval must occur.

Eine wesentliche Schwierigkeit bei einem Verfahren oder System zur Vermeidung oder Reduktion von Fehlalarmen liegt im Verhältnis zwischen der Zeit für die Entscheidung, ob eine Warnung erfolgen soll oder nicht, und der Zuverlässigkeit dieser Entscheidung. Denn einerseits muss die Entscheidung innerhalb einer möglichst kurzen Zeit getroffen werden, da ein Fehlalarm üblicherweise kurz nach einer Änderung der Umgebungsbedingungen erfolgt. Und andererseits ist die statistische Relevanz der während dieser kurzen Zeit gesammelten Daten nicht gross und kann dies auch gar nicht sein.An essential difficulty in a process or system for avoidance or reduction False alarms are the ratio of the time it takes to decide whether to issue a warning whether or not, and the reliability of this decision. Because on the one hand it has to Decision will be made within the shortest possible time as a false alarm is common shortly after a change in the environmental conditions. And on the other hand it is statistical relevance of the data collected during this short period of time is not great and can this should not be at all.

Dieses Problem der Abschätzung der Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Fehlalarms anhand von nur wenig Informationen wird bei einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens dadurch gelöst, dass in jedem Subintervall der Maximalwert des Sensorsignals ermittelt und aus den Mittelwerten aller Subintervalle der Mittelwert für das betreffende Intervall berechnet wird.This problem of estimating the likelihood of a false alarm from just a little Information is provided in a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention solved in that the maximum value of the sensor signal is determined in each subinterval and off the mean of all subintervals is calculated as the mean for the relevant interval.

Die Erfindung betrifft weiter Brandmeldesysteme zur Durchführung der genannten Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 6 und 7.The invention further relates to fire alarm systems for carrying out the methods mentioned according to claims 6 and 7.

Nachfolgend soll nun die Erfindung anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen und der Zeichnungen näher erläutert werden; dabei zeigt:

Fig. 1
ein Blockschema der Signalverarbeitung; und
Fig. 2
ein Diagramm zur Erläuterung einer speziellen Funktion, der sogenannten Applikationsfehlerermittlung.
The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to exemplary embodiments and the drawings; shows:
Fig. 1
a block diagram of the signal processing; and
Fig. 2
a diagram for explaining a special function, the so-called application error determination.

In Fig. 1 bezeichnet das Bezugszeichen 1 den oder einen Sensor eines Brandmelders, an dessen Ausgang ein Sensorsignal S erhältlich ist. Das Bezugszeichen 2 bezeichnet einen Block 2, in dem die Quantisierung der Sensorsignale S erfolgt, das kontinuierliche Sensorsignal also abgetastet wird. Das Bezugszeichen 3 bezeichnet eine Stufe zur Signalanalyse, an deren Ausgang ein die Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Fehlalarm angebendes Signal W erhältlich ist. Üblicherweise erfolgt die Signalanalyse nicht im Melder sondern in der Zentrale, an die die Melder mit den Sensoren 1 angeschlossen sind. Dabei ist es nicht von Bedeutung, ob die Zentrale das Sensorsignal S in quantisierter Form erhält oder nicht; im letzteren Fall würde die Quantisierung in der Zentrale erfolgen, was in der Figur durch die den Sensor 1 mit der Analysestufe 3 direkt verbindende, gestrichelt eingezeichnete Leitung angedeutet ist.In Fig. 1, reference numeral 1 designates the or a sensor of a fire detector, on the Output a sensor signal S is available. Reference numeral 2 denotes a block 2, in which the quantization of the sensor signals S takes place, that is to say the continuous sensor signal is sampled becomes. Reference number 3 denotes a stage for signal analysis, at the output of which the probability of one False alarm indicating signal W is available. The signal analysis is usually carried out not in the detector, but in the control center to which the detector with sensors 1 is connected are. It does not matter whether the control center receives the sensor signal S received or not in quantized form; in the latter case the quantization in the Central are done, which in the figure by the sensor 1 with the analysis stage 3 directly connecting, dashed line is indicated.

In der Analysestufe 3 wird zuerst ein Intervall festgelegt, über welches das Sensorsignal analysiert werden soll. Die Länge dieses Intervalls kann sich im Minuten-, Tages, Wochen- oder sogar Monatsbereich bewegen. Vorzugsweise wird nicht nur ein Intervall festgelegt, sondern eine Reihe von Intervallen mit unterschiedlicher Länge. Letzteres erfolgt dadurch, dass man die Intervalle in Subintervalle unterteilt, und so weiter, so dass in der Regel ein Intervallraster zur Verfügung steht, in dessen einzelnen verschieden gerasterten Subintervallen das Sensorsignal analysiert wird.In analysis stage 3, an interval is first defined over which the sensor signal should be analyzed. The length of this interval can vary in minutes, days, Move weekly or even monthly range. Preferably not just one interval fixed, but a series of intervals of different lengths. The latter is done by dividing the intervals into subintervals, and so on, so that usually an interval grid is available, different in each one rasterized subintervals the sensor signal is analyzed.

Anschliessend wird ein zweites Intervall von vorzugsweise der gleichen Länge wie das erste oder ein Intervallraster mit dem ersten Intervallraster entsprechenden Längen festgelegt und es wird das Ergebnis der Analyse des Sensorsignals in den einzelnen Subintervallen des ersten Intervalls auf die entsprechenden Subintervalle des zweiten Intervalls übertragen. Und zwar derart, dass man untersucht, ob aus dem Verhalten oder Verlauf des Signals in einem ersten Intervall ein Indiz ableitbar ist, dass im entsprechenden zweiten Intervall ein Fehlalarm ausgelöst werden könnte, und wie gross die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür ist.A second interval is then preferably of the same length as the first or an interval grid with lengths corresponding to the first interval grid is determined and the result of the analysis of the sensor signal in each Subintervals of the first interval to the corresponding subintervals of the second interval. In such a way that one examines whether from the Behavior or course of the signal in a first interval an indication can be derived, that a false alarm could be triggered in the corresponding second interval, and how likely it is.

Eine Hauptvoraussetzung dafür, aus dem Verhalten des Sensorsignals S in einem ersten Intervall auf das Verhalten in einem zweiten Intervall schliessen zu können, ist das Vorliegen eines stationären Zustands. Man geht also davon aus, dass während der Beobachtung und Registrierung des Signals stationäre Zustände geherrscht haben, und dass dies auch in Zukunft, während des zweiten Intervalls der Fall sein wird.A main prerequisite for this is the behavior of the sensor signal S in one to be able to deduce the behavior in a second interval in the first interval the presence of a steady state. So one assumes that during the observation and registration of the signal was in a steady state, and that this will continue to be the case during the second interval.

Die Festlegung von Intervallen verschiedener Länge ist deswegen empfehlenswert, weil die Gewichtung eines Signals bezüglich seiner Relevanz für einen eventuellen Alarm sehr stark vom zeitlichen Bezug abhängig ist. Wenn also beispielsweise an einem einzigen Tag 20 Ereignisse, also Überschreitungen irgendeines Schwellwerts, auftreten, dann sind das, bezogen auf ein Intervall von der Länge eines Tages 20 voneinander unabhängige Ereignisse. Bezogen auf ein Halbjahres- oder Jahresintervall handelt es sich hingegen um eine Häufung von Ereignissen, die keinesfalls als voneinander unabhängig betrachtet werden können.The definition of intervals of different lengths is therefore recommended because the weighting of a signal regarding its relevance for a possible Alarm is very dependent on the time reference. So if, for example, on 20 events in a single day, i.e. exceeding any threshold, occur, then, based on an interval of one day in length, 20 mutually independent events. Relating to a half-yearly or yearly interval on the other hand, it is a cluster of events that in no way as can be viewed independently of each other.

Damit ein Ereignis nicht mehrfach gezählt wird, wird bei der Betrachtung der aus mehreren Subintervallen zusammengesetzten Intervalle in der Analysestufe 3 nur das Ereignis mit der grössten Amplitude pro Subintervall berücksichtigt. Das führt zwar dazu, dass in einem gegebenen Subintervall alle Ereignisse mit Amplituden unterhalb des Maximums nicht berücksichtigt werden, ist aber nicht weiter kritisch, weil diese Ereignisse in kürzeren Intervallen und Subintervallen detektiert werden. Aus den Maximalwerten der einzelnen Subintervalle wird dann ein für das jeweilige Intervall repräsentativer Mittelwert gebildet. Aus diesem Mittelwert wird schliesslich die Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Fehlalarm abgeleitet.So that an event is not counted more than once, the Intervals composed of several subintervals in analysis level 3 only considers the event with the greatest amplitude per subinterval. Leading in fact that in a given subinterval all events with amplitudes below the maximum are not taken into account, but is not critical, because these events are detected at shorter intervals and sub-intervals. The maximum values of the individual subintervals then become one for the respective one Interval representative mean. Finally, this mean becomes derived the probability of a false alarm.

Wenn man von der Annahme ausgeht, dass die Verteilungsfunktion dieser Wahrscheinlichkeit eine exponentielle Funktion ist, und wenn man ein Intervall der Länge T in Subintervalle unterteilt und aus dem Mittelwert der Signalmaxima in den Subintervallen den Parameter λ der normierten Verteilungsfunktion f(λ, x) = λ exp(- λ x) berechnet, dann ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit P für einen Fehlalarm während eines Subintervalls m und für einen gegebenen Schwellwert L gegeben durch P (T/m, L) = ∫λ exp (-λ x)= exp (-λ L) (Integral von L bis unendlich). If one starts from the assumption that the distribution function of this probability is an exponential function, and if one divides an interval of length T into subintervals and from the mean of the signal maxima in the subintervals the parameter λ of the normalized distribution function f (λ, x) = λ exp (- λ x), then the probability P for a false alarm during a subinterval m and for a given threshold value L is given by P (T / m, L) = ∫λ exp (-λ x) = exp (-λ L) (integral from L to infinity).

Die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Vermeidung eines Fehlalarms ist während eines Subintervalls: P(T/m, L) = 1- e-λL und während des gesamten Intervalls: P(T, L) = (1 - e-λL)m The probability of avoiding a false alarm during a subinterval is: P (T / m, L) = 1- e -λL and throughout the interval: P (T, L) = (1 - e -λL ) m

In der Praxis legt der Benutzer fest, bis zu welchem Ausmass das System Fehlalarme verhindern soll. Wenn beispielsweise 9 von 10 Fehlalarmen verhindert werden sollen, dann setzt man P gleich 0.9. Dieser Wert und die Anzahl m der Subintervalle definiert die Bedingung für die Abgabe einer Warnung durch das System:
Warnung, wenn: λL ≥ - In[1 - P1/m(T,L)] In practice, the user determines to what extent the system should prevent false alarms. For example, if 9 out of 10 false alarms are to be prevented, P is set to 0.9. This value and the number m of subintervals define the condition for the system to issue a warning:
Warning if: λL ≥ - In [1 - P 1 / m (T, L)]

Für P = 0.9 und 10 Subintervalle berechnet sich das Verhältnis Schwellwert L zu Mittelwert 1/λ zu: λL = - In(1 - 0.91/10) = 4.55 For P = 0.9 and 10 subintervals, the ratio threshold L to mean 1 / λ is calculated: λL = - In (1 - 0.9 1.10 ) = 4.55

Dieses Ergebnis besagt, dass der Mittelwert der in einem gegebenen Intervall gesammelten Daten 22% des Alarm-Schwellwerts nicht übersteigen soll, wenn das System innerhalb des nächsten Intervalls derselben Länge einen Fehlalarm mit der Wahrscheinlichkeit 0.9 vermeiden soll.This result states that the mean of those collected in a given interval Data should not exceed 22% of the alarm threshold when the system a false alarm with probability within the next interval of the same length 0.9 should avoid.

Bei der praktischen Implementierung wird man die Bandbreite der Intervalle so wählen, dass das kürzeste durch die kürzeste Reaktionszeit eines Benutzers, das sind typischerweise 10 Minuten, definiert ist, und das längste durch die maximal zu erwartende Dauer der stationären Zustände, beispielsweise also 6 Monate. Wenn man ausgehend vom kürzesten Intervall die Intervallänge jeweils verdoppelt, dann ergibt das von 10 Minuten bis 6 Monaten 15 Intervalle. Die Mittelwerte für jedes Intervall erhält man durch Filterung der Maxima der Subintervalle mit einem digitalen Tiefpassfilter. Dieser Mittelwert wird zusammen mit dem vorläufigen Maximum jeweils pro Intervall gespeichert.In practical implementation, you will choose the range of intervals so that the shortest by the shortest response time of a user, that is typically 10 minutes, and the longest by the maximum expected Duration of the steady state, for example 6 months. If starting from the shortest interval, the interval length doubles, then results that from 10 minutes to 6 months 15 intervals. The means for each interval is obtained by filtering the maxima of the subintervals with a digital low-pass filter. This mean value together with the provisional maximum is in each case Interval saved.

Der Algorithmus für die Warnung ist sehr einfach: Das System berechnet die Mittelwerte und überprüft, ob diese einen gegebenen, zur Wahrscheinlichkeit der Vermeidung eines Fehlalarms P korrespondierenden Schwellwert überschreitet. Dieser kann für jedes Intervall verschieden sein. Wenn, wie weiter oben angegeben, 9 von 10 Fehlalarmen verhindert werden sollen, dann wird das System, sobald es feststellt, dass der Mittelwert innerhalb eines Intervalls von beispielsweise einer Stunde einen Wert von 22% des Schwellwerts überschritten hat, einen Hinweis abgeben und eine Intervention innerhalb der nächsten Stunde verlangen. Beträgt das Intervall 1 Monat, dann würde der Hinweis anders aussehen, weil die Intervention dann nicht so dringend wäre.The algorithm for the warning is very simple: the system calculates the mean values and checks whether this is a given, at the likelihood of avoidance of a false alarm P exceeds the corresponding threshold value. This can be different for each interval. If, as stated above, 9 out of 10 False alarms are to be prevented, then the system, as soon as it detects that the mean one within an interval of, for example, one hour Has exceeded a value of 22% of the threshold value, give a hint and one Request intervention within the next hour. If the interval is 1 month, then the hint would be different because the intervention would not be so urgent would.

In Fig. 2 ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine sehr einfache Funktion des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens dargestellt. Diese Funktion ist eine sogenannte Applikationsfehlerermittlung oder -meldung, die den Benutzer auf eventuelle Anwendungsfehler aufmerksam machen soll. Der Grundgedanke ist dabei der, dass automatisch ermittelt wird, ob und wie oft ein Melder innerhalb eines bestimmten Intervalls eine bestimmte, noch keinen Alarm auslösende Gefahrenstufe überschreitet. Denn dann besteht die Gefahr, dass irgendwann ein Fehlalarm ausgelöst wird.2 shows an embodiment for a very simple function of the inventive Procedure illustrated. This function is a so-called application error determination or message alerting the user to any application errors should draw attention. The basic idea is that it is determined automatically whether and how often a detector within a certain interval a certain, does not yet exceed an alarm level that triggers the alarm. Because then there is Risk of a false alarm being triggered at some point.

Die obere Hälfte von Fig. 2 zeigt das Diagramm eines über der Zeit t aufgetragenen Sensorsignals S, wobei auf der Ordinate ein Schwellwert G1 für die erwähnte niedrige Gefahrenstufe eingezeichnet ist. Ein Detektor zählt jedes Überschreiten des Schwellwerts G1 und liefert an einen Zähler 4 einen entsprechenden Impuls In. Der Zähler 4 zählt die Impulse In über das gewählte Zeitintervall T von beispielsweise 24 Stunden und meldet am Ende des Zeitintervalls den Zählerstand der im dargestellten Beispiel gleich 5 ist, an einen Vergleicher 5 weiter. Dieser vergleicht den erhaltenen Zählerstand mit einem eingestellten Wert und gibt bei Überschreiten dieses Werts eine Hinweismeldung der Art "ungeeignete Anwendung" oder dergleichen ab.The upper half of Fig. 2 shows the diagram of a plotted against time t Sensor signal S, wherein on the ordinate a threshold value G1 for the low mentioned Danger level is drawn. A detector counts each time the threshold is exceeded G1 and delivers a corresponding pulse In to a counter 4. The counter 4 counts the pulses In over the selected time interval T of, for example, 24 hours and reports the counter reading in the example shown at the end of the time interval is 5, to a comparator 5. This compares the meter reading received with a set value and gives an advisory message if this value is exceeded the type of "inappropriate use" or the like.

Das dargestellte Ausführungsbeispiel kann weiter ausgebaut werden, indem beispielsweise das Signal S quantisiert und damit ermittelt wird, wie lange die Überschreitung des Schwellwerts G1 durch das Signal S jeweils gedauert hat. Selbstverständlich können auch die anderen, höheren Gefahrenstufen für die Applikationsfehlerermittlung berücksichtigt werden, indem man auch das Überschreiten dieser Gefahrenstufen für die Hinweismeldung berücksichtigt.The illustrated embodiment can be further expanded, for example, by the signal S is quantized and thus how long the exceedance is determined of the threshold value G1 has lasted through the signal S. Of course can also use the other, higher risk levels for application error determination be taken into account by also exceeding these danger levels considered for the message.

Claims (9)

  1. Method for avoiding false alarms in a fire alarm system, with a plurality of alarms connected to a central control, which have at least one sensor for monitoring fire parameters and for supplying corresponding sensor signals, from which, in a signal processing operation comprising a comparison of the sensor signal (S) with a threshold value (G1) lying below a danger level, danger signals are deduced by comparison with corresponding danger levels, characterised in that the signal processing operation contains the following further steps:
    a. counting the number of times the threshold value (G1) mentioned is exceeded over a first interval (T) of predetermined length;
    b. comparing the result of the count with a predetermined value and supplying an advisory signal of a possible false alarm, if the predetermined value has been exceeded.
  2. Method for avoiding false alarms in a fire alarm system, with a plurality of alarms connected to a central control, which have at least one sensor for monitoring fire parameters and for supplying corresponding sensor signals, from which, in a signal processing operation comprising a comparison of the sensor signal (S) with a threshold value (G1) lying below a danger level, danger signals are deduced by comparison with corresponding danger levels, characterised in that the signal processing operation contains the following further steps:
    a. determining a first interval of predetermined length and sub-dividing this first interval into a number of sub-intervals of equal length, as well as determining the number of times the threshold value mentioned is exceeded in the sub-intervals;
    b. forming an average value of the number of times the threshold value is exceeded for the first interval from the number of times it is exceeded in the sub-intervals;
    c. calculating the probability (W) of a false alarm in a following second interval from the average value mentioned, wherein the result of the analysis of the sensor signal in the sub-intervals of the first interval is applied to the corresponding sub-intervals of the second interval and investigated as to whether from the course of the sensor signal in a sub-interval of the first interval it can be deduced that a false alarm could be triggered in the corresponding sub-interval of the second interval;
    d. supplying an advisory signal of a possible false alarm, if the probability (W) exceeds a given threshold value.
  3. Method according to Claim 2, characterised in that the second interval is chosen as approximately the same length as the first.
  4. Method according to Claim 3, characterised in that in each sub-interval the maximum value of the sensor signal (S) is determined and that the average value for the first interval is calculated from the average values of all the sub-intervals.
  5. Method according to any of Claims 2 to 4, characterised in that the given threshold value for the probability (W) is established on the basis of the extent to which false alarms are to be prevented.
  6. Fire alarm system with means for carrying out the method according to Claim 1, with a central control, with alarms connected to it, which have sensors for fire parameters and supply corresponding sensor signals, and with signal processing means for comparing the sensor signals (G) with corresponding danger levels and for deducing danger signals, wherein the signal processing means have means for comparing the sensor signals (S) with a threshold value (G1) lying below a danger level, characterised in that the signal processing means additionally have means (4) for counting the number of times the threshold value (G1) mentioned is exceeded over a first interval (T) of predetermined length and means (5) for comparing the result of the count with a predetermined value and for supplying an advisory signal if this value is exceeded.
  7. Fire alarm system with means for carrying out the method according to Claim 2, with a central control, with alarms connected to it, which have sensors for fire parameters and supply corresponding sensor signals, and with signal processing means for comparing the sensor signals (G) with corresponding danger levels and for deducing danger signals, wherein the signal processing means have means for comparing the sensor signals (S) with a threshold value (G1) lying below a danger level, characterised in that the signal processing means additionally have means for determining the number of times this threshold value is exceeded during a first interval of predetermined length, means for forming an average value from the maximum values of the number of times the threshold value is exceeded for the first interval, means for calculating the probability (W) from the average value for a false alarm in a following second interval and means for supplying an advisory signal if a given threshold value is exceeded by the probability (W), wherein by the means for calculating the probability (W) of a false alarm the result of the analysis of the sensor signal in a first interval is applied to a corresponding second interval and an investigation takes place as to whether it can be deduced from the course of the sensor signal in the first interval mentioned that in the corresponding second interval a false alarm could be triggered.
  8. Fire alarm system according to Claim 7, characterised in that the signal processing means contain means for sub-dividing the first interval into sub-intervals of equal length, means for determining the maximums of the sensor signals (S) in the sub-intervals and means for forming an interval average value from the maximums.
  9. Fire alarm system according to Claim 8, characterised in that the means for forming the interval average value are formed by a digital low-pass filter.
EP94113870A 1993-11-23 1994-09-05 Method for preventing false alarms in a fire detecting system and device for performing this method Expired - Lifetime EP0654771B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH03487/93A CH686915A5 (en) 1993-11-23 1993-11-23 A method for avoiding false alarms in a fire alarm system and fire alarm system for implementing the method.
CH3487/93 1993-11-23
CH348793 1993-11-23

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EP0654771A1 EP0654771A1 (en) 1995-05-24
EP0654771B1 true EP0654771B1 (en) 2002-01-09

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JP (1) JPH07200960A (en)
CN (1) CN1125422C (en)
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AU2015261622A1 (en) * 2008-01-09 2015-12-17 Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty Limited A method of gaming, a game controller and a gaming system
CA2958077C (en) * 2014-08-15 2021-03-30 Adt Us Holdings, Inc. Using degree of confidence to prevent false security system alarms
US10522031B2 (en) * 2015-09-01 2019-12-31 Honeywell International Inc. System and method providing early prediction and forecasting of false alarms by applying statistical inference models
KR102006436B1 (en) * 2015-10-30 2019-08-01 삼성에스디에스 주식회사 Method for detecting false alarm
CN106781239B (en) * 2015-11-20 2019-04-02 上海点艺信息技术有限公司 A kind of monitoring method and system intelligently nursed
US10726711B2 (en) 2017-05-01 2020-07-28 Johnson Controls Technology Company Building security system with user presentation for false alarm reduction
US10037686B1 (en) 2017-06-20 2018-07-31 Honeywell International Inc. Systems and methods for preventing false alarms during alarm sensitivity threshold changes in fire alarm systems
US10916121B2 (en) * 2018-05-21 2021-02-09 Johnson Controls Technology Company Virtual maintenance manager

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ZA785255B (en) * 1978-09-15 1979-12-27 Anglo Amer Corp South Africa Alarm system
FR2542116A1 (en) * 1983-02-25 1984-09-07 Verdon Roger Device for eliminating false alarms
EP0121048B1 (en) * 1983-03-04 1987-05-06 Cerberus Ag Circuit arrangement for the interference level control of detectors, arranged in a danger detection device
JPS6115300A (en) * 1984-06-29 1986-01-23 ホーチキ株式会社 Fire alarm
JPH079680B2 (en) * 1985-04-01 1995-02-01 ホーチキ株式会社 Analog fire alarm
JPH0719315B2 (en) * 1985-04-09 1995-03-06 ホーチキ株式会社 Fire alarm
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CN1109193A (en) 1995-09-27
US5786756A (en) 1998-07-28
CH686915A5 (en) 1996-07-31
DE59410025D1 (en) 2002-02-14
JPH07200960A (en) 1995-08-04
CN1125422C (en) 2003-10-22
EP0654771A1 (en) 1995-05-24

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