EP0633078A1 - Method of fabricating a hollow steel body with an inner- and/or outer profiling - Google Patents
Method of fabricating a hollow steel body with an inner- and/or outer profiling Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0633078A1 EP0633078A1 EP94110048A EP94110048A EP0633078A1 EP 0633078 A1 EP0633078 A1 EP 0633078A1 EP 94110048 A EP94110048 A EP 94110048A EP 94110048 A EP94110048 A EP 94110048A EP 0633078 A1 EP0633078 A1 EP 0633078A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- pressure rolling
- temp
- cooled
- hollow body
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000019589 hardness Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001149 41xx steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010409 ironing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C5/00—Pointing; Push-pointing
- B21C5/003—Pointing; Push-pointing of hollow material, e.g. tube
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
- B21H5/00—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms
- B21H5/02—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms with cylindrical outline, e.g. by means of die rolls
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/19—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
- C21D1/22—Martempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/10—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies
- C21D8/105—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies of ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/008—Martensite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/32—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for gear wheels, worm wheels, or the like
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing a hollow body made of steel with an inner and / or outer profile.
- DD 232 210 A1 also discloses a method for generating profiles by ironing presses, in particular for producing rotationally symmetrical hollow bodies with and without a bottom, as well as inner and outer longitudinal profiles, the forming being carried out in several forming stages and the at least two successive forming stages each after a change the direction of rotation of at least one of the driving tool elements, for example Pressure roller or mandrel.
- DE-OS 22 25 390 describes an apparatus and a method for producing defined changes in wall thickness a rotationally symmetrical hollow body.
- the device for carrying out the method is a flow spinning machine with a rotating mandrel that receives the workpiece and with a spinning tool that can be adjusted radially, with a relative movement between the mandrel and spinning tool taking place in the direction of the mandrel axis and the mandrel being the negative forms of the on the inner surface of the workpiece to be incorporated wall thickness changes in the form of locally formed reinforcements or grooves.
- cutting methods for producing hollow bodies of the type mentioned in the preamble of claim 1 are generally known. Milling, for example roll-off milling, and grinding are particularly worth mentioning here. All these methods have the disadvantage that they require a lot of work and time to carry them out, which leads to high manufacturing costs of the products produced with them. Another disadvantage is that the strength and hardness of the products thus produced is limited. If special strength requirements are placed, for example on gear rings or gear wheels, then additional hardening of the product is necessary, which requires a further work step and causes additional manufacturing costs. In addition, the hardening Dimensional and shape accuracy negatively affects what often requires reworking, such as regrinding, in order to obtain the desired dimensional accuracy.
- the method according to the invention offers the advantage of an exact formation of the profiling with very short processing times.
- the surface hardnesses that can be achieved are the same or even higher than those that can be achieved by hardening. If the profiling is toothing, then a higher strength of the tooth cores is advantageously achieved than is possible with case-hardening steel. Sufficient toughness is retained in any case. A subsequent hardening process with the risk of diminishing dimensional and shape accuracy is not necessary, even with the highest demands on the strength of the product.
- the high quality of the product is achieved with relatively inexpensive steels as the material for the blank to be used in the process, so that cost savings are also possible from the material side. Further cost savings are often possible due to the smaller dimensions of the products with undiminished resilience and durability.
- the weight savings that can be achieved at the same time are particularly important for automotive and aeronautical engineering.
- the blank consist of an austenite-hardenable steel with a sufficient content of carbon and special carbide formers and be heated in an inert atmosphere to the austenitization temperature and then cooled in the range of the metastable austenite below the recrystallization and above the martensite formation temperature is that in this temperature range of metastable austenite the pressure rolling of the profiling takes place, that after the pressure rolling the profiled hollow body is rapidly cooled to a temperature below the martensite formation temperature and that after the martensite transformation has ended the profiled hollow body for the precipitation of special carbides at temperatures of 450 to Annealed 600 ° C and cooled to room temperature after completion of the tempering treatment.
- the temperature range of metastable austenite in suitable steels is, for example, around 500 ° C. At this temperature, the steel has a better flow behavior than in the cold state, so that with less force an improved profile formation, in particular a more precise tooth tip formation on the workpiece is made possible by simplified and improved complete filling of the negative molds on the tool.
- the cooling to room temperature can take place in air, if necessary in moving air, which evenly brushes the hollow hollow teeth to be cooled.
- a blank which can advantageously be used in the process according to the invention consists, for example, of a steel which contains at least 0.2-0.6% by weight of carbon and at least 3% by weight of the elements chromium, molybdenum and vanadium individually or in groups.
- the tools for the shaping of the profile be preheated before the forming process. This prevents undesired cooling of the hollow body to be profiled at the start of the forming process during the press rolling.
- a particularly advantageous embodiment of the method is that the temperature of the hollow body is measured continuously during the pressure rolling, compared with a predetermined target temperature and the result of the comparison is used to regulate the pressure rolling speed.
- the temperature of the hollow body can be kept in the desired temperature range, in particular in the temperature range of the metastable austenite, without further cooling or heating devices, with an increase in the pressure rolling speed an increased energy supply and thus an increase in temperature and a reduction in the pressure rolling speed a reduced energy supply and thus lowering the temperature of the hollow body.
- the forming energy introduced into the hollow body by the pressure rolling and the energy radiation and dissipation from the hollow body are reliably balanced while maintaining the desired temperature level.
- Spinning machines for carrying out the actual spinning rolling process are known and therefore do not need to be described in more detail. They can be equipped with one or more forming rolls.
- a furnace which can be used to heat the blanks from an austenite-hardenable steel to the austenitizing temperature is advantageously a shaft furnace with a protective gas atmosphere, for example nitrogen, in which a blank which has not yet been heated for each heated blank removed Blank is entered.
- a protective gas atmosphere for example nitrogen
- the holding time at the austenitizing temperature and the austenizing temperature itself depends on the type of steel used and is approx. 20 to 60 minutes at 900 to 1050 ° C.
- the cooling from the austenitizing temperature to the forming temperature of the metastable austenite is preferably carried out under an inert atmosphere.
- the cooling takes place in still or moving air; the transformation into the martensitic structure takes place.
- the subsequent tempering treatment at temperatures between 400 to 600 ° C is preferably carried out in an air circulation oven with holding times between one and six hours; the subsequent cooling from tempering temperature to room temperature is carried out in still air.
- Internal teeth inner diameter 10 to 500 mm, length if necessary up to 1500 mm, tooth height 1 to 20 mm, tooth width 1 to 50 mm.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Hohlkörpers aus Stahl mit einer Innen- und/oder Außenprofilierung.The invention relates to a method for producing a hollow body made of steel with an inner and / or outer profile.
Die DE 37 11 927 C1 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von an ihrem Außenumfang in vorwiegend axialer Richtung profilierten, insbesondere gezahnten metallischen Hohlkörpern aus rotationssymmetrisch vorgeformten Hohlkörpern, wobei die Profilierung nach Zustellen wenigstens einer Profilrolle mittels dieser durch Drücken erzeugt wird und wobei schrittweise in radialer Richtung umgeformt wird.DE 37 11 927 C1 describes a process for the production of hollow hollow bodies which are profiled on their outer circumference in a predominantly axial direction, in particular toothed, from rotationally symmetrically preformed hollow bodies, the profiling being generated by pressing at least one profile roll by means of this and being stepped in the radial direction is reshaped.
Weiterhin ist aus der DD 232 210 A1 ein Verfahren zur Profilerzeugung durch Abstreckdrücken bekannt, insbesondere zur Herstellung rotationssymmetrischer Hohlkörper mit und ohne Boden sowie Innen- bzw. Außenlängsprofilen, wobei die Umformung in mehreren Umformstufen erfolgt und wobei die mindestens zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Umformstufen jeweils nach einem Wechsel der Drehrichtung mindestens eines der treibenden Werkzeugelemente, z.B. Drückrolle oder Drückdorn, durchgeführt werden.DD 232 210 A1 also discloses a method for generating profiles by ironing presses, in particular for producing rotationally symmetrical hollow bodies with and without a bottom, as well as inner and outer longitudinal profiles, the forming being carried out in several forming stages and the at least two successive forming stages each after a change the direction of rotation of at least one of the driving tool elements, for example Pressure roller or mandrel.
Schließlich beschreibt die DE-OS 22 25 390 eine Vorrichtung und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung definierter Wanddickenänderungen eines rotationssymmetrischen Hohlkörpers. Die Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens ist eine Fließdrückmaschine mit einem rotierenden, das Werkstück aufnehmenden Dorn und mit einem hierzu radial zustellbaren Drückwerkzeug, wobei zwischen Dorn und Drückwerkzeug eine gegenüber der Dorndrehung abgestimmte Relativbewegung in Richtung der Dornachse stattfindet und wobei der Drückdorn die Negativformen der auf der inneren Oberfläche des Werkstückes einzuarbeitenden Wanddickenänderungen in Form von örtlich ausgebildeten Verstärkungen oder Nuten aufweist.Finally, DE-OS 22 25 390 describes an apparatus and a method for producing defined changes in wall thickness a rotationally symmetrical hollow body. The device for carrying out the method is a flow spinning machine with a rotating mandrel that receives the workpiece and with a spinning tool that can be adjusted radially, with a relative movement between the mandrel and spinning tool taking place in the direction of the mandrel axis and the mandrel being the negative forms of the on the inner surface of the workpiece to be incorporated wall thickness changes in the form of locally formed reinforcements or grooves.
Allen vorgenannten bekannten Drückverfahren ist der Nachteil gemeinsam, daß nur Produkte von normaler Festigkeit unmittelbar hergestellt werden können. Bei besonderen Härte- und Festigkeitsanforderungen an die Produkte ist ein nachfolgendes Härten erforderlich, was einen zusätzlichen Herstellungsaufwand mit sich bringt und die Herstellungskosten erhöht. Außerdem wird die Maß- und Formgenauigkeit des Produktes durch das Härten ungünstig beeinflußt, was bei hohen Maß- und Formgenauigkeitsanforderungen eine Nachbearbeitung erfordert.All the known pressing methods mentioned above have the disadvantage that only products of normal strength can be produced directly. If the products have special hardness and strength requirements, subsequent hardening is required, which entails additional manufacturing outlay and increases the manufacturing costs. In addition, the dimensional and shape accuracy of the product is adversely affected by the hardening, which requires post-processing in the case of high dimensional and shape accuracy requirements.
Außerdem sind spanende Verfahren zum Herstellen von Hohlkörpern der im Oberbegriff von Anspruch 1 genannten Art allgemein bekannt. Insbesondere sind hier Fräsen, z.B. Abrollfräsen, und Schleifen zu nennen. Allen diesen Verfahren haftet der Nachteil an, daß sie einen hohen Arbeits- und Zeitaufwand bei ihrer Ausführung erfordern, was zu hohen Herstellungskosten der damit hergestellten Produkte führt. Nachteilig ist weiterhin, daß die Festigkeit und Härte der so hergestellten Produkte begrenzt ist. Werden besondere Festigkeitsanforderungen, z.B. bei Zahnkränzen oder Zahnrädern, gestellt, dann ist ein zusätzliches Härten des Produktes nötig, was einen weiteren Arbeitsschritt erfordert und zusätzliche Herstellungskosten verursacht. Zudem wird durch das Härten die Maß- und Formgenauigkeit negativ beeinflußt, was oft eine Nachbearbeitung, z.B. ein Nachschleifen, erfordert, um die gewünschte Maßgenauigkeit zu erhalten.In addition, cutting methods for producing hollow bodies of the type mentioned in the preamble of claim 1 are generally known. Milling, for example roll-off milling, and grinding are particularly worth mentioning here. All these methods have the disadvantage that they require a lot of work and time to carry them out, which leads to high manufacturing costs of the products produced with them. Another disadvantage is that the strength and hardness of the products thus produced is limited. If special strength requirements are placed, for example on gear rings or gear wheels, then additional hardening of the product is necessary, which requires a further work step and causes additional manufacturing costs. In addition, the hardening Dimensional and shape accuracy negatively affects what often requires reworking, such as regrinding, in order to obtain the desired dimensional accuracy.
Es stellt sich daher die Aufgabe, ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art anzugeben, das schnell und kostengünstig arbeitet und das gleichzeitig Produkte mit großer Maß- und Formgenauigkeit sowie hoher Härte und Festigkeit liefert.It is therefore the task of specifying a method of the type mentioned at the outset which works quickly and inexpensively and which at the same time delivers products with great dimensional and shape accuracy as well as high hardness and strength.
Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe gelingt erfindungsgemäß durch ein Verfahren der im Patentanspruch 1 genannten Art, nämlich dadurch, daß die Verfahrenstechniken des Drückwalzens und des Austenitformhärtens in Kombination angewandt werden.This object is achieved according to the invention by a method of the type mentioned in claim 1, namely in that the process techniques of pressure rolling and austenite hardening are used in combination.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren bietet den Vorteil einer exakten Ausbildung der Profilierung bei sehr kurzen Bearbeitungszeiten. Die dabei erzielbaren Oberflächenhärten sind gleich oder sogar höher als die, die durch Härten erreichbar sind. Ist die Profilierung eine Verzahnung, dann wird zudem vorteilhaft eine höhere Festigkeit der Zahnkerne erzielt, als sie bei einem Einsatzstahl möglich ist. Dabei bleibt eine ausreichende Zähigkeit in jedem Fall erhalten. Ein nachgeschalteter Härteprozeß mit dem Risiko von Verminderungen der Maß- und Formgenauigkeit erübrigt sich damit, selbst bei höchsten Anforderungen an die Festigkeit des Produktes. Die hohe Qualität des Produktes wird schon mit relativ preiswerten Stählen als Material für den im Verfahren einzusetzenden Rohling erreicht, so daß auch von der Materialseite Kosteneinsparungen möglich sind. Weitere Kosteneinsparungen sind häufig möglich durch kleinere Dimensionierung der Produkte bei unverminderter Belastbarkeit und Haltbarkeit. Die hierbei gleichzeitig erzielbaren Gewichtseinsparungen sind insbesondere für die Kraftfahrzeug- und Luftfahrttechnik von Bedeutung.The method according to the invention offers the advantage of an exact formation of the profiling with very short processing times. The surface hardnesses that can be achieved are the same or even higher than those that can be achieved by hardening. If the profiling is toothing, then a higher strength of the tooth cores is advantageously achieved than is possible with case-hardening steel. Sufficient toughness is retained in any case. A subsequent hardening process with the risk of diminishing dimensional and shape accuracy is not necessary, even with the highest demands on the strength of the product. The high quality of the product is achieved with relatively inexpensive steels as the material for the blank to be used in the process, so that cost savings are also possible from the material side. Further cost savings are often possible due to the smaller dimensions of the products with undiminished resilience and durability. The weight savings that can be achieved at the same time are particularly important for automotive and aeronautical engineering.
In einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird vorgeschlagen, daß der Rohling aus einem austenitformhärtbaren Stahl mit einem ausreichenden Gehalt an Kohlenstoff und Sonderkarbidbildnern besteht und in inerter Atmosphäre auf Austenitisierungstemperatur erwärmt und anschließend in den Bereich des metastabilen Austenits unterhalb der Rekristallisations- und oberhalb der Martensitbildungstemperatur abgekühlt wird, daß in diesem Temperaturbereich des metastabilen Austenits das Drückwalzen der Profilierung erfolgt, daß im Anschluß an das Drückwalzen der profilierte Hohlkörper schnell auf eine Temperatur unterhalb der Martensitbildungstemperatur abgekühlt wird und daß nach beendeter Martensitumwandlung der profilierte Hohlkörper zur Ausscheidung von Sonderkarbiden bei Temperaturen von 450 bis 600°C angelassen und nach beendeter Anlaßbehandlung auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt wird. Der Temperaturbereich des metastabilen Austenits liegt bei geeigneten Stählen beispielsweise bei etwa 500°C. Bei dieser Temperatur besitzt der Stahl ein besseres Fließverhalten als im kalten Zustand, so daß mit geringerer Kraft eine verbesserte Profilausbildung, insbesondere eine exaktere Zahnkopfausbildung an dem Werkstück durch vereinfachte und verbesserte vollständige Ausfüllung der Negativformen an dem Werkzeug ermöglicht werden. Das Abkühlen auf Raumtemperatur kann an der Luft erfolgen, gegebenenfalls an bewegter Luft, die die zu kühlenden verzahnten Hohlkörper gleichmäßig bestreicht.In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, it is proposed that the blank consist of an austenite-hardenable steel with a sufficient content of carbon and special carbide formers and be heated in an inert atmosphere to the austenitization temperature and then cooled in the range of the metastable austenite below the recrystallization and above the martensite formation temperature is that in this temperature range of metastable austenite the pressure rolling of the profiling takes place, that after the pressure rolling the profiled hollow body is rapidly cooled to a temperature below the martensite formation temperature and that after the martensite transformation has ended the profiled hollow body for the precipitation of special carbides at temperatures of 450 to Annealed 600 ° C and cooled to room temperature after completion of the tempering treatment. The temperature range of metastable austenite in suitable steels is, for example, around 500 ° C. At this temperature, the steel has a better flow behavior than in the cold state, so that with less force an improved profile formation, in particular a more precise tooth tip formation on the workpiece is made possible by simplified and improved complete filling of the negative molds on the tool. The cooling to room temperature can take place in air, if necessary in moving air, which evenly brushes the hollow hollow teeth to be cooled.
Ein in dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren vorteilhaft einsetzbarer Rohling besteht beispielsweise aus einem Stahl, der mindestens 0,2 - 0,6 Gew.-% Kohlenstoff und mindestens 3 Gew.-% der Elemente Chrom, Molybdän und Vanadium einzeln oder zu mehreren enthält. Ein Vertreter dieser Gruppe ist z.B. der Werkstoff 1.2344 = X 51 CrMo V 5 1 mit Gehalten von 0,5 % Kohlenstoff, 5 % Chrom, 1 % Molybdän und 0,5 % Vanadium.A blank which can advantageously be used in the process according to the invention consists, for example, of a steel which contains at least 0.2-0.6% by weight of carbon and at least 3% by weight of the elements chromium, molybdenum and vanadium individually or in groups. A representative of this group is, for example, the material 1.2344 = X 51 CrMo V 5 1 with contents of 0.5% carbon, 5% chromium, 1% molybdenum and 0.5% vanadium.
Weiter wird vorgeschlagen, daß die Werkzeuge für die Anformung der Profilierung vor dem Umformvorgang vorgewärmt werden. Hierdurch wird eine unerwünschte Abkühlung des zu profilierenden Hohlkörpers zu Beginn des Umformvorganges beim Drückwalzen vermieden.It is also proposed that the tools for the shaping of the profile be preheated before the forming process. This prevents undesired cooling of the hollow body to be profiled at the start of the forming process during the press rolling.
Schießlich besteht eine besonders vorteilhafte Ausgestaltung des Verfahrens darin, daß die Temperatur des Hohlkörpers während des Drückwalzens ständig gemessen, mit einer vorgegebenen Solltemperatur verglichen und das Ergebnis des Vergleiches zur Regelung der Drückwalzgeschwindigkeit hinzugezogen wird. Auf diese Art und Weise kann die Temperatur des Hohlkörpers während des Drückwalzens ohne weitere Kühl- oder Heizeinrichtungen im gewünschten Temperaturbereich, insbesondere im Temperaturbereich des metastabilen Austenits, gehalten werden, wobei eine Erhöhung der Drückwalzgeschwindigkeit eine erhöhte Energiezufuhr und damit eine Temperaturerhöhung und eine Verringerung der Drückwalzgeschwindigkeit eine verminderte Energiezufuhr und damit Temperaturabsenkung des Hohlkörpers bewirkt. Während des Umformvorganges gleichen sich also die durch das Drückwalzen in den Hohlkörper eingebrachte Umformenergie und die Energieabstrahlung und -ableitung aus dem Hohlkörper unter Aufrechterhaltung des gewünschten Temperaturniveaus zuverlässig aus.Finally, a particularly advantageous embodiment of the method is that the temperature of the hollow body is measured continuously during the pressure rolling, compared with a predetermined target temperature and the result of the comparison is used to regulate the pressure rolling speed. In this way, the temperature of the hollow body can be kept in the desired temperature range, in particular in the temperature range of the metastable austenite, without further cooling or heating devices, with an increase in the pressure rolling speed an increased energy supply and thus an increase in temperature and a reduction in the pressure rolling speed a reduced energy supply and thus lowering the temperature of the hollow body. During the forming process, therefore, the forming energy introduced into the hollow body by the pressure rolling and the energy radiation and dissipation from the hollow body are reliably balanced while maintaining the desired temperature level.
Drückmaschinen zur Durchführung des eigentlichen Drückwalzvorganges sind bekannt und brauchen daher nicht näher beschrieben zu werden. Sie können mit einer oder mehreren Umformrollen ausgerüstet werden.Spinning machines for carrying out the actual spinning rolling process are known and therefore do not need to be described in more detail. They can be equipped with one or more forming rolls.
Ein zur Erhitzung der Rohlinge aus einem austenitformhärtbarem Stahl auf Austenitisierungstemperatur verwendbarer Ofen ist vorteilhaft ein Schachtofen mit Schutzgas-Atmosphäre, z.B. Stickstoff, bei welchem für jeden entnommenen erhitzten Rohling ein noch nicht erhitzter Rohling eingegeben wird.A furnace which can be used to heat the blanks from an austenite-hardenable steel to the austenitizing temperature is advantageously a shaft furnace with a protective gas atmosphere, for example nitrogen, in which a blank which has not yet been heated for each heated blank removed Blank is entered.
Die Haltezeit auf Austenitisierungstemperatur und die Austenisierungstemperatur selbst ist vom verwendeten Stahltyp abhängig und beträgt ca. 20 bis 60 Minuten bei 900 bis 1050 °C.The holding time at the austenitizing temperature and the austenizing temperature itself depends on the type of steel used and is approx. 20 to 60 minutes at 900 to 1050 ° C.
Die Abkühlung von Austenitisierungstemperatur zur Umformtemperatur des metastabilen Austenits erfolgt bevorzugt unter inerter Atmosphäre.The cooling from the austenitizing temperature to the forming temperature of the metastable austenite is preferably carried out under an inert atmosphere.
Nach der Umformung erfolgt die Abkühlung an ruhender oder bewegter Luft; dabei erfolgt die Umwandlung in das martensitische Gefüge. Die sich daran anschließende Anlaßbehandlung bei Temperaturen zwischen 400 bis 600 °C erfolgt bevorzugt in einem Luftumwälzofen mit Haltezeiten zwischen einer und sechs Stunden; die sich daran anschließende Abkühlung von Anlaßtemperatur auf Raumtemperatur wird an ruhender Luft durchgeführt.After the forming, the cooling takes place in still or moving air; the transformation into the martensitic structure takes place. The subsequent tempering treatment at temperatures between 400 to 600 ° C is preferably carried out in an air circulation oven with holding times between one and six hours; the subsequent cooling from tempering temperature to room temperature is carried out in still air.
Als Beispiel für die auf die beschriebene Weise herzustellenden Teile seien folgende Abmessungen genannt:The following dimensions are mentioned as an example of the parts to be produced in the manner described:
Innenverzahnung: Innendurchmesser 10 bis 500 mm, Länge falls erforderlich bis 1500 mm, Zahnhöhe 1 bis 20 mm, Zahnbreite 1 bis 50 mm.Internal teeth: inner diameter 10 to 500 mm, length if necessary up to 1500 mm, tooth height 1 to 20 mm, tooth width 1 to 50 mm.
Es ist möglich, sowohl gerad- als auch schrägverzahnte Teile mit oder ohne Boden herzustellen.It is possible to produce both straight and helical parts with or without a bottom.
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4323167A DE4323167C1 (en) | 1993-07-10 | 1993-07-10 | Producing steel hollow bodies by rolling - combined with austenitic heat treatment |
| DE4323167 | 1993-07-10 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0633078A1 true EP0633078A1 (en) | 1995-01-11 |
| EP0633078B1 EP0633078B1 (en) | 1996-10-23 |
Family
ID=6492520
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP94110048A Expired - Lifetime EP0633078B1 (en) | 1993-07-10 | 1994-06-29 | Method of fabricating a hollow steel body with an inner- and/or outer profiling |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0633078B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH07185714A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE144445T1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE4323167C1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2095110T3 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111349761A (en) * | 2020-05-11 | 2020-06-30 | 南京红宝机械刀具有限公司 | High-frequency heat treatment process for cutter |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4403897C2 (en) * | 1994-02-08 | 1995-12-07 | Peter Dipl Ing Tess | Process for hot drawing the ends of hollow workpieces by roller burnishing |
| JP3093123B2 (en) | 1995-03-29 | 2000-10-03 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Manufacturing method of cast iron gear |
| EP1092489B1 (en) * | 1999-10-15 | 2002-09-18 | Rothe Erde GmbH | Method for manufacturing a roller for tracked vehicle |
| DE102004051885A1 (en) * | 2004-10-26 | 2006-04-27 | Fag Kugelfischer Ag & Co. Ohg | Mechanically load-bearing actuator or bearing component made of mechanically hardened steel |
| CZ201190A3 (en) * | 2011-02-18 | 2012-01-18 | Západoceská Univerzita V Plzni | Process for producing hollow high-strength bodies of multiphase martensitic steels |
| CZ2011612A3 (en) * | 2011-09-30 | 2013-07-10 | Západoceská Univerzita V Plzni | Method of achieving TRIP microstructure in steels by deformation heat |
| GB201316829D0 (en) | 2013-09-23 | 2013-11-06 | Rolls Royce Plc | Flow Forming method |
| DE102021109866B3 (en) * | 2021-04-20 | 2022-08-11 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe Ag | Process for manufacturing a pressure vessel |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB965192A (en) * | 1962-02-23 | 1964-07-29 | Tech Integrale | Improvements in or relating to gears |
| US4373973A (en) * | 1981-11-16 | 1983-02-15 | International Harvester Co. | Method of manufacture of high performance gears |
| JPS603935A (en) * | 1983-06-22 | 1985-01-10 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | Continuous rolling and surface hardening method of steel parts |
| US4637844A (en) * | 1985-07-08 | 1987-01-20 | Tocco, Inc. | Method for heat treating ferrous parts |
| DE3711927C1 (en) * | 1987-04-13 | 1988-10-13 | Leifeld & Co | Method for the production of metal hollow bodies with profiles running in the axial direction on their outer circumference, especially teeth, and an apparatus for carrying out the method |
| JPH0593225A (en) * | 1991-09-30 | 1993-04-16 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Production of cast iron gear |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2225390A1 (en) * | 1972-05-25 | 1973-12-06 | Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING DEFINED WALL THICKNESS CHANGES IN A ROTATIONAL SYMMETRIC HOLLOW BODY |
| DD232210A1 (en) * | 1984-07-20 | 1986-01-22 | Tech Hochschule | PROCESS FOR PROFILE GENERATION BY WASTE PRESSURE |
-
1993
- 1993-07-10 DE DE4323167A patent/DE4323167C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-06-29 AT AT94110048T patent/ATE144445T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-06-29 ES ES94110048T patent/ES2095110T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-06-29 EP EP94110048A patent/EP0633078B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-06-29 DE DE59400878T patent/DE59400878D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-07-06 JP JP6153994A patent/JPH07185714A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB965192A (en) * | 1962-02-23 | 1964-07-29 | Tech Integrale | Improvements in or relating to gears |
| US4373973A (en) * | 1981-11-16 | 1983-02-15 | International Harvester Co. | Method of manufacture of high performance gears |
| JPS603935A (en) * | 1983-06-22 | 1985-01-10 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | Continuous rolling and surface hardening method of steel parts |
| US4637844A (en) * | 1985-07-08 | 1987-01-20 | Tocco, Inc. | Method for heat treating ferrous parts |
| DE3711927C1 (en) * | 1987-04-13 | 1988-10-13 | Leifeld & Co | Method for the production of metal hollow bodies with profiles running in the axial direction on their outer circumference, especially teeth, and an apparatus for carrying out the method |
| JPH0593225A (en) * | 1991-09-30 | 1993-04-16 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Production of cast iron gear |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| DATABASE WPI Week 8508, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 85-046537 * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 17, no. 426 (C - 1094) 9 August 1993 (1993-08-09) * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 9, no. 117 (M - 381) 22 May 1985 (1985-05-22) * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111349761A (en) * | 2020-05-11 | 2020-06-30 | 南京红宝机械刀具有限公司 | High-frequency heat treatment process for cutter |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE4323167C1 (en) | 1994-05-19 |
| ATE144445T1 (en) | 1996-11-15 |
| ES2095110T3 (en) | 1997-02-01 |
| EP0633078B1 (en) | 1996-10-23 |
| DE59400878D1 (en) | 1996-11-28 |
| JPH07185714A (en) | 1995-07-25 |
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