EP1413633B1 - Process for manufacturing hardened components made of steel - Google Patents
Process for manufacturing hardened components made of steel Download PDFInfo
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- EP1413633B1 EP1413633B1 EP03023140A EP03023140A EP1413633B1 EP 1413633 B1 EP1413633 B1 EP 1413633B1 EP 03023140 A EP03023140 A EP 03023140A EP 03023140 A EP03023140 A EP 03023140A EP 1413633 B1 EP1413633 B1 EP 1413633B1
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- European Patent Office
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- approximately
- steel
- air
- semi
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000919 Air-hardening tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000760 Hardened steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005256 carbonitriding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010583 slow cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004872 soft tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003245 working effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0093—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for screws; for bolts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/06—Surface hardening
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing hardened, in particular rolling, components made of steel, for example for Manufacture of nuts from WälzSystemgewindetrieben.
- air-hardening steels in the present application Materials are characterized by a high homogeneity, very good plastic cold working properties, good cutting properties in soft state as well as excellent cutting properties in the hardened Condition off.
- the minimum carbon content is chosen so that It is ensured that the intended use as a roller bearing Component required minimum hardness can be set safely.
- the shaping of the component can be done for example by hammering. Alternatively, it is also possible to semi-finished by tapping and cold press. These two known cold forming variants will be described below using the example of the production of Mother of a WälzSystemgewindetriebs be explained in more detail:
- the component When tapping and pressing, the component is down to the rolling element track made by machining.
- the career becomes first by tapping with a small allowance in the component formed. Then it is made to measure by a pushing process brought and smoothed their surface.
- the component can then still a surface refinement be subjected to, including no geometry-generating cutting Processes are understood, but only processes such as For example, polishing, abrasive polishing, lapping or the like, the influencing key surface parameters, for example the Surface roughness, expressed for example as arithmetic Mean roughness Ra, the roughness Rz (arithmetic mean of Single roughness depths Rzi of successive single stretches), the maximum Roughness depth Rmax within a predetermined measuring distance, the Ratio Rmr of the length of the material-filled section to Length of the total measuring distance, or the peak number HSC, i. the number the profile tips that exceed a given cutting level (see. DIN 4762 or ISO 4287/1).
- the influencing key surface parameters for example the Surface roughness, expressed for example as arithmetic Mean roughness Ra, the roughness Rz (arithmetic mean of Single roughness depths Rzi of successive single stretches), the maximum Roughness depth Rmax within a predetermined measuring distance, the Rat
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Transmission Devices (AREA)
- Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von gehärteten, insbesondere wälzbeanspruchten, Bauteilen aus Stahl, beispielsweise zur Herstellung von Muttern von Wälzkörpergewindetrieben.The invention relates to a method for producing hardened, in particular rolling, components made of steel, for example for Manufacture of nuts from Wälzkörpergewindetrieben.
Herkömmlich wird bei derartigen Herstellungsverfahren ein Halbzeug aus Wälzlagerstahl, beispielsweise 100 Cr 6, im weichen Zustand vorgeformt. Anschließend werden entweder das komplette Bauteil oder zumindest dessen Funktionsflächen wärmetechnisch behandelt, um eine geforderte Oberflächenhärte von ≥ 58 HRC zu erhalten, sowie die für die Belastung im Betrieb erforderliche Einhärtetiefe zu erzielen. Mittels der Wärmebehandlung werden dabei üblicherweise martensitische Gefügestrukturen erzeugt, die den genannten Bedingungen genügen. Auf Grund der komplexen, nicht-monokausalen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den inneren Spannungen des Bauteils im ungehärteten Zustand, den durch die Wärmbehandlung induzierten Thermospannungen auf Grund von Temperaturgradienten als auch den phasenumwandlungsbedingten Umwandlungsspannungen ergeben sich Form- und Maßänderungen des Bauteils (Härteverzug). Diese Form- und Maßänderungen sind zum großen Teil stochastischer Natur und können durch Optimierung des Vormaterials, der Weichteilbearbeitung sowie der Wärmebehandlung nur unzureichend berücksichtigt werden. Die für die Funktion von wälzbeanspruchten Bauteilen, beispielsweise Muttern von Wälzkörpergewindetrieben, benötigten hochgenauen Geometrien können daher nur dadurch erzielt werden, dass man das Bauteil im weichen Zustand mit einem entsprechenden Aufmaß vorformt und im Anschluss an die Wärmebehandlung im gehärteten Zustand zur Ausbildung der geforderten Geometrie mit definierter oder undefinierter Schneide nachbearbeitet. Dies ist äußerst aufwendig.Conventionally, in such a manufacturing process, a semi-finished Rolling bearing steel, for example, 100 Cr 6, preformed in the soft state. Subsequently, either the complete component or at least whose functional surfaces are thermally treated to a required Surface hardness of ≥ 58 HRC, as well as those for the load to achieve the required hardening depth during operation. By means of Heat treatment usually become martensitic Produces microstructures that meet the conditions mentioned. On Reason for the complex, non-monocausal interactions between the internal stresses of the component in the uncured state, by the heat treatment induced thermal stresses due to Temperature gradients as well as the phase change caused Conversion stresses arise form and dimensional changes of Component (hardening delay). These dimensional and dimensional changes are great Part of stochastic nature and can be optimized by optimizing the input material, Soft tissue processing and heat treatment only inadequate be taken into account. The for the function of rolling loaded Components, such as nuts of Wälzkörpergewindetrieben, required high-precision geometries can therefore only be achieved be that the component in the soft state with a preforming and then following the Heat treatment in the hardened state to form the required Geometry reworked with defined or undefined cutting edge. This is extremely expensive.
Es wurden daher bereits verschiedene alternative Herstellungsverfahren vorgeschlagen, welche das Ziel hatten, den Hartbearbeitungsprozess entfallen lassen zu können. Hierzu sei beispielsweise auf die US 6,334,370 B1 verwiesen. Diese Ansätze führten jedoch entweder dazu, dass die geforderten Maßgenauigkeiten nicht erfüllt werden konnten, oder dazu, dass durch das gleichzeitige Entfallen der Wärmebehandlung die allgemeinen Anforderungen an wälzbeanspruchte Bauteile nicht erfüllt werden konnten.Therefore, there have already been various alternative production methods proposed, which had the goal of eliminating the hard machining process to be able to leave. For example, see US Pat. No. 6,334,370 B1 directed. However, these approaches either led to the required Dimensional accuracies could not be met or to that by the simultaneous omission of the heat treatment the general Requirements for rolling-loaded components could not be met.
Aus der DE 198 21 797 C1 ist aber auch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von gehärteten Bauteilen aus Stahl bekannt, bei welchem ein als lufthärtender Stahl bezeichneter Werkstoff eingesetzt wird. Dabei versteht diese Druckschrift, ebenso wie die vorliegende Erfindung, unter lufthärtenden Stählen eine Klasse von Werkstoffen, deren Zeit-Temperatur-Umwandlungsverhalten nach einer Austenitisierung unter der Annahme der Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten von Luft Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten ergibt, die ausreichen, um eine martensitische Phasenumwandlung zu initiieren. Bei dem bekannten Verfahren wird der Stahl auf über 1100°C erwärmt, bei dieser Temperatur erfolgt eine Warmumformung der Bauteile und die Bauteile werden anschließend unter gleichzeitiger thermomechanischer Behandlung in Luft abgekühlt. Dieses Verfahren hat den Nachteil, dass die bei der Warmumformung und der thermomechanischen Behandlung eingesetzten Werkzeuge den jeweils herrschenden Temperaturen von bis zu 1100°C widerstehen können müssen. Es ist also der Einsatz von Spezialwerkzeugen erforderlich. Darüber hinaus muss die Bearbeitung der Bauteile temperaturgesteuert erfolgen, d.h. unter räumlich und/oder anlagentechnisch eingeschränkten Bedingungen.From DE 198 21 797 C1 but is also a process for the preparation of Hardened steel components known in which one as air-hardening Steel designated material is used. This document understands as well as the present invention, under air-hardening steels a class of materials whose time-temperature conversion behavior after austenitizing under the assumption of heat transfer coefficients of air cooling rates that results sufficient to initiate a martensitic phase transformation. at the known method, the steel is heated to above 1100 ° C, at This temperature is a hot forming of the components and the Components are then under simultaneous thermomechanical Treatment cooled in air. This method has the disadvantage that the in hot forming and thermomechanical treatment used tools the prevailing temperatures of up to 1100 ° C must be able to withstand. So it's the use of Special tools required. In addition, the editing of the Components are temperature controlled, i. under spatial and / or plant-technically restricted conditions.
Demgegenüber ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von gehärteten Bauteilen aus Stahl, insbesondere wälzbeanspruchten Bauteilen, wie Muttern von Wälzkörpergewindetrieben, anzugeben, welches ohne spanabhebende Hartbearbeitung der Bauteile und ohne den Einsatz von Spezialwerkzeugen auskommt.In contrast, it is an object of the invention to provide a process for the preparation hardened components made of steel, in particular rolling-loaded Specify components such as nuts of Wälzkörpergewindetrieben, which without machining hard machining of the components and without the Use of special tools.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von gehärteten Bauteilen aus Stahl, umfassend die im Anspruch 1 definierten Schritte.This object is achieved by a method for Manufacture of hardened steel components, including those in the Claim 1 defined steps.
Die in der vorliegenden Anmeldung als "lufthärtende" Stähle bezeichneten Werkstoffe zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Homogenität, sehr gute plastische Kaltbearbeitungseigenschaften, gute Zerspaneigenschaften im weichen Zustand sowie hervorragende Zerspaneigenschaften im gehärteten Zustand aus. Der Mindestkohlenstoffgehalt ist so gewählt, dass sichergestellt ist, dass die für den Verwendungszweck als wälzbelastetes Bauteil erforderliche Mindesthärte sicher eingestellt werden kann. Wie bereits erwähnt, erlaubt das spezielle Zeit-Temperatur-Umwandlungsverhalten dieser Stähle zur Ausbildung von martensitischen Strukturen eine derart genügend langsame Abkühlung, dass keine forcierte Abkühlung mittels Wasser, Polymerlösungen, Ölen, Salzschmelzen oder über eine Gashochdruckabschreckung oder dergleichen durchgeführt werden muss.The term "air-hardening" steels in the present application Materials are characterized by a high homogeneity, very good plastic cold working properties, good cutting properties in soft state as well as excellent cutting properties in the hardened Condition off. The minimum carbon content is chosen so that It is ensured that the intended use as a roller bearing Component required minimum hardness can be set safely. As already mentioned, allows the special time-temperature conversion behavior of these steels for the formation of martensitic structures so slow enough cooling that no forced cooling by means of water, polymer solutions, oils, molten salts or over one Gas high pressure quenching or the like must be performed.
In Folge der hierdurch möglichen Minimierung von Abkühlungseigenspannungen zeigt das Material im Rahmen einer Wärmebehandlung zur erzeugung martensitischer und/oder bainitischer Gefüge nur geringe Form- und Maßänderungen. Diese Werkstoffe zeigen ein hoch- und höchstlegierten Güten analoges Abkühlverhalten, ohne jedoch die bei diesen durch die hohen Anteile von Legierungselementen bedingten hohen Rohmaterialkosten zu verursachen. Im Unterschied zu hochlegierten Güten können die bei diesen auf Grund deren spezieller Mischphasenthermodynamik erforderlichen, kostenintensiven sekundärmetallischen Prozesse, wie ESR und VAR, entfallen. Insbesondere kann bei Einsatz lufthärtender Stähle durch eine langsame Abkühlung, beispielsweise eine Abkühlung an ruhender bzw. inerter Luft, die martensitische Gefügeumwandlung induziert werden, ohne dass kostenintensive Legierungselemente in entsprechend hoher Konzentration vorhanden sein müssen.As a result of this possible possible minimization of cooling internal stresses shows the material as part of a heat treatment for formation of martensitic and / or bainitic structures only slight and dimensional changes. These materials show a high and high alloy Good analogous cooling behavior, but without the in these due to the high proportions of alloying elements high To cause raw material costs. In contrast to high-alloyed grades These can be due to their special Mischphasenthermodynamik required, costly secondary metallic Processes such as ESR and VAR are eliminated. In particular, when used air-hardening steels by a slow cooling, for example a Cooling of static or inert air, the martensitic Microstructure transformation can be induced without being costly Alloy elements be present in a correspondingly high concentration have to.
Insgesamt hat sich gezeigt, dass lufthärtende Stähle die für gehärtete Bauteile, insbesondere die für wälzbeanspruchte Bauteile, erforderliche Maßhaltigkeit auch dann aufweisen, wenn sie bereits im kalten Zustand in ihre endgültige Form gebracht werden, und die Wärmebehandlung tatsächlich nur noch dem Härten des fertig geformten Bauteils dient. Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist es somit nicht nur möglich geworden, auf eine spanabhebende Hartbearbeitung nach der Wärmebehandlung zu verzichten, sondern auch die formgebende Bearbeitung des Bauteils im kalten Zustand und somit mit herkömmlichen Werkzeugen durchzuführen. Beides zusammen führt zu erheblichen Kosteneinsparungen und Vereinfachungen bei der Herstellung der Bauteile.Overall, it has been shown that air-hardening steels hardened for Components, in particular required for rolling components, required Dimensional stability even when already in the cold state in their final shape is brought, and the heat treatment actually only used for curing the finished molded component. With the According to the invention, it is thus not only possible to a machining hard machining after the heat treatment to but also the shaping processing of the component in the cold state and thus perform with conventional tools. Both together lead to significant cost savings and Simplifications in the manufacture of components.
Unabhängig von der genauen Art der Wärmebehandlung kann ein
geeigneter lufthärtender Stahl die folgende Zusammensetzung aufweisen:
Vorzugsweise gelangt ein Stahl mit
Die Formgebung des Bauteils kann beispielsweise durch Hämmern erfolgen. Alternativ ist es jedoch auch möglich, das Halbzeug durch Gewindebohren und Drücken kaltumzuformen. Diese beiden an sich bekannten Kaltumformungs-Varianten sollen nachfolgend am Beispiel der Herstellung der Mutter eines Wälzkörpergewindetriebs näher erläutert werden:The shaping of the component can be done for example by hammering. Alternatively, it is also possible to semi-finished by tapping and cold press. These two known cold forming variants will be described below using the example of the production of Mother of a Wälzkörpergewindetriebs be explained in more detail:
Beim Hämmern bzw. Rundkneten wird ein zylindrisches Halbzeug auf einen Profildorn aufgeschoben, der die Innenkontur der Wälzkörperlaufbahn aufweist. Durch eine Mehrzahl von Stößel, die drehend und durch Fliehkraft eine Schlagbewegung ausführen, wird das Material des Halbzeugs auf den Profildorn geformt. Das Werkstück führt dabei eine Axialbewegung und damit einen Vorschub aus. Nach der Kaltverformung wird der Profildorn aus dem Bauteil herausgedreht und es folgt eine spanabhebende Bearbeitung der Außenkontur.When hammering or swaging a cylindrical semi-finished product is on a Slidged profile mandrel, the inner contour of the rolling body raceway having. By a plurality of plungers, rotating and by centrifugal force perform a striking motion, the material of the semifinished product on the Profile mandrel shaped. The workpiece performs an axial movement and thus a feed out. After cold deformation of the profile mandrel is off unscrewed the component and it is followed by a machining the outer contour.
Beim Gewindebohren und Drücken wird das Bauteil bis auf die Wälzkörperlaufbahn durch spanende Bearbeitung hergestellt. Die Laufbahn wird zunächst durch Gewindebohren mit einem geringen Aufmaß in das Bauteil eingeformt. Anschließend wird sie durch einen Drückprozess auf Maß gebracht und ihre Oberfläche geglättet.When tapping and pressing, the component is down to the rolling element track made by machining. The career becomes first by tapping with a small allowance in the component formed. Then it is made to measure by a pushing process brought and smoothed their surface.
Als Beispiele für im Rahmen des erfindungsgemäßen Herstellungsverfahrens geeignete Wärmebehandlungen seien hier das Durchhärten über das gesamte Bauteilvolumen mittels konventioneller Ofentechnik, sei es mit oder ohne spezielle Atmosphäre, mittels Vakuumhärteverfahren oder mittels magnetischer Erwärmung, das induktive Härten oder Flammhärten bestimmter Funktionsbereiche und das Nitrieren oder Karbonitrieren erwähnt. Als Eckdaten, die das Umwandlungsverhalten des Stahles und somit den Phasenraum einer thermo-mechanischen Bearbeitungsmöglichkeit beschreiben, sind zu nennen:
- Die Austenitisierung erfolgt bei einer Temperatur TAustenit von mehr als 900°C, vorzugsweise zwischen etwa 920 °C und etwa 950 °C,
- Die Perlitbildung erfolgt bei Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten von weniger als etwa 0,1 K/sec in einem Temperaturbereich zwischen einer Starttemperatur TPerlit,Start von etwa 680°C und einer Endtemperatur TPerlit,Finish von etwa 650°C.
- Die Martensitbildung beginn bei einer Temperatur TManensit,Start von etwa 200 ° C.
- Austenitisation takes place at a temperature T austenite of more than 900 ° C, preferably between about 920 ° C and about 950 ° C,
- Perlite formation occurs at cooling rates of less than about 0.1 K / sec in a temperature range between a starting temperature T perlite, starting at about 680 ° C and a final temperature T perlite, finishing at about 650 ° C.
- Martensite formation starts at a temperature of T manensit, starting at about 200 ° C.
Während im Fall herkömmlich durchhärtender Wälzlagerstähle, beispielsweise SAE 52100, die Bauteile in Sekunden auf eine TMartensit,Start von etwa 290 °C abgekühlt werden muss, stehen im Fall der vorliegenden Erfindung Stunden zur Verfügung. Bedingt durch die Legierungszusammensetzung sind jedoch im Rahmen einer industriellen Wärmebehandlung bzw. thermomechanischer Prozesse Abkohlungseffekte zu berücksichtigen.While in the case of conventional through hardening bearing steels, for example SAE 52100, the components must be cooled in seconds to a martensite, starting at about 290 ° C, hours are available in the case of the present invention. However, due to the alloy composition, decarburization effects must be taken into consideration in the context of industrial heat treatment or thermomechanical processes.
Nach dem Härten kann das Bauteil dann noch einer Oberflächenveredelung unterzogen werden, wobei hierunter keine geometrieerzeugenden spanabhebenden Prozesse verstanden werden, sondern lediglich Prozesse wie beispielsweise Polieren, Schleifpolieren, Läppen oder dergleichen, die entscheidende Oberflächenkenngrößen beeinflussen, beispielsweise die Oberflächenrauhigkeit, ausgedrückt beispielsweise als arithmetischer Mittenrauhwert Ra, der Rauhtiefe Rz (arithmetischer Mittelwert der Einzelrauhtiefen Rzi aufeinanderfolgender Einzelstrecken), der maximalen Rauhtiefe Rmax innerhalb einer vorbestimmten Messstrecke, dem Verhältnis Rmr der Länge des materialerfüllten Streckenabschnitts zur Länge der Gesamtmessstrecke, oder der Spitzenzahl HSC, d.h. der Anzahl der Profilspitzen, die ein vorgegebenes Schnittniveau überschreiten (vgl. DIN 4762 bzw. ISO 4287/1).After curing, the component can then still a surface refinement be subjected to, including no geometry-generating cutting Processes are understood, but only processes such as For example, polishing, abrasive polishing, lapping or the like, the influencing key surface parameters, for example the Surface roughness, expressed for example as arithmetic Mean roughness Ra, the roughness Rz (arithmetic mean of Single roughness depths Rzi of successive single stretches), the maximum Roughness depth Rmax within a predetermined measuring distance, the Ratio Rmr of the length of the material-filled section to Length of the total measuring distance, or the peak number HSC, i. the number the profile tips that exceed a given cutting level (see. DIN 4762 or ISO 4287/1).
Claims (5)
- Process for manufacturing hardened components made of steel, comprising the steps of:manufacturing a semi-finished product from air-hardened steel, i.e. a steel whose time-temperature-transformation properties following austenitization, assuming the heat transfer coefficient of air, produces cooling rates which are sufficient to initiate a martensitic phase transformation,cold-forming of the semi-finished product to form the fully shaped component,hardening of the fully shaped component by means of a heat treatment.
- Process according to Claim 1, characterized in that an air-hardening steel with the following composition is used:approximately 0.31% by weight to approximately 0.85% by weight of carbon (C),approximately 0.95% by weight to approximately 2.10% by weight of silicon (Si),approximately 1.15% by weight to approximately 1.85% by weight of manganese (Mn),approximately 0.00% by weight to approximately 1.65% by weight of chromium (Cr),approximately 0.05% by weight to approximately 0.20% by weight of nickel (Ni),approximately 0.10% by weight to approximately 0.70% by weight of molybdenum (Mo),remainder iron and standard impurities,preferably an air-hardening steel with the following composition:approximately 0.67% by weight of carbon (C),approximately 1.50% by weight of silicon (Si),approximately 1.50% by weight of manganese (Mn),approximately 1.00% by weight of chromium (Cr),approximately 0.10% by weight of nickel (Ni),approximately 0.25% by weight of molybdenum (Mo),remainder iron and standard impurities.
- Process according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the semi-finished product is cold-formed by forging.
- Process according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the semi-finished product is cold-formed by thread-tapping and pressing.
- Process according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the component is at most subjected to a surface treatment after it has been hardened.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10247372 | 2002-10-10 | ||
DE10247372A DE10247372A1 (en) | 2002-10-10 | 2002-10-10 | Production of a hardened steel component comprises forming a semi-finished product made from air-hardened steel, cold forming the product to form the finished molded component, and hardening the component by heat treating |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1413633A1 EP1413633A1 (en) | 2004-04-28 |
EP1413633B1 true EP1413633B1 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
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ID=32038490
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP03023140A Expired - Lifetime EP1413633B1 (en) | 2002-10-10 | 2003-10-10 | Process for manufacturing hardened components made of steel |
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US (1) | US7387694B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1413633B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4533613B2 (en) |
DE (2) | DE10247372A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE10333165A1 (en) * | 2003-07-22 | 2005-02-24 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Production of press-quenched components, especially chassis parts, made from a semi-finished product made from sheet steel comprises molding a component blank, cutting, heating, press-quenching, and coating with a corrosion-protection layer |
JP2005299754A (en) * | 2004-04-08 | 2005-10-27 | Thk Co Ltd | Screw device and its manufacturing method |
US20060026838A1 (en) * | 2004-08-06 | 2006-02-09 | Timken Us Corporation | High carbon steel formed bearing assembly |
US9238847B2 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2016-01-19 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Tailored hardening of boron steel |
CN104532102B (en) * | 2014-12-09 | 2017-01-11 | 抚顺特殊钢股份有限公司 | Manufacturing technology of large-sized carburized bearing steel G20Cr2Ni4A for wind electricity |
DE102023202496A1 (en) | 2023-03-21 | 2024-09-26 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Precipitation hardened raceway insert for a linear rolling bearing |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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GB577133A (en) * | 1940-04-12 | 1946-05-07 | William Herbert Hatfield | A process for improving the properties of iron alloy castings |
GB1077994A (en) * | 1963-04-18 | 1967-08-02 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Process for producing cold-forged products from tempered steel wire |
US3944442A (en) * | 1973-07-13 | 1976-03-16 | The International Nickel Company, Inc. | Air hardenable, formable steel |
JPS5831031A (en) * | 1981-08-17 | 1983-02-23 | Nippon Steel Corp | Production of steel pipe having high strength and toughness |
JPH0257637A (en) * | 1988-08-23 | 1990-02-27 | Nippon Steel Corp | Manufacture of spring with high fatigue strength and steel wire for spring for use therein |
SE467829B (en) | 1988-09-02 | 1992-09-21 | Ovako Steel Ab | PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURE OF ELEMENTS OF STEEL WITH EUTEKTOID COMPOSITION |
US5496425A (en) | 1990-10-24 | 1996-03-05 | Consolidated Metal Products, Inc. | Cold formed high-strength steel structural members |
JP3538995B2 (en) * | 1994-09-29 | 2004-06-14 | 日本精工株式会社 | Rolling bearing |
FR2761699B1 (en) * | 1997-04-04 | 1999-05-14 | Ascometal Sa | STEEL AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A BEARING PART |
SE521771C2 (en) | 1998-03-16 | 2003-12-02 | Ovako Steel Ab | Ways to manufacture steel components |
DE19821797C1 (en) * | 1998-05-15 | 1999-07-08 | Skf Gmbh | Hardened steel parts used for roller bearing parts |
JP4230020B2 (en) * | 1998-09-11 | 2009-02-25 | Thk株式会社 | Ball screw nut, linear guide device using the ball screw nut, steering ball screw, and method of manufacturing the ball screw nut |
DE10014856A1 (en) * | 2000-03-24 | 2001-10-04 | Buderus Edelstahlwerke Ag | Car brake disc and steel alloy and process for their manufacture |
JP3463651B2 (en) * | 2000-04-18 | 2003-11-05 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | Bearing steel |
JP2004027260A (en) * | 2002-06-24 | 2004-01-29 | Ntn Corp | Rolling element and method of producing the same |
-
2002
- 2002-10-10 DE DE10247372A patent/DE10247372A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-10-07 US US10/680,477 patent/US7387694B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-10-09 JP JP2003350745A patent/JP4533613B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-10-10 EP EP03023140A patent/EP1413633B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-10-10 DE DE50301977T patent/DE50301977D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US7387694B2 (en) | 2008-06-17 |
US20040108027A1 (en) | 2004-06-10 |
DE10247372A1 (en) | 2004-04-22 |
JP4533613B2 (en) | 2010-09-01 |
EP1413633A1 (en) | 2004-04-28 |
JP2004169178A (en) | 2004-06-17 |
DE50301977D1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
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