EP0621079A1 - Dichte Oxidbeschichtungen beim thermischen Spritzen - Google Patents

Dichte Oxidbeschichtungen beim thermischen Spritzen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0621079A1
EP0621079A1 EP94106071A EP94106071A EP0621079A1 EP 0621079 A1 EP0621079 A1 EP 0621079A1 EP 94106071 A EP94106071 A EP 94106071A EP 94106071 A EP94106071 A EP 94106071A EP 0621079 A1 EP0621079 A1 EP 0621079A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion chamber
coating
gas
powder
combustible mixture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP94106071A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Joseph P. Mercurio
Edward P. Gianella
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Applied Biosystems Inc
Original Assignee
Perkin Elmer Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Perkin Elmer Corp filed Critical Perkin Elmer Corp
Publication of EP0621079A1 publication Critical patent/EP0621079A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/20—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion
    • B05B7/201—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion downstream of the nozzle
    • B05B7/205—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion downstream of the nozzle the material to be sprayed being originally a particulate material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/10—Oxides, borides, carbides, nitrides or silicides; Mixtures thereof
    • C23C4/11—Oxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/129—Flame spraying

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the thermal spraying of oxide ceramics, particularly to a method and an apparatus for producing dense and tenacious coatings of oxide ceramics, and more particularly to coatings of aluminum oxide useful for electrical insulation.
  • Thermal spraying also known as flame spraying, involves the melting or at least heat softening of a heat fusible material such as metal or ceramic, and propelling the softened material in particulate form against a surface which is to be coated. The heated particles strike the surface where they are quenched and bonded thereto.
  • a thermal spray gun such as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,111,267 (Shepard et al) is used for the purpose of heating and propelling the particles.
  • the heat fusible material such as a metal or oxide is supplied to the gun in powder form.
  • Such powders are comprised typically of small particles, e.g., between 100 mesh U. S. Standard screen size (149 microns) and about 2 microns.
  • Heat for powder spraying is generally from a combustion flame or an arc-generated plasma flame.
  • the carrier gas which entrains and transports the powder, may be one of the combustion gases or an inert gas such as nitrogen, or it simply may be compressed air.
  • Plasma spraying has been a successful high velocity process in many respects but it can suffer from non-uniform heating and/or poor particle entrainment which results from feeding powder laterally into the high velocity plasma stream.
  • This type of gun has an internal combustion chamber with a high pressure combustion effluent directed through a long nozzle or open channel. Powder is fed into the nozzle chamber to be heated and propelled by the combustion effluent.
  • a short-nozzle spray device for high velocity spraying in U.S. Patent No. 4,865,252 (Rotolico et al). Powder is fed axially into a combustion chamber within an annular flow of combustion gas. An annular air flow is injected coaxially outside of the combustion gas flow, along the wall of the chamber. The spray stream with the heated powder issues from the open end of the combustion chamber.
  • the high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying has been particularly advantageous for effecting dense coatings of metals and carbides low in oxide content.
  • HVOF high velocity oxygen-fuel
  • disclosures have mentioned HVOF for ceramic spraying (e.g. in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 4,416,421), in practice the high velocity combustion process has not allowed sufficient heating for refractory oxide ceramic powder particles to be well melted or heat softened. The result has been low deposit efficiency and little improvement in coating quality over other conventional thermal spray processes.
  • Aluminum oxide (alumina) is a typical refractory oxide material useful for the thermal spraying processes, for example to produce electrically insulating coating layers. Although low velocity combustion spraying is satisfactory for some applications, plasma spraying of this oxide is used for the higher quality coatings of aluminum oxide. However, because of the rapid cooling of the spray particles on the substrates, the alpha phase of alumina is low and the metastable gamma phase is the most prevalent form, e.g. 80-85% gamma. Such coatings have a dielectric strength in the range of 12 to 20 volts/micron. Coatings with higher levels of the stable alpha phase and thereby higher dielectric strength are desired.
  • An object is to provide an improved thermal spray gun for spraying oxide ceramic powder to produce a dense and tenacious ceramic coating. Another object is to provide an improved high velocity oxygen-fuel thermal spray gun. A further object is to provide an improved method for producing a dense and tenacious ceramic coating, particularly of aluminum oxide. Yet another object is to provide a novel article comprising a metal substrate with dense and tenacious oxide ceramic coating thereon, particularly of aluminum oxide with incrased alpha phase. An additional object is to provide a coating of alumium oxide high in dielectric breakdown strength.
  • a thermal spray gun that includes a nozzle member with an axial conduit adapted to convey a powder stream of heat fusible oxide ceramic in a carrier gas, the axial conduit terminating at the nozzle face in a plurality of radially divergent orifices.
  • a gas cap extends from the nozzle member and defines a combustion chamber with an open end and an opposite end bounded by the nozzle face, the combustion chamber being receptive of the powder stream from the divergent orifices.
  • An annular flow of a combustible mixture is injected from the nozzle member coaxially into the combustion chamber proximate and radially outward of the powder stream issuing from the divergent orifices so that, with a combusting of the combustible mixture, the powder stream mixes into the combusting mixture.
  • Pressurized gas is injected adjacently to the gas cap wall radially outward of the annular flow of the combustible mixture, whereby a spray stream containing the ceramic is propelled through the open end.
  • Objects are also achieved by a method which utilizes a thermal spray gun including a nozzle member with an axial conduit terminating at the nozzle face in a plurality of radially divergent orifices, and a gas cap extending from the nozzle member and defining a combustion chamber with an open end and an opposite end bounded by the nozzle face.
  • a thermal spray gun including a nozzle member with an axial conduit terminating at the nozzle face in a plurality of radially divergent orifices, and a gas cap extending from the nozzle member and defining a combustion chamber with an open end and an opposite end bounded by the nozzle face.
  • a powder stream of heat fusible oxide ceramic is conveyed in a carrier gas through the axial conduit and divergent orifices into the combustion chamber proximate and radially inward of the annular flow of combustible mixture so as to mix the powder stream directly into the combusting mixture.
  • An annular outer flow of pressurized non-combustible gas is injected adjacently to the cylindrical wall radially outward of the annular flow of the combustible mixture whereby a spray stream containing the oxide ceramic is propelled through the open end.
  • the spray stream is directed toward a substrate so at to produce thereon a dense and tenacious coating of the oxide ceramic.
  • the combustible mixture is injected at a pressure in the combustion chamber of at least two bar above atmospheric pressure such that the spray stream is sonic or supersonic.
  • the oxide ceramic is a refractory oxide, most preferably aluminum oxide.
  • an article may be produced, comprising a metal substrate with an dense and tenacious oxide ceramic coating thereon, the coating being produced by the foregoing method.
  • the aluminum oxide coating should comprise at least 25% alpha phase, and be characterized by a dielectric breakdown strength of at least 25 volts/micron.
  • FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section of a thermal spray gun of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is an enlargement of the forward end of the section of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a view taken at 3--3 of FIG. 2.
  • a thermal spray gun 10 has a gas head 12 with a tubular member in the form of a gas cap 14 mounted thereon, a valve portion 16 for supplying fuel, oxygen and air to the gas head, and a handle 17 .
  • the valve portion 16 has a hose connection 18 for a fuel gas, a hose connection 19 for oxygen and a hose connection 20 for air.
  • the three connections are connected respectively by hoses from a fuel source 21 , oxygen source 22 and air source 24 .
  • Orifices 25 in a cylindrical valve 26 control the flow of the respective gases from their connections into the gun.
  • the valve and associated components include a pair of valve levers 27 , and sealing means for each gas flow section that include plungers 28 , springs 29 and O-rings 30 .
  • a cylindrical siphon plug 31 is fitted in a corresponding bore in gas head 12 , and a plurality of O-rings 32 thereon maintain a gas-tight seal.
  • the siphon plug is provided with a tube 33 having a central passage 34 .
  • the siphon plug further has therein an annular groove 35 and a further annular groove 36 with a plurality of inter-connecting passages 38 (two shown).
  • a similar arrangement is provided to pass fuel gas from source 21 and a hose 46 through connection 18 , valve 26 and a passage 48 into groove 36 , mix with the oxygen, and pass as a combustible mixture through passages 50 aligned with passages 38 into an annular groove 52 .
  • Annular groove 52 feeds the mixture into a plurality of arcuately arranged passages 53 in the rear section of a nozzle member 54 .
  • nozzle member 54 is conveniently constructed of a tubular inner portion 55 and a tubular outer portion 56 .
  • inner denotes toward the axis and “outer” denotes away from the axis.
  • forward or “forwardly” denotes toward the open end of the gun; “rear”, “rearward” or “rearwardly” denotes the opposite.
  • Outer portion 56 defines an outer annular orifice means for injecting the annular flow of the combustible mixture into the combustion chamber.
  • the orifice means preferably includes a forward annular opening 57 with a radially inward side bounded by an outer wall 58 of the inner portion.
  • the orifice system leading to the annular opening from passages 53 may be a plurality of arcuately spaced orifices or an annular orifice 59 .
  • the combustible mixture flowing from the aligned grooves 52 thus passes through the orifice (or orifices or an annulus) 59 to produce an annular flow which is ignited in annular opening 57 .
  • a nozzle nut 60 holds nozzle 54 and siphon plug 28 on gas head 12 .
  • Two further O-rings 61 are seated conventionally between nozzle 54 and siphon plug 31 for gas tight seals.
  • the burner nozzle 54 extends into gas cap 14 which is held in place by means of a threaded retainer ring 64 and extends forwardly from the nozzle.
  • Nozzle member 54 is also provided with an axial conduit 62 , for the powder in a carrier gas, extending forwardly from tube 33 .
  • the axial conduit terminates at the nozzle face in a plurality of radially divergent orifices 65 , also shown in FIG. 3.
  • Four such divergent orifices are in the present example.
  • the exact number of orifices is not critical; from 2 to 8 is satisfactory.
  • the orifices preferably are arcuately spaced with an angle to the axis 63 between 10° and 30°, for example 23°.
  • the outer orifice 59 or ring of orifices for the combustible mixture should be proximate the divergent orifices 65 , so that the combusting mixture is proximate the powder stream issuing from the divergent orifices, and the diverging powder stream mixes directly into the combusting mixture.
  • a diagonal passage extends rearwardly from tube 33 to a powder connection 65 .
  • a carrier hose 66 and, therefore, central bore 62 is receptive of powder from a powder feeder 67 entrained in a carrier gas from a pressurized gas source 68 such as compressed air by way of feed hose 66 .
  • Powder feeder 67 is of the conventional or desired type but must be capable of delivering the carrier gas at high enough pressure to provide powder into the chamber 82 in gun 10 .
  • Air or other non-combustible gas is passed from source 24 and a hose 69 through its connection 20 , cylinder valve 26 , and a passage 70 to a space 71 in the interior of retainer ring 64 .
  • Lateral openings 72 in nozzle nut 60 communicate space 71 with a cylindrical combustion chamber 82 in gas cap 14 so that the air may flow as an outer sheath from space 71 through lateral openings 72 , thence through an annular slot 84 between the outer surface of nozzle 54 , and an inwardly facing cylindrical wall 86 defining combustion chamber 82 into which slot 84 exits.
  • the flow continues through chamber 82 as an annular outer flow mixing with the inner flows, and out of the open channel at open end 88 in gas cap 14 .
  • Chamber 82 is bounded at its opposite, rearward end by face 89 of nozzle 54 .
  • combustion chamber wall 86 converges forwardly from the nozzle at an angle with the axis, most preferably between about 2° and 10°, e.g. 5°.
  • Wall 86 at slot 84 also converges forwardly at an angle with the axis, most preferably between about 12° and 16°, e.g. 14.5°.
  • Slot 84 further should have sufficient length for the annular air flow to develop, e.g. comparable to chamber length 102 , but at least greater than half of such length 102 .
  • valve 26 in a lighting position aligning bleeder holes, an air hole 90 in valve 26 allows air flow for lighting, and the above-indicated angles and dimensions are important to allow such lighting without backfire. (Bleeder holes in valve 26 for oxygen and fuel for lighting, similar to air hole 90 , are not shown.)
  • central bore 62 is 2.0 mm diameter, and the open end 88 of the gas cap is 0.95 cm from the face of the nozzle (length 102 ).
  • the combustion chamber 82 that also entrains the powder is relatively short, and generally should be between about one and two times the diameter of open end 88 .
  • a supply of each of the gases to the cylindrical combustion chamber is provided at a sufficiently high pressure, e.g. at least 2 bar (30 psi) above altmospheric, and is ignited conventionally such as with a spark device, such that the mixture of combusted gases and air will issue from the open end as a sonic (choked) or supersonic flow entraining the powder.
  • the heat of the combustion will at least heat soften the powder material such as to deposit a coating onto a substrate. Shock diamonds should be observable. Because the flow is under expanded, an expansion type of nozzle exit is not necessary to achieve the supersonic flow.
  • the combustion gas may be propane or hydrogen or the like, but it is preferable that the combustion gas be propylene gas, or methylacetylene-propadiene gas ("MPS"). These latter gases allow a relatively high velocity spray stream and excellent coatings to be achieved without backfire. For example with a propylene or MPS pressure of about 7 kg/cm2 gauge (above atmospheric pressure) to the gun, oxygen at 10 kg/cm2 and air at 5.6 kg/cm2 at least 8 shock diamonds are readily visible in the spray stream without powder flow.
  • propylene or MPS pressure of about 7 kg/cm2 gauge (above atmospheric pressure) to the gun, oxygen at 10 kg/cm2 and air at 5.6 kg/cm2 at least 8 shock diamonds are readily visible in the spray stream without powder flow.
  • the invention is preferably carried out with a heat fusible oxide ceramic powder having a size distribution generally between 1 and 30 microns, advantageously between 5 and 20 microns.
  • Suitable thermal spray oxides are aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and composite alumina-titania powder.
  • a coating of this material should have no more than 0.25% porosity measured using the line intercept method, and should comprise at least 25% alpha phase, compared with less than 15% for a conventional coating. Also such a coating should have a dielectric breakdown strength of at least 28 volts/micron. Otherwise such coatings of this or other oxides will have the typical cross sectional structure of HVOF coatings, viz. laminated lenticular grains representing the flattened particles of powder melted and sprayed at high velocity.
  • a flat copper substrate was prepared by light grit blasting with 177-590 grit alumina under 2.5-3.2 kg/cm2 (35-45 psig) air pressure.
  • a 99% pure aluminum oxide powder having a size distribution of 20 to 5 microns was thermal sprayed with the preferred apparatus described above with respect to FIGS. 1-3.
  • Oxygen was 9.4 kg/cm2 (135 psig) and 300 l/min (633 scfh)
  • propylene fuel gas was 4.5 kg/cm2 (65 psig) and 97 l/min (206 scfh)
  • air was 5.2 kg/cm2 (75 psig) and 328 l/min (694 scfh).
  • a high pressure powder feed of the type disclosed in the present assignee's U.S. Patent No. 4,900,199 and sold by Perkin-Elmer as a Metco (TM) Type DJP (TM) powder feeder was used to feed the powder at 23 gm/min (3 lbs/hr) in a nitrogen carrier at 8.8 kg/cm2 (125 psig) and 12 l/min (25 scfh). Spray distance was 13 cm and traverse rate was 4.5 m/min. The resulting coating was ground conventionally to a thickness of 250-300 microns.
  • Dielectric breakdown strength was measured with the simple conventional method of touching an electrode to the coating surface and applying a voltage between the probe and the substrate. Voltage was increased in increments until breakdown occurred. This was repeated at 5 locations across the surface. The breakdown strengths ranged from 30 to 40 volts/micron thickness of coating. This range compares with typical strengths of 12 to 20 volts/micron.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
EP94106071A 1993-04-20 1994-04-19 Dichte Oxidbeschichtungen beim thermischen Spritzen Withdrawn EP0621079A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US4971893A 1993-04-20 1993-04-20
US49718 1993-04-20

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JP (1) JPH06312149A (de)
BR (1) BR9401543A (de)
CA (1) CA2119430A1 (de)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0825273A1 (de) * 1996-08-20 1998-02-25 The BOC Group plc Beschichtung von Substraten mit hochtemperaturkeramischen Materialien
EP0848998A3 (de) * 1996-12-18 1999-03-17 Castolin S.A. Flammspritzvorrichtung und Verfahren zum thermischen Spritzen
CN1077456C (zh) * 1999-01-08 2002-01-09 中国人民解放军装甲兵工程学院 超音速多功能表面处理设备
EP1245692A3 (de) * 2001-03-30 2004-02-04 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation Fernbediente Sprühbeschichtung von Abdampfrohrleitungen in der Kernindustrie
RU2247174C2 (ru) * 2003-04-30 2005-02-27 Институт теоретической и прикладной механики СО РАН Устройство газодинамического напыления порошковых материалов
RU2257423C2 (ru) * 2003-08-21 2005-07-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Обнинский центр порошкового напыления (ООО ОЦПН) Портативное устройство для газодинамического напыления покрытий
WO2009146832A1 (de) * 2008-05-30 2009-12-10 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Thermisch gespritzte ai2o3-schichten mit einem hohen korundgehalt ohne eigenschaftsmindernde zusätze und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung
CN106111383A (zh) * 2016-09-11 2016-11-16 北京林业大学 一种热塑性塑料粉末喷熔装置
CN108745677A (zh) * 2018-07-25 2018-11-06 上海莘临科技发展有限公司 超音速氧乙炔爆炸燃烧喷嘴及沙粒熔融方法
CN112742620A (zh) * 2019-10-29 2021-05-04 技术研究与创新基金会 高速含氧空气燃料热喷涂装置
WO2021090238A1 (en) * 2019-11-08 2021-05-14 Capsugel Belgium Nv Flash nozzle assembly

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SG128596A1 (en) * 2005-06-13 2007-01-30 Victaulic Co Of America High velocity low pressure emitter
CN112126887B (zh) * 2020-09-14 2022-07-08 水利部杭州机械设计研究所 空气燃气型超音速火焰喷枪、喷涂装置及制备金属陶瓷涂层的方法

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DE3806177A1 (de) * 1988-02-26 1989-09-07 Siemens Ag Verfahren zum aufbringen von schichten aus hochtemperatur-supraleitendem material auf substrate
EP0379119A1 (de) * 1989-01-17 1990-07-25 The Perkin-Elmer Corporation Abgeschirmte Heissspritzpistole und Verwendung derselben
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Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0825273A1 (de) * 1996-08-20 1998-02-25 The BOC Group plc Beschichtung von Substraten mit hochtemperaturkeramischen Materialien
EP0848998A3 (de) * 1996-12-18 1999-03-17 Castolin S.A. Flammspritzvorrichtung und Verfahren zum thermischen Spritzen
CN1077456C (zh) * 1999-01-08 2002-01-09 中国人民解放军装甲兵工程学院 超音速多功能表面处理设备
EP1245692A3 (de) * 2001-03-30 2004-02-04 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation Fernbediente Sprühbeschichtung von Abdampfrohrleitungen in der Kernindustrie
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JP2011522115A (ja) * 2008-05-30 2011-07-28 フラウンホーファー−ゲゼルシャフト ツル フェルデルング デル アンゲヴァンテン フォルシュング エー ファウ 特性を低下させる添加物なしの高いコランダム含有量を有する熱溶射されたＡｌ２Ｏ３層及びその製造方法
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CN106111383A (zh) * 2016-09-11 2016-11-16 北京林业大学 一种热塑性塑料粉末喷熔装置
CN108745677A (zh) * 2018-07-25 2018-11-06 上海莘临科技发展有限公司 超音速氧乙炔爆炸燃烧喷嘴及沙粒熔融方法
CN112742620A (zh) * 2019-10-29 2021-05-04 技术研究与创新基金会 高速含氧空气燃料热喷涂装置
EP3816320A1 (de) * 2019-10-29 2021-05-05 Fundación Tecnalia Research & Innovation Hochgeschwindigkeits-sauerstoff-luft-kraftstoff-wärmesprühvorrichtung
US12076884B2 (en) 2019-10-29 2024-09-03 Fundacion Tecnalia Research & Innovation High velocity oxy air fuel thermal spray apparatus
WO2021090238A1 (en) * 2019-11-08 2021-05-14 Capsugel Belgium Nv Flash nozzle assembly
CN114616037A (zh) * 2019-11-08 2022-06-10 比利时胶囊公司 闪蒸喷嘴组件
US11925954B2 (en) 2019-11-08 2024-03-12 Capsugel Belgium Nv Flash nozzle assembly
CN114616037B (zh) * 2019-11-08 2024-05-17 比利时胶囊公司 闪蒸喷嘴组件

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CA2119430A1 (en) 1994-10-21
JPH06312149A (ja) 1994-11-08

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