EP0591049A1 - Verfahren zur Antenneeichung im Nahfeld für aktive Antenne - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Antenneeichung im Nahfeld für aktive Antenne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0591049A1
EP0591049A1 EP93402377A EP93402377A EP0591049A1 EP 0591049 A1 EP0591049 A1 EP 0591049A1 EP 93402377 A EP93402377 A EP 93402377A EP 93402377 A EP93402377 A EP 93402377A EP 0591049 A1 EP0591049 A1 EP 0591049A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
active
sources
phase
source
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Granted
Application number
EP93402377A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0591049B1 (de
Inventor
Gerard Caille
Thierry Dusseux
Chritian Feat
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Alcatel Lucent SAS
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Alcatel Espace Industries SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/267—Phased-array testing or checking devices

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the measurement and manufacture of active antennas, which include a large number N of channels in parallel. Active antennas use this number N of channels to form the radiation pattern of the antenna, by superposition of the fields resulting from the excitation of each element.
  • the invention relates to a method for calibrating active antennas, which, from measurements made in the near field on the antenna and its radiating sources, allows, by a specific calculation, the determination of the control parameters to be applied to the active modules. , and the resulting fields in the far field.
  • the active antenna object of the method according to the invention, can operate either in transmission or in reception, or in the two configurations in alternation (case of radar antennas).
  • the signal from a low-level centralized transmitter is divided into N signals assumed to be identical on N channels using a power distributor; then on each channel, an active module amplifies the signal according to a controllable gain, and applies a controllable phase shift, before transmitting the amplified signal to the radiating source (see FIG. 1).
  • the signal received on each radiating source is amplified and phase shifted in an active module whose gain and phase shift are controllable.
  • the N signals amplified on the N channels are then collected by a power combiner, and transmitted on a single channel to a centralized receiver (see Figure 2). This arrangement is the reverse of the previous arrangement, and, from a theoretical point of view, its treatment is strictly symmetrical to the latter.
  • a single device is called upon to serve as a combiner at reception and as a distributor at transmission
  • the active modules include a switch between a reception provided with a low noise amplifier, and a transmission channel provided with a power amplifier.
  • a controllable phase shifter and attenuator are provided for each channel, or if they are of reciprocal type, they can be arranged on a single channel, connected alternately to the two transmit / receive channels by a switch. SPDT (see Figure 3).
  • control signals necessary for the formation of beams are calculated by computer from assumptions and approximations which make the calculations possible, but which are not always in conformity with measurable reality as regards concerns the performance of the antenna.
  • the sources are assumed to be identical, while they are subject to small variations in their radio characteristics, originating from vagaries of their manufacture.
  • impedance, gain, insertion losses and phase shift can vary from one module to another, so that an identical control signal does not produce an identical phase shift or amplitude d from one source to another.
  • the gain controls are supposed to be rigorously exact, and completely independent of those of phase and vice versa, when in practice, they are not, and a weak influence of one on the other is inevitable .
  • the position of a source in the network can influence the radio characteristics of this source, by coupling with neighboring sources.
  • the characteristics of a source located at one end of the network are different from those of a more central source, surrounded by neighboring sources.
  • the calibration method according to the invention makes it possible to take account, during theoretical calculations of far fields, of these differences between reality and the ideal theoretical situation in the characterization and design of an active antenna.
  • the results obtained are particularly appreciable for antennas having precisely formed radiation patterns, in particular antennas with beam formation by calculation.
  • test antenna for example a horn or a dipole at a certain distance from the active antenna to be calibrated.
  • the transfer function between the test antenna and each of channels is determined by the successive measurement of the field delivered by each channel, according to the following method. All channels, except the channel to be measured, are switched off during the measurement of a given channel, each channel in turn.
  • a variant consists in keeping the controls of the other channels fixed, while the scanned channel is variably controlled, which makes the phase rotate. This theoretically makes it possible to characterize the different phase states of this channel.
  • this method suffers from the problem of coupling between neighboring sources, which is not measured under conditions representative of the normal operating state: by rotating the phase of the channel under calibration, the radiation from other sources is somewhat disturbed. , therefore the measurement of the radiated field.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to overcome these drawbacks of the prior art, and what is more, to simultaneously correct the three types of error mentioned above.
  • the invention proposes a method for calibrating an active antenna comprising N radiating sources; characterized in that : a probe is placed successively in front of each radiating source so as to measure the near field in front of this source; the measurement being carried out for a desired antenna configuration in order to obtain a desired radiation pattern; and in that : during said measurement of the near field in front of said source, a phase shifter on each channel, in turn, is controlled so as to switch the radiation phase of this channel at 180 ° of phase shift relative to its value nominal, all N-1 other sources being controlled according to their nominal operating values in this configuration in order to obtain the desired radiation pattern.
  • the invention thus proposes a method for calibrating an active antenna comprising N radiating sources arranged in a network, this network arrangement giving rise to coupling between said sources, these sources being supplied by active modules, these active modules comprising phase control means and gain control means; these sources, these active modules, these phase control means and these gain control means having small dispersions of characteristics due to the manufacture of these different elements, these phase and gain control means also having inaccuracies in response aroused by a given order; characterized in that : using an appropriate probe, near-field measurements are carried out simultaneously characterizing the effects of said couplings between sources, of said dispersions of characteristics due to manufacturing, and of said inaccuracies of said control means.
  • the gain and phase control values for a desired antenna configuration in order to obtain a desired radiation pattern are first determined by the aforementioned method, and these values of commands are applied to said control means; this more precise method being characterized in that: the near field measurements are repeated with these control values, so as to obtain finer corrections to these values. If necessary, this procedure can be repeated; an iteration of this procedure for a sufficient number of cycles to obtain arbitrary precision of the specified parameters.
  • a calibration table is formulated from measurements carried out on the active modules before the antenna is assembled, and this table then provides the refined values of the phase shift and gain commands. which will be implemented for control after a single near-field measurement, according to the basic method presented at the beginning of this text.
  • the method according to the invention and its variants can be applied to active antennas operating in transmission, in reception, or alternatively in transmission and in reception.
  • the method according to the invention will be applied twice: once for the antenna operating in transmission, to determine the values of phase shift and transmission gain commands; and the other time for the antenna operating in reception, in order to determine the values of phase shift and gain commands in reception.
  • the method according to the invention provides numerous advantages over the methods of the prior art for the calibration of active antennas.
  • the method according to the invention allows the calibration of the antenna taking into account all the dispersions which generate deviations between the real radiation diagram and the theoretical diagram calculated by software.
  • the method according to the invention thus provides a considerable time saving for the calibration of the gain antenna by a factor of 11 in the example above).
  • the proposed method is well suited to an iteration allowing to approach to an arbitrary precision the final performance of the antenna, and in real operating conditions.
  • the method according to the invention takes into account variations in the radioelectric characteristics of the components of the antenna, it is possible to widen the range of tolerances allowed for these components.
  • the cost of the components can be reduced in this way, thereby reducing the overall cost of the antenna.
  • the production of the antenna is also simplified, since the method according to the invention does not require specific circuits for sampling or injecting calibration signals.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows in section an example of an active antenna arranged in a linear array, operating in transmission.
  • the example shown in this figure is easily generalizable to the case of a two-dimensional network or the like.
  • a low level transmitter 1 supplies, through a passive power distributor 2, the N radiating sources of the linear network, S1 ..., S i , ... S N.
  • active modules M i perform a phase shift ⁇ i and an amplification with a gain A i , the values of phase shift and amplification gain being controllable by the control unit 3.
  • the complex useful signals a i are routed to the radiating sources S i , from which they are radiated.
  • the complex useful signals a i are routed to the radiating sources S i , from which they are radiated.
  • the waves radiated by the sources S are superimposed with the amplitudes and phases which are allotted to them, according to a calculation of formation of beams, to radiate in a desired direction with a lobe formed according to the envisaged application.
  • Figure 2 schematically shows in section an example of an active antenna arranged in a linear array, operating in reception.
  • the example shown in this figure is easily generalizable to the case of a two-dimensional network or the like.
  • a receiver 11 is supplied, through a passive combiner 12, by the N sources of the linear network, S1 ..., S i , ... S N.
  • active modules M i effect a phase shift ⁇ i and an amplification with a gain A i , the values of phase difference and amplification gain being controllable, in particular by the control unit 13
  • the complex useful signals a i are routed from the radiating sources S i to the inputs of the active modules M i , where they are amplified with the controllable gains and phases for each signal.
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows an active radar antenna, operating alternately in transmission and in reception.
  • the alternation of the transmission / reception functions is ensured by switches 25, 52 controlled by a synchronization clock 24.
  • orthogonal polarizations can be selected by the switch 26, for reception as for transmission.
  • the phase and the gain are controllable by control means 23, both in transmission and in reception.
  • the command values which will be supplied for controlling a given reception channel are not necessarily the same as for the same channel used for transmission.
  • a single active transmission / reception module comprising the controllable phase shifter 27 and a controllable attenuator 28, for adjusting the gain of the module.
  • an active module is needed per channel, and, in this example, there are ⁇ m 'channels, each channel being connected to a radiating source composed of K patches S 1 ij at S k ij , m 'being the number of source columns, of which only the first and the second are (partially) represented.
  • the transmitter 21 supplies its signals to a distributor / combiner 22, which supplies the active I / O modules.
  • the phase and the attenuation of the signal will be determined by the controllable phase shifter 27 and the controllable attenuator 28, according to the instructions. given by the control computer 23.
  • the switches 25 and 52 will be controlled by the clock 24 to engage the power channel, and the signal will be amplified by the power amplifier 29, before being sent to the sources radiant S ij .
  • the receiver 31 receives the signals from the combiner / distributor 22, which are routed by the active E / R modules.
  • the signals coming from the radiating sources S ij are switched by the switches 25, 52 on the reception channel and pass through a low noise amplifier 30.
  • the phase shift and the attenuation are applied by the controllable phase shifter 27 and the controllable attenuator 28, controlled by the control computer 23.
  • the scalar quantities will be designated by Roman letters, possibly including indices which indicate their position in a vector or in a matrix; the vector quantities will be designated by underlined Roman letters; and the matrix quantities will be designated by capital letters GRAS . All the quantities are complex, comprising an amplitude and a phase. The relationship between these quantities is symbolically shown in Figure 4.
  • the vector represents the N commands of the active antenna, in amplitude and in phase, with:
  • max 1, which means that the maximum gain of the channels is taken as a reference, ie 0 dB. represents the N real excitations, which are the waves incident on the radiating sources.
  • the vector I represents "the illumination” or "the field on the opening”:
  • the physical quantity of I i is not necessarily a magnetic or electric field, but can be another quantity which characterizes the radiation of the source, this quantity being proportional to the field on the opening of the source.
  • the couplings can be written in the classic form of a difraction matrix S having the elements [s ij ]; to the incident wave ai on the source Si, a reflected wave is superimposed:
  • the element s ii represents the reflection coefficient of the surrounded source S i , with all the other sources S i ⁇ j loaded.
  • E i is thus a linear function of the illuminations of each source, including mainly the source S i but also the others.
  • the final step in the construction of this formalism is to record the far field diagram of the active antenna.
  • a test receiving antenna is placed at a great distance from 2D2 / ⁇ , where D is the largest dimension of the radiating plane of the antenna, and ⁇ the wavelength of the radiation.
  • D is the largest dimension of the radiating plane of the antenna
  • ⁇ the wavelength of the radiation.
  • the calibration method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain the values of all the vectors and matrices from a set of near-field measurements carried out for a number N of positions of the probe equal to the number of radiation sources: for each position, N + 1 readings are carried out (initial command + switching of each of the N bits by 180 °); the total number of measurements is therefore N (N + 1).
  • Initial calibration can be followed by recalibration iteratively, to obtain a given desired precision. We first describe the initial calibration.
  • the receiver used for the probe must be able to measure complex signals with good accuracy, for example a receiver with two mixers and two channels I (in phase) and Q (Quadrature of phase).
  • the matrix Q thus obtained is called initial calibration matrix, because it allows us to calculate the commands to obtain a desired radiation pattern in the far field.
  • the radiation diagram is characterized by the vector F of p field values recorded or calculated. To perform beamforming, these p values specified by the calculation represent the desired radiation in these main characteristics. The calculation must then determine how to obtain these far field values from control parameters which will be applied at the level of the control of the antenna.
  • the control values can be obtained from the vector F by matrix transformations using the initial calibration matrix Q.
  • Q ⁇ 1 is obtained by inversion of the initial calibration NxN matrix Q , the measurement of which, term by term, has been described above.
  • L ⁇ 1 represents the transformation of the far field to the field on the aperture
  • P is the transformation of the field on the aperture to the near field.
  • the matrix M Q ⁇ 1 PL ⁇ 1 which specifies us the commands necessary to obtain a sought far field, in the linear case.
  • the couplings are also taken into account in the matrix R.
  • control values resulting from this first measurement may prove to be insufficiently exact. To improve them, it is possible to iterate from these first values, as described below.
  • the method begins with a first set of measurements such as described above.
  • the control values C from this calibration are applied to their respective phase shifters and attenuators.
  • the measurement procedure is then repeated, to obtain a second calibration matrix Q ' , slightly different from the first Q , since the dispersion matrix D will have changed somewhat for the new commands c i .
  • the method according to the invention can take into account measurement data which have already been carried out before the antenna calibration.
  • an active antenna comprising several hundred, even several thousand active modules, is generally produced with components which have undergone tests before their integration into the antenna.
  • control characteristics can be noted on active modules, individually, to verify the proper functioning of the latter before assembly.
  • the control errors are taken into account in the calibration of the antenna, from the data relating to each active module.
  • This data consists of a complex value (amplitude and phase) for each active module considered, depending on the command applied.
  • each active module must be characterized individually, but then, to determine the elements of the calibration matrix Q , we will only need a single measurement of N (N + 1) values in the near field, every other control laws which can be calculated from Q and the table of measurements carried out on the active modules.
  • K a multiplicative factor
  • the method of the invention when each active module is connected to a "sub-network" of radiating patches, the surface of which is clearly greater than the grid ⁇ / 2 x ⁇ / 2 optimal in precision for detecting the field close to the antenna, readings are carried out with K positions by sub-network. This makes it possible to get closer to the ideal grid, at the cost of increasing the duration of the calibration. But the precision is improved by averaging each group of K measurements by a mathematical "projection" of the near field at these K points radiated by a single radiating sub-network. The way to accomplish this mathematical "projection" will be described in the following paragraphs.
  • the near field diagram e is measured: from a single radiating source, at the K sampling points of its surface chosen above.
  • N values are the averages of the field field diagrams on each mesh, weighted by the diagram of the source located opposite this mesh.
  • Equation E T ⁇ E ', where T is an N x p matrix.
  • the advantage of this variant is the increase in the precision of the results by a factor K 1/2 , in by means of K measurements for the mesh located opposite each source. This advantage comes at the cost of a number of measurements increased by a factor of K, and the increase in the size of the matrices to be calculated in the same proportions.
  • the imperfections of the controllable elements - phase shifters, gain control - are taken into account by the iterative process, or by measurements carried out individually on the active modules.
  • the calibration according to the invention is therefore better than the calibrations of the prior art, because it takes into account errors which are not taken into account in the methods of the prior art.
  • the measurements of the present method are faster to perform, since a single scanning of the near-field probe is necessary (if there is no need for successive iterations, if for example the active modules are measured individually), with only N measurement positions, where N is the number of active modules.
  • the switching of N bits 180 ° for each position of the probe is done very quickly for an electronically controlled antenna.
  • the manufacturing dispersions are taken into account by the method according to the invention, the range of values allowed for these parameters (gain, phase shift according to commands) can be widened. Tight specifications that lead to the rejection of a large number of components become unnecessary.
  • the method according to the invention does not require any specific circuit in the active antenna.
  • the methods of the prior art on the other hand, require for example the integration of a "calibration BFN", a specific receiver per module, or even a switch for individual charging of each module only for the needs of calibration.

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EP93402377A 1992-10-01 1993-09-29 Verfahren zur Antenneeichung im Nahfeld für aktive Antenne Expired - Lifetime EP0591049B1 (de)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9212092 1992-10-01
FR9212092A FR2696553B1 (fr) 1992-10-01 1992-10-01 Méthode de calibration d'antenne en champ proche pour antenne active.

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EP0591049A1 true EP0591049A1 (de) 1994-04-06
EP0591049B1 EP0591049B1 (de) 1998-03-04

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DE (1) DE69317195T2 (de)
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CN115118355B (zh) * 2022-07-08 2024-02-13 电子科技大学 基于近场功率反馈的阵列天线远场检测装置及方法

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EP0901183A2 (de) * 1997-09-05 1999-03-10 Nortel Networks Corporation Phasensteuerung in Übertragungsantennen
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CN107219410A (zh) * 2017-06-21 2017-09-29 西安空间无线电技术研究所 一种基于探头扫频位移偏移量的平面近场测量修正方法
CN110361705A (zh) * 2019-06-27 2019-10-22 中国航空工业集团公司雷华电子技术研究所 一种相控阵天线近场迭代校准方法
CN110361705B (zh) * 2019-06-27 2023-03-03 中国航空工业集团公司雷华电子技术研究所 一种相控阵天线近场迭代校准方法
CN115113124A (zh) * 2022-05-27 2022-09-27 中国电子产品可靠性与环境试验研究所（（工业和信息化部电子第五研究所）（中国赛宝实验室）） 复合探头校准方法、装置、计算机设备和存储介质

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US5477229A (en) 1995-12-19
FR2696553A1 (fr) 1994-04-08
DE69317195D1 (de) 1998-04-09
EP0591049B1 (de) 1998-03-04
FR2696553B1 (fr) 1994-11-25

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