EP0588075A1 - Combustion process and furnace for burning waste - Google Patents

Combustion process and furnace for burning waste Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0588075A1
EP0588075A1 EP93113097A EP93113097A EP0588075A1 EP 0588075 A1 EP0588075 A1 EP 0588075A1 EP 93113097 A EP93113097 A EP 93113097A EP 93113097 A EP93113097 A EP 93113097A EP 0588075 A1 EP0588075 A1 EP 0588075A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
shaft
grate
reaction gas
constriction
waste
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EP93113097A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0588075B1 (en
Inventor
Heinz Mallek
Winfried Dipl.-Ing. Brunner
Wolfgang Dipl.-Ing. Schmidt (Fh)
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Hugo Petersen GmbH
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Wamsler Umwelttechnik GmbH
Hugo Petersen GmbH
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Publication of EP0588075A1 publication Critical patent/EP0588075A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/24—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having a vertical, substantially cylindrical, combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
    • F23G2201/40—Gasification

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a combustion furnace for burning lumpy organic solids, preferably waste, and for generating fuel gases according to the preamble of claim 1 and claim 4.
  • a method and such a combustion furnace are from DE-PS 26 04 409 and DE-OS 27 35 139 known.
  • the known methods and the known incinerators are used to incinerate solid waste of different consistency as environmentally friendly as possible, which is actually possible because essentially only ash and harmless exhaust gases are produced as combustion products.
  • the object of the present invention is now to further improve this known method and this known incinerator so that perfect combustion is ensured even with a larger waste throughput and thus an enlarged shaft cross-section, with a compact and comparatively constructive design simple design of the incinerator, and that the resulting fuel gases are suitable for energy generation due to their properties and the constancy of their composition.
  • this object is achieved by the features of patent claim 1 and in terms of the device by the features of patent claim 4.
  • two successive bottlenecks are therefore provided in the shaft, these bottlenecks in practice being expediently formed by tilting gratings.
  • the upper grate serves to stow the waste introduced into the shaft from above and to feed the shaft space between the two grates in a metered manner.
  • the waste is dried and degassed above the upper grate, in some cases already gasified due to the reaction gases supplied in the area of the upper grate.
  • the dried, degassed and already partially gassed waste entering the space between the two grates is then stowed through the lower grate, and with the addition of reaction gas, the waste is completely gasified to ash and fuel gas, the ashes passing through the grate falls down and the fuel gases are also drawn off downwards.
  • the two grates are expediently excited to vibrate in the form of continuous or intermittent periodic rotary movements of limited amplitude, thus ensuring that the jammed waste slides down evenly and burns through the edges and / or burns in the waste stack is avoided.
  • the incinerator is generally designated 10.
  • An upright shaft 11 is arranged in the furnace, into which a tube 12 opens from above for filling the waste to be incinerated.
  • Two narrow points are provided in the shaft 11, which are formed by grids 13 and 14.
  • the grate 13 is a tilting grate which can be pivoted about a central axis 13a, the grate passage having the form of a gap 15a which is delimited on the one hand by the inner wall of the shaft 11 and on the other hand by the outer edge of the grate 13.
  • the axis 13a is designed as a hollow shaft, the interior of which serves as a feed line for reaction gas, which then passes through outlet openings 13b of the grate 13 into the interior of the shaft 11.
  • reaction gas can be supplied through the lines 13c and 14c running in the shaft wall and opening into the shaft interior.
  • reaction gas feeds 13b, 14b or 13c, 14c can be used, in the latter case the grate shafts 13a, 14a can be dispensed with as hollow shafts.
  • the grate 14 forming the lower end of the shaft 11 has a similar structure, which can be pivoted about its axis 14a, which is also designed as a hollow shaft and feeds reaction gas to the outlet openings 14b.
  • Below the grate 14 there is an ash chamber 16 with an ash box or container 17 which is only indicated in the drawing.
  • the shaft 11 has an inlet opening 22 close to its ceiling, through which drying and / or reaction gas can be introduced if necessary.
  • the incinerator 10 shown operates as follows. To start the combustion process, the substances to be burned are first fed to the shaft 11 via the pipe 12, the substances accumulating over the grate 13. It thus forms on the grate 13 the fabric stack indicated in the drawing with the upper cone of bulk. Now the reaction gas supply to the two grates 13 and 14 and / or the openings 13c, 14c is opened and the waste stack above the grate 13 is ignited by a known igniter, not shown, directly above the grate surface or the passage gap 15. After a certain amount Starting phase forms a bed of embers on the grate 13.
  • the waste in the uppermost region of the material stack undergoes drying, specifically through the temperature that is formed, optionally supported by the drying and / or reaction gas flowing in from the opening 22.
  • the pieces of material located in the middle region between the drying zone and the ember bed of the stack of materials are degassed due to the temperature transferred from the ember bed mentioned, and the pieces of waste located in the lower region of the waste stack, which are located in the ember bed or directly above it and in the flow of that emerging from the outlet openings 13b Reaction gas are at least partially subjected to a gasification process.
  • the ash passes through the narrow passage gap 15b and falls into the ash chamber 16, the fuel gases, namely all the fuel gases generated in the shaft 11 are drawn off downwards and discharged from the shaft via line 18.
  • the fuel gases then pass through the nozzle 18a into the mixing chamber 19, where they are mixed intensively with reaction gas supplied through the nozzles 20; the fuel gas / reaction gas mixture entering the combustion chamber 21 from the mixing chamber 19 is then burned in the combustion chamber 21.
  • Air can also be used as the reaction gas supplied through the openings 13b, 14b, 13c, 14c, 22 and the nozzles 20, but also flue gas mixed with air or with oxygen and removed from the system, even flue gas alone at a very high ember bed temperature.
  • a reaction gas consisting of flue gas or carbon dioxide and - instead of air - pure oxygen is particularly effective because it does not contain nitrogen.
  • the nitrogen in the air does not promote combustion, but often leads to the formation of undesirable nitrogen oxides.
  • the temperatures in the area immediately above the upper grate 13 can be, for example, approximately 600 ° C. to 800 ° C., those in the area directly above the lower grate 14, for example, up to 900 ° C., the temperature of both stages being controllable via the reaction gas supply .
  • the two gratings 13 and 14 are preferably excited to tilt movements via their axes 13a, 14a.
  • the upper grate 13 introduces a mechanical thrust movement into the material, with the result that even with larger shaft cross-sections there are no central dead spaces in the waste stack and no burn-through phenomena in the outer region of the stack.
  • the rotational movements of the lower grate 14 ensure that the formation of fine-grained ashes and the transport of the ashes through the grate gap is promoted.
  • the upper grate 13 is expediently excited to rotate at a higher frequency and / or amplitude than the lower grate 14.
  • a major advantage of the invention is that the drying, degassing and gasification process is very even and runs without significant peaks and can be accelerated if necessary, which considerably improves both the performance and the constancy of the gas composition.
  • the latter is of particular importance when the fuel gases are to be used to operate a gas engine, that is, the combustion chamber 21 is the combustion chamber of a gas engine.
  • the gases extracted from the shaft are only burned for the purpose of implementation, are only partially used in the system to maintain the shaft temperature and / or as a reaction gas, or are used to operate heat exchangers, a uniform combustion process has proven to be beneficial.
  • the material can be brought into a very strong reaction by the intensive material movement caused by the moving grates and by the large-area reaction gas feeds, with the result of an increase in performance compared to previous incinerators. It is also possible to equip the incinerator only with the reaction gas feeds 13b, 14b or only with the reaction gas openings 13c, 14c; the decision depends in particular on the size of the incinerator and the throughput and nature of the waste materials. Gas will then be supplied through the upper inlet opening 22 if the waste is very moist (drying gas supply) or if an ember bed reaching into the upper shaft area is desired (reaction gas supply).

Abstract

A method and a combustion furnace are provided by means of which waste which is predominantly of organic nature can be burnt effectively and uniformly. The combustion furnace comprises two bottlenecks, one above the other, constituted by rocking grates. The upper rocking grate essentially serves to subject the solids to pre-combustion, namely to drying, degasifying, and partial gasifying, and to supply the material uniformly in doses to the fire bed which is located on the lower grate and in which complete gasification takes place. Rotational movements of both grates provide for uniform passage of the material through the shaft without the risk of burn-through occurring along the edges so that the entire combustion process becomes highly uniform.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und einen Verbrennungsofen zum Verbrennen von stückigen organischen Feststoffen, vorzugsweise Abfällen, und zum Erzeugen von Brenngasen gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1 und des Patentanspruchs 4. Ein derartiges Verfahren und ein derartiger Verbrennungsofen sind aus der DE-PS 26 04 409 und der DE-OS 27 35 139 bekannt.The invention relates to a method and a combustion furnace for burning lumpy organic solids, preferably waste, and for generating fuel gases according to the preamble of claim 1 and claim 4. Such a method and such a combustion furnace are from DE-PS 26 04 409 and DE-OS 27 35 139 known.

Die bekannten Verfahren und die bekannten Verbrennungsöfen dienen dazu, Feststoff-Abfälle unterschiedlichster Konsistenz möglichst umweltfreundlich zu verbrennen, was damit auch tatsächlich möglich ist, weil als Verbrennungsprodukte im wesentlichen nur Asche und ungefährliche Abgase entstehen. Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es nun, dieses bekannte Verfahren und diesen bekannten Verbrennungsofen so weiter zu verbessern, daß auch bei größerem Abfalldurchsatz und damit vergrößertem Schachtquerschnitt eine einwandfreie Verbrennung gewährleistet ist, und zwar bei kompakter und vergleichsweise konstruktiv einfacher Gestaltung des Verbrennungsofens, und daß die entstehenden Brenngase sich aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften und der Konstanz ihrer Zusammensetzung zur Energieerzeugung eignen. Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe verfahrensmäßig durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1, vorrichtungsmäßig durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 4.The known methods and the known incinerators are used to incinerate solid waste of different consistency as environmentally friendly as possible, which is actually possible because essentially only ash and harmless exhaust gases are produced as combustion products. The object of the present invention is now to further improve this known method and this known incinerator so that perfect combustion is ensured even with a larger waste throughput and thus an enlarged shaft cross-section, with a compact and comparatively constructive design simple design of the incinerator, and that the resulting fuel gases are suitable for energy generation due to their properties and the constancy of their composition. In terms of the method, this object is achieved by the features of patent claim 1 and in terms of the device by the features of patent claim 4.

Gemäß der Erfindung werden also zwei einander nachgeschaltete Engstellen im Schacht vorgesehen, wobei diese Engstellen in der Praxis zweckmäßigerweise durch Kipproste gebildet sind. Dabei dient der obere Rost dazu, die von oben her in den Schacht eingeführten Abfälle zu stauen und den Schachtraum zwischen den beiden Rosten in dosierter Weise zuzuführen. Oberhalb des oberen Rostes werden die Abfälle getrocknet und entgast, teilweise auch bereits aufgrund der im Bereich des oberen Rostes zugeführten Reaktionsgase vergast. Die in den Zwischenraum zwischen den beiden Rosten gelangenden, getrockneten, entgasten und bereits teilweise vergasten Abfälle werden dann durch den unteren Rost gestaut, und es erfolgt unter weiterer Zugabe von Reaktionsgas eine vollständige Vergasung der Abfälle zu Asche und Brenngas, wobei die Asche durch den Rost nach unten fällt und die Brenngase ebenfalls nach unten abgezogen werden. Zweckmäßigerweise werden die beiden Roste gemäß den Ansprüchen 2 und 5 zu Schwingungen in Form von kontinuierlichen oder intermittierenden periodischen Drehbewegungen begrenzter Amplitude angeregt, womit ein gleichmäßiges Nachrutschen der gestauten Abfallstücke gewährleistet und ein Randdurchbrand und/oder Hochbrand im Abfallstapel vermieden wird.According to the invention, two successive bottlenecks are therefore provided in the shaft, these bottlenecks in practice being expediently formed by tilting gratings. The upper grate serves to stow the waste introduced into the shaft from above and to feed the shaft space between the two grates in a metered manner. The waste is dried and degassed above the upper grate, in some cases already gasified due to the reaction gases supplied in the area of the upper grate. The dried, degassed and already partially gassed waste entering the space between the two grates is then stowed through the lower grate, and with the addition of reaction gas, the waste is completely gasified to ash and fuel gas, the ashes passing through the grate falls down and the fuel gases are also drawn off downwards. The two grates are expediently excited to vibrate in the form of continuous or intermittent periodic rotary movements of limited amplitude, thus ensuring that the jammed waste slides down evenly and burns through the edges and / or burns in the waste stack is avoided.

Weitere Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung eines Ausführungsbeispiels eines erfindungsgemäßen Verbrennungsofens und aus der zugehörigen Zeichnung. Dabei zeigt die einzige Figur einen Vertikalschnitt durch den Verbrennungsofen.Further advantages of the invention result from the following description of an exemplary embodiment of an incinerator according to the invention and from the associated drawing. The only figure shows a vertical section through the incinerator.

In der Zeichnung ist der Verbrennungsofen im ganzen mit 10 bezeichnet. Im Ofen ist ein aufrechtstehender Schacht 11 angeordnet, in den von oben her ein Rohr 12 zum Einfüllen der zu verbrennenden Abfälle einmündet. Im Schacht 11 sind zwei Engstellen vorgesehen, die durch Roste 13 und 14 gebildet werden. Der Rost 13 ist ein um eine Mittelachse 13a schwenkbarer Kipprost, wobei der Rost-Durchlaß die Form eines Spaltes 15a hat, der einerseits durch die Innenwand des Schachts 11 und andererseits durch den Außenrand des Rosts 13 begrenzt wird. Die Achse 13a ist als Hohlwelle ausgebildet, deren Innenraum als Zuführleitung für Reaktionsgas dient, das dann durch Austrittsöffnungen 13b des Rosts 13 in das Innere des Schachts 11 gelangt. Der grundsätzliche Aufbau eines derartigen Kipprosts 13 ist bekannt, so daß hier auf weitere Detailerläuterungen verzichtet werden kann. Zusätzlich kann Reaktionsgas durch die in der Schachtwand verlaufenden und in das Schachtinnere mündenden Leitungen 13c und 14c zugeführt werden. Dabei ist jedoch darauf hinzuweisen, daß in vielen Fällen mit den Reaktionsgas-Zuführungen 13b, 14b oder 13c, 14c auszukommen ist, wobei im letzteren Fall auf die Ausbildung der Rostwellen 13a, 14a als Hohlwellen verzichtet werden kann. Einen ähnlichen Aufbau weist der den unteren Abschluß des Schachts 11 bildende Rost 14 auf, der um seine Achse 14a schwenkbar ist, die ebenfalls als Hohlwelle ausgebildet ist und Reaktionsgas den Austrittsöffnungen 14b zuführt. Unterhalb des Rosts 14 befindet sich ein Aschenraum 16 mit auf der Zeichnung nur angedeutetem Aschenkasten bzw. -behälter 17. Schließlich weist der Schacht 11 nahe benachbart seiner Decke noch eine Einlaßöffnung 22 auf, durch die erforderlichenfalls Trocknungsund/oder Reaktionsgas eingeleitet werden kann.In the drawing, the incinerator is generally designated 10. An upright shaft 11 is arranged in the furnace, into which a tube 12 opens from above for filling the waste to be incinerated. Two narrow points are provided in the shaft 11, which are formed by grids 13 and 14. The grate 13 is a tilting grate which can be pivoted about a central axis 13a, the grate passage having the form of a gap 15a which is delimited on the one hand by the inner wall of the shaft 11 and on the other hand by the outer edge of the grate 13. The axis 13a is designed as a hollow shaft, the interior of which serves as a feed line for reaction gas, which then passes through outlet openings 13b of the grate 13 into the interior of the shaft 11. The basic structure of such a tilting grate 13 is known, so that further detailed explanations can be dispensed with here. In addition, reaction gas can be supplied through the lines 13c and 14c running in the shaft wall and opening into the shaft interior. However, it should be noted that in many cases the reaction gas feeds 13b, 14b or 13c, 14c can be used, in the latter case the grate shafts 13a, 14a can be dispensed with as hollow shafts. The grate 14 forming the lower end of the shaft 11 has a similar structure, which can be pivoted about its axis 14a, which is also designed as a hollow shaft and feeds reaction gas to the outlet openings 14b. Below the grate 14 there is an ash chamber 16 with an ash box or container 17 which is only indicated in the drawing. Finally, the shaft 11 has an inlet opening 22 close to its ceiling, through which drying and / or reaction gas can be introduced if necessary.

Unterhalb des unteren Kipprosts 14 geht vom Schacht 11 bzw. dem Aschenraum 16 eine Abgasleitung 18 ab, die mit ihrem Düsenende 18a in eine Mischkammer 19 mündet, die an ihrer Innenwandung mit Eintrittsdüsen 20 für Reaktionsgas versehen ist und die sich in eine nur teilweise dargestellte Brennkammer 21 öffnet. Die erwähnten Eintrittsdüsen 20 sind so angeordnet und angestellt, daß an dieser Stelle eine intensive Vermischung von Schwel- und Reaktionsgas erfolgt.Below the lower tipping grate 14 there is an exhaust pipe 18 from the shaft 11 or the ash chamber 16, which ends with its nozzle end 18a in a mixing chamber 19, which is provided on its inner wall with inlet nozzles 20 for reaction gas and which is only partially shown in a combustion chamber 21 opens. The mentioned inlet nozzles 20 are arranged and adjusted so that an intensive mixing of smoldering and Reaction gas takes place.

Der dargestellte Verbrennungsofen 10 arbeitet folgendermaßen. Zum Start des Verbrennungsvorgangs werden zunächst die zu verbrennenden Stoffe über das Rohr 12 dem Schacht 11 zugeführt, wobei sich die Stoffe über dem Rost 13 stauen. Es bildet sich also auf den Rost 13 der in der Zeichnung angedeutete Stoffstapel mit oberem Schüttkegel. Nunmehr wird die Reaktionsgaszufuhr zu den beiden Rosten 13 und 14 und/oder den Öffnungen 13c, 14c geöffnet und durch eine nicht gezeichnete bekannte Anzündvorrichtung der Abfallstapel über dem Rost 13 entzündet, und zwar unmittelbar über der Rostfläche bzw. dem Durchlaßspalt 15. Nach einer gewissen Startphase bildet sich auf dem Rost 13 ein Glutbett aus. Die Abfälle im obersten Bereich des Stoffstapels erfahren eine Trocknung, und zwar durch die sich ausbildende Temperatur, gegebenenfalls unterstützt durch das aus der Öffnung 22 einströmende Trocknungs- und/oder Reaktionsgas. Die im Mittelbereich zwischen Trocknungszone und Glutbett des Stoffstapels befindlichen Materialstücke werden aufgrund der vom erwähnten Glutbett her übertragenen Temperatur entgast und die im unteren Bereich des Abfallstapels befindlichen Abfallstücke, die sich ja im Glutbett bzw. unmittelbar darüber befinden und im Strom des aus den Austrittsöffnungen 13b austretenden Reaktionsgases liegen, werden zumindest teilweise einem Vergasungsprozeß unterworfen. Durch den einsetzenden Vergasungsprozeß mit Beginn einer Auflösung des Kohlenstoffgerüsts erfolgt eine Zerlegung der Abfallstücke, so daß diese den Durchlaßspalt 15a passieren, wobei dann eine erneute Stauung durch den Rost 14 erfolgt, dessen Durchlaßspalt 15b kleiner dimensioniert sein kann als der Durchlaßspalt 15a des Rostes 13. In dieser Aufschüttung auf dem Rost 14 aus teilweise bzw. vorvergasten Abfällen kommt es nun aufgrund des vom Rost 14 über die Öffnungen 14b und/oder die erwähnten seitlichen Schachtwand-Öffnungen 13c, 14c zugeführten zusätzlichen Reaktionsgase zur Ausbildung eines Glutbetts mit Temperaturen, die zu einer vollständigen Vergasung der Stoffe zu Asche und Brenngas führen. Die Asche passiert den schmalen Durchlaßspalt 15b und fällt in den Aschenraum 16, die Brenngase, und zwar alle im Schacht 11 entstehenden Brenngase, werden nach unten abgezogen und über die Leitung 18 aus dem Schacht ausgetragen. Die Brenngase gelangen dann durch die Düse 18a hindurch in die Mischkammer 19, wo sie mit durch die Düsen 20 zugeführtem Reaktionsgas intensiv vermischt werden; das von der Mischkammer 19 in die Brennkammer 21 gelangende Brenngas-Reaktionsgas-Gemisch wird dann in der Brennkammer 21 verbrannt.The incinerator 10 shown operates as follows. To start the combustion process, the substances to be burned are first fed to the shaft 11 via the pipe 12, the substances accumulating over the grate 13. It thus forms on the grate 13 the fabric stack indicated in the drawing with the upper cone of bulk. Now the reaction gas supply to the two grates 13 and 14 and / or the openings 13c, 14c is opened and the waste stack above the grate 13 is ignited by a known igniter, not shown, directly above the grate surface or the passage gap 15. After a certain amount Starting phase forms a bed of embers on the grate 13. The waste in the uppermost region of the material stack undergoes drying, specifically through the temperature that is formed, optionally supported by the drying and / or reaction gas flowing in from the opening 22. The pieces of material located in the middle region between the drying zone and the ember bed of the stack of materials are degassed due to the temperature transferred from the ember bed mentioned, and the pieces of waste located in the lower region of the waste stack, which are located in the ember bed or directly above it and in the flow of that emerging from the outlet openings 13b Reaction gas are at least partially subjected to a gasification process. The beginning of the gasification process with the beginning of a dissolution of the carbon structure leads to a dismantling of the waste pieces so that they pass through the passage gap 15a, whereby a new stowage takes place through the grate 14, the passage gap 15b of which can be dimensioned smaller than the passage gap 15a of the grate 13. In this fill on the grate 14 from partially or pre-gasified waste, the reaction gases supplied from the grate 14 via the openings 14b and / or the mentioned lateral shaft wall openings 13c, 14c now lead to the formation of an ember bed with temperatures that lead to a complete gasification of the substances leads to ash and fuel gas. The ash passes through the narrow passage gap 15b and falls into the ash chamber 16, the fuel gases, namely all the fuel gases generated in the shaft 11 are drawn off downwards and discharged from the shaft via line 18. The fuel gases then pass through the nozzle 18a into the mixing chamber 19, where they are mixed intensively with reaction gas supplied through the nozzles 20; the fuel gas / reaction gas mixture entering the combustion chamber 21 from the mixing chamber 19 is then burned in the combustion chamber 21.

Als durch die Öffnungen 13b, 14b, 13c, 14c, 22 sowie die Düsen 20 zugeführtes Reaktionsgas kann ebenfalls Luft Verwendung finden, jedoch auch mit Luft oder mit Sauerstoff vermischtes, aus dem System entnommenes Rauchgas, bei sehr hoher Glutbettemperatur sogar Rauchgas allein. Besonders wirkungsvoll ist ein aus Rauchgas oder Kohlendioxid und - statt Luft - reinem Sauerstoff bestehendes Reaktionsgas, weil es keinen Stickstoff enthält. Der in der Luft enthaltene Stickstoff fördert nämlich die Verbrennung nicht, führt aber häufig zur Bildung unerwünschter Stickoxide. Die Temperaturen im Bereich unmittelbar über dem oberen Rost 13 können beispielsweise bei etwa 600°C bis 800°C liegen, die im Bereich unmittelbar über dem unteren Rost 14 beispielsweise bei bis zu 900°C, wobei die Temperatur beider Stufen über die Reaktionsgaszuführung steuerbar ist.Air can also be used as the reaction gas supplied through the openings 13b, 14b, 13c, 14c, 22 and the nozzles 20, but also flue gas mixed with air or with oxygen and removed from the system, even flue gas alone at a very high ember bed temperature. A reaction gas consisting of flue gas or carbon dioxide and - instead of air - pure oxygen is particularly effective because it does not contain nitrogen. The nitrogen in the air does not promote combustion, but often leads to the formation of undesirable nitrogen oxides. The temperatures in the area immediately above the upper grate 13 can be, for example, approximately 600 ° C. to 800 ° C., those in the area directly above the lower grate 14, for example, up to 900 ° C., the temperature of both stages being controllable via the reaction gas supply .

Vorzugsweise werden die beiden Roste 13 und 14 über ihre Achsen 13a, 14a zu Kippbewegungen angeregt. Dabei bringt der obere Rost 13 eine mechanische Schubbewegung in das Material ein, mit der Folge, daß es auch bei größeren Schachtquerschnitten nicht zu zentralen Toträumen im Abfallstapel und nicht zu Durchbranderscheinungen im Außenbereich des Stapels kommt. Die Drehbewegungen des unteren Rostes 14 sorgen dafür, daß die Bildung feinkörniger Asche sowie der Transport der Asche durch den Rost-Spalt gefördert wird. Zweckmäßigerweise wird dabei der obere Rost 13 mit einer höheren Frequenz und/oder Amplitude zu Drehbewegungen angeregt als der untere Rost 14.The two gratings 13 and 14 are preferably excited to tilt movements via their axes 13a, 14a. The upper grate 13 introduces a mechanical thrust movement into the material, with the result that even with larger shaft cross-sections there are no central dead spaces in the waste stack and no burn-through phenomena in the outer region of the stack. The rotational movements of the lower grate 14 ensure that the formation of fine-grained ashes and the transport of the ashes through the grate gap is promoted. The upper grate 13 is expediently excited to rotate at a higher frequency and / or amplitude than the lower grate 14.

Ein wesentlicher Vorteil der Erfindung besteht darin, daß der Trocknungs-, Entgasungs- und Vergasungsprozeß sehr gleichmäßig und ohne wesentliche Spitzen abläuft und erforderlichenfalls beschleunigt werden kann, womit sich sowohl die Leistung als auch die Konstanz der Gaszusammensetzung beträchtlich verbessern lassen. Letzteres ist von besonderer Bedeutung dann, wenn die Brenngase zum Betreiben eines Gasmotors verwendet werden sollen, die Brennkammer 21 also die Brennkammer eines Gasmotors ist. Auch dann jedoch, wenn die aus dem Schacht abgezogenen Gase lediglich zum Zweck der Umsetzung verbrannt werden, nur teilweise in das System zur Aufrechterhaltung der Schachttemperatur und/oder als Reaktionsgas dienen oder zum Betrieb von Wärmetauschern herangezogen werden, erweist sich ein gleichmäßiger Verbrennungsvorgang als günstig. Weiterhin hat sich gezeigt, daß durch die intensive Materialbewegung, hervorgerufen durch die sich bewegenden Roste, und durch die großflächigen Reaktionsgaszuführungen das Material in eine sehr starke Reaktion gebracht werden kann, mit der Folge einer Leistungssteigerung gegenüber bisherigen Verbrennungsöfen. Auch ist es möglich, den Verbrennungsofen nur mit den Reaktionsgaszuführungen 13b, 14b oder nur mit den Reaktionsgasöffnungen 13c, 14c auszurüsten; die Entscheidung hängt dabei insbesondere von der Größe des Verbrennungsofens sowie Durchsatzmenge und Beschaffenheit der Abfallstoffe ab. Durch die obere Einlaßöffnung 22 wird man dann Gas zuführen, wenn der Abfall sehr feucht ist (Trocknungsgas-Zuführung) oder wenn ein bis in den oberen Schachtbereich reichendes Glutbett erwünscht ist (Reaktionsgas-Zuführung). Schließlich ist von Vorteil, daß es bei der Erfindung nicht erforderlich ist, zentrale Düsenrohre und/oder Rührwerke im Schacht vorzusehen. Zusätzlich werden aufgrund des geringeren Materialeinsatzes die An- und Abfahrzeiten reduziert. Schließlich ist noch zu erwähnen, daß unter Feststoffen auch pastöse Stoffe sowie mit Flüssigkeiten, etwa Altöl, versetzte Feststoffe verstanden werden.A major advantage of the invention is that the drying, degassing and gasification process is very even and runs without significant peaks and can be accelerated if necessary, which considerably improves both the performance and the constancy of the gas composition. The latter is of particular importance when the fuel gases are to be used to operate a gas engine, that is, the combustion chamber 21 is the combustion chamber of a gas engine. However, even if the gases extracted from the shaft are only burned for the purpose of implementation, are only partially used in the system to maintain the shaft temperature and / or as a reaction gas, or are used to operate heat exchangers, a uniform combustion process has proven to be beneficial. Furthermore, it has been shown that the material can be brought into a very strong reaction by the intensive material movement caused by the moving grates and by the large-area reaction gas feeds, with the result of an increase in performance compared to previous incinerators. It is also possible to equip the incinerator only with the reaction gas feeds 13b, 14b or only with the reaction gas openings 13c, 14c; the decision depends in particular on the size of the incinerator and the throughput and nature of the waste materials. Gas will then be supplied through the upper inlet opening 22 if the waste is very moist (drying gas supply) or if an ember bed reaching into the upper shaft area is desired (reaction gas supply). Finally, it is advantageous that it is not necessary in the invention to provide central nozzle pipes and / or agitators in the shaft. In addition, the arrival and departure times are reduced due to the lower use of materials. Finally, it should also be mentioned that solids are also understood to mean pasty substances and solids mixed with liquids, such as waste oil.

Claims (6)

Verfahren zum Verbrennen von stückigen organischen Feststoffen, vorzugsweise Abfällen, und zum Erzeugen von Brenngasen, bei dem die Abfälle oberhalb einer zwischen einem die Abfälle aufnehmenden Schacht und einer dem Schacht nachgeschalteten Brennkammer vorgesehenen Engstelle gestaut und durch Erhitzen getrocknet, entgast und unter Zuführen von Reaktionsgas vergast und die dabei entstehenden Brenngase nach unten durch die Engstelle hindurch abgezogen und anschließend unter Zuführen von Luft verbrannt werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Feststoffe oberhalb einer im Schacht mit Abstand über der Engstelle vorgesehenen weiteren Engstelle vorgestaut, getrocknet, entgast und teilweise vergast und dann zur vollständigen Vergasung durch die weitere Engstelle hindurch dem Schachtraum zwischen beiden Engstellen zugeführt werden, wobei in die Schachtbereiche an oder nahe den beiden Engstellen Reaktionsgas eingeleitet wird.Process for the combustion of lumpy organic solids, preferably waste, and for the production of fuel gases, in which the waste is stowed above a constriction between a shaft receiving the waste and a combustion chamber arranged downstream of the shaft and dried by heating, degassed and gasified with the supply of reaction gas and the resulting fuel gases are drawn down through the constriction and then burned with the addition of air, characterized in that the solids are stowed above a further constriction provided in the shaft at a distance above the constriction, dried, degassed and partially gasified and then to complete gasification through the further constriction is fed into the shaft space between the two constrictions, reaction gas being introduced into the duct areas at or near the two constrictions. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Feststoffe im Bereich der beiden Engstellen mechanischen Drehschwingungen unterworfen werden, und zwar im Bereich der weiteren Engstelle Drehschwingungen höherer Frequenz und größerer Amplitude als im Bereich der darunter befindlichen Engstelle.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the solids are subjected to mechanical torsional vibrations in the area of the two bottlenecks, namely torsional vibrations of higher frequency and greater amplitude in the area of the further bottleneck than in the area of the bottleneck located below. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Reaktionsgas Luft, aus dem System entnommenes Rauchgas oder mit Luft oder reinem Sauerstoff vermischtes Rauchgas oder Kohlendioxid verwendet wird.A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that air, flue gas removed from the system or flue gas or carbon dioxide mixed with air or pure oxygen is used as the reaction gas. Verbrennungsofen zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, mit einem aufrechtstehenden Schacht zur Aufnahme der Feststoffe, einem am unteren Schachtende befindlichen, die Engstelle darstellenden Rost, in den Schacht (11) einmündenden Reaktionsgas-Zuführleitungen und einer unmittelbar unter oder seitlich unterhalb des Rostes (14) befindlichen Brennkammer, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mit Abstand über dem Rost (14) ein weiterer, die weitere Engstelle darstellender Rost (13) angeordnet ist, und daß Austrittsöffnungen von Reaktionsgas-Zuführleitungen (13b, 14b, 13c, 14c, 22) in die Schachtbereiche beider Roste (13, 14) einmünden oder auf diese gerichtet sind.Incinerator for performing the method according to one of claims 1 to 3, with an upright shaft for receiving the solids, a grate located at the lower end of the shaft, which represents the constriction, reaction gas supply lines opening into the shaft (11) and a combustion chamber located directly below or laterally below the grate (14), characterized in that at a distance above the grate (14) a further grate (13) representing the further constriction is arranged, and that outlet openings of reaction gas supply lines (13b, 14b, 13c, 14c, 22) open into the shaft areas of both grates (13, 14) or are directed towards them are. Verbrennungsofen nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die beiden Roste (13, 14) als geschlossene Dachroste ausgebildet sind, die motorisch mit unterschiedlicher Frequenz und Amplitude antreibbar sind.Incinerator according to claim 4, characterized in that the two grates (13, 14) are designed as closed roof grids which can be driven by a motor with different frequencies and amplitudes. Verbrennungsofen nach Anspruch 4 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Brennkammer (21) eine Mischkammer (19) vorgeschaltet ist, in die die Brenngase mittels einer Düse (18a) eingeleitet werden und die mit Reaktionsgas-Eintrittsdüsen (20) versehen ist.Incinerator according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the combustion chamber (21) is preceded by a mixing chamber (19) into which the combustion gases are introduced by means of a nozzle (18a) and which is provided with reaction gas inlet nozzles (20).
EP93113097A 1992-09-10 1993-08-16 Combustion process and furnace for burning waste Expired - Lifetime EP0588075B1 (en)

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DE4230311 1992-09-10
DE4230311A DE4230311C1 (en) 1992-09-10 1992-09-10 Process and incinerator for incinerating waste

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US5401166A (en) 1995-03-28
DE59304278D1 (en) 1996-11-28
ATE144608T1 (en) 1996-11-15
EP0588075B1 (en) 1996-10-23
DE4230311C1 (en) 1993-12-09
HUT68564A (en) 1995-06-28
HU212204B (en) 1996-04-29
BR9303745A (en) 1994-03-29
DK0588075T3 (en) 1997-04-21

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