EP0572316A1 - Fire-blocking valve - Google Patents

Fire-blocking valve Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0572316A1
EP0572316A1 EP93401339A EP93401339A EP0572316A1 EP 0572316 A1 EP0572316 A1 EP 0572316A1 EP 93401339 A EP93401339 A EP 93401339A EP 93401339 A EP93401339 A EP 93401339A EP 0572316 A1 EP0572316 A1 EP 0572316A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
valve
seat
pivot axis
hand
support
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP93401339A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Pierre Constantin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
VRACO
Original Assignee
VRACO
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by VRACO filed Critical VRACO
Publication of EP0572316A1 publication Critical patent/EP0572316A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C2/00—Fire prevention or containment
    • A62C2/06—Physical fire-barriers
    • A62C2/12—Hinged dampers

Definitions

  • the valve of the invention comprises a valve mounted on a pivot axis and cooperating with a valve seat disposed inside a support, valve characterized in that the valve is fixed on a pivot axis offset by from the plane of the valve, on the other hand from the axis of this valve, in that this valve has a conical periphery whose large base is located on the side of the valve provided with the pivot axis and in that the periphery of this valve cooperates with a valve seat having a bearing surface of a corresponding conicity, the valve and the valve seat comprising materials having good thermal insulation characteristics.
  • the valve and the valve seat are produced using two parallel plates framing a plate of thermally insulating material so that in the valve closed position, the valve plates and of the seat on the one hand, and the insulating material of the valve and of the seat on the other hand, are placed respectively in the same plane.
  • a piece of insulating material is arranged inside the support so as to cover the valve seat plate arranged opposite the pivot axis.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a fire stop valve which can be used as a safety valve, in particular for ventilation passages, in order for example to isolate the containment enclosures from a nuclear plant.
  • This valve which provides protection against the spread of fire, eliminates the thermal bridges between the two faces of the valve and allows, during its assembly, to precisely adjust the continuous conical sealing surfaces of the valve on its seat.
  • the fire stop valve shown in the attached drawings thus comprises a support 1 inside which is mounted the valve 2 secured to an axis 3 pivoting in bearings 4 and 5, this axis being capable of being driven in rotation from a motor member constituted for example by a pneumatic cylinder 6.
  • the valve 2 which in the example shown is circular, has a conical periphery whose large base is located on the side of the valve having the pivot axis 3.
  • This conical periphery 21 forms a continuous sealing surface and cooperates with the corresponding bearing surface 61 of a valve seat 6.
  • the valve 2 is fixed to the axis 3 by a central fitting 7 and two lateral fittings 8, these fittings being arranged so that the axis 3 is offset on the one hand from the plane of the valve 2, on the other hand from the axis OO of this valve.
  • the valve 2 consists of two parallel plates 22, 23 for example of metal, framing a relatively thick core 24 made of thermally insulating and preferably refractory material.
  • the assembly of these components is obtained by 25 screws regularly distributed around the periphery of the valve.
  • the seat 6 of this valve also comprises two plates in the form of a crown 62, 63 framing a core of thermally insulating and preferably refractory material 64.
  • valve seat The structure of these components of the valve seat is the same as that of the components of the valve itself, so that, in the closed position, the frame plates 22, 23 of the valve are placed in the same plane as the plates. frame 62, 63 of the seat while the souls 24 and 64 of the valve and the seat are also located in the same plane and form between them the sealing surfaces 2 port, 61.
  • the valve support comprises a ferrule made in two parts, namely a ferrule of small diameter 9 crossed by the pivot axis 3 and a ferrule of large diameter 10 supporting the seat 6.
  • a piece of insulating material 11 constituting a crown is also disposed against the internal face of the ferrule 10 and against the crown-shaped plate 62 of the seat in order to ensure effective thermal protection of the area of the valve seat as well as of the support.
  • the two ferrules 9 and 10 are connected one to the other by means of the crown 63 of the seat and are also assembled to lateral annular plates 12 and 121 fixed, at their outer periphery, to a ferrule 13.
  • the two frame plates 11 and 12 are provided with holes and are connected by pipes 16 allowing the passage of assembly screws so that this support 1 constitutes a connection flange with the adjacent pipes.
  • the sleeves 141 and 142 allowing the passage of the pivot axis 3, include guide rings 171 and 172.
  • the ring 171 is arranged inside a cover 18 fixed to a support plate 143 of the sleeve 142 by screws 181 arranged through holes of enlarged diameter of the cover 18. This arrangement makes it possible to adjust the lateral position of pivot axis 3.
  • the cover 18 is also provided with an axial needle screw 182 making it possible to adjust the axial position of the pivot axis 3 by means of elastic support washers 184 of the Belleville washer type.
  • the sleeve 141 also supports a support plate 144 on which is fixed, using screws 19, the sleeve 15 supporting the drive member 7 and the guide ring 172.
  • the holes provided in the flange of the sleeve 15 are also of an enlarged diameter relative to the diameter of the screws 19 so as to allow lateral adjustment of this part of the axis 3.
  • this axis 3 can be precisely adjusted in the axial direction and in the lateral direction so that the conical periphery 21 of the valve can be precisely centered on the conical periphery 61 of the seat 6.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Lift Valve (AREA)

Abstract

Fire-blocking valve which includes a valve element (2) mounted on a pivot pin (3) and interacting with a valve seat arranged on the inside of a support (1), which valve is characterised in that the valve element (2) is fixed to a pivot pin (3) offset, on the one hand, from the plane of the valve element and, on the other hand, from the axis of this valve element, in that this valve element (2) has a conical periphery whose large base is located on the side of the valve element provided with the pivot pin (3) and in that the periphery of this valve element interacts with a valve seat which has a bearing surface having a corresponding conicity, the valve element and the valve seat comprising materials which have good heat-insulation characteristics. <IMAGE>

Description

La vanne de l'invention comporte un clapet monté sur un axe de pivotement et coopérant avec un siège de clapet disposé à l'intérieur d'un support, vanne caractérisée en ce que le clapet est fixé sur un axe de pivotement décalé d'une part du plan du clapet, d'autre part de l'axe de ce clapet, en ce que ce clapet présente une périphérie conique dont la grande base est située du côté du clapet pourvu de l'axe de pivotement et en ce que la périphérie de ce clapet coopère avec un siège de clapet présentant une portée d'appui d'une conicité correspondante, le clapet et le siège de clapet comprenant des matériaux présentant des bonnes caractéristiques d'isolation thermique.The valve of the invention comprises a valve mounted on a pivot axis and cooperating with a valve seat disposed inside a support, valve characterized in that the valve is fixed on a pivot axis offset by from the plane of the valve, on the other hand from the axis of this valve, in that this valve has a conical periphery whose large base is located on the side of the valve provided with the pivot axis and in that the periphery of this valve cooperates with a valve seat having a bearing surface of a corresponding conicity, the valve and the valve seat comprising materials having good thermal insulation characteristics.

Suivant une autre caractéristique de l'invention, le clapet et le siège de clapet sont réalisés à l'aide de deux plaques parallèles encadrant une plaque en matériau thermiquement isolant de telle façon qu'en position de fermeture de la vanne, les plaques du clapet et du siège d'une part, et le matériau isolant du clapet et du siège d'autre part, se placent respectivement dans le même plan.According to another characteristic of the invention, the valve and the valve seat are produced using two parallel plates framing a plate of thermally insulating material so that in the valve closed position, the valve plates and of the seat on the one hand, and the insulating material of the valve and of the seat on the other hand, are placed respectively in the same plane.

Suivant une autre caractéristique de l'invention, une pièce en matériau isolant est disposée à l'intérieur du support de façon à recouvrir la plaque du siège de clapet disposée à l'opposé de l'axe de pivotement.According to another characteristic of the invention, a piece of insulating material is arranged inside the support so as to cover the valve seat plate arranged opposite the pivot axis.

L'invention est représentée à titre d'exemple non limitatif sur les dessins ci-joints dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue en élévation d'une vanne conforme à l'invention,
  • la figure 2 est une vue en coupe suivant A-A de la figure 1.
The invention is shown by way of nonlimiting example in the accompanying drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1 is an elevation view of a valve according to the invention,
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view along AA of FIG. 1.

La présente invention a en conséquence pour but la réalisation d'une vanne coupe-feu qui puisse être mise en oeuvre en tant que vanne de sécurité, notamment pour des passages de ventilation, afin par exemple d'isoler les enceintes de confinement d'une centrale nucléaire.The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a fire stop valve which can be used as a safety valve, in particular for ventilation passages, in order for example to isolate the containment enclosures from a nuclear plant.

Cette vanne qui assure une protection contre la propagation des incendies, supprime les ponts thermiques entre les deux faces de la vanne et permet, lors de son montage, d'ajuster avec précision les portées coniques continues d'étanchéité du clapet sur son siège.This valve which provides protection against the spread of fire, eliminates the thermal bridges between the two faces of the valve and allows, during its assembly, to precisely adjust the continuous conical sealing surfaces of the valve on its seat.

La vanne coupe-feu représentée sur les dessins ci-joints comprend ainsi un support 1 à l'intérieur duquel est monté le clapet 2 solidaire d'un axe 3 pivotant dans des paliers 4 et 5, cet axe étant susceptible d'être entraîné en rotation à partir d'un organe moteur constitué par exemple par un vérin pneumatique 6.The fire stop valve shown in the attached drawings thus comprises a support 1 inside which is mounted the valve 2 secured to an axis 3 pivoting in bearings 4 and 5, this axis being capable of being driven in rotation from a motor member constituted for example by a pneumatic cylinder 6.

Le clapet 2 qui dans l'exemple représenté est de forme circulaire, présente une périphérie conique dont la grande base est située du côté du clapet comportant l'axe de pivotement 3. Cette périphérie conique 2₁ forme une portée continue d'étanchéité et coopère avec la surface d'appui correspondante 6₁ d'un siège de clapet 6.The valve 2 which in the example shown is circular, has a conical periphery whose large base is located on the side of the valve having the pivot axis 3. This conical periphery 2₁ forms a continuous sealing surface and cooperates with the corresponding bearing surface 6₁ of a valve seat 6.

Le clapet 2 est fixé à l'axe 3 par une ferrure centrale 7 et deux ferrures latérales 8, ces ferrures étant disposées de façon que l'axe 3 soit décalé d'une part du plan du clapet 2, d'autre part de l'axe O-O de ce clapet.The valve 2 is fixed to the axis 3 by a central fitting 7 and two lateral fittings 8, these fittings being arranged so that the axis 3 is offset on the one hand from the plane of the valve 2, on the other hand from the axis OO of this valve.

Le clapet 2 est constitué de deux plaques parallèles 2₂, 2₃ par exemple en métal, encadrant une âme relativement épaisse 2₄ réalisée en matériau thermiquement isolant et de préférence réfractaire.The valve 2 consists of two parallel plates 2₂, 2₃ for example of metal, framing a relatively thick core 2₄ made of thermally insulating and preferably refractory material.

L'assemblage de ces composants est obtenu par des vis 2₅ régulièrement réparties à la périphérie du clapet.The assembly of these components is obtained by 2₅ screws regularly distributed around the periphery of the valve.

Le siège 6 de ce clapet comprend également deux plaques en forme de couronne 6₂, 6₃ encadrant une âme en matériau thermiquement isolant et de préférence réfractaire 6₄.The seat 6 of this valve also comprises two plates in the form of a crown 6₂, 6₃ framing a core of thermally insulating and preferably refractory material 6₄.

La structure de ces composants du siège de clapet est la même que celle des composants du clapet lui-même, de façon que, en position de fermeture, les plaques d'encadrement 2₂, 2₃ du clapet se placent dans le même plan que les plaques d'encadrement 6₂, 6₃ du siège alors que les âmes 2₄ et 6₄ du clapet et du siège sont également situées dans le même plan et forment entre elles les portées d'étanchéité 2₁, 6₁.The structure of these components of the valve seat is the same as that of the components of the valve itself, so that, in the closed position, the frame plates 2₂, 2₃ of the valve are placed in the same plane as the plates. frame 6₂, 6₃ of the seat while the souls 2₄ and 6₄ of the valve and the seat are also located in the same plane and form between them the sealing surfaces 2 port, 6₁.

Le support de la vanne comprend une virole réalisée en deux parties, à savoir une virole de petit diamètre 9 traversée par l'axe de pivotement 3 et une virole de grand diamètre 10 supportant le siège 6.The valve support comprises a ferrule made in two parts, namely a ferrule of small diameter 9 crossed by the pivot axis 3 and a ferrule of large diameter 10 supporting the seat 6.

Une pièce en matériau isolant 11 constituant une couronne est également disposée contre la face interne de la virole 10 et contre la plaque en forme de couronne 6₂ du siège afin d'assurer une protection thermique efficace de la zone du siège de la vanne ainsi que du support.A piece of insulating material 11 constituting a crown is also disposed against the internal face of the ferrule 10 and against the crown-shaped plate 6₂ of the seat in order to ensure effective thermal protection of the area of the valve seat as well as of the support.

Les deux viroles 9 et 10 sont reliées l'une à l'autre par l'intermédiaire de la couronne 6₃ du siège et sont par ailleurs assemblées à des plaques annulaires latérales 12 et 12₁ fixées, à leur périphérie extérieure, à une virole 13.The two ferrules 9 and 10 are connected one to the other by means of the crown 6₃ of the seat and are also assembled to lateral annular plates 12 and 12₁ fixed, at their outer periphery, to a ferrule 13.

L'ensemble annulaire du support 1 délimité par les viroles 9, 10 et 13 et les plaques d'encadrement 12 et 12₁, est rempli par un matériau thermiquement isolant et il est traversé par des manchons 14₁, 14₂ et 15 permettant le passage de l'axe de pivotement 3.The annular assembly of the support 1 delimited by the ferrules 9, 10 and 13 and the framing plates 12 and 12₁, is filled with a thermally insulating material and it is crossed by sleeves 14₁, 14₂ and 15 allowing the passage of the pivot axis 3.

Les deux plaques d'encadrement 11 et 12 sont pourvues de perçages et sont reliées par des tubulures 16 permettant le passage de vis d'assemblage de façon que ce support 1 constitue une bride de liaison avec les canalisations adjacentes.The two frame plates 11 and 12 are provided with holes and are connected by pipes 16 allowing the passage of assembly screws so that this support 1 constitutes a connection flange with the adjacent pipes.

Les manchons 14₁ et 14₂ permettant le passage de l'axe de pivotement 3, comportent des bagues de guidage 17₁ et 17₂.The sleeves 14₁ and 14₂ allowing the passage of the pivot axis 3, include guide rings 17₁ and 17₂.

La bague 17₁ est disposée à l'intérieur d'un couvercle 18 fixé à une plaque d'appui 14₃ du manchon 14₂ par des vis 18₁ disposées au travers de trous de diamètre élargi du couvercle 18. Cette disposition permet de régler la position latérale de l'axe de pivotement 3.The ring 17₁ is arranged inside a cover 18 fixed to a support plate 14₃ of the sleeve 14₂ by screws 18₁ arranged through holes of enlarged diameter of the cover 18. This arrangement makes it possible to adjust the lateral position of pivot axis 3.

Le couvercle 18 est également pourvu d'une vis pointeau axiale 18₂ permettant de régler la position axiale de l'axe de pivotement 3 par l'intermédiaire de rondelles d'appui élastiques 18₄ du type rondelles Belleville.The cover 18 is also provided with an axial needle screw 18₂ making it possible to adjust the axial position of the pivot axis 3 by means of elastic support washers 18₄ of the Belleville washer type.

Le manchon 14₁ supporte également une plaque d'appui 14₄ sur laquelle vient se fixer, à l'aide de vis 19, le manchon 15 supportant l'organe moteur 7 ainsi que la bague de guidage 17₂.The sleeve 14₁ also supports a support plate 14₄ on which is fixed, using screws 19, the sleeve 15 supporting the drive member 7 and the guide ring 17₂.

Les perçages prévus dans la bride du manchon 15 sont également d'un diamètre agrandi par rapport au diamètre des vis 19 de façon à pouvoir permettre le réglage latéral de cette partie de l'axe 3.The holes provided in the flange of the sleeve 15 are also of an enlarged diameter relative to the diameter of the screws 19 so as to allow lateral adjustment of this part of the axis 3.

Ainsi, cet axe 3 peut être réglé avec précision dans le sens axial et dans le sens latéral afin que la périphérie conique 2₁ du clapet puisse être centrée avec précision sur la périphérie conique 6₁ du siège 6.Thus, this axis 3 can be precisely adjusted in the axial direction and in the lateral direction so that the conical periphery 2₁ of the valve can be precisely centered on the conical periphery 6₁ of the seat 6.

Claims (5)

Vanne coupe-feu comportant un clapet (2) monté sur un axe de pivotement (3) et coopérant avec un siège de clapet (6) disposé à l'intérieur d'un support (1), vanne caractérisée en ce que le clapet (2) est fixé sur un axe de pivotement (3) décalé d'une part du plan du clapet, d'autre part de l'axe de ce clapet, en ce que ce clapet (2) présente une périphérie conique (2₁) dont la grande base est située du côté du clapet pourvu de l'axe de pivotement (3) et en ce que la périphérie de ce clapet coopère avec un siège de clapet (6) présentant une portée d'appui (6₁) d'une conicité correspondante, le clapet et le siège de clapet comprenant des matériaux présentant des bonnes caractéristiques d'isolation thermique.Fire stop valve comprising a valve (2) mounted on a pivot axis (3) and cooperating with a valve seat (6) disposed inside a support (1), valve characterized in that the valve ( 2) is fixed on a pivot axis (3) offset on the one hand from the plane of the valve, on the other hand from the axis of this valve, in that this valve (2) has a conical periphery (2₁) of which the large base is located on the side of the valve provided with the pivot axis (3) and in that the periphery of this valve cooperates with a valve seat (6) having a bearing surface (6₁) of a taper corresponding, the valve and the valve seat comprising materials having good thermal insulation characteristics. Vanne conforme à la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le clapet (2) et le siège de clapet (6) sont réalisés à l'aide de deux plaques parallèles (2₂, 2₃, 6₂, 6₃) encadrant une plaque en matériau thermiquement isolant (2₄, 6₄) de telle façon qu'en position de fermeture de la vanne, les plaques du clapet et du siège d'une part, et le matériau isolant du clapet et du siège d'autre part, se placent respectivement dans le même plan.Valve according to claim 1, characterized in that the valve (2) and the valve seat (6) are produced using two parallel plates (2₂, 2₃, 6₂, 6₃) framing a plate made of thermally insulating material (2₄, 6₄) in such a way that in the valve closed position, the valve and seat plates on the one hand, and the insulating material of the valve and seat on the other hand, are placed respectively in the same plan. Vanne conforme à l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce qu'une pièce (11) en matériau isolant est disposée à l'intérieur du support (2) de façon à recouvrir la plaque (6₂) du siège de clapet disposée à l'opposé de l'axe de pivotement (3).Valve according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a piece (11) of insulating material is arranged inside the support (2) so as to cover the plate (6₂) of the valve seat arranged at opposite the pivot axis (3). Vanne conforme à l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le support (1) est réalisé à l'aide de deux viroles (9, 10) de diamètre différent, la virole de diamètre le plus petit (9) étant traversée par l'axe de pivotement (3) du clapet (2), la virole (10) de diamètre le plus grand supportant le siège du clapet (6).Valve according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the support (1) is produced by means of two ferrules (9, 10) of different diameter, the ferrule of the smallest diameter (9) being passed through by the pivot axis (3) of the valve (2), the ferrule (10) of largest diameter supporting the seat of the valve (6). Vanne conforme à l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le support (1) reçoit le clapet (2) par des moyens (18, 15) permettant son réglage par rapport au siège de clapet.Valve according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the support (1) receives the valve (2) by means (18, 15) allowing its adjustment relative to the valve seat.
EP93401339A 1992-05-26 1993-05-25 Fire-blocking valve Withdrawn EP0572316A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9206440A FR2691636B1 (en) 1992-05-26 1992-05-26 FIRE STOP VALVE.
FR9206440 1992-05-26

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0572316A1 true EP0572316A1 (en) 1993-12-01

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ID=9430201

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93401339A Withdrawn EP0572316A1 (en) 1992-05-26 1993-05-25 Fire-blocking valve

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EP (1) EP0572316A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2691636B1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4409088A1 (en) * 1994-03-17 1995-09-21 Werner Wildeboer Fire barrier in ventilation pipes
FR2741271A1 (en) * 1995-11-17 1997-05-23 Constantin Pierre Fire=resistant shutter
EP2239015A1 (en) * 2009-04-09 2010-10-13 Vraco SAS Fire valve

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2258308A1 (en) * 1972-11-29 1974-05-30 Luefa Werke Gmbh FIRE PROTECTION FLAP FOR VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
AT324631B (en) * 1972-10-04 1975-09-10 Wukovich Ohg Peter FIRE AND SMOKE FLAP
FR2520834A1 (en) * 1982-02-04 1983-08-05 Vraco Systemes Butterfly valve with seal insulation - has angled peripheral face forming seal on edge of valve plate
DE3441971A1 (en) 1984-11-16 1986-05-22 Sanbloc GmbH Installations-Fertigbau, 8120 Weilheim Fire-protection apparatus

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT324631B (en) * 1972-10-04 1975-09-10 Wukovich Ohg Peter FIRE AND SMOKE FLAP
DE2258308A1 (en) * 1972-11-29 1974-05-30 Luefa Werke Gmbh FIRE PROTECTION FLAP FOR VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
FR2520834A1 (en) * 1982-02-04 1983-08-05 Vraco Systemes Butterfly valve with seal insulation - has angled peripheral face forming seal on edge of valve plate
DE3441971A1 (en) 1984-11-16 1986-05-22 Sanbloc GmbH Installations-Fertigbau, 8120 Weilheim Fire-protection apparatus

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4409088A1 (en) * 1994-03-17 1995-09-21 Werner Wildeboer Fire barrier in ventilation pipes
FR2741271A1 (en) * 1995-11-17 1997-05-23 Constantin Pierre Fire=resistant shutter
EP2239015A1 (en) * 2009-04-09 2010-10-13 Vraco SAS Fire valve
WO2010116065A1 (en) * 2009-04-09 2010-10-14 Vraco Sas Fire valve
FR2944212A1 (en) * 2009-04-09 2010-10-15 Vraco Sas FIRE DAMPER
CN102369043A (en) * 2009-04-09 2012-03-07 维拉可公司 Fire valve
CN102369043B (en) * 2009-04-09 2014-01-08 维拉可公司 Fire valve
US9433810B2 (en) 2009-04-09 2016-09-06 Vraco Sas Fire valve

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2691636A1 (en) 1993-12-03
FR2691636B1 (en) 1994-07-29

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