EP0572058A1 - Moule pour articles à paroi mince coulés par gravité - Google Patents

Moule pour articles à paroi mince coulés par gravité Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0572058A1
EP0572058A1 EP93201284A EP93201284A EP0572058A1 EP 0572058 A1 EP0572058 A1 EP 0572058A1 EP 93201284 A EP93201284 A EP 93201284A EP 93201284 A EP93201284 A EP 93201284A EP 0572058 A1 EP0572058 A1 EP 0572058A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mould
cavity
reservoir
thin
metal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP93201284A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0572058B1 (fr
Inventor
Alan Peter Druschitz
Robert Mark Ramage
Edward Frank Ryntz, Jr.
Alexander John Toth Iii
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Motors Liquidation Co
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Motors Liquidation Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Motors Liquidation Co filed Critical Motors Liquidation Co
Publication of EP0572058A1 publication Critical patent/EP0572058A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0572058B1 publication Critical patent/EP0572058B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/08—Features with respect to supply of molten metal, e.g. ingates, circular gates, skim gates

Definitions

  • This invention pertains to the production of thin-wall metal castings and more specifically to a mould design practice for producing such castings by gravity pouring as specified in the preamble of claim 1, for example as disclosed in US-A-4,989,665.
  • castings When reference is made to thin-wall castings, castings are meant which have substantial wall surfaces as small as one to three millimetres in thickness. Frequently, the thin-wall portions of such castings have a rounded cross-section (i.e., circular, elliptical, or octagonal) and are no more than about 160 mm in diameter. Examples of such castings are tubes, engine exhaust manifolds, cylinder heads, engine blocks, and pistons .
  • the difficulty with producing thin-wall castings arises from the need for cast hot molten metal to flow through extensive, relatively small cavity passages in an unheated mould. Any freezing of the metal before the cavity is completely filled will yield castings with non-uniform walls or castings with holes or other defects.
  • There are existing commercial processes for the casting of thin-wall iron and aluminium castings that provide some inducement to the flow of the cast metal to promote complete mould fill before solidification.
  • a suitably designed resin-bonded sand mould is prepared that suitably defines the thin-wall portions of the casting. The mould is filled from the bottom utilizing a pump or a pressure differential to cause the molten metal to flow rapidly into the mould cavity to fill it before solidification occurs.
  • a continuous metal flow link must be made between a reservoir of molten metal and the mould.
  • the reservoir is pressurized to cause the flow of molten metal towards the mould.
  • the mould is subjected to a vacuum to assist the flow of molten metal into the mould cavity.
  • both a vacuum in the mould and pressure on the reservoir are employed.
  • a mould according to the present invention for the gravity pouring of molten metal to form a cast body comprising thin-wall portions about one to three millimetres in thickness, is characterised by the features specified in the characterising portion of claim 1.
  • the practice of the present invention utilizes high-strength, dimensionally-accurate, resin-bonded sand moulds made from a suitable foundry sand such as AFS No. 85 silica sand or lake sand.
  • the sand is suitably bonded, for example, with about 1.5 weight percent of a no-bake, oil-urethane resin binder system.
  • An example of a suitable binder system is the Lino-Cure system produced by Ashland Chemicals, U.S.A..
  • the present invention is suitable for use in the casting of thin-wall tubes, hollow ducts or similar, relatively small-diameter, rounded or circumscribed hollow shapes, and components containing such features.
  • the invention is particularly suitable where such features can be cast in a substantially common horizontal plane.
  • cope and drag mould portions are employed where the hollow body axes are generally aligned with the parting plane of the cope and drag portions of the mould.
  • the mould arrangement will comprise accurately-dimensioned duct wall cavities formed in the cope and drag portions of the mould with a suitable core member disposed at the parting plane so as to define the duct walls.
  • duct walls may be as small as one to three millimetres in thickness and up to about 160 mm across the opening of the duct.
  • the cope mould is placed on the drag mould, and the drag mould is placed on a resin-bonded sand mould slab that defines an ample molten metal reservoir directly underlying the tube or duct cavity-defining portions of the mould.
  • a vertical sprue mould member is employed that rises above the cope portion of the mould to supply molten metal to the mould and to provide a metallo-static head of metal.
  • the sprue member, cope, drag and slab each have a connected cylindrical passage down through the cope and drag portions, laterally offset from the tubular cavities, to conduct cast molten metal past the casting cavity to the reservoir in the slab.
  • a plurality of vertical cylindrical runners is provided in the drag and lower portions of the cope members of the mould rising from the reservoir in the slab member up to the casting cavity or just offset from the cavity and connected thereto by horizontal ingates.
  • the number and location of these runners and ingates are determined by the effective filling distance of the molten metal in the thin-wall portion of the cavity(ies).
  • hot molten metal is poured into a suitable pouring basin in the sprue and through the mould members so that it flows into and fills the reservoir in the slab underlying the drag portion before any metal can flow up towards the casting cavity.
  • the reservoir underlies the critical thin-wall portions of the mould cavity and is shaped to minimize heat loss from the metal and to promote mixing for uniform metal temperature.
  • the practice of the invention is based on a mould design that requires the cast metal to first fill a reservoir underlying the thin-wall portions of the casting cavity. When the reservoir is full, the metal rises simultaneously in a plurality of vertical runners to fill the thin portions of the cavity quickly from several points of entry.
  • the spacing of these points of entry should be no greater than a determinable effective filling distance within the cavity which is a function of the metallo-static head and pouring temperature (superheat) of the cast metal and the wall thickness of the cavity. This distance may be, e.g., in the range of 25 to 450 mm.
  • This practice has been successfully used to cast ferrous metal alloy thin-walled tubes and thin-wall exhaust manifolds ranging in wall thickness sizes from one to three millimetres.
  • this atmospheric gravity pouring practice offers the important advantage of permitting the mould to be moved away from the pouring source of molten metal before any solidification has occurred.
  • the practice of the present invention is applicable to the manufacture of gray iron, nodular iron, austenitic and ferritic stainless steel castings and plain carbon steels and alloy steels.
  • the practice of the present invention is also applicable to the practice of making aluminium castings and castings of other non-ferrous metal.
  • it is particularly applicable to making ferrous metal castings with thin-walled tubular sections because the iron alloys are poured at high temperatures and can readily solidify prematurely in the relatively cold thin-wall mould sections.
  • a high quality foundry sand such as a silica sand of AFS No. 85 designation or a suitable lake sand.
  • the sand mould members require to be resin-bonded sand so that they are durable and resist the erosion of rapidly flowing hot molten metal.
  • a no-bake oil-urethane resin binder system such as that specified above, is preferred.
  • a mould 10 comprises a cope portion 12, a drag portion 14, a slab 16 underlying drag portion 14, a pouring sprue 18, and a pouring funnel 20.
  • Each of these mould pieces is made of resin-bonded sand.
  • the cope and drag mould portions co-operate with one another to define therebetween a cavity 22 of a thin-wall tube (31.75 mm I.D.) having flange portions 24 (69.85 mm O.D. x 12.7 mm) at each end.
  • the thin-wall tube (304.8 mm long between flanges) as defined by cavity 22 may be in the range of one to three millimetres in thickness.
  • the internal surface of the tube is defined by core member 26, which is supported by and between the cope portion 12 and the drag portion 14 of the mould. It is seen that the centre line of the cylindrical core 26 lies at a horizontal parting surface 28 between the cope 12 and drag 14 portions of the mould.
  • molten metal is poured into an opening 30 in the pouring funnel 20 and flows downwardly through a cylindrical opening 32 (38.1 mm diameter) in the pouring sprue 18, through a cylindrical opening 34 in cope portion12 and a cylindrical opening 36 in drag portion 14 into a well 38 in slab 16.
  • the height of sprue 18 is such that a minimum of 150 mm head of molten metal can be maintained above the top of vertical runners 48 and ingates 50.
  • the molten metal flows through runner portions 40, 42 and 44 into a large (406.4 mm long x 152.4 mm wide x 12.7 mm high) horizontal reservoir chamber 46.
  • the vertical sprue for the incoming molten metal co-operates with the reservoir 46 to supply a suitable metallo-static head of gravity-cast molten metal to uniformly and rapidly fill the critically thin-wall casting cavity 22.
  • the molten metal here a nodular iron alloy
  • the molten metal is cast at a temperature of at least 90°C above the temperature for the cast alloy at which the first solidification occurs.
  • the reservoir 46 is located immediately below the critical casting cavity and supplies molten metal substantially simultaneously and at approximately equal rates to several different locations in the critically thin cavity 22 as shown in Figures 1 and 2. These locations, i.e., ingates 50, are established after determining the effective filling distance based on the superheat and at least a 150 mm metallo-static head of iron or an equivalent head for other alloys.
  • Figure 3 illustrates another embodiment in the practice of the present invention.
  • a solidified casting is illustrated wherein all of the cast metal remains before the non-product portion has been removed.
  • This view of the full casting may better illustrate how the cast metal flowed into the mould which can be visualized in place about the casting.
  • FIG. 3 illustrated in Figure 3 is the total solidified metal casting 100 for an exhaust manifold piece 102 that comprises exhaust ducts 104, 106, 108 and 110 for a four cylinder internal combustion engine.
  • the ducts merge into a manifold exhaust duct 112 terminating in a flange 114 for connection to an exhaust pipe.
  • Flanges 116, 118 and 120 are adapted to connect the exhaust ducts to an engine cylinder head.
  • vertical sprue portion 122 (38.1 mm diameter in cylindrical portion) is the solidified metal that was left in the sprue portion of the mould (not shown) after the casting had completely solidified.
  • Portions 124, 126 and 128 are horizontal runner portions of supplied metal to a horizontal reservoir portion 130 of the mould.
  • the generally triangular reservoir 130 is about 25.4 mm wide x 22.225 mm deep x 1117.6 mm long (perimeter).
  • Reservoir 130 is a channel-type reservoir underlying the periphery of the exhaust manifold casting 102 for supply of molten metal simultaneously to all regions of the casting.
  • Also clearly shown in the finish casting 100 is the solidified metal that remained in a plurality of vertical risers, i.e., runners 132. Thirteen vertical runners 132 are employed. They are all 9.525 mm in diameter.
  • the runners 132 are not all of the same length.
  • the longest runners (104.775 mm) are adjacent flange 114 and the shortest runners (85.725 mm) are adjacent duct 104.
  • the number and deployment of the runners are suitable to successfully cast this complex shape thin-wall body.
  • Portions 134 of the casting are the metal that solidified in the horizontal ingates of the mould.
  • the remainders of the casting indicated at 136 represent the metal that solidified in the closed riser portions of the mould.
  • molten metal was first poured through two equivalent runner 128 paths into a mould reservoir (casting portion 130) underlying the manifold mould cavity.
  • the sprue portion of the casting 122 extended 254 mm above the level of the ingates 134.
  • Molten metal of uniform temperature then flowed upwardly from the reservoir simultaneously in thirteen vertical mould runners (casting portions 132) to quickly and substantially uniformly fill the thin sections of the principal casting cavity.
  • the spacing between the runners varied from 15.875 mm to 152.4 mm. In this way, the thin portions of the unheated mould were rapidly filled with molten metal before any premature solidification could occur to produce a defective casting.
  • each such additional cavity can be filled with metal from the same plurality of points of entry.
  • a mould Once such a mould has been filled with molten metal, it can be removed from the pouring source so that another mould can be poured.
  • exhaust manifolds have been cast from a nodular iron composition in which the wall thickness of the exhaust ducts was in the range of 2.7 to 3.2 millimetres.
  • Stainless steel exhaust manifolds have been cast having duct walls 2.6 to 3.2 millimetres in thickness.
  • the cross-sections of the ducts of the Figure 3 casting were shaped like rounded corner rectangles and ranged in size from 30 mm x 40 mm to 55 mm x 60 mm.
  • the length of the cast duct passages are often 300 to 600 mm.
  • a turbine inlet shroud of nodular iron has also been cast. The shroud was shovel-shaped, had a wall thickness of 3 mm and other dimensions of 620 mm long x 600 mm wide x 200 mm high.
  • the practice of the present invention has been described using cope and drag moulds with horizontal parting planes. Other mould arrangements utilizing other parting planes may be utilized.
  • the essential feature of the practice of the present invention is the positioning of the thin-wall cavity(ies) about a horizontal level(s) with an underlying horizontal reservoir and a plurality of vertical runners from the reservoir to the cavity(ies)
  • the object of the mould design of the invention is to deliver a steady, generally quiescent flow of molten metal to all of the thin-wall portions of a mould cavity at substantially the same time and at substantially the same temperature.
  • the vertical pouring sprue When an iron-based alloy is being cast, the vertical pouring sprue extends to a height at least 150 mm greater than the height of the tallest vertical runner rising from the reservoir. In the case of other metals, this length is inversely proportional to the ratio of the density of the metal to that of iron. In each case, the height is measured from the level of the reservoir.
  • the sprue must also extend to a height above the highest portion of the casting cavity. The casting cavity is vented at its highest portions so that air can be expelled from the cavity as the cast metal flows upwardly from the reservoir through the vertical runners into the cavity.
  • the sprue extends higher than any other portion of the flow path of the cast metal, it provides a metallo-static head of metal which keeps pressure on the mould cavity and assures that it is full of molten metal as the casting solidifies.
  • the metal in the sprue is intended to be the last metal to solidify in the mold system. Once air has been expelled from the cavity vent, if the vents are suitably sized, the rising metal will quickly freeze there, indicating that the cavity has been filled with molten metal and plugging the vent from further expulsion of metal.
  • the horizontal reservoir is a critical part of the mould design of the invention.
  • An important feature of the reservoir is that it is horizontal and that it completely fills with metal that mixes in the reservoir and attains substantially a uniform temperature there before the flow rises from the reservoir through the vertical runners.
  • the reservoir is to be designed in the mould so as to underlie either the entire casting cavity as was illustrated in the Figure 1/ Figure 2 embodiment of the invention or at least those portions of the mould cavity to which metal must be supplied to form the thin-wall portions of the cavity.
  • the Figure 3 embodiment of the invention illustrates the channel-type reservoir underlying the casting cavity at the peripheral portions of the cavity where molten metal is introduced through vertical runners into each of the several thin-wall portions of the cavity.
  • the reservoir should be designed with a volume-to-surface area ratio that is conducive to the mixing of the incoming cast metal but minimizes the heat loss therefrom.
  • the experience of the inventors has been that this is achieved if the volume of the reservoir divided by its geometrical surface area is greater than or equal to about 5 millimetres.
  • the configuration of the reservoir should accommodate mixing of the flowing molten metal so as to deliver molten metal of a uniform temperature to the casting cavity.
  • the goal is to design the flow passages from the downsprue to the reservoir so that the reservoir is filled with a constant temperature molten metal before any metal flows upwards towards the mould cavity.
  • the cross-sectional area of the reservoir should be greater than the cross-sectional area of the downsprue.
  • the cavity of the thin-wall body it is preferable to position the cavity of the thin-wall body to be cast in the mould so that the vertical runners deliver metal into the cavity at as close to the same height as possible.
  • This enables the molten metal to rise in the vertical runners and enter all portions of the mould cavity at substantially the same time and at substantially the same temperature.
  • the mould illustrated in the Figure 1/ Figure 2 embodiment has vertical runners of equal height.
  • the mould depicted by the cast metal in the Figure 3 embodiment has some variation in the height of the vertical runners.
  • the variation in the height of the vertical runners above the reservoir to the point where the metal enters the casting cavity should be less than or equal to about 63 millimetres. Again, the purpose of this feature is to minimize temperature gradients in the molten metal entering the mould cavity.
  • the vertical runners it is desirable to position the vertical runners so that they introduce molten metal into the thin-wall portions of the cavity either at the side (as was done in the Figure 1/ Figure 2 and Figure 3 embodiments) or at the bottom of the thin sections.
  • the respective cavities should be positioned directly above each other, that they follow the runner placement rules that have been defined, and that the same vertical runners sequentially fill each casting from the lowermost to the uppermost.
  • the height of the casting pouring sprue must be increased so that it provides sufficient metallo-static head to fill the uppermost cavity.
  • the mould design of the present invention is especially adapted for the casting of ferrous-based alloys such as nodular iron, stainless steels and alloy steels.
  • ferrous-based alloys such as nodular iron, stainless steels and alloy steels.
  • the molten metal should be at least 90°C above its first solidification point. This amount of superheat is not unusual for the casting of such metal alloys.
  • the maximum spacing of the vertical runners to the thin-wall portions of the mould cavity is influenced by the amount of superheat of the molten alloy and its metallo-static head.
  • the following generalized empirical relationships have been developed for the minimum spacing of the vertical runners in millimetres for the following ferrous alloys.
  • the mould design of the present invention is based on a goal of causing substantially equal temperature metal to flow at the same time into several different thin-wall portions of the casting cavity so as to fill the casting cavity with a quiescent flow of metal from several points of entry and to thereby completely fill the cavity before any solidification of metal in the cavity occurs.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
EP19930201284 1992-05-14 1993-05-06 Moule pour articles à paroi mince coulés par gravité Expired - Lifetime EP0572058B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US88301892A 1992-05-14 1992-05-14
US883018 1992-05-14

Publications (2)

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EP0572058A1 true EP0572058A1 (fr) 1993-12-01
EP0572058B1 EP0572058B1 (fr) 1997-08-20

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DE (1) DE69313180T2 (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1375029A2 (fr) * 2002-04-25 2004-01-02 General Motors Corporation Appareil de moulage à modèle perdu pour reduire la porosité et les inclusions dans de pièces coulées en metal
CN102672107A (zh) * 2012-05-04 2012-09-19 陈硕 倾斜型腔低端浇注检测平板砂型
CN103506606A (zh) * 2013-01-31 2014-01-15 洛阳新火种节能技术推广有限公司 一种复杂金属铝薄壁铸件铸造工艺
US8763677B2 (en) 2006-12-09 2014-07-01 Ksm Castings Group Gmbh Method for processing, in particular casting, a material, casting mould for carrying out the method and articles produced by the method or in the casting mould
CN110666106A (zh) * 2019-10-09 2020-01-10 安庆中船柴油机有限公司 油缸的浇注系统及方法
CN113680958A (zh) * 2021-08-30 2021-11-23 安徽海立精密铸造有限公司 一种曲轴的垂直分型排布浇注系统及浇注工艺
CN118162587A (zh) * 2024-05-14 2024-06-11 贵州航天风华精密设备有限公司 一种异形薄壁铸件砂型铸造成型装置及浇注方法
CN118404035A (zh) * 2024-06-20 2024-07-30 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 一种制备超薄壁无余量铸件的装置及超薄壁无余量铸件的制备方法

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
HU230620B1 (hu) 2015-05-14 2017-04-28 ALU-ÖNTŐ Fémöntő és Fémmegmunkáló Ipari Eljárás vékonyfalú, tagolt, részletgazdag alumínium öntvények homokformázásos technológiával, gravitációs öntéssel történő előállítására

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4989665A (en) * 1987-12-21 1991-02-05 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Casting mold for a hollow member

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4989665A (en) * 1987-12-21 1991-02-05 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Casting mold for a hollow member

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DATABASE WPI Section Ch, Week 8515, 22 May 1985 Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; Class M22, AN 85-091410/15 & SU-A-1 113 206 (AS UKR CASTING PROBLEMS) 15 September 1984 *

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1375029A2 (fr) * 2002-04-25 2004-01-02 General Motors Corporation Appareil de moulage à modèle perdu pour reduire la porosité et les inclusions dans de pièces coulées en metal
EP1375029A3 (fr) * 2002-04-25 2005-08-31 General Motors Corporation Appareil de moulage à modèle perdu pour reduire la porosité et les inclusions dans de pièces coulées en metal
US8763677B2 (en) 2006-12-09 2014-07-01 Ksm Castings Group Gmbh Method for processing, in particular casting, a material, casting mould for carrying out the method and articles produced by the method or in the casting mould
CN102672107A (zh) * 2012-05-04 2012-09-19 陈硕 倾斜型腔低端浇注检测平板砂型
CN103506606A (zh) * 2013-01-31 2014-01-15 洛阳新火种节能技术推广有限公司 一种复杂金属铝薄壁铸件铸造工艺
CN110666106A (zh) * 2019-10-09 2020-01-10 安庆中船柴油机有限公司 油缸的浇注系统及方法
CN113680958A (zh) * 2021-08-30 2021-11-23 安徽海立精密铸造有限公司 一种曲轴的垂直分型排布浇注系统及浇注工艺
CN113680958B (zh) * 2021-08-30 2023-10-24 安徽海立精密铸造有限公司 一种曲轴的垂直分型排布浇注系统及浇注工艺
CN118162587A (zh) * 2024-05-14 2024-06-11 贵州航天风华精密设备有限公司 一种异形薄壁铸件砂型铸造成型装置及浇注方法
CN118404035A (zh) * 2024-06-20 2024-07-30 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 一种制备超薄壁无余量铸件的装置及超薄壁无余量铸件的制备方法

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Publication number Publication date
DE69313180D1 (de) 1997-09-25
EP0572058B1 (fr) 1997-08-20
DE69313180T2 (de) 1998-01-02

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