EP0568448B1 - Circulating fluidised bed reactor with external heat exchangers fed by internal recirculation - Google Patents

Circulating fluidised bed reactor with external heat exchangers fed by internal recirculation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0568448B1
EP0568448B1 EP93401095A EP93401095A EP0568448B1 EP 0568448 B1 EP0568448 B1 EP 0568448B1 EP 93401095 A EP93401095 A EP 93401095A EP 93401095 A EP93401095 A EP 93401095A EP 0568448 B1 EP0568448 B1 EP 0568448B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
reactor
internal
external
zone
lower zone
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EP93401095A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0568448A1 (en
Inventor
Jean Vidal
Jean-Xavier Morin
Jean-Paul Tessier
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Stein Industrie SA
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Stein Industrie SA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/0007—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed
    • F22B31/0084—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed with recirculation of separated solids or with cooling of the bed particles outside the combustion bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
    • F23C10/02—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed
    • F23C10/04—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone
    • F23C10/08—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases
    • F23C10/10—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
    • F23C10/02—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed
    • F23C10/12—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated exclusively within the combustion zone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2206/00—Fluidised bed combustion
    • F23C2206/10—Circulating fluidised bed
    • F23C2206/103—Cooling recirculating particles

Definitions

  • the circulating fluidized bed reactor is used today in thermal power plants and for ever higher powers.
  • the greatest power in service is 150 megawatts electric.
  • the external exchanger is supplied by a siphon preceded by a cyclone separating the solids discharged at the top of the upper zone of the reactor.
  • This external exchanger placed below the cyclone and the siphon is attached to the lower part of the lower zone, which has the drawback of preventing the injection of secondary air on one of the main faces of the reactor, thus limiting the distance between front and rear face of the reactor, therefore its power for a given rear face length.
  • the third is that indicated by STEIN INDUSTRIE in its European patent application No. EP-A-0 453 373, characterized by a drop in speed of the fluidization gases inside the reactor itself when passing a dense fluidized bed installed at an intermediate level of the reactor.
  • This drop in speed obtained thanks to a significant and quantified variation in the section of the reactor (ratio between 1.2 and 2) aims to improve combustion thanks to an increase in the recirculation of solid materials in the lower part of the reactor. .
  • This third type of reactor makes it possible, thanks to the existence of a heat exchanger in this internal dense fluidized bed, to reduce the exchange power of the internal panels of the first type of circulating fluidized bed or of the external exchangers of the second type of fluidized bed. circulating, but it does not generally make it possible to remove them, for high power units.
  • the present invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed reactor comprising a lower fluidized bed zone in rapid circulation provided with a fluidization grid, primary air inlet means below the grid, and injection means of secondary air above the grid, an upper zone with a fast circulating fluidized bed surrounded by reactor walls provided with cooling tubes, means for introducing fuel into the lower zone, one or more dense internal fluidized beds installed at the upper part of the lower zone on one or more faces of the reactor and making it possible to collect on the one hand the solids falling along the walls of the upper zone and on the other hand those originating from the fall in speed of the fluidization gases when passing through the internal dense fluidized bed or beds, the ratio of the cross section of the upper zone to that of the lower zone at the level of the internal bed or beds being between 1.05 and 2, the overflow of solid matter from this or these last beds being discharged into the lower zone.
  • the reactor according to the invention can easily be of limited height.
  • FIG. 1 schematically represents a front view of the reactor according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 schematically represents a top view of the reactor of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 schematically represents a side view of the reactor of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4 schematically represents a vertical view of the reactor of FIG. 1, according to IV-IV of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 5 schematically represents an enlarged and partial view of the reactor of FIG. 1, according to V-V of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 6 schematically represents another partial vertical view of the reactor of FIG. 1, according to VI-VI of FIG. 2.
  • FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C schematically represent a variant of the reactor according to the invention, respectively a side view, a top view and a front view.
  • FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C schematically show a second variant of the reactor according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C schematically represent a third variant of the reactor according to the invention.
  • FIG. 10 schematically represents a variant in front view of a reactor according to the invention suitable for high power and comprising a lower zone divided into two parts.
  • FIG. 11 schematically represents a top view of the reactor of FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 12 schematically represents a side view of the reactor of FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 13 schematically represents an enlarged partial view of the reactor of FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 14 represents a water-steam diagram of the installation of which the reactor of FIG. 10 is a part.
  • FIGS. 1 to 6 The circulating fluidized bed reactor, object of the invention, and intended for the combustion of carbonaceous materials is shown in FIGS. 1 to 6.
  • FIGS. 7, 8, 9 the arrangement of the internal dense fluidized beds 22, 23 and the external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 shown in FIGS. 1 to 6 may vary. Other nonlimiting examples involving the number or the relative situation of these devices are shown in FIGS. 7, 8, 9.
  • the internal dense fluidized beds 22 and 23 and the external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 are on the same faces; in FIG. 8, the external exchangers 18 and 19 are installed on a single lateral face, the internal dense beds 22 and 23 being always installed on the front and rear faces; in FIG. 9, there is only one external exchanger 18 installed on a side face and an internal dense bed 22 installed on the front face.
  • the main interest of this new circulating fluidized bed reactor is to be able to install, thanks to the simplification of the connections, the external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 at a level such that the lower zone 3 of the reactor is freed from both these external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 and their connection with the reactor and therefore fully available to design and install the circuits which concern combustion (primary air, secondary air) and the return of solid materials from cyclones 7 installed at the outlet of the reactor.
  • This feature allows extrapolation to large powers as shown in the example below.
  • a high power circulating fluidized bed reactor (300 megawatts electric) is shown in Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13.
  • the thermal power exchanged is around 750 MW, broken down into 450 MW for the exchange with the internal tubular walls of the reactor (125 MW) and the external exchangers (325 MW), and 300 MW for the exchangers located in the envelope 4 and the air heaters 15.
  • the lower zone 3 is divided into two parts 3A and 3B which makes it possible to divide the width between the side faces 24 and 25 in two.
  • the width is a factor limiting the penetration of the secondary air jets 13 necessary for the production good combustion.
  • the primary air circuits 12, secondary 13 and the returns 9 of solid materials from the cyclones 7 are optimally arranged around the lower parts 3A and 3B by virtue of the installation in accordance with the principles set out in the preceding paragraphs of two dense fluidized beds internal 22 and 23 installed against the left and right side walls 24, 25 of the reactor and four external exchangers 18, 19, 20 and 21 attached to the outside of the reactor on the front and rear faces 34, 35, supplied with solid material by fluidized pipes 46, 47, 48, 49.
  • Each of the four exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 is divided into two (18A, 18B etc 7) by a central partition 50, 51, 52, 53, open at its upper part to allow the supply of solid matter from the downstream part by overflow.
  • the exchanger 18 is divided into two parts 18A and 18B, the part 18A is supplied from the internal dense fluidized bed 22 by the pipe 46, the part 18B is supplied by overflow at above the vertical partition 50, the upper level of which corresponds to 40A (FIG. 13), the solid matter falling into the lower part 3A of the reactor through the window 42, the lower level of which fixes the height of the fluidized bed of the part. 18B.
  • the internal dense fluidized beds 22 and 23 are equipped with fluidization grids 30, 31 through which the inert fluidization gases are blown by means 32, 33.
  • the external exchangers such as 18A, 18B, 20A, 20B, are equipped with fluidizing grids such as 36A, 36B, 37A, 37B through which fluidizing air is blown by means such as 38A, 38B, 39A, 39B etc ...
  • Figure 10 are shown the positions of the evaporator 56 consisting of the tubes 4 arranged as shown in Figure 1, on the inner walls of the reactor and those of the high temperature superheater 60, the low temperature reheater 61 and the economizer 55 in envelope 14.
  • FIG. 11 shows the arrangement of the devices in the external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 attached to the intermediate height of the reactor: the medium temperature superheaters 59 and evaporators 57 respectively in the external exchangers 20A and 21A, 20B and 21B, the high superheaters temperature 62 and low temperature superheaters 58 respectively in the external exchangers 18A and 19A, 18B and 19B.
  • the heat exchange between solid materials and vapor in the external exchangers 20 and 21 makes it possible to adjust the temperature of the reactor to 850 ° C. for example.
  • the heat exchange between solids and steam in the exchangers 18 and 19 makes it possible to adjust the temperature of the reheated steam to the chosen set value, 565 ° C. for example.
  • FIG. 10 clearly shows that the entire lower zone of the reactor is divided into two parts, each of which can be equipped, without any constraint due to the external exchangers, with its combustion circuits, in particular two or more levels of secondary air on its eight faces and returns of the four cyclones on its side faces.
  • each lower part 3A or 3B corresponds to a circulating fluidized bed reactor of 150 megawatts electric.
  • the example above corresponds to a power of 300 megawatts of electricity but a reactor according to the invention can be produced for a higher power, for example 600 megawatts of electricity by increasing the length of the lateral faces and the surface of the external exchangers on the front faces. and back.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
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Abstract

Circulating fluidized bed reactor including a lower region (3) with a fluidization grating (11), injection of primary and secondary air (12, 13) and supply of fuel (10), an upper region (2), dense internal fluidized beds (22, 23) at the top of the lower region (3), which withdraw solid materials from the internal recirculation of the reactor and send them in part into the external dense fluidized bed exchangers attached against the walls of the reactor at the internal beds (22, 23). These external exchangers expel the materials, after the heat exchange with an external fluid, into the lower region (3). Reactor with simple design benefitting from the advantages of dense external beds whilst retaining conventional construction of the lower region (3). <IMAGE>

Description

Le réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant est utilisé aujourd'hui de façon courante dans les centrales thermiques et pour des puissances de plus en plus élevées. La plus grande puissance en service est de 150 Mégawatts électiques.The circulating fluidized bed reactor is used today in thermal power plants and for ever higher powers. The greatest power in service is 150 megawatts electric.

Il existe trois types de lit fluidisé circulant se différenciant par le réglage de la température du réacteur qui, pour une bonne efficacité de désulfuration des fumées, doit être maintenue constante à un valeur proche de 850°C :

  • Le premier est caractérisé par la présence de panneaux d'échangeurs installés dans le réacteur (brevet français METALLGESELLSCHAFT n° 2 323 101) et utilise, pour maintenir cette température, l'ajustement de la concentration en matières solides soit par réglage des débits d'air primaire et secondaire, soit par un débit variable de recyclage de gaz de combustion. Mais lorsque la puissance de l'installation augmente, il est nécessaire d'étendre l'implantation de ces panneaux d'échangeurs vers des niveaux de plus en plus bas dans le réacteur avec corrélativement des risques d'érosion augmentés.
  • Le deuxième est caractérisé par la présence d'échangeurs extérieurs disposés sur la recirculation externe de matières solides captées à la sortie du réacteur par un séparateur (brevet français METALLGESELLSCHAFT n° 2 353 332). Ces échangeurs extérieurs sont installés à l'écart du réacteur, cette disposition nécessitant des gaines de liaison entre cyclone et échangeur extérieur, et entre échangeur extérieur et réacteur avec les pentes et joints de dilation nécessaires. Lorsque la puissance d'un réacteur augmente, la puissance d'échange de ses parois tubulaires n'augmente pas en général proportionnellement par suite de limitation de sa hauteur donc la puissance des échangeurs extérieurs augmente plus vite ainsi que leur nombre et leurs dimensions. Ceci rend encore plus difficile, voire impossible leur installation et limite actuellement la puissance électrique actuellement envisageable dans cette technologie.
There are three types of circulating fluidized bed differentiated by the adjustment of the temperature of the reactor which, for a good efficiency of flue gas desulfurization, must be kept constant at a value close to 850 ° C:
  • The first is characterized by the presence of heat exchanger panels installed in the reactor (French patent METALLGESELLSCHAFT No. 2 323 101) and uses, to maintain this temperature, the adjustment of the concentration of solid matter either by adjusting the flow rates of primary and secondary air, or by a variable flow of recycling of combustion gases. But when the power of the installation increases, it is necessary to extend the installation of these heat exchanger panels to lower and lower levels in the reactor with correspondingly increased risks of erosion.
  • The second is characterized by the presence of external exchangers arranged on the external recirculation of solid matter collected at the outlet of the reactor by a separator (French patent METALLGESELLSCHAFT n ° 2 353 332). These external exchangers are installed away from the reactor, this arrangement requiring connection ducts between the cyclone and the external exchanger, and between the external exchanger and the reactor with the necessary slopes and expansion joints. When the power of a reactor increases, the exchange power of its tubular walls does not generally increase proportionally as a result of limitation of its height, therefore the power of the external exchangers increases faster as well as their number and their dimensions. This makes their installation even more difficult, if not impossible, and currently limits the electrical power. currently possible in this technology.

Une disposition d'échangeur accolé au réacteur est décrite dans le document EP-A-444926 qui correspond à une variante du deuxième type de réacteur.An exchanger arrangement attached to the reactor is described in document EP-A-444926 which corresponds to a variant of the second type of reactor.

Dans le réacteur selon cette variante l'échangeur extérieur est alimenté par un siphon précédé d'un cyclone séparant les matières solides évacuées en haut de la zone supérieure du réacteur. Cet échangeur extérieur disposé en dessous du cyclone et du siphon est accolé à la partie basse de la zone inférieure ce qui présente l'inconvénient d'empêcher l'injection d'air secondaire sur une des faces principales du réacteur, limitant ainsi la distance entre face avant et face arrière du réacteur, donc sa puissance pour une longueur de face arrière donnée.In the reactor according to this variant, the external exchanger is supplied by a siphon preceded by a cyclone separating the solids discharged at the top of the upper zone of the reactor. This external exchanger placed below the cyclone and the siphon is attached to the lower part of the lower zone, which has the drawback of preventing the injection of secondary air on one of the main faces of the reactor, thus limiting the distance between front and rear face of the reactor, therefore its power for a given rear face length.

- Le troisième est celui indiqué par STEIN INDUSTRIE dans sa demande de brevet européen n° EP-A-0 453 373, caractérisé par une chute de vitesse des gaz de fluidisation à l'intérieur même du réacteur au passage d'un lit fluidisé dense installé à un niveau intermédiaire du réacteur. Cette chute de vitesse obtenue grâce à une variation importante et quantifiée de la section du réacteur (rapport compris entre 1,2 et 2) a pour but d'améliorer la combustion grâce à une augmentation de la recirculation des matières solides en partie basse du réacteur. Ce troisième type de réacteur permet grâce à l'existence d'un échangeur de chaleur dans ce lit fluidisé dense interne de diminuer la puissance d'échange des panneaux internes du premier type de lit fluidisé circulant ou des échangeurs extérieurs du deuxième type de lit fluidisé circulant, mais il ne permet pas en général de les supprimer, pour des unités de grande puissance.- The third is that indicated by STEIN INDUSTRIE in its European patent application No. EP-A-0 453 373, characterized by a drop in speed of the fluidization gases inside the reactor itself when passing a dense fluidized bed installed at an intermediate level of the reactor. This drop in speed obtained thanks to a significant and quantified variation in the section of the reactor (ratio between 1.2 and 2) aims to improve combustion thanks to an increase in the recirculation of solid materials in the lower part of the reactor. . This third type of reactor makes it possible, thanks to the existence of a heat exchanger in this internal dense fluidized bed, to reduce the exchange power of the internal panels of the first type of circulating fluidized bed or of the external exchangers of the second type of fluidized bed. circulating, but it does not generally make it possible to remove them, for high power units.

La présente invention concerne un réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant comportant une zone inférieure à lit fluidisé en circulation rapide munie d'une grille de fluidisation, de moyens d'arrivée d'air primaire en dessous de la grille, et de moyens d'injection d'air secondaire au-dessus de la grille, une zone supérieure à lit fluidisé en circulation rapide entourée par des parois du réacteur munies de tubes de refroidissement, des moyens d'introduction de combustible dans la zone inférieure, un ou plusieurs lits fluidisés denses internes installés à la partie supérieure de la zone inférieure sur une ou plusieurs faces du réacteur et permettant de recueillir d'une part les matières solides tombant le long des parois de la zone supérieure et d'autre part celles provenant de la chute de vitesse des gaz de fluidisation au passage du ou des lits fluidisés denses internes, le rapport de la section droite de la zone supérieure à celle de la zone inférieure au niveau du ou des lits internes étant compris entre 1,05 et 2, le trop plein de matière solides de ce ou ces derniers lits étant déversé dans la zone inférieure.The present invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed reactor comprising a lower fluidized bed zone in rapid circulation provided with a fluidization grid, primary air inlet means below the grid, and injection means of secondary air above the grid, an upper zone with a fast circulating fluidized bed surrounded by reactor walls provided with cooling tubes, means for introducing fuel into the lower zone, one or more dense internal fluidized beds installed at the upper part of the lower zone on one or more faces of the reactor and making it possible to collect on the one hand the solids falling along the walls of the upper zone and on the other hand those originating from the fall in speed of the fluidization gases when passing through the internal dense fluidized bed or beds, the ratio of the cross section of the upper zone to that of the lower zone at the level of the internal bed or beds being between 1.05 and 2, the overflow of solid matter from this or these last beds being discharged into the lower zone.

Une telle disposition est connue du document EP-A-0 453 373.Such an arrangement is known from document EP-A-0 453 373.

Le réacteur selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte au moins un échangeur extérieur comprenant un lit fluidisé dense accolé contre une paroi du réacteur, ledit lit étant alimenté en matières solides provenant du réacteur et rejetant ces matières dans la zone inférieure après échange de chaleur avec un fluide extérieur à réchauffer,

  • en ce que les échangeurs extérieurs sont disposés au dessus des arrivées d'air secondaire et des retours et sont alimentés en matières solides par le ou les lits fluidisés denses internes,
  • et en ce que les parois du réacteur entourant ladite zone inférieure sont munies de tubes de refroidissement.
The reactor according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises at least one external exchanger comprising a dense fluidized bed joined against a wall of the reactor, said bed being supplied with solid materials coming from the reactor and rejecting these materials in the lower zone after heat exchange with an external fluid to be heated,
  • in that the external exchangers are arranged above the secondary air inlets and returns and are supplied with solid matter by the internal dense fluidized bed or beds,
  • and in that the walls of the reactor surrounding said lower zone are provided with cooling tubes.

De plus de par sa conception, le réacteur selon l'invention peut facilement être de hauteur limitée.In addition, by its design, the reactor according to the invention can easily be of limited height.

La présente invention va maintenant être décrite plus en détail en se référant à un mode de réalisation particulier cité à titre d'exemple et représenté par des dessins annexés.The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to a particular embodiment cited by way of example and shown in the accompanying drawings.

La figure 1 représente schématiquement une vue de face du réacteur selon l'invention.FIG. 1 schematically represents a front view of the reactor according to the invention.

La figure 2 représente schématiquement une vue de dessus du réacteur de la figure 1.FIG. 2 schematically represents a top view of the reactor of FIG. 1.

La figure 3 représente schématiquement une vue de côté du réacteur de la figure 1.FIG. 3 schematically represents a side view of the reactor of FIG. 1.

La figure 4 représente schématiquement une vue verticale du réacteur de la figure 1, selon IV-IV de la figure 2.FIG. 4 schematically represents a vertical view of the reactor of FIG. 1, according to IV-IV of FIG. 2.

La figure 5 représente schématiquement une vue agrandie et partielle du réacteur de la figure 1, selon V-V de la figure 2.FIG. 5 schematically represents an enlarged and partial view of the reactor of FIG. 1, according to V-V of FIG. 2.

La figure 6 représente schématiquement une autre vue verticale partielle du réacteur de la figure 1, selon VI-VI de la figure 2.FIG. 6 schematically represents another partial vertical view of the reactor of FIG. 1, according to VI-VI of FIG. 2.

Les figures 7A, 7B, 7C représentent schématiquement une variante du réacteur selon l'invention, respectivement une vue de côté, une vue de dessus et une vue de face.FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C schematically represent a variant of the reactor according to the invention, respectively a side view, a top view and a front view.

Les figures 8A, 8B, 8C représentent schématiquement une deuxième variante du réacteur selon l'invention.Figures 8A, 8B, 8C schematically show a second variant of the reactor according to the invention.

Les figures 9A, 9B, 9C représentent schématiquement une troisième variante du réacteur selon l'invention.FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C schematically represent a third variant of the reactor according to the invention.

La figure 10 représente schématiquement une variante en vue de face d'un réacteur selon l'invention adapté à une grande puissance et comportant une zone inférieure divisée en deux parties.FIG. 10 schematically represents a variant in front view of a reactor according to the invention suitable for high power and comprising a lower zone divided into two parts.

La figure 11 représente schématiquement une vue de dessus du réacteur de la figure 10.FIG. 11 schematically represents a top view of the reactor of FIG. 10.

La figure 12 représente schématiquement une vue de côté du réacteur de la figure 10.FIG. 12 schematically represents a side view of the reactor of FIG. 10.

La figure 13 représente schématiquement une vue partielle agrandie du réacteur de la figure 10.FIG. 13 schematically represents an enlarged partial view of the reactor of FIG. 10.

La figure 14 représente un schéma eau-vapeur de l'installation de laquelle fait partie le réacteur de la figure 10.FIG. 14 represents a water-steam diagram of the installation of which the reactor of FIG. 10 is a part.

Le réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant, objet de l'invention, et destiné à la combustion de matières carbonées est représenté sur les figures 1 à 6.The circulating fluidized bed reactor, object of the invention, and intended for the combustion of carbonaceous materials is shown in FIGS. 1 to 6.

Il comporte d'abord classiquement :

  • Une enveloppe tubulaire 1 divisée en deux zones: une zone supérieure 2 où les tubes 4 sont apparents intérieurement et refroidissent les matières solides et les gaz, et une zone inférieure 3 où les tubes 4 sont recouverts de réfractaire 5 pour les protéger de l'érosion.
  • Une conduite 6 située en haut de la zone supérieure 2 qui dirige les gaz chargés de matières solides vers un cyclone 7 où a lieu une séparation, les matières solides recueillies étant recyclées après passage dans un siphon 8 par une conduite 9 dans la zone inférieure 3 du réacteur.
  • Une ou plusieurs introductions du combustible 10.
  • Une grille de fluidisation 11 à travers laquelle est injecté l'air primaire introduit par une arrivée 12.
  • Plusieurs introductions d'air secondaire 13 à un ou plusieurs niveaux dans la partie basse 3 du réacteur.
  • Des échangeurs de récupération dans une enveloppe 14 parcouru par le gaz du cyclone 7.
  • Des réchauffeurs d'air 15, un dépoussiéreur 16 et une cheminée 17.
First, it classically comprises:
  • A tubular casing 1 divided into two zones: an upper zone 2 where the tubes 4 are visible internally and cool the solid materials and the gases, and a lower zone 3 where the tubes 4 are covered with refractory 5 to protect them from erosion .
  • A pipe 6 located at the top of the upper zone 2 which directs the gases loaded with solid materials to a cyclone 7 where a separation takes place, the collected solid materials being recycled after passage through a siphon 8 by a pipe 9 in the lower zone 3 of the reactor.
  • One or more fuel introductions 10.
  • A fluidization grid 11 through which the primary air introduced by an inlet 12 is injected.
  • Several secondary air introductions 13 at one or more levels in the lower part 3 of the reactor.
  • Recovery exchangers in an envelope 14 traversed by the gas from cyclone 7.
  • Air heaters 15, a dust collector 16 and a chimney 17.

La caractéristique nouvelle de ce réacteur réside dans les échangeurs extérieurs participant au refroidissement des matières solides fluidisées en mouvement dans les gaz et fonctionnant dans les conditions suivantes:

  • a) Les matières solides qui parcourent ces échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20, 21 sont prélevées sur la recirculation interne à un niveau intermédiaire du réacteur, en haut de la zone inférieure et non sur la recirculation externe des matières solides captées par le séparateur 7 installé à la sortie du réacteur.
  • b) Pour capter ces matières solides à un niveau intermédiaire du réacteur sont installés, comme indiqué sur la figure 4, deux lits fluidisés denses internes 22 et 23 en haut de la zone inférieure 3 divisant ainsi le réacteur en deux parties: la zone supérieure 2 de section S, et la zone inférieure 3 de section variable, mais dont la section maximum S' au niveau des deux lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23 est inférieure à S. La quantité de matières solides recueillies dépendra de deux facteurs :
    • la longueur des parois contre lesquelles sont installés les lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23, donc des faces latérales 24, 25 dans l'exemple représenté sur les figures 1, 2, 3 et 4,
    • la baisse rapide de vitesse des gaz de fluidisation correspondant au rapport S'/S des sections du réacteur, les vitesses des gaz de fluidisation dans ces deux sections S et S' restant toujours dans la gamme 2,5 à 12 m/s utilisée dans un lit fluidisé circulant.
      Les lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23 ont un niveau 26, 27 qui se règle naturellement par débordement et déversement des matières solides vers la zone inférieure 3 du réacteur sur toute la longueur des parois internes 28, 29 des lits internes 22, 23 (fig.2). Ils sont équipés normalement de grilles de fluidisation 30 et 31 et des alimentations en gaz de fluidisation 32 et 33.
    c) Pour être alimentés en matières solides par les lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23, les quatre échangeurs extérieurs qui sont aussi des lits fluidisés denses 18, 19, 20, 21 (fig.2) sont installés contre les faces avant 34 et arrière 35 du réacteur. Ils sont équipés de grilles de fluidisation 36, 37 et ont des alimentations 38, 39 en air de fluidisation. Les niveaux 40, 41 des matières solides qui les parcourent sont réglés aussi par débordement et déversement vers la zone inférieure 3 du réacteur en 42, 43, 44, 45 (fig. 2 et 5) au voisinage des plans verticaux séparant les échangeurs 18 et 19 ou les échangeurs extérieurs 20 et 21 et à une valeur inférieure à celui des niveaux 26, 27 des lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23 de façon à assurer une circulation des matières solides entre lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23, échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20, 21 et zone inférieure 3 du réacteur. La disposition relative entre le lit fluidisé dense interne 22, l'échangeur extérieur 18 et l'intérieur du réacteur est représentée sur les figures 5 et 6:
    • Le lit fluidisé dense interne 22 est en communication avec l'intérieur du réacteur par sa partie supérieure qui reçoit les matières solides tombant de la zone supérieure 2 du réacteur et les renvoie en partie par débordement vers la zone inférieure 3 tout le long et au dessus de la paroi de déversement 28.
    • L'échangeur extérieur 18 installé contre la paroi arrière 35 du réacteur est entièrement séparé du réacteur par cette paroi à l'exception d'une fenêtre 42 dont le niveau inférieur 40 règle la hauteur du lit fluidisé dense dans l'échangeur extérieur; les matières solides nécessaires au fonctionnement de l'échangeur 18 viennent du lit fluidisé dense interne 22 par la conduite 46 et retournent à la zone inférieure 3 du réacteur par débordement à travers la partie basse de la fenêtre 42. La section de la fenêtre 42 est aussi dimensionnée pour assurer une ventilation à travers l'échangeur extérieur 18. Dans celui-ci se trouve immergé un échangeur tubulaire 50 (fig.6) assurant une partie du refroidissement du réacteur. La force motrice nécessaire à la circulation des matières solides entre lit fluidisé dense interne et échangeur extérieur est la différence H entre les niveaux 26 et 40 des deux lits fluidisés denses 22 et 18 (fig. 5 et 6); le débit de matières solides allant du lit fluidisé dense interne 22 à l'échangeur extérieur 18 passera par une conduite fluidisée 46 munie d'un moyen de réglage mécanique (type vanne pointeau) ou à injection d'air (dans ce dernier cas, le débit des matières solides sera réglé par la quantité d'air injecté). Cette conduite 46 peut utiliser un parcours extérieur aux deux lits fluidisés denses ou utiliser un orifice dans la paroi commune à ces deux lits fluidisés denses.
    • La disposition relative sera la même entre le lit fluidisé dense interne 22, l'échangeur extérieur 20 et l'intérieur du réacteur ou entre le lit fluidisé dense interne 23, les échangeurs extérieurs 19 ou 21 et l'intérieur du réacteur, les échangeurs extérieurs 19, 20, 21 étant alimentés par des conduites 47, 48, 49 à partir des lits denses internes 22, 23.
  • d) Les lits fluidisés denses internes 22 et 23 sont dimensionnés en tenant compte de plusieurs paramètres:
    • Leur largeur correspond au choix du rapport S/S' des deux sections internes du réacteur; en fait ce rapport sera fixé pour que le débit de matières solides tombant dans les lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23 soit supérieur à celui qui va être utilisé dans les échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20, 21. Dans ces conditions il y aura toujours un débit de matières solides qui retombera par débordement des lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23 au dessus des parois 28 et 29 vers la zone inférieure 3 du réacteur. Ce rapport S/S' du réacteur de l'invention est compris entre 1,05 et 2.
    • Leur hauteur sera calculée en fonction du débit de matières solides nécessaire au fonctionnement des échangeurs extérieurs accolés 18, 19, 20, 21, ainsi que de la dénivellation H entre les niveaux supérieurs des lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23 et ceux des lits fluidisés denses des échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20, 21.
    • Les gaz de fluidisation des lits denses internes 22 et 23 devront être inertes, car ces derniers ne comportent aucun échangeur et il faut éviter tous les risques de combustion possible de matières carbonées susceptibles de provoquer des agglomérations; en conséquence, les gaz de fluidisation seront des gaz de combustion prélevés à la sortie des dépoussiéreurs 16 et correspondront à une quantité extrêmement faible de gaz recyclés.
  • e) Les échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20, 21 accolés aux faces avant et arrière 34 et 35 du réacteur seront dimensionnés en fonction de l'échange de chaleur qu'ils ont à réaliser pour que le réacteur fonctionne à une température donnée choisie généralement à 850°C pour obtenir la meilleure désulfuration possible. Ces échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20, 21 ont de ce fait une largeur et une hauteur nettement supérieures à celles des lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23.
    Le réacteur décrit ci-dessus est donc finalement équipé de deux types de surfaces de refroidissement:
    • les parois tubulaires de la zone supérieure 2 du réacteur dont l'échange est fonction de la concentration en matières solides provenant de l'optimisation des paramètres de la combustion (débit d'air primaire et secondaire) et ne fait donc pas l'objet d'un réglage individuel.
    • Les quatre échangeurs extérieurs accolés 18, 19, 20, 21 dont l'échange est réglable individuellement par action sur les débits de matières solides qui les alimentent en 46, 47, 48, 49 et qui permettent de ce fait de régler la température de fonctionnement du réacteur à toutes les allures et éventuellement de régler en parallèle un échange avec un ou deux fluides extérieurs.
The new characteristic of this reactor resides in the external exchangers participating in the cooling of fluidized solid materials moving in the gases and operating under the following conditions:
  • a) The solid materials which pass through these external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 are taken from the internal recirculation at an intermediate level of the reactor, at the top of the lower zone and not from the external recirculation of the solid materials collected by the separator 7 installed at the outlet of the reactor.
  • b) To capture these solid materials at an intermediate level of the reactor, two internal dense fluidized beds 22 and 23 are installed, as indicated in FIG. 4, at the top of the lower zone 3, thus dividing the reactor into two parts: the upper zone 2 section S, and the area lower 3 of variable section, but whose maximum section S 'at the level of the two dense internal fluidized beds 22, 23 is less than S. The quantity of solid matter collected will depend on two factors:
    • the length of the walls against which the dense internal fluidized beds 22, 23 are installed, therefore the lateral faces 24, 25 in the example shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4,
    • the rapid decrease in the speed of the fluidization gases corresponding to the ratio S '/ S of the sections of the reactor, the speeds of the fluidization gases in these two sections S and S' always remaining in the range 2.5 to 12 m / s used in a circulating fluidized bed.
      The internal dense fluidized beds 22, 23 have a level 26, 27 which is naturally adjusted by overflow and discharge of the solid materials towards the lower zone 3 of the reactor over the entire length of the internal walls 28, 29 of the internal beds 22, 23 (fig .2). They are normally equipped with fluidization grids 30 and 31 and fluidization gas supplies 32 and 33.
    c) To be supplied with solid matter by the internal dense fluidized beds 22, 23, the four external exchangers which are also dense fluidized beds 18, 19, 20, 21 (fig. 2) are installed against the front 34 and rear faces 35 of the reactor. They are fitted with fluidization grids 36, 37 and have fluidization air supplies 38, 39. The levels 40, 41 of the solid materials which pass through them are also adjusted by overflow and discharge towards the lower zone 3 of the reactor at 42, 43, 44, 45 (FIGS. 2 and 5) in the vicinity of the vertical planes separating the exchangers 18 and 19 or the external exchangers 20 and 21 and at a value lower than that of the levels 26, 27 of the internal dense fluidized beds 22, 23 so as to ensure a circulation of the solid materials between internal dense fluidized beds 22, 23, external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 and lower zone 3 of the reactor. The relative arrangement between the internal dense fluidized bed 22, the external exchanger 18 and the interior of the reactor is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6:
    • The internal dense fluidized bed 22 is in communication with the interior of the reactor through its upper part which receives the solid materials falling from the upper zone 2 of the reactor and returns them in part by overflow to the lower zone 3 all along and above of the discharge wall 28.
    • The external exchanger 18 installed against the rear wall 35 of the reactor is entirely separated from the reactor by this wall with the exception of a window 42 whose lower level 40 regulates the height of the dense fluidized bed in the external exchanger; the solid materials necessary for the operation of the exchanger 18 come from the internal dense fluidized bed 22 via the pipe 46 and return to the lower zone 3 of the reactor by overflowing through the lower part of the window 42. The section of the window 42 is also dimensioned to provide ventilation through the external exchanger 18. In it is immersed a tubular exchanger 50 (fig.6) providing part of the reactor cooling. The driving force necessary for the circulation of solid materials between the dense internal fluidized bed and the external exchanger is the difference H between the levels 26 and 40 of the two dense fluidized beds 22 and 18 (fig. 5 and 6); the flow of solid matter going from the internal dense fluidized bed 22 to the external exchanger 18 will pass through a fluidized pipe 46 provided with a mechanical adjustment means (needle valve type) or with air injection (in the latter case, the solids flow will be regulated by the amount of air injected). This pipe 46 can use a path outside the two dense fluidized beds or use an orifice in the wall common to these two dense fluidized beds.
    • The relative arrangement will be the same between the internal dense fluidized bed 22, the external exchanger 20 and the interior of the reactor or between the internal dense fluidized bed 23, the external exchangers 19 or 21 and the interior of the reactor, the external exchangers 19, 20, 21 being supplied by lines 47, 48, 49 from the dense internal beds 22, 23.
  • d) The internal dense fluidized beds 22 and 23 are dimensioned taking into account several parameters:
    • Their width corresponds to the choice of the S / S 'ratio of the two internal sections of the reactor; in fact this ratio will be fixed so that the flow rate of solid matter falling in the internal dense fluidized beds 22, 23 is greater than that which will be used in the external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21. Under these conditions there will always be a flow of solid matter which will fall by overflowing from the internal dense fluidized beds 22, 23 above the walls 28 and 29 towards the lower zone 3 of the reactor. This S / S ′ ratio of the reactor of the invention is between 1.05 and 2.
    • Their height will be calculated as a function of the flow of solid matter necessary for the operation of the attached external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21, as well as the difference in height H between the upper levels of the internal dense fluidized beds 22, 23 and those of the dense fluidized beds external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21.
    • The fluidization gases of the internal dense beds 22 and 23 must be inert, since the latter have no exchanger and all the risks of possible combustion of carbonaceous materials liable to cause agglomeration must be avoided; consequently, the fluidizing gases will be combustion gases sampled at the outlet of the dust collectors 16 and will correspond to an extremely small quantity of recycled gases.
  • e) The external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 attached to the front and rear faces 34 and 35 of the reactor will be sized according to the heat exchange that they have to carry out for the reactor to operate at a given temperature generally chosen at 850 ° C to obtain the best possible desulfurization. These external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 therefore have a width and a height clearly greater than those of the dense internal fluidized beds 22, 23.
    The reactor described above is therefore finally equipped with two types of cooling surfaces:
    • the tubular walls of the upper zone 2 of the reactor, the exchange of which depends on the concentration of solid matter originating from the optimization of the combustion parameters (primary and secondary air flow) and is therefore not subject to '' individual adjustment.
    • The four adjoining external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21, the exchange of which is individually adjustable by acting on the flow rates of solid materials which supply them with 46, 47, 48, 49 and which thereby make it possible to adjust the operating temperature. of the reactor at all speeds and possibly to regulate in parallel an exchange with one or two external fluids.

Il faut noter également que la disposition des lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23 et des échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20, 21 représentée sur les figures 1 à 6 peut varier. D'autres exemples non limitatifs faisant intervenir le nombre ou la situation relative de ces appareils sont représentés sur les figures 7, 8, 9.It should also be noted that the arrangement of the internal dense fluidized beds 22, 23 and the external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 shown in FIGS. 1 to 6 may vary. Other nonlimiting examples involving the number or the relative situation of these devices are shown in FIGS. 7, 8, 9.

Sur la figure 7, les lits fluidisés denses internes 22 et 23 et les échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20, 21 sont sur les mêmes faces; sur la figure 8, les échangeurs extérieurs 18 et 19 sont installés sur une seule face latérale, les lits denses internes 22 et 23 étant toujours installés sur les faces avant et arrière; sur la figure 9, il n'y a qu'un échangeur extérieur 18 installé sur une face latérale et un lit dense interne 22 installé sur la face avant.In FIG. 7, the internal dense fluidized beds 22 and 23 and the external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 are on the same faces; in FIG. 8, the external exchangers 18 and 19 are installed on a single lateral face, the internal dense beds 22 and 23 being always installed on the front and rear faces; in FIG. 9, there is only one external exchanger 18 installed on a side face and an internal dense bed 22 installed on the front face.

L'intérêt principal de ce nouveau réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant est de pouvoir installer grâce à la simplification des connections les échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20, 21 à un niveau tel que la zone inférieure 3 du réacteur est libérée à la fois de ces échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20, 21 et de leur liaison avec le réacteur et donc entièrement disponible pour concevoir et installer les circuits qui concernent la combustion (air primaire, air secondaire) et le retour de matières solides des cyclones 7 installés à la sortie du réacteur. Cette caractéristique permet l'extrapolation aux grandes puissances comme indiqué dans l'exemple ci-après.The main interest of this new circulating fluidized bed reactor is to be able to install, thanks to the simplification of the connections, the external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 at a level such that the lower zone 3 of the reactor is freed from both these external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 and their connection with the reactor and therefore fully available to design and install the circuits which concern combustion (primary air, secondary air) and the return of solid materials from cyclones 7 installed at the outlet of the reactor. This feature allows extrapolation to large powers as shown in the example below.

Un réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant de grande puissance (300 Mégawatts électriques) est représenté sur les figures 10, 11, 12 et 13.A high power circulating fluidized bed reactor (300 megawatts electric) is shown in Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13.

La puissance thermique échangée est d'environ 750 MW se décomposant en 450 MW pour l'échange avec les parois tubulaires internes du réacteur (125 MW) et les échangeurs extérieurs (325 MW), et 300 MW pour les échangeurs situés dans l'enveloppe 4 et les réchauffeurs d'air 15.The thermal power exchanged is around 750 MW, broken down into 450 MW for the exchange with the internal tubular walls of the reactor (125 MW) and the external exchangers (325 MW), and 300 MW for the exchangers located in the envelope 4 and the air heaters 15.

La zone inférieure 3 est divisée en deux parties 3A et 3B ce qui permet de diviser en deux la largeur entre les faces latérales 24 et 25. Or la largeur est un facteur limitatif de la pénétration des jets d'air secondaire 13 nécessaires à la réalisation d'une bonne combustion.The lower zone 3 is divided into two parts 3A and 3B which makes it possible to divide the width between the side faces 24 and 25 in two. However, the width is a factor limiting the penetration of the secondary air jets 13 necessary for the production good combustion.

Les circuits d'air primaire 12, secondaire 13 et les retours 9 de matières solides des cyclones 7 sont disposés de façon optimale autour des parties basses 3A et 3B grâce à l'installation conformément aux principes exposés dans les paragraphes précédents de deux lits fluidisés denses internes 22 et 23 installés contre les parois latérales gauche et droite 24, 25 du réacteur et de quatre échangeurs extérieurs 18, 19, 20 et 21 accolés à l'extérieur du réacteur sur les faces avant et arrière 34, 35, alimentés en matières solides par des conduites fluidisées 46, 47, 48, 49.The primary air circuits 12, secondary 13 and the returns 9 of solid materials from the cyclones 7 are optimally arranged around the lower parts 3A and 3B by virtue of the installation in accordance with the principles set out in the preceding paragraphs of two dense fluidized beds internal 22 and 23 installed against the left and right side walls 24, 25 of the reactor and four external exchangers 18, 19, 20 and 21 attached to the outside of the reactor on the front and rear faces 34, 35, supplied with solid material by fluidized pipes 46, 47, 48, 49.

Chacun des quatre échangeurs 18, 19, 20, 21 est divisé en deux (18A, 18B etc...) par une cloison médiane 50, 51, 52, 53, ouverte à sa partie supérieure pour permettre l'alimentation en matières solides de la partie aval par débordement.Each of the four exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 is divided into two (18A, 18B etc ...) by a central partition 50, 51, 52, 53, open at its upper part to allow the supply of solid matter from the downstream part by overflow.

Ainsi, comme représenté sur les figures 11 et 13, l'échangeur 18 est divisé en deux parties 18A et 18B, la partie 18A est alimentée à partir du lit fluidisé dense interne 22 par la conduite 46, la partie 18B est alimentée par débordement au-dessus de la cloison verticale 50 dont le niveau supérieur correspond à 40A (fig.13), les matières solides retombant dans la partie basse 3A du réacteur à travers la fenêtre 42 dont le niveau inférieur 40B fixe la hauteur du lit fluidisé de la partie 18B.Thus, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 13, the exchanger 18 is divided into two parts 18A and 18B, the part 18A is supplied from the internal dense fluidized bed 22 by the pipe 46, the part 18B is supplied by overflow at above the vertical partition 50, the upper level of which corresponds to 40A (FIG. 13), the solid matter falling into the lower part 3A of the reactor through the window 42, the lower level of which fixes the height of the fluidized bed of the part. 18B.

Les lits fluidisés denses internes 22 et 23 sont équipés de grilles de fluidisation 30, 31 à travers lesquelles sont soufflés les gaz inertes de fluidisation par des moyens 32, 33. Les échangeurs extérieurs tels que 18A, 18B, 20A, 20B, sont équipés de grilles de fluidisation telles que 36A, 36B, 37A, 37B à travers lesquelles sont soufflés des airs de fluidisation par des moyens tels que 38A, 38B, 39A, 39B etc...The internal dense fluidized beds 22 and 23 are equipped with fluidization grids 30, 31 through which the inert fluidization gases are blown by means 32, 33. The external exchangers such as 18A, 18B, 20A, 20B, are equipped with fluidizing grids such as 36A, 36B, 37A, 37B through which fluidizing air is blown by means such as 38A, 38B, 39A, 39B etc ...

A titre d'exemple on applique ce réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant de 300 MW électriques à une centrale thermique à vapeur sous-critique dont le schéma eau-vapeur est représenté sur la figure 14:

  • la salle des machines comprend une turbine à 3 corps haute pression (HP), moyenne pression (MP) et basse pression (BP), un condenseur C, recevant la vapeur basse pression du corps BP, une pompe d'extraction E, des réchauffeurs basse pression RBP recevant l'eau extraite par la pompe E, un dégazeur D, des pompes alimentaires PA, des réchauffeurs haute pression RHP.
  • La chaudière à lit fluidisé circulant comprend un économiseur 55 alimenté en eau à partir des réchauffeurs haute pression RHP, deux évaporateurs fonctionnant en parallèle 56 et 57, un surchauffeur basse température 58, un surchauffeur moyenne température 59 et un surchauffeur haute température 60, un resurchauffeur basse température 61 et un resurchauffeur haute température 62. Le surchauffeur haute température 60 fournit de la vapeur haute pression au corps HP. Ce dernier envoie de la vapeur dans les resurchauffeurs 61 et 62 qui fournissent de la vapeur moyenne pression au corps MP.
By way of example, this circulating fluidized bed reactor of 300 MW electric is applied to a subcritical steam thermal power station, the water-steam diagram of which is shown in FIG. 14:
  • the engine room includes a turbine with 3 high pressure (HP), medium pressure (MP) and low pressure (BP), a condenser C, receiving the low pressure steam from the BP body, an extraction pump E, heaters low pressure RBP receiving the water extracted by the pump E, a degasser D, food pumps PA, high pressure heaters RHP.
  • The circulating fluidized bed boiler comprises an economizer 55 supplied with water from the RHP high pressure heaters, two evaporators operating in parallel 56 and 57, a low temperature superheater 58, a medium temperature superheater 59 and a high temperature superheater 60, a reheater low temperature 61 and a high temperature reheater 62. The high temperature superheater 60 supplies high pressure steam to the HP body. The latter sends steam to the reheaters 61 and 62 which supply medium pressure steam to the body MP.

Sur la figure 10 sont représentées les positions de l'évaporateur 56 constitué par les tubes 4 disposés comme représenté sur la figure 1, sur les parois internes du réacteur et celles du surchauffeur haute température 60, du resurchauffeur basse température 61 et de l'économiseur 55 dans l'enveloppe 14.In Figure 10 are shown the positions of the evaporator 56 consisting of the tubes 4 arranged as shown in Figure 1, on the inner walls of the reactor and those of the high temperature superheater 60, the low temperature reheater 61 and the economizer 55 in envelope 14.

La figure 11 montre la disposition des appareils dans les échangeurs extérieurs 18,19, 20, 21 accolés à hauteur intermédiaire du réacteur : les surchauffeurs moyenne température 59 et évaporateurs 57 respectivement dans les échangeurs extérieurs 20A et 21A, 20B et 21B, les resurchauffeurs haute température 62 et surchauffeurs basse température 58 respectivement dans les échangeurs extérieurs 18A et 19A, 18B et 19B.FIG. 11 shows the arrangement of the devices in the external exchangers 18, 19, 20, 21 attached to the intermediate height of the reactor: the medium temperature superheaters 59 and evaporators 57 respectively in the external exchangers 20A and 21A, 20B and 21B, the high superheaters temperature 62 and low temperature superheaters 58 respectively in the external exchangers 18A and 19A, 18B and 19B.

L'échange thermique entre matières solides et vapeur dans les échangeurs extérieurs 20 et 21 permet de régler la température du réacteur à 850°C par exemple. L'échange thermique entre matières solides et vapeur dans les échangeurs 18 et 19 permet de régler la température de vapeur resurchauffée à la valeur de consigne choisie, 565°C par exemple.The heat exchange between solid materials and vapor in the external exchangers 20 and 21 makes it possible to adjust the temperature of the reactor to 850 ° C. for example. The heat exchange between solids and steam in the exchangers 18 and 19 makes it possible to adjust the temperature of the reheated steam to the chosen set value, 565 ° C. for example.

La figure 10 montre clairement que toute la zone inférieure du réacteur est divisée en deux parties dont chacune peut être équipée, sans aucune contrainte due aux échangeurs extérieurs, de ses circuits de combustion, notamment de deux ou plusieurs niveaux d'air secondaire sur ses huit faces et des retours des quatre cyclones, sur ses faces latérales.FIG. 10 clearly shows that the entire lower zone of the reactor is divided into two parts, each of which can be equipped, without any constraint due to the external exchangers, with its combustion circuits, in particular two or more levels of secondary air on its eight faces and returns of the four cyclones on its side faces.

En fait, chaque partie inférieure 3A ou 3B correspond à un réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant de 150 Mégawatts électriques.In fact, each lower part 3A or 3B corresponds to a circulating fluidized bed reactor of 150 megawatts electric.

L'exemple ci-dessus correspond à une puissance de 300 Mégawatts électriques mais un réacteur selon l'invention peut être réalisé pour une puissance supérieure par exemple 600 Mégawatts électriques en augmentant la longueur des faces latérales et la surface des échangeurs extérieurs sur les faces avant et arrière.The example above corresponds to a power of 300 megawatts of electricity but a reactor according to the invention can be produced for a higher power, for example 600 megawatts of electricity by increasing the length of the lateral faces and the surface of the external exchangers on the front faces. and back.

Claims (3)

  1. A circulating fluidized bed reactor including a lower zone (3) under circulating fluidized bed conditions and provided with a fluidization grid (11), primary air inlet means (12) beneath the grid (11), and secondary air injection means (13) above the grid (11), an upper zone (2) operating under circulating. fluidized bed conditions being surrounded with reactor walls provided with cooling tubes (4), means for admitting fuel (10) into the lower zone (3), one or more internal bubbling beds (22, 23) installed in the top portion of the lower zone (3) on one or more faces of the reactor (1) and serving to collect firstly the solid matter falling along the walls of the upper zone (2) and secondly the solid matter coming from the decrease in the velocity of the fluidization gases on going past the internal bubbling beds (22, 23), the ratio (S/S') of the right cross-section (S) of the upper zone (2) divided by the right cross-section (S') of the lower zone (3) level with the internal bed(s) (22, 23) lying in the range 1.05 to 2, the overflow of solid matter from said bed(s) (22, 23) falling down into the lower zone (3), the reactor being characterized in that it includes at least one external heat exchanger (18, 19, 20, 21) comprising a bubbling bed disposed against a wall of the reactor (1), said bed being fed with solid matter coming from the reactor, and delivering said solid matter into the lower zone (3) after exchanging heat with an external fluid to be heated, in that the external heat exchanger(s) (18, 19, 20, 21) are disposed above the secondary air inlets (13) and the returns (9), and are fed with solid matter from the internal bubbling bed(s) (22, 23), and in that the walls of the reactor surrounding said lower zone (3) are provided with cooling tubes (4).
  2. A reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that some of the external heat exchangers (20, 21) serve to control the operating temperature of the reactor.
  3. A reactor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that some of the external heat exchangers (18, 19) serve to control the temperature of the reheated steam flow(s) in a boiler of a fossil fuel power station.
EP93401095A 1992-04-27 1993-04-27 Circulating fluidised bed reactor with external heat exchangers fed by internal recirculation Expired - Lifetime EP0568448B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9205165 1992-04-27
FR929205165A FR2690512B1 (en) 1992-04-27 1992-04-27 Circulating fluidized bed reactor comprising external exchangers fed by internal recirculation.

Publications (2)

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EP0568448A1 EP0568448A1 (en) 1993-11-03
EP0568448B1 true EP0568448B1 (en) 1996-09-18

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EP (1) EP0568448B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH0694201A (en)
CN (1) CN1051369C (en)
AT (1) ATE143118T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2094860A1 (en)
CZ (1) CZ285056B6 (en)
DE (1) DE69304777T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0568448T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2092244T3 (en)
FI (1) FI931839A (en)
FR (1) FR2690512B1 (en)
GR (1) GR3021923T3 (en)
MX (1) MX9302383A (en)
PL (1) PL171124B1 (en)
RO (1) RO111033B1 (en)
RU (1) RU2104442C1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA932943B (en)

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US5660125A (en) * 1995-05-05 1997-08-26 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Circulating fluid bed steam generator NOx control
FR2735041B1 (en) * 1995-06-07 1997-07-11 Gec Alsthom Stein Ind FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF WASTE
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US6146007A (en) * 1998-03-20 2000-11-14 Cedarapids Inc. Asphalt plant having centralized media burner and low fugitive emissions
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US6532905B2 (en) * 2001-07-17 2003-03-18 The Babcock & Wilcox Company CFB with controllable in-bed heat exchanger
CN100401003C (en) * 2005-12-13 2008-07-09 江苏工业学院 Heat exchanger with compacting internal circulating fluidized bed
KR20110110196A (en) * 2008-12-17 2011-10-06 엠이엠씨 일렉트로닉 머티리얼즈, 인크. Processes and systems for producing silicon tetrafluoride from fluorosilicates in a fluidized bed reactor
FI124762B (en) * 2009-04-09 2015-01-15 Foster Wheeler Energia Oy Circulating fluidized bed boiler
CN102966943B (en) * 2012-11-21 2015-05-20 华中科技大学 Chemical looping combustion device with variable circulating fluidized beds
US20170356642A1 (en) * 2016-06-13 2017-12-14 The Babcock & Wilcox Company Circulating fluidized bed boiler with bottom-supported in-bed heat exchanger
FR3065886B1 (en) * 2017-05-05 2021-12-31 Ifp Energies Now NEW DEVICE FOR DISTRIBUTION OF POLYPHASIC MIXTURE IN AN ENCLOSURE COMPRISING A FLUIDIZED MEDIUM

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5508007A (en) 1996-04-16
FR2690512A1 (en) 1993-10-29
CZ72293A3 (en) 1993-11-17
ES2092244T3 (en) 1996-11-16
CZ285056B6 (en) 1999-05-12
EP0568448A1 (en) 1993-11-03
FR2690512B1 (en) 1994-09-09
RU2104442C1 (en) 1998-02-10
FI931839A (en) 1993-10-28
FI931839A0 (en) 1993-04-23
CN1079293A (en) 1993-12-08
DE69304777D1 (en) 1996-10-24
JPH0694201A (en) 1994-04-05
MX9302383A (en) 1993-10-01
CA2094860A1 (en) 1993-10-28
ZA932943B (en) 1993-11-01
GR3021923T3 (en) 1997-03-31
PL298706A1 (en) 1993-11-02
CN1051369C (en) 2000-04-12
DK0568448T3 (en) 1996-10-07
DE69304777T2 (en) 1997-01-30
RO111033B1 (en) 1996-06-28
PL171124B1 (en) 1997-03-28
ATE143118T1 (en) 1996-10-15

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