EP0552309A1 - Nouveau procede pour biophosphoryler des composes organiques - Google Patents

Nouveau procede pour biophosphoryler des composes organiques

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Publication number
EP0552309A1
EP0552309A1 EP92901105A EP92901105A EP0552309A1 EP 0552309 A1 EP0552309 A1 EP 0552309A1 EP 92901105 A EP92901105 A EP 92901105A EP 92901105 A EP92901105 A EP 92901105A EP 0552309 A1 EP0552309 A1 EP 0552309A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
compound
phosphorylated
hydroxy
macrolide
hiv
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP92901105A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Shieh-Shung Tom Chen
Brian R. Petuch
Annjia T. Hsu
Byron H. Arison
Francis Dumont
Raymond F. White
David J. Mathre
Jane T. Wu
Lydia T. So
Robert A. Reamer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Merck and Co Inc
Original Assignee
Merck and Co Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US07/691,606 external-priority patent/US5198421A/en
Application filed by Merck and Co Inc filed Critical Merck and Co Inc
Publication of EP0552309A1 publication Critical patent/EP0552309A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P9/00—Preparation of organic compounds containing a metal or atom other than H, N, C, O, S or halogen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
    • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
    • C07F9/09—Esters of phosphoric acids
    • C07F9/091—Esters of phosphoric acids with hydroxyalkyl compounds with further substituents on alkyl
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
    • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
    • C07F9/09—Esters of phosphoric acids
    • C07F9/117—Esters of phosphoric acids with cycloaliphatic alcohols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6527—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6533—Six-membered rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/655—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/65525—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a seven-(or more) membered ring
    • C07F9/65527—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a seven-(or more) membered ring condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
    • C07H19/01—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K7/50—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link
    • C07K7/54—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link with at least one abnormal peptide link in the ring
    • C07K7/56—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link with at least one abnormal peptide link in the ring the cyclisation not occurring through 2,4-diamino-butanoic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a new regio- specific biophosphorylation process for producing phosphorylated derivatives of "phosphate active" hydroxyl containing organic compounds utilizing the microorganism Rhizopus oryzae. ATCC No. 11145.
  • the process involves contacting the microorganism and an organic compound containing a free phosphate active hydroxyl group, under biotransformation conditions, which phosphorylate the hydroxyl group.
  • the process involves either resting Rhizopus cells or culturing the microorganism in the presence of the organic compound.
  • Rhizopus oryzae ATCC No. 11145 is known in the art primarily as a hydroxylating agent. It also degrades insect moulting hormones (J.C.S. Chem. Comm. 1974: 656-657, 1974); participates in hydroxylation of steroids (Can, J, Chem. 57:436-440 and 1585-1587, 1979; ibid., 59; 1651-1655, 1981; ibid., 63: 1127- 1131, 1985; H.J. Peppier, ed., Microbial Technology Reinhold, New York, p. 288-297, 1967; U.S.
  • Patent 2,646,370 is involved with transformations of sesquiterpene lactone costunolide (J.C.S, Perkin 1: 3022-3028, 1979); produces 16-hydroxyverrucarin A and B and 3'-hydroxyverrucarin A by transformation of verrucarins A and B (Appl. Environ, Microbiol, 46:480-483, 1983); and produces OH-products of sesquiterpene lactone costunolide (J.C.S, Perkin 1: 3022-3028, 1979); produces 16-hydroxyverrucarin A and B and 3'-hydroxyverrucarin A by transformation of verrucarins A and B (Appl. Environ, Microbiol, 46:480-483, 1983); and produces OH-products of sesquiterpene lactone costunolide (J.C.S, Perkin 1: 3022-3028, 1979); produces 16-hydroxyverrucarin A and B and 3'-hydroxyverrucarin A by transformation of verrucarins A and B (Appl.
  • Rhizopus is a genus of fungi which commonly occurs on mature fruits, grain and vegetables, as well as soil. Typically they are saprobes and facultative parasites, and form a branched, aseptate mycelium. Rhizopus spp are used commercially, e.g., in the preparation of carboxylic acids or steroids, or in the metabolism of hydrocarbons. Culture or fermentation of Rhizopus arrhizus ATCC 11145 is straightforward, conventional and well known. See, for example, U.S. 4,410,629. Adaptations, modifications and variations of the protocol are given in the Examples are within the routine skill of the fermentation microbiologist.
  • Regiospecific biophosphorylating agents are desired in the art since standard chemical phosphorylation using, e.g., POCI 3 or PCI 5 , are generally non-regiospecific and do not produce selectively phosphorylated compounds, which can lead to improved water solubility and pharmacokinetics.
  • a sample of MF 4974 has been deposited at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville MD 20852.
  • the culture access designation is ATCC No. 11145.
  • Figure 1 is an 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum taken at 400 MHz of C-32 phosphorylated FR-900520 in CDCI 3 .
  • Figure 2 exhibits the assigned molecular structure for C-32 phosphorylated FR-900520.
  • Figure 3 is % nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum taken at 400 MHz of the C-43
  • Figure 4 exhibits the assigned molecular structure for the C-43 phosphorylated rapamycin macrolide.
  • Figure 5 is 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of echinocandin IIIA.
  • phosphate active hydroxyl containing organic compound as used herein is meant a compound containing a hydroxyl group which can stereo- specifically interact with the Rhizopus microorganism to undergo phosphorylation under biotransformation conditions .
  • a simple test with the organic compound under the biotransformation conditions described herein will determine, without undue experimentation, if the hydroxyl group in the organic molecule is phosphate active.
  • the process involves contacting resting
  • Rhizopus cells in a phosphate buffered medium containing e.g. glycerol, as a carbon nutrient, or by the fermentation of the microorganism Rhizopus oryzae, ATCC No. 11145 together, in the presence of the hydroxyl containing organic compound, e.g., an FK-506 type macrolide immunosuppressant i.e. FK-520, under submerged aerobic conditions in an aqueous carbohydrate medium, containing a nitrogen nutrient, said conditions being conducted at a pH of about 7 for a sufficient time, e.g. 24 hours at 27oC, to selectively biophosphorylate the phosphate active hydroxyl group. Either process can be utilized but preferred is the process using resting cells.
  • the hydroxyl containing organic compound e.g., an FK-506 type macrolide immunosuppressant i.e. FK-520
  • FK-506 type macrolide immunosuppressant i.e. FK-520
  • Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 11145 phosphorylation by Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 11145 is not limited to that particular strain. Rather, other Rhizopus oryzae strains can also be expected to be capable of acting to perform hydroxyl phosphorylation of hydroxy containing organic compounds.
  • a process for producing a biophosphorylated hydroxyl containing organic compound, wherein said hydroxyl group is phosphate reactive comprising the step of contacting a strain of Rhizopus oryzae ATCC No. 11145 microorganism together with the hydroxyl containing organic compound in an aqueous medium containing a carbon nutrient at ambient temperature for a sufficient time to produce the biophosphorylated hydroxyl containing organic compound.
  • the present invention involves a biotransformation process, which involves the contacting of resting cells, or the fermentation of, the microorganism, Rhizopus oryzae, together with an organic compound containing a free hydroxy group, to produce the phosphorylated derivative.
  • the microorganism is currently on deposit with the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive in Rockville,
  • phosphate reactive hydroxyl containing organic compounds includes a C-32 hydroxy-containing macrolide as described in Fujisawa's USP 4,894,366 of the formula:
  • R is H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 2 is hydrogen, hydroxy or lower alkanoyloxy
  • R 3 is methyl, ethyl, propyl or allyl
  • n is an integer of 1 or 2, and the symbol of a line and dotted line is a single bond or a double bond, and a pharmaceutically acceptable basic salt thereof. Specifically included is where the compound FK-506 is where R is methyl, R 2 is hydroxy, R 3 is allyl, n is 2 and the double bond is absent; and the compound FK-520 is where R is methyl, R 2 is hydroxy, R 3 is ethyl, n is 2 and the double bond is absent.
  • phosphate reactive hydroxyl containing compounds including the following FK-506 type compounds (from USP 4,894,366 to Fujisawa): 7-Allyl-1,14-dihydroxy-12-[2-(4-hydroxy-3- methoxycyclohexyl)-1-methylvinyl]-23,25-dimethoxy- 13,19,21,27-tetramethyl-11,28-dioxa-4-azatricyclo- [22.3.1.0 4,9 ]octacos-18-ene-2,3,10,16-tetraone, 1,14-Dihydroxy-12-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl)- 1-methylvinyl]-23,25-dimethoxy-13,19,17,21,27-penta- methyl-11,28-dioxa-4-azatricyclo[22.3.1.0 4 ,9 ]octacos- 18-ene-2,3,10,16-tetraone, 16-Allyl-1
  • a) represent two vicinal hydrogen atoms, or b) form a second bond between the vicinal carbon atoms to which they are attached; in addition to it significance above,
  • R 2 can represent an C 1 -C 10 alkyl group
  • R 8 and R 9 independently represent H or OH
  • X represents 0, (H, OH), (H,H) or -CH 2 O-;
  • Y represents 0, (H, OH), (H,H), N-NR 11 R 12 or N-OR 13 wherein, R 11 and R 12 independently represent H, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 aryl or tosyl, and
  • R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 22 and R 23 independently represent H or C 1 -C 10 alkyl;
  • R 20 independently represents 0, or it can independently represent (R 20 a,H); wherein R 20 a independently represents OH, O-C 1 -C 10 alkyl or OCH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ; n is 1,2, or 3;
  • Y, R 10 and R 23 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, can represent a 5- or 6- membered N-, S- O- containing heterocyclic ring, which is saturated or unsaturated, and which can be substituted by one or more groups selected from C 1 -C 10 alkyl, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, O-C 1 -C 10 alkyl, benzyl and -CH 2 Se(C 6 H 5 );
  • R 9 represents OH
  • R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 and R 22 each represent methyl
  • R 20 a represents OCH 3
  • R 8 and R 23 each represent H
  • [R 3 and R 4 ] and [R 5 and R 6 ] each represent a carbon-carbon bond
  • R 2 , R 7 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R i7 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 a, R 22 and R 23 comprise carbon-containing groups, those groups contain up to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 6, e.g., methyl or methoxyl.
  • each of R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 and R 22 represents methyl.
  • R 2 , R 7 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20a , R 22 and R 23 can comprise straight chain, branched and cyclic groups.
  • R 10 is allyl (i.e., allyl
  • prop-2-enyl propyl ethyl or methyl.
  • n 2;
  • R 7 is H or OH
  • R 1 and R 2 both represent H
  • X is preferably 0 or (H, OH);
  • R 20 a represents OH or OCH 3 ;
  • R 10 and R 23 together represent a N-,S- or O- containing heterocyclic ring, preferred is where that ring is five-membered, more preferably a pyrrole or tetrahydrofuran ring.
  • Preferred embodiments as products are C-32 phosphorylated FK-506, and C-32 phosphorylated FK-520,
  • the phosphorylated organic compound can be produced by either contacting resting cells of Rhizopus, in an aqueous buffered phosphate medium containing a carbon nutrient at ambient
  • aqueous nutrient medium containing sources of assimilable carbon and nitrogen, preferably under submerged aerobic conditions (e.g. shaking culture, submerged culture, etc.).
  • the aqueous medium is preferably maintained at a pH of about 7 at the initiation and termination (harvest) of the fermentation process. A higher pH leads to substantial and/or total loss of product.
  • the desired pH may be maintained by the use of a buffer such as morpholino- ethanesulfonic acid (MES), morpholinopropanesulfonic acid (MOPS), and the like, or by choice of nutrient materials which inherently possess buffering properties, such as production media described hereinbelow.
  • MES morpholino- ethanesulfonic acid
  • MOPS morpholinopropanesulfonic acid
  • the preferred sources of carbon in the nutrient medium are carbohydrates such as glucose, xylose, galactose, glycerin, starch, dextrin, and the like.
  • Other sources which may be included are maltose, rhamnose, raffinose, arabinose, mannose, salicin, sodium succinate, and the like.
  • the preferred sources of nitrogen are yeast extract, meat extract, peptone, gluten meal, cottonseed meal, soybean meal and other vegetable meals (partially or totally defatted), casein hydrolysates, soybean hydrolysates and yeast hydrolysates, corn steep liquor, dried yeast, wheat germ, feather meal, peanut powder, distiller's solubles, etc., as well as inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium salts (e.g. ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, etc.), urea, amino acids, and the like.
  • ammonium salts e.g. ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, etc.
  • urea amino acids, and the like.
  • the carbon and nitrogen sources need not be used in their pure form, because less pure materials which contain traces of growth factors and considerable quantities of mineral nutrients, are also suitable for use.
  • the medium mineral salts such as sodium or calcium carbonate, sodium or potassium phosphate, sodium or potassium chloride, sodium or potassium iodide, magnesium salts, copper salts, cobalt salts, and the like.
  • a defoaming agent such as liquid paraffin, fatty oil, plant oil, mineral oil or silicone may be added.
  • the FK-520 starting material can be obtained by the fermentation of S. hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus, ATCC No. 14891, as described in U.S. Patent 3,244,592, and by the fermentation of S. hygroscopicus subsp. yakushimaensis No. 7278, (to produce FR-900520, or "FK-520", and the other FK-506 type macrolides can be obtained by the processes) as described in EPO Publication No. 0184162 to Fujisawa, and PCT WO 89/05304 to Fisons, said above references hereby incorporated by reference for this particular purpose.
  • submerged aerobic culturel conditions are preferred therefor.
  • a shaking or surface culture in a flask or bottle is employed.
  • the vegetative form of the organism for inoculation in the production tanks in order to avoid growth lag in the process of production.
  • a vegetative inoculum of the organism by inoculating a relatively small quantity of culture medium with spores or mycelia of the organism produced in a "slant” and culturing said inoculated medium, also called the “seed medium”, and then to transfer the cultured vegetative inoculum aseptically to large tanks.
  • the fermentation medium in which the inoculum is produced, is substantially the same as or different from the medium utilized for the production of the phosphorylated organic compound and is generally autoclaved to sterilize the medium prior to inoculation.
  • the pH of the medium is generally adjusted to about 7.0 prior to the autoclaving step by suitable addition of an acid or base, preferably in the form of a buffering solution.
  • Agitation and aeration of the culture mixture may be accomplished in a variety of ways. Agitation may be provided by a propeller or similar mechanical agitation equipment, by revolving or shaking the fermentor, by various pumping equipment or by the passage of sterile air through the medium. Aeration may be effected by passing sterile air through the fermentation mixture.
  • the fermentation is usually conducted at a temperature between about 20oC and 40oC, preferably 25-35oC, for a period of about 10 hours to 24 hours, which may be varied according to fermentation conditions and scales.
  • the production cultures are incubated for about 24 hours at 27oC on a rotary shaker operating at 220 rpm, wherein the pH of the fermentation medium is maintained at 7.0 to harvest.
  • Preferred culturing/production media for carrying out the fermentation include the following media:
  • the produced phosphorylated organic compound can be recovered from the culture medium by conventional means which are commonly used for the recovery of other known biologically active substances.
  • the phosphorylated substance produced is found in the cultured mycelium and filtrate, and accordingly can be isolated and purified from the mycelium and the filtrate, which are obtained by filtering or centrifuging the cultured broth, by a conventional method such as concentration under reduced pressure, lyophilization, extraction with a conventional solvent, such as methanol and the like, pH adjustment, treatment with a conventional resin (e.g. anion or cation exchange resin, non-ionic adsorption resin, etc.), treatment with a conventional adsorbent (e.g. activated charcoal, silicic acid, silica gel, cellulose, alumina, etc.), crystallization, recrystallization, and the like.
  • a preferred method is solvent extraction, particularly using methanol.
  • the phosphorylated organic compound obtained according to the resting cell or fermentation processes as explained above can be isolated and purified in a conventional manner, for example, extraction, precipitation, fractional crystallization, recrystallization, chromatography, and the like.
  • Suitable formulations of the material may also include conventional pharmaceutically acceptable biolabile esters of phosphorylated organic compound, formed via the hydroxy groups on the molecule, such as the acetate.
  • the phosphorylated organic compound, and particularly that of FK-520, of the present invention are water soluble possesses pharmacological activity such as immunosuppressive activity, antimicrobial activity, and the like, and therefore are useful for the treatment and prevention of the transplantation rejection of organs or tissues such as heart, kidney, liver, medulla ossium, skin, etc., graft-versus-host diseases by medulla ossium transplantation, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, uveitis, and the like.
  • organs or tissues such as heart, kidney, liver, medulla ossium, skin, etc.
  • graft-versus-host diseases by medulla ossium transplantation autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematos
  • composition of this invention can be used in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation, for example, in solid, semisolid or liquid form, which contains the instant invention compounds, as an active ingredient, in admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient suitable for external, enteral or parenteral applications.
  • the active ingredient may be compounded, for example, with the usual non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for tablets, pellets, capsules, suppositories, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and any other form suitable for use.
  • the carriers which can be used are water, glucose, lactose, gum acacia, gelatin, mannitol, starch paste, magnesium trisilicate, talc, corn starch, keratin, colloidal silica, potato starch, urea and other carriers suitable for use in manufacturing preparations, in solid, semisolid, or liquid form, and in addition auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening and coloring agents and perfumes may be used.
  • the active object compound is included in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of diseases.
  • a daily dose (calculated on the basis of a 70 kg man) of about 0.01-1000 mg, preferably 0.1-500 mg and more preferably 0.5-100 mg, of the active ingredient is generally given for treating diseases, and an average single dose of about 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg and 500 mg is generally given for treating diseases, and an average single dose of about 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg and 500 mg is generally
  • macrolide can be obtained via the present process by contacted resting Rhizopus cells in a phosphate buffered medium containing glycerol as a carbon nutrient, or by the fermentation of the microorganism Rhizopus oryzae, ATCC No. 11145 together, in the presence of the macrolide rapamycin, under submerged aerobic conditions in an aqueous carbohydrate medium, containing a nitrogen nutrient, said conditions being conducted at a pH of about 7 for a sufficient time, e.g. 24 hours at 27°C, to selectively C-43 phosphory- late the rapamycin type macrolide. Either process can be utilized but preferred is the process using resting cells.
  • the resultant C-43 phosphorylated macrolide exhibits immunosuppressant activity, similar to rapamycin i.e., inhibition of T-cell proliferation of mouse T lymphocytes stimulated with the combination of interleukin-2 plus PMA.
  • a positive sample in this assay will inhibit T-cell proliferation, as indicated by reduced tritiated thymidine uptake.
  • immunosuppressant identified as a phosphorylated macrolide comprising the step of contacting a strain of a Rhizopus microorganism capable of phosphorylating free hydroxy groups, e.g., Rhizopus oryzae, and specifically Rhizopus oryzae ATCC No. 11145, together with rapamycin macrolide (See U.S. Patent 3,929,992 for its preparartion), in an aqueous medium,
  • a new immunosuppressant being a phosphorylated macrolide which exhibits a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum as identified in Figure 3, and a molecular weight of 993 as obtained by (FAB) mass spectrometry.
  • composition for the treatment of immunoregulatory disorders and diseases containing a therapeutically effective amount of the phosphorylated macrolide in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable, substantially non-toxic carrier or excipient.
  • a method of use for treating a human host to prevent organ transplantation rejection i.e., heart, kidney, liver, lung, bone marrow, or for treating autoimmune diseases i.e., juvenile diabetes mellitus comprising administering to said host a therapeutically effective amount of the phosphorylated macrolide.
  • the present invention involves a biotransformation process, which involves the contacting of resting cells, or the fermentation of, the microorganism, Rhizopus oryzae, together with a rapamycin macrolide containing a free hydroxy group, to produce the phosphorylated macrolide derivative.
  • the microorganism is currently on deposit with the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive in
  • phosphorylated macrolide as used herein is meant the compound having a proton NMR spectrum as illustrated in Figure 3 (of the methylated derivative), a mass spectrum molecular ion of 993, and an assigned molecular structure of the formula:
  • the C-43 phosphorylated macrolide can be produced by either contacting resting cells, of Rhizopus in an aqueous buffered phosphate medium containing a carbon nutrient at ambient temperature, or by culturing (fermenting) the above-described microorganism, Rhizopus oryzae, in the presence of the known rapamycin macrolide, described in U.S. Patent 3,929,992, in an aqueous nutrient medium containing sources of assimilable carbon and nitrogen, preferably under submerged aerobic conditions (e.g. shaking culture, submerged culture, etc.).
  • the aqueous medium is preferably maintained at a pH of about 7 at the initiation and termination (harvest) of the fermentation process. A higher pH leads to substantial and/ or total loss of product.
  • the desired pH may
  • MES morpholinoethanesulfonic acid
  • MOPS morpholino- propanesulfonic acid
  • the preferred sources of carbon in the nutrient medium are carbohydrates such as glucose, xylose, galactose, glycerin, starch, dextrin, and the like.
  • Other sources which may be included are maltose, rhamnose, raffinose, arabinose, mannose, salicin, sodium succinate, and the like.
  • the preferred sources of nitrogen are yeast extract, meat extract, peptone, gluten meal, cottonseed meal, soybean meal and other vegetable meals (partially or totally defatted), casein hydrolysates, soybean hydrolysates and yeast hydrolysates, corn steep liquor, dried yeast, wheat germ, feather meal, peanut powder, distiller's solubles, etc., as well as inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium salts (e.g. ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, etc.), urea, amino acids, and the like.
  • ammonium salts e.g. ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, etc.
  • urea amino acids, and the like.
  • the carbon and nitrogen sources need not be used in their pure form, because less pure materials which contain traces of growth factors and considerable quantities of mineral nutrients, are also suitable for use.
  • the medium mineral salts such as sodium or calcium carbonate, sodium or potassium phosphate, sodium or potassium chloride, sodium or potassium iodide, magnesium salts, copper salts, cobalt salts, and the like.
  • a defoaming agent such as liquid paraffin, fatty oil, plant oil, mineral oil or silicone may be added.
  • the rapamycin starting material can be obtained by the known fermentation of S. hygroscopicus, NRRL No. 5491, as described in U.S. Patent 3,929,992.
  • submerged aerobic cultural conditions are preferred therefor.
  • a shaking or surface culture in a flask or bottle is employed.
  • the vegetative form of the organism for inoculation in the production tanks in order to avoid growth lag in the process of production.
  • a vegetative inoculum of the organism by inoculating a relatively small quantity of culture medium with spores or mycelia of the organism produced in a "slant” and culturing said inoculated medium, also called the “seed medium”, and then to transfer the cultured vegetative inoculum aseptically to large tanks.
  • the fermentation medium in which the inoculum is produced, is substantially the same as or different from the medium utilized for the production of the phosphorylated macrolide and is generally autoclaved to sterilize the medium prior to inoculation.
  • the pH of the medium is generally adjusted to about 7.0 prior to the autoclaving step by suitable addition of an acid or base, preferably in the form of a buffering solution.
  • Agitation and aeration of the culture mixture may be accomplished in a variety of ways. Agitation may be provided by a propeller or similar mechanical agitation equipment, by revolving or shaking the fermentor, by various pumping equipment or by the passage of sterile air through the medium. Aeration may be effected by passing sterile air through the fermentation mixture.
  • the fermentation is usually conducted at a temperature between about 20oC and 40oC, preferably 25-35oC, for a period of about 10 hours to 24 hours, which may be varied according to fermentation conditions and scales.
  • the production cultures are incubated for about 24 hours at 27oC on a rotary shaker operating at 220 rpm, wherein the pH of the fermentation medium is maintained at 7.0 to harvest.
  • Preferred culturing/production media for carrying out the fermentation include the following media: Seed and Transformation Medium g/L
  • the produced phosphorylated macrolide can be recovered from the culture medium by conventional means which are commonly used for the recovery of other known biologically active substances.
  • the phosphorylated macrolide produced is found in the cultured mycelium and filtrate, and accordingly can be isolated and purified from the mycelium and the filtrate, which are obtained by filtering or centrifuging the cultured broth, by a conventional method such as concentration under reduced pressure, lyophilization, extraction with a conventional solvent, such as methanol and the like, pH adjustment, treatment with a conventional resin (e.g.anion or cation exchange resin, non-ionic adsorption resin, etc.), treatment with a conventional adsorbent (e.g. activated charcoal, silicic acid, silica gel, cellulose, alumina, etc.), crystallization, recrystallization, and the like.
  • a preferred method is solvent
  • the product phosphorylated macrolide from the fermentation exhibits positive immunosuppressive activity by the "T-cell proliferation assay” and possesses utility on this basis and exhibits the following physical characteristics:
  • the phosphorylated macrolide obtained according to the resting cell or fermentation processes as explained above can be isolated and purified in a conventional manner, for example, extraction, precipitation, fractional crystallization, recrystallization, chromatography, and the like.
  • Suitable formulations of the material may also include conventional pharmaceutically acceptable biolabile esters of the phosphorylated macrolide, formed via the hydroxy groups on the molecule, such as the acetate.
  • the phosphorylated macrolide of the present invention possesses pharmacological activity such as immunosuppressive activity, antimicrobial activity, and the like, and therefore are useful for the
  • organs or tissues such as heart, kidney, liver, medulla ossium, skin, etc.
  • graft-versus-host diseases by medulla ossium transplantation autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, uveitis, and the like.
  • composition of this invention can be used in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation, for example, in solid, semisolid or liquid form, which contains the instant invention compounds, as an active ingredient, in admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient suitable for external, enteral or parenteral applications.
  • the active ingredient may be compounded, for example, with the usual non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for tablets, pellets, capsules, suppositories, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and any other form suitable for use.
  • the carriers which can be used are water, glucose, lactose, gum acacia, gelatin, mannitol, starch paste, magnesium trisilicate, talc, corn starch, keratin, colloidal silica, potato starch, urea and other carriers suitable for use in manufacturing preparations, in solid, semisolid, or liquid form, and in addition auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening and coloring agents and perfumes may be used.
  • the active object compound is included in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of diseases.
  • a daily dose (calculated on the basis of a 70 kg man) of about 0.01-1000 mg, preferably 0.1-500 mg and more preferably 0.5-100 mg, of the active ingredient is generally given for treating diseases, and an average single dose of about 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg and 500 mg is generally given for treating diseases, and an average single dose of about 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg and 500 mg is generally
  • the present invention process also is applicable in a process for selectively
  • Echinocandins or echinocandin compounds are cyclohexapeptide compounds having a lipophilic side chain and having antifungal properties. Many are natural products but many compounds are
  • the present invention is especially directed to a compound having the formula (III):
  • R is - (OH) 2 or a cation salt thereof.
  • cation salt is meant a salt of Li, K, Mg, Na, Ca, and (C 1 -C 4 alkyl)ammonium.
  • R is - (OH) 2
  • the compound may be represented by formula (IIIA), and hereinafter referred to as Compound IIIA.
  • Fig. 5 is nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of Compound III in which R is - (OH)(OK).
  • Compound IIIA has a molecular weight of 1144 by FAB-MS (observed (M + Na) + of 1167). NMR DATA
  • Compound IIIA is a white solid soluble in water and polar solvents such as lower alkanols and in dilute alkali metal, magnesium, calcium, and tetra (lower alkyl)ammonium bases. From the bases, salts in which R is a cation salt of phosphate may be obtained.
  • the compound of this invention has similar antibiotic properties as the non-phosphorylated compound and thus would be useful as an antibiotic for the control of parasites, especially Pneumocystis carinii, the causative agent of pneumocystis
  • Rhizopus arrhizus ATCC 11145 maintained in the Merck Culture Collection as MF 4974.
  • the culture was originally obtained from the American Type Culture Collection at 12301
  • Compound Z maybe produced by cultivating
  • Rhizopus arrhizus ATCC 11145 is also known as Rhizopus oryzae (J.J. Ellis, 1985, Mycologia 77: 243-247). The species has also been described under the names Rhizopus nodosus and Rhizopus tritici.
  • the strain MF 4974, ATCC 11145 exhibits all the essential features of R. arrhizus described by M.A.A. Schipper under the name R.
  • the strain is apparently heterothallic because zygospore spore formation was not observed. Colonies grow on most standard mycological media, but on cornmeal agar (Difco) are extremely fast-growing, reaching 35 mm in diameter in 36 hours at 20oC, reaching >90 mm in 36 hours at 37oC, with
  • Rhizoidal hyphae consisting of 3-10, thick, often contorted branches.
  • Compound IIIA may be produced by cultivating Rhizopus arrhizus ATCC 11145 in a suitable nutrient medium containing Compound Z under conditions
  • the sources of carbon include glycerol, sugars, sugar alcohols, starches and other carbohydrates, or carbohydrate deivatives such as dextran, cerelose, as well as complex nutrients such as oat flour, corn meal, millet, corn and the like.
  • carbohydrate deivatives such as dextran, cerelose, as well as complex nutrients such as oat flour, corn meal, millet, corn and the like.
  • the exact quantity of the carbon source which is utilized in the medium will depend, in part, upon the other ingredients in the medium, but it is usually found that an amount of carbohydrate between 0.5 and 40% by weight of the medium is satifactory.
  • These carbon sources can be used individually or several such carbon sources may be combined in the same medium.
  • the sources of nitrogen include amino acids such as glycine, arginine, threonine, methionine and the like, ammonium salt, and complex sources such as yeast hydrolysates, yeast autolysates, yeast cells, tomato paste, soybean meal, casein hydrolysates, yeast extracts, corn steep liquors, distillers
  • solubles, cottonseed meal, meat extract, and the like can be used alone or in combination in amounts ranging form 0.2 to 10 percent by weight of the medium.
  • the medium should contain a phosphate salt.
  • the phosphate salt should be at least about 10 percent by weight of the solid components. It is preferably from about 12 to about 15 percent.
  • a particularly suitable medium is soy-glucose medium of the following composition which may be employed both as a seed medium and a culture medium: Soy-Glucose Medium g/1
  • *Fidco yeast extract is a nitrogen source, product of Difco Laboratories, Detroit MI.
  • the fermentation may be carried out by first preparing a seed culture.
  • spores of Rhizopus arrhizus are obtained from oatmeal agar slants of MF 4974 maintained in the Merck Culture Collection and dispersed in water to obtain a spore suspension containing about 7 x 10 9 spores per milliliter.
  • the spore suspension of MF 4974 is inoculated into a seed flask containing the soy glucose broth and the inoculated suspension incubated on a rotary shaker in the temperature range of from about 15°C to about 30oC, preferably 25o to 28oC.
  • the agitation may be up to 400 rpm but generally about 220 rpm is preferred.
  • the incubation is carried out over a period of at least 24 hours to about two days.
  • the mycelia When growth is abundant, the mycelia are harvested by filtering through a nylon mesh. For biophosphorylation, the mycelia are suspended in a phosphate buffer containing 3 percent glycerol or some other simple carbon source. Compound Z then is added at a concentration of about 50 ⁇ g/ml in
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • fractions may be assayed by HPLC.
  • the fractions determined to have the desired product as indicated by a retention time of 12.8 mins. are combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the product as residue.
  • the salts i.e., where R is a cationic salt of the phosphate, may be prepared by intimately contacting a base corresponding to the cation in an alcoholic or other polar solvent, then concentrating to initiate crystallization of the salt. Thereafter, the salt is recovered by filtration.
  • One method of preparing salts is to apply an aqueous solution of the acid onto a non-functionalized resin column.
  • Representative resins include "AMBERCHROM”-161 (divinylbenzene/polysyyrene resin, obtainable from TosoHaas; trademark name registered by Rohm and Haas), "DIAION” HP-20 and SP-207 (cross- linked styrene-divinylbenzene and brominated styrene- divinylbenzene, respectively, products of Mitsubishi Chemical).
  • the column is then washed with aqueous MH 2 PO 4 or M'(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 where M and M' are monovalent and divalent cations respectively, thereby converting the acid to a mono-cation salt form.
  • the column is washed with water to remove excess inorganic phosphate salt.
  • the product M or M' salt is then removed from the column by applying an aqueous eluant having greater than 50 percent organic content.
  • Useful eluants are 80 percent acetonitrile, 80 percent ethanol or 80 percent methanol.
  • the product is isolated by concentration to dryness and/or
  • This procedure also may be employed to prepare one salt from another.
  • the acid is dissolved in an aqueous mobile phase containing low amount of organic solvent such as acetonitrile and containing phosphate salt thereby forming a solution of the salt of the acid.
  • the solution is subjected to reduced pressure to remove the acetonitrile, then applied to a C-18 extraction column to retain the salt of the product on the column.
  • the salt of the product then may be removed as above described.
  • the phosphate is a compound which is active against certain yeast fungi such as C . albicans and C. tropicalis.
  • the activity may be seen in a microbroth dilution assay employing a Yeast Nitrogen Base (Difco) with 1% dextrose (YNBD).
  • YNBD Yeast Nitrogen Base
  • Compound IIIA was solubilized in 10 percent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted to 2560 ⁇ g/ml.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the yeast cultures maintained on Sabouraud dextrose agar were transferred to YM broth (Difco) and incubated overnight at 35°C with shaking (250 rpm). After incubation, each culture was diluted in sterile water to yield a final concentration of 1-5 x 10 6 colony forming units (CFU)/ml.
  • 96-well microplates were inoculated using a MIC-2000 (Dynatech) which delivers 1.5 ⁇ l per well yielding a final inoculum per well of 1.5-7.5 x 10 3 cells.
  • the microplates were incubated at 35°C for 24 hours.
  • the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were recorded as the lowest concentrations of drug showing no visible growth.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be employed in inhibiting or alleviating Pneumocystis carinii infections.
  • Compound III/IIIA or a composition containing Compound III/IIIA may be administered in a therapeutically effective or
  • inhibitory amount to subjects infected with or
  • the suitability of the compounds of the present invention for therapeutic or anti-infective purposes may be determined in studies on immuno- suppressed rats when Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing approximately 200 grams) are immunosuppressed with dexasone in the drinking water (2.0 mg/L) and
  • a similar experiment may be carried out in which the rats are injected intraperitoneally (I.P.) twice daily for four days and then sacrificed, the lungs removed and processed, and the extent of disease determined by microscopic analysis of stained slides.
  • I.P. intraperitoneally
  • novel compositions contain at least a therapeutic antifungal or antipneumocystis amount of the active compound. Generally, the composition contains at least 1% by weight of Compound III.
  • Concentrate compositions suitable for dilutions prior to use may contain 90% or more by weight.
  • compositions include compositions suitable for rectal, topical, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous), pulmonary (nasal or buccal inhalation), nasal administration, or insufflation.
  • the compositions may be prepacked by intimately mixing Compound III with the components suitable for the medium desired.
  • any method of administration may be used.
  • oral administration is frequently preferred.
  • oral administration is to be
  • the therapeutic agent is preferably formulated with water or aqueous compositions, but if desired, may be formulated with glycols, oils, alcohols, and the like.
  • solid preparations such as capsules and tablets, solid carriers such as starches, sugars, kaolin, ethyl cellulose, calcium and sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, kaolin, talc, lactose, generally with lubricant such as calcium stearate, together with binders, disintegrating agents and the like.
  • tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage form. It is especially advantageous to
  • compositions in unit dosage form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • Composition in unit dosage form constitutes an aspect of the present invention.
  • the Compound III is preferably formulated in aqueous therapeutic compositions for intravenous or intraperitoneal injection or aerosol when use against Pneumocystis carinii is contemplated, and may be presented in unit dosage form in ampoules or in multidose containers, if necessary with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may also take such forms as solutions in aqueous vehicles such as 0.85 percent sodium chloride or 5 percent dextrose in water, and may contain formulating agents such as stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Buffering agents as well as additives such as saline or glucose may be added to make the solutions isotonic.
  • the drug also may be solubilized in alcohol/propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol for drip intravenous administration.
  • the active ingredients may be in powder form for reconstituting with a suitable vehicle prior to administration.
  • unit dosage form refers to physically discrete units, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active ingredient calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the pharmaceutical carrier.
  • unit dosage forms are tablets, capsules, pills, powder packets, wafers, measured units in ampoules or in multidose containers and the like.
  • a unit dosage of the present invention may contain from 100 to 1000 milligrams of one of the compounds.
  • the present invention is also concerned with a compound which inhibits the protease encoded by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is of value in the prevention of infection by HIV, the treatment of infection by HIV and the treatment of the resulting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds, and to a method of use of the present compounds with or without other agents for the treatment of AIDS &. viral infection by HIV.
  • a retrovirus designated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiological agent of the complex disease that includes progressive destruction of the immune system (acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS) and degeneration of the central and peripheral nervous system.
  • This virus was previously known as LAV, HTLV-III, or ARV.
  • a common feature of retrovirus replication is the extensive post-trans- lational processing of precursor polyproteins by a virally encoded protease to generate mature viral proteins required for virus assembly and function. Interruption of this processing appears to prevent the production of normally infectious virus.
  • Crawford, S. et al ., J. Virol., 53 , 899, 1985 demonstrated that genetic deletion mutations of the protease in murine leukemia virus which prevent processing of precursor structural proteins result in non-infectious viral particles. Unprocessed structural proteins also have been observed in clones of non-infectious HIV strains isolated from human patients. These results suggest that inhibition of the HIV protease represents a viable method for the treatment of AIDS and the prevention or treatment of infection by HIV.
  • a biotransformed compound as herein defined is disclosed. This compound is useful in the inhibition of HIV protease, the prevention of infection by HIV, the treatment of infection by HIV and in the treatment of AIDS and/or ARC, either as a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt (when appropriate), pharmaceutical composition ingredient, whether or not as a prodrug or as a combination with other antivirals, anti-infectives, immunomodulators, antibiotics or vaccines. Methods of treating AIDS, methods of preventing infection by HIV, and methods of treating infection by HIV are also disclosed.
  • This invention is also concerned with the use of a compound given below, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the inhibition of HIV protease, the prevention or treatment of infection by HIV and in the treatment of the resulting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • the biotransformed compound is the product of the incubation of Rhizopus arrhizus (ATCC 11145) in the presence of L-702,083, an HIV protease inhibitor. It is defined as follows:
  • the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compound of the present invention include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of this compound, which are formed, e.g., from inorganic or organic acids or bases.
  • acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate,
  • Base salts include
  • alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts
  • alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts
  • salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth.
  • the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl
  • sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl; and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others.
  • Hydrates or esters are also encompassed by the present invention. Such hydrates or esters are those which would readily occur to the skilled artisan, and include, for example, C 1-4 alkyl esters.
  • the compound of the present invention is useful in the inhibition of HIV protease, the
  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • Treating AIDS or preventing or treating infection by HIV is defined as including, but not limited to, treating a wide range of states of HIV infection:
  • the compound of this invention is useful in treating infection by HIV after suspected past exposure to HIV by e.g., blood transfusion, accidental needle stick, or exposure to patient blood during surgery.
  • the compound of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally (including subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques), by inhalation spray, or rectally, in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles.
  • a method of treating and a pharmaceutical composition for treating HIV infection and AIDS involves administering to a patient in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier and a therapeutically-effective amount of the compound of the present invention.
  • compositions may be in the form of orally-administrable suspensions or tablets; nasal sprays; sterile injectable preparations, for example, as sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspensions or suppositories.
  • compositions When administered orally as a suspension, these compositions are prepared according to
  • compositions for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweetners/flavoring agents known in the art.
  • these compositions may contain microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants known in the art.
  • compositions When administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation, these compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other
  • the injectable solutions or suspensions may be formulated according to known art, using suitable non-toxic, parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, bland, fixed oils, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
  • suitable non-toxic, parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, bland, fixed oils, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
  • these compositions When rectally administered in the form of suppositories, these compositions may be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquidify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
  • a suitable non-irritating excipient such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquidify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
  • Dosage levels of the order of 0.02 to 5.0 or 10.0 grams-per-day are useful in the treatment or prevention of the above-indicated conditions, with oral doses two-to-five times higher.
  • infection by HIV is effectively treated by the administration of from 10 to 50 milligrams of the compound per kilogram of body weight from one to three times per day.
  • the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age of the patient, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy.
  • the present invention is also directed to combinations of the HIV protease inhibitor compound with one or more agents useful in the treatment of AIDS.
  • the compound of this invention may be effectively administered, whether at periods of pre-exposure and/or post-exposure, in combination with effective amounts of other AIDS antivirals, immunomodulators, anti-infectives, or vaccines.
  • HIV Protease Inhibitor - II HIV Protease Inhibitor - II
  • the present invention is also further concerned with another compound which inhibits the protease encoded by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is of value in the prevention of infection by HIV, the treatment of infection by HIV and the treatment of the resulting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
  • the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions
  • a retrovirus designated human immunodeficiency virus is the etiological agent of the complex disease that includes progressive destruction of the immune system (acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS) and degeneration of the central and peripheral nervous system.
  • This virus was previously known as LAV, HTLV-III, or ARV.
  • a common feature of retrovirus replication is the extensive post-translational processing of precursor polyproteins by a virally encoded protease to generate mature viral proteins required for virus assembly and function. Interruption of this processing appears to prevent the production of normally infectious virus. For example, Crawford, S. et al., J.
  • the compound of this invention is an inhibitor of HIV protease.
  • the compound of this invention provides a prodrug for the inhibition of HIV protease.
  • a biotransformed compound as herein defined is disclosed. This compound is useful in the inhibition of HIV protease, the prevention of infection by HIV, the treatment of infection by HIV and in the treatment of AIDS and/or ARC, either as a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt (when appropriate), pharmaceutical composition ingredient, whether or not as a prodrug or as a combination with other antivirals, anti-infectives, immunomodulators,
  • This invention is concerned with the use of a compound given below, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the inhibition of HIV protease, the prevention or treatment of infection by HIV and in the treatment of the resulting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • the biotransformed compound is the product of the incubation of Rhizopus arrhizus (ATCC 11145) in the presence of L-689,502, a HIV protease inhibitor. It is defined as follows:
  • the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compound of the present invention include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of this compound, which are formed, e.g., from inorganic or organic acids or bases.
  • acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate,
  • Base salts include
  • alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts
  • alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts
  • salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth.
  • the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl
  • sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl; and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others.
  • Hydrates or esters are also encompassed by the present invention. Such hydrates or esters are those which would readily occur to the skilled artisan, and include, for example, C 1-4 alkyl esters.
  • the compound of the present inventions is useful in the inhibition of HIV protease, the prevention or treatment of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the treatment of consequent pathological conditions such as AIDS.
  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • Treating AIDS or preventing or treating infection by HIV is defined as including, but not limited to, treating a wide range of states of HIV infection:
  • the compound of this invention is useful in treating infection by HIV after suspected past exposure to HIV by e.g., blood transfusion, accidental needle stick, or exposure to patient blood during surgery.
  • the compound of the present invention may be administered orally,
  • parenterally including subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques), by inhalation spray, or rectally, in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles.
  • a method of treating and a pharmaceutical composition for treating HIV infection and AIDS involves administering to a patient in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier and a therapeutically-effective amount of the compound of the present invention.
  • compositions may be in the form of orally-administrable suspensions or tablets; nasal sprays; sterile injectable
  • compositions for example, as sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspensions or suppositories.
  • these compositions When administered orally as a suspension, these compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may contain microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweetners/flavoring agents known in the art.
  • these compositions may contain microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants known in the art.
  • compositions When administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation, these compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other
  • injectable solutions or suspensions may be formulated according to known art, using suitable non-toxic, parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution or isotonic sodium chloride
  • suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents such as sterile, bland, fixed oils, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
  • compositions When rectally administered in the form of suppositories, these compositions may be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating agent.
  • excipient such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquidity and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
  • Dosage levels of the order of 0.02 to 5.0 or 10.0 grams-per-day are useful in the treatment or prevention of the above-indicated conditions, with oral doses two-to-five times higher.
  • infection by HIV is effectively treated by the
  • the present invention is also directed to combinations of the HIV protease inhibitor compound with one or more agents useful in the treatment of AIDS.
  • the compound of this invention may be effectively administered, whether at periods of pre-exposure and/or post-exposure, in combination with effective amounts of other AIDS antivirals, immunomodulators, anti-infectives, or vaccines.
  • Simvastatin Analogs are also directed to combinations of the HIV protease inhibitor compound with one or more agents useful in the treatment of AIDS.
  • the compound of this invention may be effectively administered, whether at periods of pre-exposure and/or post-exposure, in combination with effective amounts of other AIDS antivirals, immunomodulators, anti-infectives, or vaccines.
  • simvastatin also included by the process of this invention are two phosphorylated derivatives of simvastatin, whose chemical name is 6(R)-[2-(8' (S)-2",2"-dimethylbutanoyloxy-2'(S),6'(R)-dimethyl- 1',2',6',7',8',8'a (R)-hexahydronaphthyl-1'(S)- ethyl]-4(R)-hydroxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyran- 2-one.
  • the above two compounds of this invention are useful as antihypercholesterolemic agents for the treatment of atherosclerosis, hyperlipemia and like diseases in humans. They may be administered orally or parenterally in the form of a capsule, a tablet, an injectable preparation or the like. It is usually desirable to use the oral route. Doses may be varied, depending on the age, severity, body weight and other conditions of human patients but daily dosage for adults is within a range of from about 2 mg to 2000 mg (preferably 10 to 100 mg) given in three or four divided doses. Higher doses may be favorably applied as required.
  • the compounds of rhis invention also have useful anti-fungal activities. For example, they may be used to control strains of Penicillium sp.,
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of this invention include those formed from cations such as sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium , zinc and tetramethylammonium as well as those salts formed from amines such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N-benzyl- phenethylamine, 1-p-chlorobenzyl-2-pyrrolidine-1'- yl-methylbenzimidazole, diethylamine, piperazine, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.
  • Zearalenone Zearalenone
  • biotransformation product alpha zearalenol 6'-phosphate:
  • the present invention also relates to the above new compound and an object of the present invention is to provide compounds which exhibit estrogenic activity or aid in increasing the rate of growth in meat-producing animals, e.g. cattle, lamb and swine.
  • the compound can be administered to animals by any suitable method including oral and parenteral administrations.
  • the compound can be blended with ordinary feed containing nutritional values in an amount sufficient to produce the desired rate of growth and can thus be fed directly to the animals, or the compound can be suspended in a suitable injection suspension medium such as peanut oil and injected parenterally.
  • a suitable injection suspension medium such as peanut oil and injected parenterally.
  • an animal feed composition may be prepared containing the usual nutritionally-balanced quantities of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals, together with the compounds of the present invention.
  • Some of these usual dietary elements are grains, such as ground grain and grain by-products; animals protein substances, such as those found in fish meal and meat scraps; vegetable proteins like soybean oil meal or peanut oil meal; vitaminaceous materials, e.g. vitamin A and D complex members; and bone meal and limestone to provide minerals.
  • a type of conventional feed material for use with cattle includes alfalfa hay and ground corn cobs together with supplementary vitaminaceous substances is
  • ( ⁇ )-zearalenone a potent anabolic agent useful in the raising of meat-producing animals, originally was prepared by fermenting the microorganism, Gibberella zeae (Gordon), on a suitable nutrient medium
  • a spore sand culture containing Gibberella zeae (Gordon) NRRL-2830 was aseptically placed in a sterile tube containing 15 milliliters of Czapek's- Dox solution and a small amount of agar. This medium was then incubated for about 168 hours at approximately 25oC. At the end of the incubation period, the medium was washed with 5 milliliters of sterile deionized water and transferred to a sterile tube containing 45 milliliters of Czapek's-Dox solution. The contents of the tube were then incubated for about 96 hours at about 25oC after which the material was available for use in inoculation of a
  • the following example illustrates the fermentation of the organism Gibberella zeae (Gordon) NRRL-2830 to produce zearalenone.
  • the following example illustrates the recovery of the zearalenone from the fermentation medium.
  • a 300 gram portion of fermented material produced by the method of Example IIA was placed in 500 milliliters of deionized water and slurried.
  • the slurry was then heated for about 15 minutes at 75oC, 300 grams of filter aid were then added and the material was filtered.
  • the solid filtered material containing the anabolic substance was then air dried, and 333 grams of the dried cake were then extracted with 500 milliliters of ethanol. This procedure was repeated three more times.
  • the ethanol extract was evaporated to dryness under vacuum to give 6.84 grams of solid material.
  • This solid material was then dis- solved in 20 milliliters of chloroform and extracted with 30 milliliters of an aqueous solution containing 5% by weight of sodium carbonate having an adjusted pH of about 11.2.
  • the extraction process was repeated seven more times.
  • the pH of the sodiumcarbonate extract was then adjusted to 6.2 with hydrochloric acid, to yield an anabolic substance-containing precipitate.
  • the precipitate and the aqueous sodium carbonate extract were then each in turn extracted with 75 milliliters of ethyl ether. This procedure was repeated three more times to yield a light yellow ethereal solution, which was then evaporated to yield 116 milligrams of solid anabolic substance.
  • This material was then subjected to multiple transfer countercurrent distribution using 100 tubes and a solvent system consisting of two parts chloroform and two parts carbontetrachloride as the lower phase and four parts methanol and one part water as the upper phase, all parts by volume.
  • the solid material obtained from the multiple transfer countercurrent distribution was zearalenone.
  • each flask was harvested by centrifugation, washed once with sterile water, and resuspended in equal volume of 100 mM pH 7.0 PO 4 buffer containing 3% glycerol. FK-520 was added to achieve a final concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. The flasks were then incubated on a rotary shaker (220 rpm) at 27°C for 48 hours. Following incubation, the whole broth was extracted as described in the Isolation/Purification Section below.
  • the whole broth (400 ml) was adjusted to pH 3.5 and extracted three times with methylene chloride (3 x 400 ml). Methylene chloride extracts were combined and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure at 30oC. The resulting oil was dissolved in methanol and subjected to HPLC purification. HPLC was carried out on Whatman Partisil 10 ODS-3, 9.4 mm x 25 cm at 50oC and monitored at 205 nm. The column was developed at 3 ml/minutes with a linear gradient from 35% acetonitrile in 0.1% phosphoric acid to 80% in 0.1% phosphoric acid in 60 minutes. The compound was collected during repeated injections of the above described extract.
  • Spleens from C57B1/6 mice were taken under sterile conditions and gently dissociated in ice-cold RPMI 1640 culture medium (GIBCO, Grand Island, N.Y.) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (GIBCO). Cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 8 minutes. Contaminating red cells were removed by treating the pellet with ammonium chloride lysing buffer (GIBCO) for 2 minutes at 4oC. Cold medium was added and cells were again centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 8 minutes.
  • RPMI 1640 culture medium Gib Island, N.Y.
  • GIBCO heat-inactivated fetal calf serum
  • T lymphocytes were then isolated by separation of the cell suspension on nylon wool columns as follows: Nylon wool columns were prepared by packing approximately 4 grams of washed and dried nylon wool into 20 ml plastic syringes. The columns were sterilized by autoclaving at 250oF for 30 minutes. Nylon wool columns were wetted with warm (37oC) culture medium and rinsed with the same medium. Washed spleen cells resuspended in warm medium were slowly applied to the nylon wool. The columns were then incubated in an upright position at 37oC for 1 hour. Non-adherent T lymphocytes were eluted from the columns with warm culture medium and the cell suspensions were spun as above.
  • Nylon wool columns were prepared by packing approximately 4 grams of washed and dried nylon wool into 20 ml plastic syringes. The columns were sterilized by autoclaving at 250oF for 30 minutes. Nylon wool columns were wetted with warm (37oC) culture medium and rinsed with the same medium. Washed spleen cells
  • T lymphocytes were resuspended at 2.5 x 10 5 cells/ml in complete culture medium composed of RPMI 1640 medium with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, 100 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 x 10 -5 M 2-mercaptoethanol and 50 ⁇ g/ml gentamycin. Ionomycin was added at 250 ng/ml and PMA at 10 ng/ml. The cell suspension was immediately distributed into 96 well flat-bottom microculture plates (Costar) at 200 ⁇ l/well. The control, being the medium without test drug, and various below-indicated dilutions of the above sample of purified C-32 phosphorylated
  • FK-520 to be tested were then added in triplicate wells at 20 ⁇ l/well .
  • FK-520 was used as a standard .
  • the culture plates were then incubated at 37oC in a humidified atmosphere of 3% CO 2 -95% air for 44 hours.
  • the proliferation of T lymphocytes was
  • tritiated thymidine NNN, Cambridge, MA
  • cultures were harvested on glass fiber filters using a multiple sample harvester. Radioactivity of filter discs corresponding to individual wells was measured by standard liquid scintillation counting methods (Betacounter). Mean counts per minute of replicate wells were calculated and the results expressed as percent inhibition of tritiated thymidine uptake (proliferation) as follows:
  • C-32-P FK-520 The results of % inhibition at various concentrations of C-32 phosphorylared FK-520 (C-32-P FK-520) are presented in the following table:
  • the mean IC 50 for C-32-P FK-520 was determined to be: 15.0 + 2.1 ng/ml (17.2 ⁇ 2.4 nM) in 3 independent experiments.
  • Rhizopus oryzae MF 4974 cultivated on oatmeal agar, were inoculated into 50 ml Soy-Glucose medium in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and shaken at 25oC on a rotary shaker at 220 rpm for 24 hours.
  • the second stage flasks 50ml in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask
  • each flask was harvested by centrifugation, washed once with sterile water, and resuspended in equal volume of 100 mM P04 buffer containing 3% glycerol, FK506 was added to achieve a final concentration of 0.2 mg/ml.
  • the charged flasks were incubated on a rotary shaker (220 rpm) at 27oC for 24 hours. Following incubation, the whole broth was worked up as described below.
  • HPLC was carried out on Whatman Magnum 20 Partisil 1- ODS-3 Column (C 18 ,22.1 mm ID x 25 cm) at 50oC and monitored at 205 nm. The column was developed at 7 mL/min with linear gradient from 35% acetonitrile in 0.1% phosphoric acid to 80% acetonitrile in 0.1% phosphoric acid in 70 minutes.
  • the compound was collected during repeated injections of the above described extract. Fractions of retention time 50 minutes were pooled, adjusted to pH 3.0 and evaporated to remove acetonitrile. The compound was desalted using a C 18 Sep Pak (Water Associate) to yield 20 mg of product.
  • the compound was characterized by MS and confirmed by NMR as the C-32 phosphate ester
  • Example 3 The fermentation procedure of Example 3 was carried out substantially identical except that C-31 desmethyl FK-520 (available as for example, by the procedure in EPO Publication 0 349 061, published January 3, 1990) was used in place of FK-506.
  • FK-520 was characterized by mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance in which the obtained spectra was consistent with the assigned structure.
  • each flask was harvested by centrifugation, washed once with sterile water, and resuspended in equal volume of 100 mM pH 7.0 phosphate buffer containing 3% glycerol. Rapamycin macrolide was added to achieve a final concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. The flasks were then incubated on a rotary shaker (220 rpm) at 27 °C for 24 hours . Following incubation, the whole broth was extracted as described in the Isolation/Purification Section below.
  • the whole broth (500 ml) was maintained at pH 6.8 and centrifuged.
  • the mycelial cake was washed with water, then dicarded.
  • the clear filtrate and washings were pooled and passed through a Speed octadecyl cartridge (14% carbon load, Applied Separations) under vacuum.
  • the column was washed with 100 ml of water.
  • Column effluent and wash did not contain microbial transformation product when tested with HPLC.
  • the cartridge was eluted with 200 ml methanol. Methanol was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure at 30°C. The resulting oil was dissolved in methanol and subjected to HPLC purification.
  • HPLC HPLC was carried out on Whatman Magnum 9 Partisil 10 ODS-3, 9.8 mm i.d. x 25 cm at 25oC and monitored at 225 nm.
  • the column was developed at 3 ml/minutes with a linear gradient from 35% to 80% acetonitrile in 0.1% phosphoric acid in 30 minutes.
  • the compound was collected during repeated injections of the above described extract.
  • the fractions of retention time 17.3 minutes, were pooled, adjusted to pH 3 and evaporated to remove acetonitrile.
  • the compound was further purified using C18 Sep Pak
  • the C-43 phosphorylated macrolide was characterized by FAB mass spectrometry and NMR spectrometry as the methyl phosphate ester derivative yielding the proton NMR spectrum of Figure 3, which confirms the assigned molecular structure in Figure 4. Methylation to produce the phosphate ester was necessary to minimize the considerable line broadening which characterized the proton NMR spectrum of the free acid.
  • the key features were the downfield displaced H-42 and H-43 signals (which are H-31 and H-32 in FK-506 nomenclature) at 3.87 ppm and 4.12 ppm, respectively, and the additional fine structure of H-43 resulting from coupling with the phosphorus.
  • Purified phosphorylated macrolide as prepared by HPLC above, was dissolved in absolute ethanol at 1 mg/ml and serially diluted in culture medium prior to addition to the cultures.
  • Nylon wool columns were wetted with warm (37oC) culture medium and rinsed with the same medium. Washed spleen cells resuspended in warm medium were slowly applied to the nylon wool. The columns were then incubated in an upright position at 37°C for 1 hour. Non-adherent T lymphocytes were eluted from the columns with warm culture medium and the cell suspensions were spun as above.
  • T lymphocytes were resuspended at 2.5 x 10 5 cells/ml in complete culture medium composed of RPMI 1640 medium with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, 100 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 x 10 -5 M 2-mercaptoethanol and 50 ⁇ g/ml gentamycin.
  • the cell suspension vas immediately
  • Proliferation was assessed at 48 hours of culture by tritiated thymidine uptake.
  • the mean IC 50 for the C-43 phosphory- lated rapamycin was determined to be: 7.6 ⁇ 0.2 ng/ml and 0.4 ⁇ 0.1 ng/ml for rapamycin in 3 independent experiments.
  • Step A Preparation of 4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy- phenylprop-2-en-1-yl bromide:
  • Step B Preparation of 5(S)-(1,1-dimethylethoxycarbonyl)amino-4(S)-(1',1'-dimethylethyl-1,1- dimethylsilyloxy)-6-phenyl-2(R)-(4-(1',1'- dimethylsilyloxy)phenylprop-2-en-yl)hex- anoic acid:
  • the resulting solution was aged at -78oC for 1 hour and the dropping funnel was charged with a solution of 4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxyphenylprop- 2-en-1-yl bromide (17.53 g, 53.55 mmol) in 75 mL of dry THF.
  • the bromide solution was cooled to -78oC and was then added to the enolate solution dropwise over 45 minutes, keeping the temperature below
  • the DME was removed in vacuo and the aqueous residue was acidified with 10% aqueous citric acid.
  • This milky suspension was extracted with several portions of EtOAc and the combined extracts were washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and
  • Step C Preparation of N-(2(R)-hydroxy-1(S)-indanyl)- 5(S)-(1,1-dimethylethoxycarbonylamino)-4(S)- (1',1'-dimethylethyl-1,1-dimethylsilyloxy)-6- phenyl-2(R)-((4-(hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1- yl)hexanamide:
  • Step D Preparation of N-(2(R)-hydroxy-1(S)-indanyl)- 5(S)-(1,1-dimethylethoxycarbonylamino)-4(S)- hydroxy-6-phenyl-2(R)-(4-(2-(4-morpholino)- ethoxy)phenylprop-2-en-1-yl)hexanamide:
  • Step A Preparation of (5S,1'S)-5-(1'-((1,1-di- methylethoxycarbonyl)amino)-2'-cyclo- hexylethyl)-4,5-dihydrofuran-2-(3H)-one:
  • Step B Steps B, C and D of Example 1 are repeated except that (5S, 1'S)-5-((1,1-dimethylethoxy- carbonyl)amino)-2-phenylethyl)dihydrofuran-2- (3H)-one in Step B is substituted with its cyclohexyl analog, (5S, 1'S)-5-((1-dimethyl- ethoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-cyclohexylethyl)- 4,5-dihydrofuran-2-(3H)-one.
  • the title compound, L-702,083 is obtained.
  • the neighboring methine (m) is slightly displaced downfield and is barely discernible as a shoulder at the base of the morpholine CH 2 O at 3.74 ppm. Also perturbed is the nearby H k which now appears underneath the lower field H j signal at 3.10 ppm. Its presence is revealed only by the additional area of the H j signal, compared with the H j double doublet in L-702,083.
  • step A The product of step A is reacted with monophenyl phosphorodichloridate according to the principles and practice of Chambers, R.W. and H . G . Khorana, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 3749 (1958).
  • Another phosphorylating agent is dibenzyl phosphorochloridate.
  • HIV protease expressed in Escherichia coli with a tritiated peptide substrate [ 3 H]-acetyl- Val-Ser-Gln- Asn-(beta-napthyl-Ala)-Pro-Ile-Val-Gln- Gly-Arg-Arg-NH 2 (MW 1800).
  • the two arginine residues at the carboxyl terminus give this peptide an overall positive charge at acidic pH and enable it to bind to the H + form of DOWEX AG-50W-X8 resin and similar resins.
  • the HIV protease cleaves between the HIV protease expressed in Escherichia coli with a tritiated peptide substrate [ 3 H]-acetyl- Val-Ser-Gln- Asn-(beta-napthyl-Ala)-Pro-Ile-Val-Gln- Gly-Arg-Arg-NH 2 (MW 1800).
  • Step A Preparation of N-3(S)-[(1,1-Dimethylethoxy- carbonyl)amino]-2(RS)-hydroxy-4-phenyl-1-tri- methylsilyl butane:
  • Step A (22.8 g, 67.5 mmoL) in dry methylene chloride (400 mL) cooled in an ice bath and under nitrogen was added in a fine stream boron trifluoride etherate
  • Step C Preparation of N-3(S)-[(1,1-Dimethyl- ethpxycarbonyl)amino]-4-phenyl-1-butene:
  • Step D Preparation of 1(R)-[1'(S)-(1,1-Dimethyl- ethoxycarbonyl)amino-2-phenylethylloxirane: To a solution of the product of Step C (9.4 g, 38 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (100 mL) cooled in an ice bath and under nitrogen was added 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (technical grade, 80-85%; 41 g, 200 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0oC for 18 hours and 25oC for 23 hours, then diluted with diethyl ether (300 mL), and poured in ice cold aqeous 10% sodium sulfite (1 L).
  • 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid technical grade, 80-85%; 41 g, 200 mmol
  • Step F Preparation of (5S,1'S)-3-carboethoxy-3-(4- benzyloxyphenylmethyl)-5-[1-(1,1-dimethyl- ethoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-phenylethyl]dihydro- f ⁇ ran-2-(3H)-one
  • Step G Preparation of (3R,5S,1'S)-3-(4-benzyloxy- phenylmethyl)-5-(1((1,1-dimethylethoxy- carbonyl)amino)-2-phenylethyl)-dihydrofuran-
  • Step F The product of Step F, 13.6 g, was dissolved in 250 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and to it was added 117 mL of 1 M lithium hydroxide at room temperature. After stirring for 12 hours, the solvents were removed under reduced pressure, the residue suspended in 200 mL of 10% citric acid and extracted 3 X 500 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with 500 mL of brine, dried (MgSO 4 ) and the concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 250 mL of toluene, heated to reflux for 12 hours, then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. Purification by medium pressure chromatography over silica gel eluting with 15% ethyl acetate/hexanes gave 3.2 g of the 3R-lactone as a clear foam.
  • Step H Preparation of N'-(1,1-dimethylethoxy- carbonyl)-5(S)-amino-4(S)-(1',1'-dimethylethyl-1,1-dimethylsilyloxy)-6-phenyl-2(R)- (4-benzyloxyphenylmethyl-hexanoic acid.
  • Step G The product of Step G, 0.6 g, was dissolved in 30 mL of a 2:1 mixture of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether/water, and to it was added 5 mL of 1 M lithium hydroxide at room temperature. After stirring for 1 hour, the mixture was partitioned between 200 mL chloroform and 20 mL 10% citric acid. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with 3 X 20 mL chloroform. The combined organic layers were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and the solvent removed to yield 0.56 g of the crude hydroxy acid. This residue was dissolved in 5 mL of dry DMF and 0.845 g tert-butyl dimethylsilyl chloride and 0.725 g of imidazole were added.
  • Step J Preparation of N-(2(R)-hydroxy-1(S)-indanyl)- 5(S)-(1,1-dimethylethoxycarbonylamino)-4(S)- hydroxy-6-phenyl-2(R)-(4-benzyloxyphenyl- methyl) hexanamide
  • Step H The product from Step H, 0.12 g, was dissolved in 2 ml dry DMF and to it was added 40 mg of 1(S)-amino-2(R)-hydroxyindane, (Step I) 25 mg of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate and 70 mg of dimethyl- 3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride. Triethylamine was added to the stirred solution until the pH was 8.5 (32 mL).
  • Step K Preparation of N-(2(R)-hydroxy-1(S)-indanyl)- 5(S)-(1,1-dimethylethoxycarbonylamino)-4(S)- hydroxy-6-phenyl-2(R)-(4-hydroxyphenyl- methyl)hexanamide
  • Step J 85 mg was dissolved in 10 mL of methanol and 10 mL of THF, and to it was added 0.10 g of 10% palladium on carbon. The mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 48 hours at room temperature, then filtered and concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 10 mL of hot ethanol and 20 mL water was added. On cooling the white solid precipitate was collected and dried under vacuum over P 2 O 5 . The yield was 72 mg (98% yield) of pure product: mp 218-219oC (effervesces, sinters at 215) elemental analysis, Calc'd for
  • a frozen vial (2.0 ml) of Rhizopus arrhizus MF4974 was used to inoculate a 250 ml baffled shake flask containing 50 ml of seed medium A.
  • the seed flask was incubated on a rotary shaker (220 rpm) at 27°C for 24 hours.
  • a 2.5 ml aliquot of the developed seed was used to inoculate a 250 ml non-baffled flask containing 50 ml of transformation medium B; L-689,502 in DMSO was added to the fermentation at 0 hour to achieve a final concentration of 0.05 mg/ml.
  • the shake flask contents were subsequently incubated at 27oC on a rotary shaker for 4 days.
  • the resultant whole broth was extracted as described in Section B.
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • Phosphorus was identified and quantified by complexomatric and gravimetric methods. Phosphorylation at C 4 was established by NMR from the 0.5 ppm downfield displacement of the C 4 H relative to its chemical shift in the parent L-689,502.
  • the microbial transformation metabolite L-696,432 was determined to be a phosphate ester of L-689,502, a highly potent HIV protease inhibitor. To determine if the phosphate ester bond can be enzymatically cleaved, treatment with alkaline phosphatase was performed.
  • N-(cis-2(R)-Acetoxy-1(S)indanyl)-5(S)-[1,1- dimethylethoxycarbonylamino)-4(S)-hydroxy-6-phenyl- 2(R)-[(4-(2-(4-morpholinyl)ethoxy)phenyl]methyl]- hexanamide is prepared by the protocol of Example 1, except that 1(S)-amino-2(R)-acetoxyindane substitutes for 1(S)-amino-2(R)-hydroxyindane of step I.
  • step A The product of step A is reacted with monophenyl phosphorodichloridate according to the principles and practice of Chambers, R.W. and H.G. Khorana, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 3749 (1958). Sub- sequent treatment with excess ammonia, followed by removal of the acetyl and phenyl groups under basic conditions, yields L-696,432.
  • Another phosphorylating agent is dibenzyl phosphorochloridate.
  • Rhizopus arrhizus MF 4974 from the Merck Culture Collection was inoculated in 50 milliliters of soy-glucose medium in a 250 milliliter flask and the flask incubated on a rotary shaker at 220 rpm at 27 °C for 24 hours to obtain the f irst stage seed culture. 2.5 milliliters of this seed culture was inoculated into each of 18 flasks
  • each flask was harvested by centrifugation, the mycelium washed twice with sterile saline and resuspended in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer containing 1 percent glycerol.
  • Compound Z was added to a final concentration of 58 ⁇ g/ml using 100 ⁇ l of (DMSO). The flasks were incubated on a rotary shaker at 220 rpm at 27oC for 48 hours.
  • the extracts of the mycelium and the extracts of the supernatant were pooled and evaporated to dryness at 30oC at reduced pressure to obtain an oil as residue.
  • the oil was dissolved in the mobile phase of 40/60 acetonitrile/water and further purified using ZORBAX C8 (9.6 mm x 25 cm) semi-preparative column.
  • the column was developed at 7.05 ml/min. using 40 percent aqueous acetonitrile containing 0.1 percent trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) at 45oC. Fractions having a retention time of 12.8 minutes were pooled, and the solvent evaporated to obtain 12 mg of Compound III in a yield which calculated to be 24%.
  • the product had the mass spectral data previously set forth.
  • a portion of the product was converted to the monopotassium salt. This was carried out by dissolving the biophosphorylation product in 70 percent aqueous acetonitrile containing 10 mM KH 2 PO 4 (pH 4.5). The mixture was subjected to reduced pressure to remove the acetonitrile and the aqueous residue loaded onto a water-equilibrated C-18 solid phase extraction column. The column was washed with water and then eluted with 70 percent aqueous
  • Rhizopus arrhizus were obtained from oatmeal agar slants of MF 4974 maintained in the Merck Culture Collection and employed to prepare a spore suspension in water of about 7 x 10 9 spores per milliliter for use in the preparation of seed culture.
  • Seed flasks each containing 500 milliliters of soy glucose broth of the composition previously given, were inoculated with 1 milliliter of spore suspension and incubated on a rotary shaker (220 rpm) at 27oC for 24 hours.
  • milliliters were pooled and filtered through a 10 micron nylon mesh.
  • the mycelial cake was slurried with 1000 milliliters of 50 percent aqueous methanol and filtered.
  • the mycelial cake was again extracted with aqueous methanol and the two aqueous methanol filtrates combined and diluted with 2000 milliliters of water.
  • the resulting aqueous solution was applied to a 15 mm x 300 mm column packed to a 220 mm bed height with water equilibrated "DIANION" HP20 resin.
  • the filtrate was pumped in a downflow mode at 15 ml/min. in 2000 ml aliquots.
  • the column was washed with 500 milliliters of water and the desired phosphorylated product eluted with 500 milliliters of 20 percent aqueous acetonitrile.
  • the remaining substrate and metabolite was eluted with 500 milliliters of 70 percent aqueous acetonitrile.
  • the diluted filtrates from the mycelial extracts were also pumped onto the- column, the column washed and then eluted and the eluate assayed by HPLC.
  • the assay condition was as described in
  • HPLC indicated the following mass balance for microbial phosphorylation and "DIAION" HP 20 isolation:
  • the eluate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in 40 percent aqueous acetonitrile containing 10mM KH 2 PO 4 to obtain a monopotassium salt.
  • the aqueous solution was subjected to reduced pressure to remove the
  • the salt is converted to the acid by careful acidification.
  • the following salts are prepared by reacting an appropriate phosphate salt and Compound III in the manner described in Example 21 and concentrating under vacuum.
  • Calcium stearate 2.5 The finely powdered ingredients are mixed well and granulated with 10% starch paste. The granulation is dried and compressed into tablets.
  • a uniform mixture of the ingredients is prepared by blending and used to fill two-piece hard gelatin capsules.
  • 250 ml of an injectable solution are prepared by conventional procedures having the following formulation:
  • An aerosol composition may be prepared having the following formulation:
  • Compound Z the starting material, was prepared by inoculating 54 milliliters of P34-2 medium of the following composition per liter: corn steep liquor, 5 g; D-mannitol 25 g; glucose
  • a 25 liter sample of the resulting broth was then used to inoculate three fermenters each containing 475 liters of P34-2 medium containing 2 ml/L of P-2000 and cultivated for four days at 25oC, air flow of 250 L/min, pressure 0.7 kg/cm 2 gauge and 150 rpm.
  • the broth from the foregoing cultivation was first extracted with an equal volume of methanol.
  • the methanol-broth was clarified using a liquid-solid separator (centrifuge) to obtain clarified liquid as first extract and solid.
  • the extraction-clarification was repeated.
  • the extracts were combined and the water cont at adjusted to about 50 percent.
  • the resulting solution was passed through a "DIAION" SP-207 adsorption column to adsorb Compound III and the column washed with aqueous methanol. Thereafter Compound III was recovered with 100 percent methanol.
  • the water content of the methanol containing Compound III was adjusted to 50 percent and the aqueous methanol solution intimately mixed with an equal volume of 1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane and the two liquid phases thereafter separated.
  • the aqueous methanol layer was passed through a column of
  • the starting material also may be prepared by methods described in copending applications Serial Nos. 47/492,025 and 47/492,026.
  • N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (b) cultivating, thereafter (c) plating a portion of the growth on potato dextrose agar and (d) incubating for 14 days at 25oC to obtain spores then (e) harvesting the spores, (f) diluting the spores with sterile saline (g) plating on potato dextrose agar (h) incubating for 7 days for colony formation, (i) transferring separate colonies to slants of potato and (j) incubating for 14 days at 25oC.
  • Rhizopus oryzae MF 4974 cultivated on oatmeal agar, were inoculated in a
  • Soy-Glucose medium consisting of 20.0 g dextrose, 5.0 g Fidco yeast extract, 5.0 g NaCl, 5.0 g K 2 HPO 4 in a liter of distilled water.
  • the pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 before autoclaving.
  • the cultures were incubated at 27oC for 24 hours on a rotary shaker at 220 rpm.
  • a fresh Soy-Glucose medium was inoculated with the 24-hour seed culture at a ratio of 5% (v/v) and the fermentations were continued in the manner described above.
  • Cell free extracts were obtained by suspending the cells in a buffer containing 100 mM phosphate (pH 7.5) and 2 mM EDTA. The cells to buffer ratio was 2:1. Several procedures were then tried to break the cell membranes and release the cell contents, i.e., a high-pressure French press, sonication, grinding the frozen cells, and lysozyme treatment.
  • the enzyme reaction was carried out in 0.2 ml mixture containing 0.15 mM FK-520, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 5 ⁇ M ATP and various amount of enzyme.
  • the reaction mixture was incubated at different temperatures for 1 hour and terminated by the addition of 0.2 ml methanol.
  • the resulting solution was subjected to HPLC analysis on Whatman Partisil 10 ODS-3 at 55oC.
  • the column was developed at 1 ml/min with a linear gradient from 45% acetonitrile in 0.1% phosphoric acid to 807. in 0.1% phosphoric acid in 30 minutes.
  • FK-520 was 16,5 and 20 minutes, respectively.
  • the Km value for the substrate (FK-520) was about 0.5 mM and the Vmax was 2. In mole/min/mg protein. To determine metal ion requirement the crude enzyme was dialyzed thoroughly against 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer and 2 mM EDTA. The results show that the phosphorylating activity requires Mg +2 or Ca +2 as cofactor.
  • Example 3 produced two phosphorylated compounds, L-706, 546 and L-706, 527.
  • the preparation and properties of simvastatin are described in EP Publication No. 0033538 to Merck &. Co., Inc.
  • the compounds exhibit inhibition in the biosynthesis of cholesterol as also described for simvastatin in EP Publication No. 0 033 538.
  • Rhizopus arrhizus MF 4974
  • spore suspension harvested from oatmeal agar, wea incubated into 500 mL Soy-Glucose medium contained in a 2 liter Erlenmeyer flask and shaken a 27°C on a rotary shaker (220 rpm) for 24 hours.
  • the whole broth (1000 mL) was diluted with an equal volume of methanol, than
  • Preparative HPLC was carried out on Whatman Magnum 9 Partisil 10 ODS-3 column (C 18 , 9.8 mm ID x 25cm) at room temperature and monitored at 237 nm.
  • the column was
  • the buffer solution was incubated at 37oC for 4 hours. After incubation, 300 uL was removed and analysed by HPLC, using a Whatman Partisil 10 0DS-3 column (C 18 10 urn, 4.6 mm ID x 25 cm) at room temperature and monitored at 237 nm. The column was developed at 1 mL/min with a linear gradient gradient from 20%

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Abstract

Nouveau procédé de biophosphorylation microbienne pour phosphoryler régiospécifiquement le groupe hydroxyle, dans un composé organique contenant de l'hydroxyle ''réagissant avec le phosphate'', dans des conditions de biotransformation au moyen du microorganisme Rhizopus oryzae ATCC No. 11145. Les composés phosphorylés obtenus par ce procédé comprennent par exemple des immunosuppresseurs du type macrolide FK-506 qui sont utiles pour prévenir le rejet par l'hôte humain des greffes d'organes étrangers, par exemple de moelle osseuse, du foie, du rein, des poumons et du coeur. D'autres composés renfermant de l'hydroxyle, applicables dans ce procédé, comprennent la rapamycine, les échinocandines, les inhibiteurs de la protéase du HIV, la simvastatine et la zéaralénone.
EP92901105A 1990-10-09 1991-09-19 Nouveau procede pour biophosphoryler des composes organiques Withdrawn EP0552309A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (14)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US691606 1985-01-14
US59421490A 1990-10-09 1990-10-09
US59450090A 1990-10-09 1990-10-09
US594214 1990-10-09
US594500 1990-10-09
US59589490A 1990-10-11 1990-10-11
US595894 1990-10-11
US69160791A 1991-04-26 1991-04-26
US691607 1991-04-26
US07/691,606 US5198421A (en) 1991-04-26 1991-04-26 Phosphorylated cyclic lipopeptide
US70138791A 1991-05-16 1991-05-16
US701387 1991-05-16
US73596391A 1991-07-25 1991-07-25
US735963 1991-07-25

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EP0552309A1 true EP0552309A1 (fr) 1993-07-28

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JP (1) JPH06502536A (fr)
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WO (1) WO1992006992A2 (fr)

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US5493107A (en) * 1993-05-07 1996-02-20 Digicomp Research Corporation Shelf price label and product placement verification method and apparatus
ES2065290B1 (es) * 1993-07-29 1995-11-01 Consejo Superior Investigacion Utilizacion de inhibidores enzimaticos para el tratamiento de enfermedades causadas por parasitos.
ES2216191T3 (es) * 1997-03-11 2004-10-16 Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Procedimiento para preparar acido 4-(4-(hidroxidifenil)-1-piperidinil)-1-hidroxibutil)-alfa,alfa-dimetilfenilacetico y derivados fosforilados.
KR100956195B1 (ko) 2002-02-01 2010-05-06 어리어드 파마슈티칼스, 인코포레이티드 인 함유 화합물 및 이의 용도
AU2003901812A0 (en) * 2003-04-15 2003-05-01 Vital Health Sciences Pty Ltd Phosphates of secondary alcohols
DE102005056669A1 (de) 2005-11-28 2007-05-31 Basf Ag Fermentative Herstellung organischer Verbindungen unter Einsatz Dextrin-haltiger Medien
EP2094241A4 (fr) 2006-11-14 2013-04-17 Ariad Pharma Inc Formulations orales
KR20190017074A (ko) * 2013-08-19 2019-02-19 알이지 라이프 사이언시스, 엘엘씨 부분 정제된 폐글리세롤의 생성

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JPS6058084A (ja) * 1983-09-08 1985-04-04 Akira Endo 生理活性物質
JPS61172888A (ja) * 1985-01-29 1986-08-04 Asahi Denka Kogyo Kk 有機リン酸化合物金属塩およびこれを含有する高脂血症治療剤
IL89900A0 (en) * 1988-04-12 1989-12-15 Merck & Co Inc Hiv protease inhibitors useful for the treatment of aids and pharmaceutical compositions containing them
IL94862A (en) * 1989-06-30 1994-10-07 Merck & Co Inc History of Echinocandin Antifungal Antibiotics, Its Production and Pharmaceutical Preparations Containing It
CA2032259A1 (fr) * 1989-12-18 1991-06-19 Wayne J. Thompson Inhibiteurs de la protease du vih utiles dans le traitement du sida

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See references of WO9206992A2 *

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WO1992006992A3 (fr) 1992-06-25
JPH06502536A (ja) 1994-03-24
WO1992006992A2 (fr) 1992-04-30

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