Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
  • G03C1/06—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein with non-macromolecular additives
  • G03C1/38—Dispersants; Agents facilitating spreading
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/74—Applying photosensitive compositions to the base; Drying processes therefor

Definitions

• This invention relates to surfactants as coating aids for gelatin coating solutions, particularly to such solutions used for photographic purposes.
• This invention also relates to the use of long chain alkyl glycosides as coating aid surfactants for such solutions.
• a support In the preparation of a photographic material, it is usual to coat a support with one or more layers comprising an aqueous solution of a hydrophilic colloid binder, e.g. gelatin.
• a hydrophilic colloid binder e.g. gelatin.
• Such layers include, for example, silver halide emulsion layers, intermediate layers, antihalation layers, filter layers, antistatic layers and protective layers.
• the layers may be coated simultaneously on conventional photographic supports as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,761,791 and 3,508,947.
• repellency spots or craters also referred to as repellencies.
• a repellency is a round, oval-shaped or comet-shaped indentation or crater, or a vestige of such a disturbance which has partially healed after formation. Imperfections of this type are present in the layer being coated, if one layer is coated, or in one or more layers, if more of than one layer is coated simultaneously. Repellencies are formed during the coating process, or shortly thereafter, that is, when the solution of gelatin (or other hydrophilic colloid) in the coating is still fluid or mobile.
• Repellencies are usually produced by the presence of small particles or droplets of insoluble materials in the form of addenda, impurities or contaminants which are (i) in contact with the uppermost liquid-air interface of the coated layer(s) and (ii) have surface activity, that is, they are capable of reducing the surface tension of the liquid-air interface in isolated areas during the coating process.
• Solutions coated in the preparation of photographic materials often contain dispersed, insoluble photographic addenda, which might include organic solvents, or addenda to alter certain physical properties, which might include lubricants and impurities in the lubricants, each of which may be capable of imparting repellencies to the coated layer(s).
• photographic gelatin may contain insoluble residues of naturally-occurring animal fats and fatty acids which are capable of imparting repellencies to the coated layer(s).
• surface active contaminants may originate from external sources during the preparation of the coating composition or during coating. For example, the layer(s) being coated, or immediately after coating, may be unintentionally showered by droplets of lubricating oils used in the apparatus.
• the compound or compounds used as coating aid surfactants in this invention are compounds which are effective in reducing the surface tension of the hydrophilic colloid-containing coating composition, e.g. a gelatin-containing coating composition.
• the presence of a coating aid surfactant, in the coating or coatings assists in obtaining layers which, when dry, are of uniform or substantially uniform thickness,and are free, or substantially free, of imperfections such as repellencies.
• Nonionic saccharidic coating aid surfactants described in the prior art comprises long-chain alkyl ethers, esters, and urethane of sucrose, where sucrose is the hydrophilic group of the surfactant molecule.
• sucrose is the hydrophilic group of the surfactant molecule.
• Nishio, et al. describe long-chain alkyl ethers and urethanes of sucrose as coating aid surfactants of photographic materials.
• Haage, et al. describe long-chain alkyl esters of sucrose as coating aid surfactants.
• U.S. 3,220,847 Knox describes the half esters of sucrose and alkyl succinic acids as coating aid surfactants
• U.S. 3,564,576 Knox describes long chain alkyl esters of sucrose in combination with sodium maleopimarate as mixtures of surfactants with good coating aid properties.
• compositions comprising couplers in a fine state of subdivision are among the materials taught as useful with compositions comprising couplers in a fine state of subdivision; U.S. 5,013,140.
• This invention provides a composition of matter comprising (i) gelatin (or other hydrophilic colloid) in water, and (ii) as a coating aid surfactant, a glycoside having the formula C n H 2n+1 -O-(C6H10O5) x -H, (I) wherein the group within the parentheses represents a unit of glucose, n represents mean values of 9, up to about 16, and x is a distribution with a mean value greater than 1 and less than 2, and (iii) an auxiliary anionic or nonionic surfactant in sufficient amount to completely dissolve or substantially completely dissolve the glycoside in the composition.
• the above composition comprises a top layer of a simultaneously coated multilayer pack of a photographic material coated by bead coating methods.
• the above composition comprises a top layer and/or a bottom layer of a simultaneously coated multilayer pack of a photographic material coated by curtain coating methods.
• a "top" layer of a simultaneously coated multilayer pack that is, a pack of two or more layers coated together, is defined as the layer farthest from the web.
• the "bottom” layer of a simultaneously coated multilayer pack is defined as the layer closest to the web.
• web refers to a continuous length of prepared film base or paper base and can include previously coated and dried layers, such as emulsion layers or antihalation layers.
• the above composition comprises a single layer, coated alone, of a photographic material.
• the layer having the coating aid surfactant of formula (I) may also contain a silver halide and/or other image forming material, or, alternatively, it may not contain image forming materials.
• the layer having the above composition can be a protective overcoat layer of one or more image forming layers coated on one or both sides of the web, for example, either a color or black-and-white film or paper product.
• the layer having the above composition can be a protective overcoat layer of a pelloid backing coating of a color or black-and-white film product.
• An overcoat layer may contain other ingredients commonly present in such layers, and known in the art.
• the layer having the above composition can be a layer other than the overcoat layer of a multilayer color photographic material, such as a nonimage forming layer located between image forming layers, resulting from the stepwise application of two or more separate multilayer packs in the process of manufacturing a photographic material with a large number of individual layers.
• glycoside surfactants employed in this invention are useful as coating aids in such gelatin-containing layers for photographic materials, because they confer improved thickness uniformity, i.e., fewer repellency spot imperfections in the layers.
• glycoside surfactants are used as coating aid surfactants which are effective in reducing the surface tensions of gelatin-containing coating compositions.
• the reduction in the surface tension of gelatin solution by the addition of the glycoside surfactants can be demonstrated by laboratory measurements of surface tensions using the Wilhelmy plate technique.
• the surface tension of a solution of nondeionized, lime derived bone gelatin (70 grams per liter) in a glass beaker at a temperature of 110°F (43°C) is 40-42 dynes/cm, and after adding glycoside surfactant APG 325 at 1.0 gram per liter is 28 dynes/cm.
• compositions of this invention provide one or more layers of a photographic material.
• this invention provides a photographic material, e.g. a film or paper, having at least one layer comprising a dried layer formed from a coat or melt having the above composition.
• This invention can be used with any gelatin that is employed in photographic products, including bovine bone gelatin derived by treatment with base, e.g. lime.
• base e.g. lime
• the invention is not limited to such a gelatin.
• the utility of the invention is demonstrated below in a composition based on acid derived porcine skin gelatin. This type of gelatin generally gives rise to a more frequent occurrence of repellencies than the above-mentioned bovine gelatin.
• compositions containing other suitable hydrophilic colloids made from natural or synthetic substances.
• Naturally including substances include materials such as proteins, protein derivatives, cellulose derivatives e.g. cellulose esters, polysaccharides e.g. dextran, gum arabic, zein, casein and pectin, collagen derivatives, agar-agar, arrowroot and albumin.
• suitable synthetic hydrophilic colloids include polyvinyl alcohol, acrylamide polymers, maleic acid copolymers, acrylic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers and polyalkylene oxides.
• the gelatin in the compositions of this invention can optionally be hardened by any hardener that is known in the art. Hardeners and their use are described in Section X of Research Disclosure , supra . It is to be understood that the presence or absence of a hardener is not a critical feature of this invention.
• compositions of this invention comprise a hydrophilic colloid such as gelatin in water.
• a hydrophilic colloid such as gelatin in water.
• the gelatin concentration in a coating composition to be applied to paper or a film-base support is from about 2.5 to about 20 weight percent gelatin.
• Top layer coating compositions of this invention preferably have from about 5 to about 12 weight percent gelatin.
• compositions of this invention may contain other photographic chemicals of the usual types found in photographic layers.
• the top layers within one of the preferred embodiments of this invention may contain antistatic agents, matting agents, plasticizers, lubricants, and other materials that are not involved in image formation.
• matting agents see Section XVI of the Research Disclosure , supra , for antistatic materials, Section XIII, and pasticizers and lubricants, Section XII.
• a glycoside surfactant of the type described above is used as a coating aid in the formation of a hydrophilic colloid layer.
• the coating aid surfactant is used in an amount from 0.01 to 0.50, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.30, weight percent based on the weight of the hydrophilic colloid coating composition.
• concentration within which the coating aid is used depends on the source of repellency. It also depends on whether other surface active agents in addition to the auxiliary surfactant are present.
• Preferred glycosides for use in this invention are manufactured by the Henkel Corporation and sold as APG Glycosides. Such glycosides are described in Henkel technical bulletins.
• Preferred APG Glycosides are APG 225, APG 300, and APG 325 Glycosides.
• glycoside coating aid surfactants is used with an auxiliary surfactant to increase the solubility of the glycoside surfactant in the composition.
• auxiliary surfactant to increase the solubility of the glycoside surfactant in the composition.
• the glycoside is admixed with an auxiliary nonionic or anionic surfactant.
• auxiliary surfactants are nonionic long-chain alkyl (6-18 carbons) aryl polyglycidol (5-20) ethers
• representative anionic surfactants are alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl aryl sulfonates, alkyl polyethoxy sulfates, alkyl aryl polyethoxy sulfates, and alkyl aryl polyethoxy sulfonates, containing 6-18 carbons in their alkyl groups.
• the amount of the auxiliary surfactant is about 25 to 200 percent by weight based on the weight of the glycoside coating aid surfactant.
• Photographic elements according to the invention generally comprise at least one light-sensitive layer, such as a silver halide emulsion layer.
• This layer may be sensitized to a particular spectrum of radiation with, for example, a sensitizing dye, as is known in the art. Additional light-sensitive layers may be sensitized to other portions of the spectrum.
• the light-sensitive layers may contain or have associated therewith dye-forming compounds or couplers. For example, a red-sensitive emulsion would generally have a cyan coupler associated therewith, a green-sensitive emulsion would be associated with a magenta coupler, and a blue-sensitive emulsion would be associated with a yellow coupler.
• the gelatin-containing layer of this and other layers in the element may be coated by any of the known coating methods, such as curtain coating, roller coating, bead coating, doctor blade coating, dip and air knife coating, and the like.
• the layer is generally dried by simple evaporation, which may be accelerated by known techniques such as convection heating.
• Known coating and drying methods are described in more detail Research Disclosure 17643, December, 1978.
• coatings of gelatin solutions were made on a narrow width coating machine and the coatings were visually examined for comparisons of uniformity of layer thicknesses.
• a variety of gelatin which has a high propensity for forming repellency spots was used in the top layer.
• Coatings made without any coating aid surfactant in the top layer had a large number of repellency spots, and repellency spots were also observed in coatings containing APG 300 or 325 alone or the comparison compound sucrose laurate atone in the top layer solution. But when the mixtures of APG 300 or 325 and nonionic auxiliary surfactant were added to the top layer, the resulting coatings had fewer repellency spots than the coatings made with sucrose laurate alone or combined with the nonionic auxiliary surfactant or with sodium maleopimerate. Experimental details are set forth below.
• a simultaneous 3-layer coating was made with a conventional, multi-slide, bead coating hopper onto subbed polyester film support at a coating speed of 90 meters per minute.
• a solution of acid-derived photographic grade pigskin gelatin (100 grams per liter of solution) was prepared for the top layer.
• the middle layer consisted of a solution of time-derived bone gelatin to which dispersed carbon particles were also added to provide an optical density in the middle layer of about 1.0, to allow the observation of layer thickness uniformity by visual examination.
• the bottom layer consisted of a solution of lime-processed bone gelatin without any carbon added. Repellency spots forming in the top layer during the coating process also disturbed the middle layer (containing the carbon) and were observed by visual inspection and counted according to number and size per unit area.
• glycoside coating aid surfactants of this invention were much more effective in preventing the formation of repellency spots in coating than the representative prior art surfactant alone or in mixtures with sodium maleopimarate or with Surfactant 10G.

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• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Paper (AREA)
• Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
• Paints Or Removers (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)

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• 1992
  • 1992-12-22 JP JP34255492A patent/JPH05257224A/ja active Pending
  • 1992-12-23 EP EP92420480A patent/EP0549496B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1992-12-23 DE DE1992625057 patent/DE69225057T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related

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