EP0494963B1 - Elektrisches heizelement mit elektrischem verbinder - Google Patents

Elektrisches heizelement mit elektrischem verbinder Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0494963B1
EP0494963B1 EP90915605A EP90915605A EP0494963B1 EP 0494963 B1 EP0494963 B1 EP 0494963B1 EP 90915605 A EP90915605 A EP 90915605A EP 90915605 A EP90915605 A EP 90915605A EP 0494963 B1 EP0494963 B1 EP 0494963B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
conductor
contact
electrical
fuse
receiving member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90915605A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0494963A1 (de
Inventor
Donald L. Tucker
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Raychem Corp
Original Assignee
Raychem Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US07/415,820 external-priority patent/US5004432A/en
Priority claimed from US07/415,757 external-priority patent/US5002501A/en
Application filed by Raychem Corp filed Critical Raychem Corp
Publication of EP0494963A1 publication Critical patent/EP0494963A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0494963B1 publication Critical patent/EP0494963B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
    • H01R4/24—Connections using contact members penetrating or cutting insulation or cable strands
    • H01R4/2416—Connections using contact members penetrating or cutting insulation or cable strands the contact members having insulation-cutting edges, e.g. of tuning fork type
    • H01R4/242—Connections using contact members penetrating or cutting insulation or cable strands the contact members having insulation-cutting edges, e.g. of tuning fork type the contact members being plates having a single slot
    • H01R4/2425—Flat plates, e.g. multi-layered flat plates
    • H01R4/2429—Flat plates, e.g. multi-layered flat plates mounted in an insulating base
    • H01R4/2433—Flat plates, e.g. multi-layered flat plates mounted in an insulating base one part of the base being movable to push the cable into the slot

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an heating assembly comprising an electrical connector and an electrical lead to electrical plugs which make an electrical connection between an electrical heater and an electrical power outlet.
  • an electrical connection e.g. to splice two leads together or to attach an electrical plug to a lead in order to apply power. It is also known to insert a light, or other signal, into an electrical circuit so that it is easy to determine whether current is flowing through a heater or other operational electrical device which forms part of the circuit.
  • the light can, for example, be placed in a plug through which the device is connected to a wall outlet in a building or to another power source.
  • GFCI ground fault circuit interrupter
  • the protection device can, for example, be placed in a plug through which a heater or other operational device is connected to a wall outlet in a building or to another power source.
  • absence of the signal light may signify failure of the operational device itself, or failure of the electrical connections to the operational device, or conversion of the protective device into its abnormal state, e.g. failure ("blowing") of the fuse.
  • Self-regulating strip heaters which comprise elongate electrodes connected by a conductive polymer resistive element are well-known. In operation, the thermal output of these strip heaters varies in response to changes in the thermal environment and thus serves to limit the maximum temperature which the heater achieves. Such heaters are often used to provide freeze protection of pipes, such as domestic or commercial water lines, or to maintain a constant temperature for pipes in process industries. A number of measures have been proposed for assisting the safe operation of such heaters. Reference may be made, for example, to U.S. Patent No. 4,436,986 (Carlson) and U.S. Patent No. 4,822,983 (Bremner et al).
  • DE-A-320-3651 discloses a two part connector. Conductors are positioned in bores in the first part. Cut-clamps are positioned in the second part. When the first and second parts are placed together, the cut-clamps cut through the insulation of the conductors and make electrical contact.
  • the connector is described as being useful for cables such as flat cables which have multiple conductors (see Figure 1).
  • US-A-4,684,195 discloses an electrical connector in which a solderless connection can be made to a wire by inserting the wire into a wire-receiving tunnel and then making connection via U-shaped contact member.
  • the connector is particularly useful for making in-line splices.
  • US-A-3,184,569 discloses an electrical plug which provides overload protection by means of two fuses.
  • the plug includes a signal light which goes out when the fuse blows as a result of an overcurrent condition.
  • the light is installed within a transparent plastic portion which is provided with an opaque hinged cover for use when it is desired that the light not be visible.
  • This plug is specifically designed to be connected to another plug.
  • a conductive polymer strip heater when a conductive polymer strip heater is connected to a power supply through an electrical plug which is inserted into a convential wall outlet and which contains a fuse or other protective device, it is very useful to include, as a part of the plug, a signal device, e.g. a light-emitting diode, which is connected between the two legs of the heater circuit so that it will provide a signal (e.g. will be lit up) only when the power is on and the protective device is in its normal state.
  • a signal device e.g. a light-emitting diode
  • a heating assembly which comprises :
  • the heating assembly of the invention is in the form of an electrical plug which is used to connect an elongate electrical heater to an electrical power outlet.
  • the power outlet may be a wall outlet either inside or outside of a building, or it may be part of a power supply or other suitable source of power.
  • the outlet may be two-hole for connection to a phase and a neutral wire, or three-hole for connection to a phase, a neutral, and a ground (earth) wire.
  • the electrical lead may be any electrical component with a first conductor and a second conductor, e.g. an electrical power cord.
  • the plug is particularly useful in making an electrical connection to a strip heater, i.e. an elongate heating element which comprises at least two electrodes.
  • the first conductor is one electrode of the heater and the second conductor is the other electrode of the heater.
  • the strip heater may comprise a conductive polymer, i.e. a composition in which a particulate conductive filler is dispersed or otherwise distributed in a polymeric component.
  • a conductive polymer i.e. a composition in which a particulate conductive filler is dispersed or otherwise distributed in a polymeric component.
  • Particularly preferred are self-regulating conductive polymer heaters, i.e. those which exhibit PTC (positive temperature coefficient) behavior.
  • the electrodes of a self-regulating heater are generally elongate metal wires or braid which are parallel and spaced apart. They are attached to or embedded in a resistive element which comprises the conductive polymer and is often in the form of a continuous strip.
  • the resistive element and the electrodes In order to provide environmental protection and electrical insulation, it is common for the resistive element and the electrodes to be covered by a dielectric layer, e.g. a polymeric jacket.
  • a metallic grounding braid is often present over the dielectric layer in order to provide physical reinforcement and a means of electrically grounding the strip heater.
  • PTC behavior is used in this specification to denote a composition or an electrical device which has an R14 value of at least 2.5 or an R100 value of at least 10, and preferably both, and particularly one which has an R30 value of at least 6, where R14 is the ratio of the resistivities at the end and the beginning of a 14°C range, R100 is the ratio of the resistivities at the end and the beginning of a 100°C range, and R30 is the ratio of the resistivities at the end and the beginning of a 30°C range.
  • Self-regulating conductive polymer heaters which exhibit PTC behavior, and appropriate conductive polymer compositions, are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic circuit diagram for an electrical connector in the form of a plug which is designed for insertion into an electrical power outlet.
  • a first contact member 2 comprises a first prong 4 which can be inserted into one socket of the outlet and a first fuse-contact section 6.
  • a second contact member 8 comprises a second fuse-contact section 10 and a first conductor-contact section 12 to which a first conductor of an electrical lead can be physically and electrically connected.
  • a third contact member 14 comprises a second conductor-contact section 16 to which the second conductor of an electrical lead can be physically and electrically connected and a second prong 18 which can be inserted into the other socket of the outlet.
  • a signal member 20 is electrically connected between the second and third contact members.
  • the signal member 20 is electrically in series with a first resistor 22 and a second resistor 24.
  • the signal member 20 provides a signal if a fuse 26 connects the first and second fuse-contact sections 6,10. No signal is provided if there is no electrical connection between the first and second fuse-contact sections 6,10.
  • the signal member 20 may be a light, e.g. a light emitting diode (LED) which provides a visual signal, a bell or other apparatus which provides an audio signal, or an electrical switch which can generate an alarm signal. Other types of signal members may be appropriate in different circumstances.
  • LED light emitting diode
  • the first and second fuse-contact sections 6,10 are positioned to receive a fuse 26.
  • the selection of a specific fuse is dependent on the normal operating conditions and the anticipated fault conditions. Since the connection is made to a strip heater a very fast acting fuse, i.e. a fuse which has little, if any intentional delay in the overload region and which "trips" (opens) very rapidly when the current in the circuit comprising the fuse exceeds the rated value of the fuse.
  • Appropriate fuses are very fast-acting ceramic ferrule fuses with a current rating of 10 amperes and a voltage rating of 125/250 volts. Such fuses are available, for example, from the Bussman Division of Cooper Industries under the name Buss GBBTM-10.
  • Figure 2 shows an exploded view of one specific embodiment of a connector in the form of a plug which is designed to connect the conductors of a first electrical lead 28 to an electrical power outlet.
  • the electrical lead 28 is a strip heater which comprises a resistive element 30, and embedded therein, a first conductor 32 and a second conductor 34.
  • the heater is surrounded by a metallic grounding braid 36. Both the first conductor 32 and the second conductor 34 have been stripped of the conductive polymer which comprises the resistive element 30 to allow easy insertion into the conductor-receiving member 38.
  • the conductor-receiving member 38 comprises a first channel 40, a second channel 42, and a third channel 44, designed for insertion of the first conductor 32, the second conductor 34, and the grounding lead 36, respectively.
  • Each channel is a tunnel which has a frusto-conical opening, both features sized so that the conductors inserted in them can be held by frictional forces.
  • the walls of the channels serve to prevent contact between the conductors.
  • a radial opening 46,48,50 is cut through each tunnel to allow electrical connection of the inserted conductor to the conductor-contact sections.
  • the conductor-receiving member which may include positioning pins or other design elements which are not shown, there is a unique mated configuration.
  • the first conductor 32 is in physical and electrical contact with the first conductor-contact section 12
  • the second conductor 34 is in physical and electrical contact with the second conductor-contact section 16
  • the grounding lead 36 is in physical and electrical contact with the grounding contact section 54.
  • the first and second conductor-contact sections 12, 16 and the grounding contact section 54 may comprise insulation-piercing means for use when the conductors are insulated with a polymeric jacket.
  • the conductor-connecting member further comprises first and second fuse-contact sections 6,10 designed to receive a fuse.
  • the first connection-making section 4 corresponds to the first prong of Figure 1 and the second connection-making section 18 corresponds to the second prong.
  • a ground-connection-making section 56 is also present to connect to the ground in the outlet.
  • the embodiment shown also comprises a base 58 for the conductor-connecting member 52 which can be welded, glued, or snapped into place.
  • a signal port 60 is positioned so that the signal member 20 will be visible.
  • Figure 2B shows the bottom of the conductor-connecting member 52 with the base 58 removed.
  • the signal member 20, an LED, and first and second resistors 22,24 are visible.
  • the first fuse-contact section 6 and the first connection-making section 4 are made from a single piece of metal, e.g. brass.
  • the second conductor-contact section 16 and the second connection-making section 18 are also made from a single piece of metal, as are the second fuse-contact section 10 and the fuse conductor-contact section 12.
  • the conductor-receiving member 38 is preferably made from an insulating material, e.g. a polymer. It is particularly preferred that it be made from a transparent polymer, e.g. polycarbonate, so that there is a visual indication that the conductors are properly positioned.
  • the conductor-receiving member 38 and the conductor-connecting member 52 are maintained in position by a closure means 62, e.g. a screw or a clamp. When mated properly, the plug provides adequate strain relief to the electrical lead. A minimum pull force of 20 pounds on the electrical lead is achieved. (The "pull force” or “pullout force” measures the amount of force required to pull the electrical lead 0.125 inch (0.318 cm) out of the plug.
  • the plug When the fuse 26 is in place but no conductors are inserted into the conductor-receiving member, the plug may be used to determine whether wall outlets are properly wired and/or live. If the fuse is electrically intact and there is no signal when the plug is placed into the outlet, that is an indication that the outlet is defective. Additional signal members can be incorporated into the plug to signal whether the phase and neutral wires are wired correctly. When there is a ground connection to the plug, additional signal members will indicate whether there is actually a ground.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a connector 64 which is designed to connect a first electrical lead 28 of a heater comprising first and second conductors 32,34 and a second electrical lead 66 comprising third and fourth conductors 68,70.
  • this connector 64 there are two conductor-receiving members 38,72.
  • the second conductor-receiving member 72 comprises two channels 74,76 for insertion of the third and fourth conductors 66,68.
  • a second closure means 78 maintains the second conductor-receiving member 72 in the mated configuration.
  • the third conductor 68 makes physical and electrical contact with the first connection-making section 4
  • the fourth conductor 70 makes physical and electrical contact with the second connection-making section 18.

Landscapes

  • Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Heizanordnung, die folgendes aufweist:
    (A) eine elektrische Leitung (28), die einen ersten Leiter (32) und einen zweiten Leiter (34) aufweist; und
    (B) einen elektrischen Verbinder, umfassend:
    (I) ein Leiteraufnahmeteil (38), das folgendes aufweist:
    (a) einen ersten Kanal (40), in den der erste Leiter (32) eingelegt werden kann, und
    (b) einen zweiten Kanal (42), in den der zweite Leiter (34) eingelegt werden kann, und
    (II) ein Leiterverbindungsteil (52), das folgendes aufweist:
    (a) ein erstes Kontaktelement (2), das einen ersten Stift (4) aufweist,
    (b) ein zweites Kontaktelement (8), das einen ersten Leiter-Kontaktabschnitt (12) aufweist,
    (c) ein drittes Kontaktelement (14), das (i) einen zweiten Leiter-Kontaktabschnitt (16) und (ii) einen zweiten Stift (18) aufweist;
    wobei das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) und das Leiterverbindungsteil (52) derart vorgesehen sind,
    (i) daß sie zwischen einer zusammengefügten und einer getrennten Konfiguration relativ zueinander bewegbar sind;
    (ii) so daß dann, wenn der erste Leiter (32) in den ersten Kanal (40) eingelegt worden ist und der zweite Leiter (34) in den zweiten Kanal (42) eingelegt worden ist, das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) mit den darin angeordneten Leitungsdrähten und das Leiterverbindungsteil (52) dann in die zusammengefügte Konfiguration gebracht werden können, wobei in dieser zusammengefügten Konfiguration der erste Leiter (32) einen körperlichen und elektrischen Kontakt mit dem ersten Leiter-Kontaktabschnitt (12) und der zweite Leiter (34) körperlichen und elektrischen Kontakt mit dem zweiten Leiter-Kontaktabschnitt (16) herstellt; und
    (iii) so daß sie nur dann in die zusammengesetzte Konfiguration gebracht werden können, wenn der erste Leiter (32) oder der zweite Leiter (34) mit dem jeweiligen Kanal in direktem körperlichen Kontakt angeordnet worden ist;
    wobei die Anordnung dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß:
    (e) die elektrische Leitung (28) eine langgestreckte Heizung ist, die folgendes aufweist:
    (i) ein Widerstandselement (30) und
    (ii) den ersten Leiter (32) und den zweiten Leiter (34), die mit dem Widerstandselement (30) verbunden sind;
    (f) der elektrische Verbinder ein elektrischer Stecker ist, um den ersten Leiter (32) und den zweiten Leiter (34) mit einer elektrischen Steckdose zu verbinden;
    (g) der erste Stift (4) zum Einführen in die eine Buchse der Steckdose geeignet ist und der zweite Stift (18) zum Einführen in die andere Buchse der Steckdose geeignet ist;
    (h) das erste Kontaktelement (2) einen ersten Sicherungskontaktabschnitt (6) und das zweite Kontaktelement (8) einen zweiten Sicherungskontaktabschnitt (10) aufweist;
    (i) das Leiterverbindungsteil (52) ein Signalelement (20) aufweist, das zwischen das zweite und das dritte Kontaktelement (2, 8) geschaltet ist und ein Signal abgibt, wenn es von Strom durchflossen wird;
    (j) der erste und der zweite Stift (4, 18) so angeordnet sind, daß dann, wenn sie in die Steckdose eingesteckt sind, das Signalelement (20) ein Signal abgibt, wenn eine Sicherung (26) den ersten und den zweiten Sicherungskontaktabschnitt (6, 10) verbindet, und kein Signal abgibt, wenn keine elektrische Verbindung zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Sicherungskontaktabschnitt (6, 10) besteht;
    (k) das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) und das Leiterverbindungsteil (52) (i) zwischen einer zusammengefügten Konfiguration, die unverwechselbar ist, und einer Vielzahl von getrennten Konfigurationen relativ zueinander bewegbar sind; und (ii) derart ausgebildet sind, daß zumindest in einigen der getrennten Konfigurationen der erste Leiter (32) in den ersten Kanal (40) und der zweite Leiter (34) in den zweiten Kanal (42) eingelegt werden können; und daß
    (l) der elektrische Verbinder (III) eine Verschlußeinrichtung (62) aufweist, um das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) und das Leiterverbindungsteil (52) in der zusammengefügten Konfiguration zu halten.
  2. Heizanordnung nach Anspruch 1,
    wobei das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) aus Isoliermaterial, bevorzugt einem transparenten Isoliermaterial besteht.
  3. Heizanordnung nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2,
    wobei das Signalelement (20) eine Lampe aufweist.
  4. Heizanordnung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    wobei jeder von dem ersten und dem zweiten Kanal (40, 42) in Form eines Tunnels ausgebildet ist, in dem eine radiale Öffnung vorhanden ist, und wobei dann, wenn das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) und das Leiterverbindungsteil (52) in der zusammengefügten Konfiguration sind, die jeweiligen Leiteraufnahmeabschnitte durch die radialen Öffnungen hindurchgehen.
  5. Heizanordnung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    wobei das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) einen dritten Kanal (44) aufweist, in den ein Masseleiter (36) eingelegt werden kann, wenn das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) und das Leiterverbindungsteil (52) sich zumindest in einigen der getrennten Konfigurationen befinden, und wobei das Leiterverbindungsteil (52) einen Massekontaktabschnitt (54), der mit dem Masseleiter (36) in der zusammengefügten Konfiguration Kontakt herstellt, und einen Masseverbindungsabschnitt (56) zur Herstellung der Masseverbindung aufweist.
  6. Heizanordnung nach Anspruch 1,
    wobei wenigstens einer von (a) dem ersten Leiter-Kontaktabschnitt (12) und dem ersten Stift (4) und (b) von dem zweiten Leiter-Kontaktabschnitt (16) und dem zweiten Stift (18) aus einem einzigen Metallstück besteht.
  7. Heizanordnung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    wobei (a) der erste und der zweite Kanal (40, 42) eine Größe haben, um den ersten und den zweiten Leiter (32, 34) aufzunehmen, die mit einem elektrischen Isoliermaterial isoliert sind, und (b) der erste und der zweite Leiter-Kontaktabschnitt (12, 16) isolationsdurchdringende Mittel aufweisen, die das elektrische Isoliermaterial durchdringen, wenn der erste und der zweite Leiter in das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) eingelegt sind und wenn das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) und das Leiterverbindungsteil (52) in die zusammengefügte Konfiguration gebracht werden.
  8. Heizanordnung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    wobei das Leiteraufnahmeteil (38) und das Leiterverbindungsteil (52) in der zusammengefügten Konfiguration sind.
  9. Heizanordnung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    wobei das Widerstandselement ein leitfähiges Polymer aufweist.
  10. Heizanordnung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    die eine Sicherung (26) aufweist, die zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Sicherungskontaktabschnitt (6, 10) angebracht ist.
EP90915605A 1989-10-02 1990-10-02 Elektrisches heizelement mit elektrischem verbinder Expired - Lifetime EP0494963B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/415,820 US5004432A (en) 1989-10-02 1989-10-02 Electrical connector
US415757 1989-10-02
US415820 1989-10-02
US07/415,757 US5002501A (en) 1989-10-02 1989-10-02 Electrical plug
PCT/US1990/005613 WO1991005377A1 (en) 1989-10-02 1990-10-02 Electrical connector

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0494963A1 EP0494963A1 (de) 1992-07-22
EP0494963B1 true EP0494963B1 (de) 1996-03-20

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90915605A Expired - Lifetime EP0494963B1 (de) 1989-10-02 1990-10-02 Elektrisches heizelement mit elektrischem verbinder

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0494963B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE135851T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2066272A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69026102T2 (de)
WO (1) WO1991005377A1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TWI748571B (zh) * 2020-07-22 2021-12-01 敏翔股份有限公司 具加熱功能之裝置之電連接部

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5814111A (en) * 1995-03-14 1998-09-29 Shell Oil Company Gasoline compositions
US5718600A (en) * 1996-01-17 1998-02-17 Raychem Corporation Electrical plug
EP0908973A3 (de) * 1997-10-07 2000-07-12 All-Line Inc. Auswechselbarer Überspannungsgeschützter Stecker
JP4067181B2 (ja) * 1998-06-15 2008-03-26 スリーエム カンパニー 圧接結線用コネクタとその圧接方法

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB801052A (en) * 1956-01-11 1958-09-03 Walsall Conduits Ltd Improvements relating to electric plug connectors
US3184569A (en) * 1963-01-15 1965-05-18 Robert J Mclaren Combined plug receptacle and circuit overload protective device
EP0098262A1 (de) * 1982-01-12 1984-01-18 HAYES, Derek Elektrische kupplungsanordnung
DE3203651A1 (de) * 1982-02-03 1983-08-18 Maigler, geb. Maigler, Brigitta, 7100 Heilbronn Steckverbinder und verbinder leiterplatte-kabel mit schneid-klemmkontaktanschluessen zum anschliessen von kabeln mit mehreren, mechanisch voneinander unabhaenigen, einzelleitern
US4684195A (en) * 1985-12-19 1987-08-04 American Telephone And Telegraph Company, At&T Bell Laboratories Solderless electrical connector

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TWI748571B (zh) * 2020-07-22 2021-12-01 敏翔股份有限公司 具加熱功能之裝置之電連接部

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE135851T1 (de) 1996-04-15
WO1991005377A1 (en) 1991-04-18
CA2066272A1 (en) 1991-04-03
EP0494963A1 (de) 1992-07-22
DE69026102T2 (de) 1996-11-28
DE69026102D1 (de) 1996-04-25

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