EP0490989B1 - Dispositif a polymere conducteur - Google Patents

Dispositif a polymere conducteur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0490989B1
EP0490989B1 EP90914344A EP90914344A EP0490989B1 EP 0490989 B1 EP0490989 B1 EP 0490989B1 EP 90914344 A EP90914344 A EP 90914344A EP 90914344 A EP90914344 A EP 90914344A EP 0490989 B1 EP0490989 B1 EP 0490989B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heater
fuse
standard
composition
strip
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP90914344A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0490989A1 (fr
Inventor
Arthur F. Emmett
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Raychem Corp
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Raychem Corp
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Publication date
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
    • H01B1/24—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
    • H01B1/22—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
    • H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
    • H05B3/56—Heating cables

Definitions

  • This invention relates to conductive polymer compositions and strip heaters comprising them, in particular self-regulating strip heaters which comprise a pair of elongate metal electrodes embedded in an elongate core of a conductive polymer composition which exhibits PTC behavior.
  • a conductive polymer composition comprises a polymeric component and, dispersed or otherwise distributed therein, a particulate conductive filler.
  • Strip heaters particularly self-regulating strip heaters comprising conductive polymers, are also well-known.
  • the term strip heater is used to mean a conductive polymer resistive element into which elongate electrodes are embedded. In operation, such strip heaters provide a varying level of heat in response to changes in the thermal environment. Under normal operating conditions, this self-regulating feature serves to limit the maximum temperature which the heater achieves, thus providing reliability and safety.
  • GB 2 036 754 discloses conductive polymer compositions comprising a polymer, for example, polyethylene, a particulate filler, for example, carbon black, and optionally further fillers which may be non-conductive fillers, for example, antimony trioxide.
  • US 4,591,700 discloses conductive polymer compositions for use in self-limited strip heaters.
  • the compositions comprise a mixture of two crystalline polymers of different melting points, the higher of which is at least 160°C, and a particulate filler, for example, carbon black.
  • the compositions have good thermal stability and do not increase in resistivity by a factor of more than 2 when maintained at 150°C for 1000 hours.
  • this invention discloses a strip heater which comprises
  • the invention discloses a strip heater assembly which comprises
  • the invention discloses a strip heater circuit which comprises
  • the first conductive polymer composition used in this invention comprises a polymeric component which has a polyethylene polymer matrix.
  • the polymeric component may comprise a blend of polyethylene with one or more further, crystalline organic polymers.
  • Suitable crystalline polymers for use in such blends include polymers of one or more olefins, copolymers of at least one olefin and at least one monomer copolymerisable therewith such as ethylene/acrylic acid, ethylene/ethyl acrylate, and ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers; and melt-shapeable fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride and ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.
  • Suitable polymers and compositions comprising them may be found in US Patent Nos. 4,188,276, 4,237,441, 4,388,607, 4,470,898, 4,514,620, 4,534,889, 4,560,498, 4,591,700, 4,624,990, 4,658,121, 4,774,024, and 4,775,778; and European Patent Publication Nos. 38,713, 38,718, 74,281, 197,759 and 231,068.
  • Crystalline polymers are particularly preferred, although not required, when it is desired that the composition exhibit PTC (positive temperature coefficient) behaviour.
  • PTC behaviour is used in this specification to denote a composition or an electrical device which has an R 14 value of at least 2.5 or an R 100 value of at least 10, and preferably both, and particularly one which has an R 30 value of at least 6, where R 14 is the ratio of the resistivities at the end and the beginning of a 14°C range, R 100 is the ratio of the resistivities at the end and the beginning of a 100°C range, and R 30 is the ratio of the resistivities at the end and the beginning of a 30°C range.
  • the composition also comprises a particulate conductive filler, carbon black, which is dispersed or otherwise distributed in the polymer.
  • the particulate conductive filler is present in the composition in an amount suitable for achieving the desired resistivity, normally 5 to 50% by weight of the composition, preferably 10 to 40% by weight, particularly 15 to 30% by weight.
  • the particulate non-conductive filler comprises a material which is electrically insulating, i.e. has a resistivity of greater than 1 x 10 9 ohm-cm.
  • the non-conductive filler should have a melting temperature of less than 1000°C.
  • the composition comprises 4.0 to 8.0% by weight of Sb 2 O 3 as filler, that material being easily reduced.
  • easily reduced means that the material has a reduction potential of less than +0.5 volts, preferably less than +0.4 volts, particularly less than +0.375 volts.
  • the filler is preferably in the form of particles which have a particle size of 0.01 to 50 ⁇ m, particularly 0.05 to 50 ⁇ m, especially 0.10 to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the non-conductive filler may optionally further comprise decabromodiphenyl-oxide.
  • decabromodiphenyl-oxide also known as decabromodiphenylether
  • DBDPO decabromodiphenyloxide
  • the conductive polymer composition may also comprise inert fillers, antioxidants, prorads, stabilizers, dispersing agents, or other components. Mixing is preferably effected by melt-processing, e.g. melt-extrusion. Subsequent processing steps may include extrusion, molding, or another procedure in order to form and shape the composition.
  • the composition may be crosslinked by irradiation or chemical means.
  • the conductive polymer composition may be used, further to the strip of the invention, in any current carrying electrical device, e.g. a circuit protection device, a sensor, or, most commonly, another heater.
  • the heater may be in the form of a laminar sheet in which the resistive element comprises the composition.
  • Strip heaters of the invention may be of any cross-section, e.g. rectangular, elliptical, or dumbell ("dogbone").
  • Appropriate electrodes, suitable for connection to a source of electrical power, are selected depending on the shape of the electrical device. Electrodes may comprise metal wires or braid, e.g. for attachment to or embedment into the conductive polymer, or they may comprise metal sheet, metal mesh, conductive (e.g. metal- or carbon-filled) paint, or other suitable materials.
  • the resistive element In order to provide environmental protection and electrical insulation, it is common for the resistive element to be covered by a dielectric layer, e.g. a polymeric jacket (for strip heaters) or an epoxy layer (for circuit protection devices).
  • the dielectric layer may comprise flame retardants or other fillers.
  • a metallic grounding braid is present over the dielectric layer in order to provide physical reinforcement and a means of electrically grounding the strip heater.
  • compositions are particularly useful when, in the form of strip heaters, they are used in conjunction with a fuse and act to "trip" the fuse faster than strip heaters comprising conventional materials.
  • a fuse "trips" when the current in the circuit comprising the fuse exceeds the rated value of the fuse.
  • Fuses are categorized based on their overload fusing characteristics, i.e. the relationship between the value of current through the fuse and the time for the fuse to open as described in Bulletin SFB, "Buss Small Dimension Fuses", May 1985. Of the major categories (slow blowing, non-delay, and very fast acting), it is very fast acting fuses which are most useful in this invention. These fuses have little, if any, intentional delay in the overload region.
  • fuses which are particularly preferred are very fast-acting ceramic ferrule fuses with a current rating of 10 amperes and a voltage rating of 125/250 volts. Such fuses are available, for example, from the Bussman Division of Cooper Industries under the name Buss GBBTM-10.
  • the fuse may be an independent component in the circuit or it may be in a fused plug assembly, i.e. an assembly in which the fuse is part of the plug which connects the strip heater to the power source, e.g. an outlet or a power supply.
  • Strip heaters of the invention are commonly used in a strip heater assembly which comprises the strip heater and a fuse.
  • the strip heater is a component of a strip heater circuit which comprises the strip heater, a power supply, and a fuse.
  • the power supply can be any suitable source of power including portable power supplies and mains power sources.
  • Other components, such as resistors, thermostats, and indicating lights, may also be present in the circuit.
  • a “standard strip heater” is one in which a conductive polymer composition is melt-extruded around two 22 AWG stranded nickel/copper wires to produce a strip heater of flat, elliptical shape as shown in Figure 1.
  • the heater has an electrode spacing of 0.10 inch (0.25 cm) from the center of one electrode to the center of the second electrode.
  • the thickness of the heater at a point centered between the electrodes is 0.08 inch (0.20 cm).
  • the heater is jacketed with a composition which contains 31.9% by weight of a standard flame retardant package as described in Example 1.
  • the jacket is 0.030 inch (0.076 cm) thick.
  • the standard strip heater is tested by means of a "standard arcing fault test".
  • a standard strip heater is connected in a circuit to a power supply and a 10A, 125/250V fuse. An arc is initiated between two exposed electrodes of the heater and the time to interrupt the current and extinguish the arc by means of tripping the fuse is recorded.
  • a standard strip heater which comprises the composition of the invention (i.e. a first conductive polymer composition) trips the fuse faster than a second strip heater which comprises a second conductive polymer composition, i.e. a composition which is the same as the first composition except that it does not comprise the nonconductive particulate filler.
  • the time to trip a fuse for the standard heater generally will be at least two times as fast, preferably at least three times as fast, particularly at least five times as fast, e.g. five to eight times as fast as the second heater.
  • the standard heater will trip the fuse in at most half the time required to trip the fuse in a circuit which comprises a second heater.
  • a standard strip heater of the invention normally will trip the fuse in less than 30 seconds, preferably in less than 25 seconds, particularly in less than 20 seconds, e.g. in 5 to 10 seconds.
  • An additional aspect of the invention is that the addition of the nonconductive particulate filler results in an increase in the number of current spikes observed during the arcing fault test.
  • the amplitude of the spikes is similar for both types of heaters, there generally will be at least 2 times, preferably at least 3 times, particularly at least 4 times as many current spikes in a given period, e.g. 30 seconds, for the heater comprising the first composition.
  • a second test which is conducted on heaters comprising the first composition of the invention is the UL VW-1 vertical-wire flame test (Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables, and Flexible Cords, UL 1581, No. 1080, August 15, 1983).
  • a heater sample is held in a vertical position while a flame is applied.
  • the sample cannot "flame" longer than 60 seconds following any of five 15-second applications of the test flame.
  • the period between sequential applications of the test flame is either 15 seconds (if the sample ceases flaming within 15 seconds) or the duration of the sample flaming time if the flaming lasts longer than 15 seconds.
  • combustible materials in the vicinity of the sample cannot be ignited by the sample during the test.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of a standard strip heater 1. Electrodes 5, 7 are embedded in the first conductive polymer composition 3 (the resistive element). A polymeric jacket 9 surrounds the heater core.
  • Figure 2 shows a top view of strip heater 1 which has been prepared for the arcing fault test described below. A V-shaped notch 11 is cut through the polymeric jacket 9 and the conductive polymer composition 3 on one surface of the heater in order to expose electrodes 5 and 7. The cross-sectional view of the heater along line 3-3 is shown in Figure 3. Electrodes 5, 7 remain partially embedded in the conductive polymer 3.
  • the ingredients listed in Table I were preblended and then mixed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder to form pellets.
  • the pelletized composition was extruded through a 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) extruder around two 22 AWG stranded nickel/copper wires to produce a strip heater.
  • the heater had an electrode spacing of 0.106 inch (0.269 cm) from center-to-center and a thickness of 0.083 inch (0.211 cm) at a center point between the wires.
  • the heater was jacketed with a 0.030 inch (0.076 cm) layer of a composition containing 10% by weight ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), 36.8% medium density polyethylene, 10.3% ethylene/propylene rubber, 23.4% decabromodiphenyloxide, 8.5% antimony oxide, 9.4% talc, 1.0% magnesium oxide, and 0.7% antioxidant.
  • EVA ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer
  • the heater was tested using the standard arcing fault test described below. The results are shown in Table II. In a related test, the amplitude and frequency of the current spikes produced when a heater was tested following the procedure of the arcing fault test but without the use of a fuse were recorded. In this modified arcing fault test, the samples were allowed to burn for three minutes after a flame was initiated. The results are shown in Table III.
  • the heater was tested following the procedures of the UL VW-1 vertical-wire flame test (Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables, and Flexible Cords, UL 1581, No. 1080, August 15, 1983). Of the 10 samples tested, five passed the test. These results are shown in Table IV.
  • a standard, jacketed 25 inch- (64 cm-) long strip heater was prepared by stripping one inch (2.5 cm) of jacket and core material from a first end to expose the two electrodes.
  • a transverse v-shaped notch was cut half-way through the thickness of the heater 2 inches (5.1 cm) from the second end and the jacket and core polymer were removed from the top half in order to expose part of each of the two electrodes.
  • the electrodes at the first end were connected in a circuit in series with a 120V/100A power supply, a contactor relay, a 0.1 ohm/100 watt shunt resistor, and a 10A, 125/250V very fast acting fuse (Buss GBBTM-10, available from the Bussman Division of Cooper Industries).
  • a chart recorder was connected across the shunt resistor in order to measure the voltage drop. When the relay was closed, the sample was powered. A sufficient quantity of 10 to 20% saline solution was applied to the exposed v-notch until an arcing fault was initiated. The chart recorder was monitored until the current was interrupted and the arc was extinguished (i.e. until the fuse tripped). Both the time duration of the arc, as determined from the current spikes on the chart, and the distance of arc fault propagation on the strip heater were measured. In some instances, the number of current spikes present during the arcing fault was also determined.
  • pellets of the composition of Example 1 were preblended with the inorganic materials in the proportions shown in Table I. After mixing in a co-rotating twin screw extruder and pelletizing, the compositions were extruded to form strip heaters with the same geometry as that of Example 1 and were jacketed as in Example 1. The results of the arcing fault test and the vertical flame test are shown in Tables II and IV. It is apparent that those compositions which contain Sb 2 O 3 have significantly faster trip times in the arc fault test than comparable materials which do not contain the filler.
  • a strip heater formed from the composition of Example 2 was also tested following the modified arcing fault test described in Example 1. As shown in the results in Table III, the amplitude of the current spikes and the burn rate were comparable for both the conventional composition (Example 1) and the composition of the invention (Example 2). The major difference occurred in the frequency of the current spikes; the spikes were much more prevalent for the composition of the invention than for the conventional material.
  • EEA is ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer.
  • CB is carbon black with a particle size of 28 nm.
  • MDPE is medium density polyethylene.
  • Antioxidant is an oligomer of 4,4-thio bis(3-methyl 1-6-t-butyl phenol) with an average degree of polymerisation of 3 to 4, as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,986,981.
  • Sb 2 O 3 is antimony trioxide with a particle size of 1.0 to 1.8 ⁇ m.
  • DBDPO is decabromodiphenyl oxide (also known as decabromodiphenylether).
  • ARCING FAULT TEST RESULTS Example Circuit Length (feet) Fuse Response (seconds) Burn Length (inches) Burn Rate (in/min) 1 2 97 2.1 1.30 100 180 4.3 1.43 2 2 6.9 0 -- 50 8.4 0 -- 100 19 0.3 0.94 3 2 9 0 -- 4 2 6 0 -- MODIFIED ARCING FAULT TEST RESULTS Example Circuit Length (feet) Amplitude of Current Spikes (amps) Frequency of Current Spikes (#/0.5 min) Burn Rate (in/min) 1 2 31 - 71 8 2.06 50 8 - 41 16 2.08 100 5 - 21 34 2.52 2 2 27 - 100 28 1.83 50 6 - 40 63 2.00 100 4 - 30 88 2.34 VERTICAL WIRE FLAME TEST (UL VW-1) Example % Pass 1 50% 2 100

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Bande chauffante comprenant
    (A) un élément résistant qui est composé d'une première composition de polymère conducteur qui peut être extrudée à l'état fondu et qui comprend :
    (i) un composant polymère qui est une matrice formée d'un polymère de polyéthylène, dans lequel sont dispersés
    (ii) une charge particulaire conductrice qui est du noir de carbone,
    (iii) 4,0 à 8,0 % en poids d'une charge particulaire non conductrice qui est du trioxyde d'antimoine, et éventuellement
    (iv) de l'oxyde de décabromodiphényle ;
    et
    (B) deux électrodes qui peuvent être reliées à une source d'énergie électrique pour obliger le courant à circuler à travers l'élément résistant,
    et qui
    (1) lorsqu'on la teste en suivant le mode opératoire du test UL VW-1, (a) ne passe pas le test avec succès ou (b) a une performance qui est analogue à celle d'un second élément chauffant qui est formé d'une seconde composition de polymère conducteur qui est identique à la première composition de polymère conducteur sauf qu'elle ne comprend pas la charge particulaire non conductrice, et
    (2) lorsqu'on la teste lors d'un test standard de défaut de formation d'arc, (a) le temps qu'elle nécessite pour déclencher un fusible est inférieur au temps requis par le second élément chauffant, et (b) déclenche le fusible en moins de 30 secondes.
  2. Elément chauffant selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la composition présente un comportement dit PTC (coefficient de température positif).
  3. Assemblage à bande chauffante comprenant:
    (A) une bande chauffante selon la revendication 1 ou 2 et
    (B) un fusible,
    la charge particulaire non conductrice, Sb2O3, étant telle que lorsque la composition est transformée en une bande chauffante standard et qu'on teste l'élément chauffant standard lors d'un test standard de défaut de formation d'arc, il déclenche le fusible en moins de 30 secondes.
  4. Assemblage à bande chauffante selon la revendication 3, dans lequel le fusible est une partie d'un assemblage de fiches à fusible.
  5. Assemblage à bande chauffante selon la revendication 3 ou 4, dans lequel le fusible est un fusible à action très rapide, de préférence un fusible qui a une valeur nominale de 10A, 125/250 volts.
  6. Circuit à bande chauffante comprenant
    (A) une bande chauffante selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
    (B) un fusible, et
    (C) une alimentation en énergie,
    la charge particulaire non conductrice, Sb2O3, étant telle que lorsque la composition est transformée en une bande chauffante standard et qu'on teste l'élément chauffant standard lors d'un test standard de défaut de formation d'arc, il déclenche le fusible en moins de 30 secondes.
EP90914344A 1989-09-08 1990-09-10 Dispositif a polymere conducteur Expired - Lifetime EP0490989B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US40473089A 1989-09-08 1989-09-08
US404730 1989-09-08
PCT/US1990/005102 WO1991003822A1 (fr) 1989-09-08 1990-09-10 Dispositif a polymere conducteur

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0490989A1 EP0490989A1 (fr) 1992-06-24
EP0490989B1 true EP0490989B1 (fr) 1999-11-24

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EP90914344A Expired - Lifetime EP0490989B1 (fr) 1989-09-08 1990-09-10 Dispositif a polymere conducteur

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0490989B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH05500884A (fr)
KR (1) KR920704316A (fr)
AT (1) ATE187013T1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2066254C (fr)
DE (1) DE69033364T2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1991003822A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6111234A (en) * 1991-05-07 2000-08-29 Batliwalla; Neville S. Electrical device
DE4221309A1 (de) * 1992-06-29 1994-01-05 Abb Research Ltd Strombegrenzendes Element
EP0640995B1 (fr) * 1993-08-25 1997-06-25 Abb Research Ltd. Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant
IT1291999B1 (it) * 1997-05-26 1999-01-25 Alcantara Spa Agente antifiamma utile per rendere ignifugo un tessuto non tessuto microfibroso sintetico procedimento per la sua preparazione e tessuti
NO319061B1 (no) * 2003-05-15 2005-06-13 Nexans Blyfri elektrisk kabel med hoy spesifikk vekt
US20160021705A1 (en) 2014-07-17 2016-01-21 Gentherm Canada Ltd. Self-regulating conductive heater and method of making

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4591700A (en) * 1980-05-19 1986-05-27 Raychem Corporation PTC compositions

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT313588B (de) * 1970-08-24 1974-02-25 Oppitz Hans Verfahren zur Herstellung von elektrisch leitenden Verbundwerkstoffen
US4006443A (en) * 1975-09-11 1977-02-01 Allen-Bradley Company Composition resistor with an integral thermal fuse
US4237441A (en) * 1978-12-01 1980-12-02 Raychem Corporation Low resistivity PTC compositions
EP0197745A1 (fr) * 1985-03-30 1986-10-15 Charles Romaniec Matériaux conducteurs

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4591700A (en) * 1980-05-19 1986-05-27 Raychem Corporation PTC compositions

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0490989A1 (fr) 1992-06-24
KR920704316A (ko) 1992-12-19
CA2066254C (fr) 1999-11-02
DE69033364T2 (de) 2000-07-27
ATE187013T1 (de) 1999-12-15
CA2066254A1 (fr) 1991-03-09
WO1991003822A1 (fr) 1991-03-21
JPH05500884A (ja) 1993-02-18
DE69033364D1 (de) 1999-12-30

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