EP0479308B1 - Building - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP0479308B1
EP0479308B1 EP91116962A EP91116962A EP0479308B1 EP 0479308 B1 EP0479308 B1 EP 0479308B1 EP 91116962 A EP91116962 A EP 91116962A EP 91116962 A EP91116962 A EP 91116962A EP 0479308 B1 EP0479308 B1 EP 0479308B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
building
walls
hollow chambers
floors
air
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EP91116962A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0479308A2 (en
EP0479308A3 (en
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Michael Demuth
Wolfgang Dr. Holzapfel
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Individual
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Individual
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a building, in particular a residential or commercial building, in the walls, which should also be understood to mean floors, ceilings and the roof, hollow chambers designed for air or gas flow are provided, which extend essentially over the entire wall surface and with the hollow chambers of adjacent walls (or floors and / or ceilings or roof surfaces) are connected to form a closed circulating air chamber system which extends around the building or a part thereof.
  • a building of this type is known from EP-A-150 242. Its walls consist of prefabricated parts, which are penetrated by vertical wall channels, which are also connected to one another in the horizontal direction by connecting channels. These ducts are connected to an air conditioning unit and are used to create a pleasant and uniform climate in the building rooms with the help of the heating or cooling agents flowing in them.
  • this design of the building walls intended for heating or cooling does not adequately take into account the problem of dryness of these walls, since the heating or cooling agent flowing in the channels of the building walls contains moisture which gets into the walls and prevents their drying or keeping dry and thus reduces the insulating effect of the building walls.
  • the invention is therefore based on the problem existing in a building of the type mentioned to solve the drying and keeping the walls dry with simple means and at the same time to allow an arbitrarily adjustable indoor climate in the building with maximum energy savings for heating or cooling.
  • This object is achieved by the formation of at least one inner and one outer hollow chamber in the building walls specified in the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • a heat exchanger or a heat pump which is located in the connection between the inner and the outer hollow chambers, the circulating air flowing in the hollow chambers is continuously extracted, so that they in turn absorb moisture from the walls and above the heat exchangers or the Heat pump can dissipate, in which the moisture is condensed out of the circulating air. This ensures an optimal insulation effect of dry building materials.
  • the heat exchanger or the heat pump which takes the heat from the hot air flowing in one of the interconnected two hollow chambers for other reuse, thereby bringing the circulating air below its dew point and removing the condensed air humidity. This allows maximum energy savings for the air conditioning and heating, cooling or drying of the building.
  • Circulation pumps can be used to change and adjust the speed of air circulation in the hollow chambers, which means that the indoor climate in the building, i.e. the air temperature and humidity can be set in the desired manner.
  • the hollow chambers form a self-contained, air-circulating air chamber which extends continuously around the building, they enable, for example, the air in the room on the south side of the house Hollow chamber is overflowed by convection flow or pumps in neighboring building exterior walls not exposed to the sun or in ceilings, floors or roof surfaces adjoining the sunlit building wall and can thereby ensure heating of these parts of the building.
  • the walls and ceilings consist essentially of their entire thickness homogeneously from a water vapor-permeable mineral material, such as Ceramics, clay, a plaster or cement mixture, sand-lime brick or a sintered material, whereby they are designed without vapor barrier, so that the moisture in the walls can freely enter the hollow chambers and be removed there.
  • a water vapor-permeable mineral material such as Ceramics, clay, a plaster or cement mixture, sand-lime brick or a sintered material
  • the walls containing the hollow chambers can be formed by stone or plate-shaped, statically load-bearing components placed next to one another, each of which has a cavity that is at least partially open on all four end faces of the components with which they are put together to form the wall and with the cavity each of the adjacent components is connected to form a continuous hollow chamber.
  • the building shown in Fig. 1 stands on a concrete foundation 1 with an insulating layer 2.
  • the outer and inner walls, 3, 4, floors 5 and ceilings 6 and the roof structure 7 are formed by load-bearing building blocks 8, 9, 10, which consist of cavities Burnt clay or the like can exist and have one, two or three adjacent cavities, which are open on all four faces of the components with which they are put together to form the wall, floor, ceiling and roof, and with the cavities of the neighboring components are connected.
  • the basement floor 5 lying directly on the foundation 1 is constructed with building blocks 9 which form two cavities 11, 12 extending one above the other in the basement floor.
  • the outer wall 3 of the building and the roof 7 are made of building blocks 8, which each form three hollow chambers 11, 12, 13 which extend alongside one another in these parts of the building.
  • the inner wall 4 of the building is also designed in this way, while the upper half of the building consists of building blocks 9 which, when placed next to one another, form two hollow chambers 11, 12 located next to one another.
  • the basement floor 5 located on the foundation 1 and the basement ceiling 6 located above it like the basement ceiling 6 of the left half of the building, consist of building blocks 10 which only form a cavity 11, 12 in these parts of the building.
  • the outer hollow chambers 11 in the outer walls 3 and the floors 5 are connected to one another, as are the inner hollow chambers 12 of these parts of the building.
  • the sole hollow chambers 13 in the ceilings 6 are also connected to these inner hollow chambers 12.
  • the outer hollow chambers 11 are connected to the inner hollow chambers 12 via the building heater 15, while in the area of the roof ridge the outer and inner hollow chambers 11, 12 are connected to one another via a heat pump 16. This results in a closed chamber system, in which air heated in the heater 15 can be passed up through the inner hollow chambers 12 in the floors, ceilings, walls in the roof of the building, taking with it the moisture that has penetrated into these parts of the building.
  • the remaining heat energy is taken from the warm air carried up in the hollow chambers 12, which may have emitted part of its thermal energy into the interior of the building, whereupon it is cold air in the outer hollow chambers 11 of the roof 7 and the building outer walls 3 downwards and is returned to the building heating 15 via the hollow chambers 11 of the basement floor 5.
  • this air is dried so that it can then absorb moisture from the building parts again when it is returned to the building heating 15 in the outer hollow chambers 11.
  • the condensate resulting from the cooling of the warm air in the heat pump 16 is discharged in line 18, while the heat energy taken from the warm air and the warm flue gases in the heat pump 16 and in the heat exchanger 17 can be returned to the building heating 15 via the line 19.
  • the inner hollow chamber 13 provided in the left outer wall 3 of the building and in the left building roof 7, on the other hand, is self-contained and includes a fixed air mass, which is used for insulation purposes. Such an internal hollow chamber can of course also be provided in the other rows of the building.
  • the inner building wall 4 also has an inner hollow chamber 14, which, however, is not closed in itself but is connected to the flue gas outlet of the building heater 15.
  • This hollow chamber 14 used for flue gas discharge opens into the roof ridge in a heat exchanger 17 in which the residual heat is removed from the flue gas and fed to another reuse in the building. The moisture is frozen out of the flue gas.
  • the pollutants contained in it such as sulfur dioxide, carbonic acid, nitrogen oxides with such metal oxides, e.g. Iron oxide, that water-soluble salts, e.g. Sulphates, nitrates and carbonates are formed, which can be led into the sewer of the building or can be collected in a separate tank.
  • the air pollution from the combustion gases of the building heating can be drastically reduced in this way.
  • the air or gas flow in the hollow chambers 11, 12 cannot only increase or decrease in the vertical direction. Rather, the air flow in these chambers can also be given a horizontal flow component, either by conventional means or by circulation pumps.
  • the flow through the prescribed hollow chamber system of the building can be adjusted, e.g. in the hot season, can be switched so that the circulating air can be used for cooling.
  • the building blocks, floors, ceilings and roof surfaces forming the building blocks 8, 9 10 in the exemplary embodiment shown, as shown in FIG. 2 in more detail, consist of several plates 20 which are connected to one another by rigid spacers 21 to form a rigid building block.
  • the spacers 21 keep the plates 20 at a distance from one another, which results in cavities 22 extending between these plates, which are open at the end edges with which the modules are attached to one another and are attached to the cavities, open and with the cavities neighboring building blocks are connected to form continuous hollow chambers.
  • the building blocks consist both in their plates 20 and in their spacers 21 made of uniform, living-friendly material such as clay or the like.
  • the building blocks shown in FIG. 2 each have four plates 20, which form three cavities 21 between them. They therefore correspond to the building blocks in the building wall 3 and the roof 7 of the left half of the building shown in FIG. 1 and the inner wall 4 thereof.
  • the building blocks in the other parts of this building have only three or two Spacers 21 interconnected building boards 20 with cavities 22 located between them.
  • One or more of these boards can be provided on their inside or outside with a water vapor-tight coating, for example a ceramic layer.
  • a building ceiling 24 of an already completed building is shown, on which hollow components 23 have been subsequently placed, which essentially correspond to the building blocks shown in Fig. 2 with plates 20, spacers 21 and thereby cavities 22 formed between the plates.
  • the constant drying of the building parts by the air circulation system ensures that structural damage caused by wet conditions is avoided. Water vapor can no longer condense in the wall. Fungal growth in the interior of the building is no longer possible. The ventilation times of the building rooms and the resulting heat loss can be reduced. The swelling and shrinkage of components and the associated structural damage can also be reduced or eliminated.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
  • Vending Machines For Individual Products (AREA)

Abstract

A building, in the walls, floors and/or ceilings of which there are provided hollow chambers (11, 12) designed to allow air or gas to flow through and extending substantially over the entire wall, floor and/or ceiling surface. According to the invention, the hollow chambers form in the walls (3, 4), floors (5) and/or ceilings (6, 7) a closed circulating-air chamber system extending annularly around the building or a part thereof, the walls, floors or ceilings being composed substantially over their entire thickness, i.e. their entire solid part, homogeneously of a water vapour-permeable material. In this arrangement, the hollow chambers can extend continuously around the building both in the vertical and in the horizontal direction. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Gebäude, insbesondere ein Wohn- oder Betriebsgebäude, in dessen Wänden, worunter auch Böden, Decken sowie das Dach verstanden werden soll, zur Luft- oder Gasdurchströmung ausgebildete Hohlkammern vorgesehen sind, die sich im wesentlichen über die gesamte Wandfläche erstrecken und mit den Hohlkammern benachbarter Wände (bzw. Böden und/oder Decken- oder Dachflächen) zur Bildung eines geschlossenen, sich um das Gebäude oder einen Teil desselben herum erstreckenden Umluftkammersystems verbunden sind.The invention relates to a building, in particular a residential or commercial building, in the walls, which should also be understood to mean floors, ceilings and the roof, hollow chambers designed for air or gas flow are provided, which extend essentially over the entire wall surface and with the hollow chambers of adjacent walls (or floors and / or ceilings or roof surfaces) are connected to form a closed circulating air chamber system which extends around the building or a part thereof.

Ein Gebäude dieser Gattung ist durch die EP-A-150 242 bekannt. Seine Wände bestehen aus Fertigteilen, die von senkrechten Wandkanälen durchsetzt sind, die auch in horizontaler Richtung durch Verbindungskanäle miteinander verbunden sind. Diese Kanäle sind an ein Klimatisierungsgerät angeschlossen und dienen dazu, mit Hilfe der in ihnen strömenden Heiz- oder Kühlmittel ein angenehmes und gleichmäßiges Klima in den Gebäuderäumen zu erzeugen. Diese zur Beheizung bzw. Kühlung vorgesehene Ausgestaltung der Gebäudewände trägt jedoch dem Problem der Trockenheit dieser Wände nicht ausreichend Rechnung, da das in den Kanälen der Gebäudewände strömende Heiz- oder Kühlmittel Feuchtigkeit enthält, die in die Wände gelangt und deren Trocknung oder Trockenhaltung verhindert und damit die Isolierwirkung der Gebäudewände herabsetzt.A building of this type is known from EP-A-150 242. Its walls consist of prefabricated parts, which are penetrated by vertical wall channels, which are also connected to one another in the horizontal direction by connecting channels. These ducts are connected to an air conditioning unit and are used to create a pleasant and uniform climate in the building rooms with the help of the heating or cooling agents flowing in them. However, this design of the building walls intended for heating or cooling does not adequately take into account the problem of dryness of these walls, since the heating or cooling agent flowing in the channels of the building walls contains moisture which gets into the walls and prevents their drying or keeping dry and thus reduces the insulating effect of the building walls.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, bei einem Gebäude der eingangs genannten Gattung bestehende Probleme hinsichtlich der Trocknung und Trockenhaltung der Wände mit einfachen Mitteln zu lösen und dabei gleichzeitig ein beliebig einstellbares Raumklima im Gebäude bei maximaler Energieeinsparung für die Beheizung oder Kühlung zu ermöglichen. Diese Aufgabe wird durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruches 1 angegebene Ausbildung von mindestens einer inneren und einer äußeren Hohlkammer in den Gebäudewänden gelöst. Über ein Wärmetauscher oder eine Wärmepumpe, der oder die sich in der Verbindung zwischen den inneren und den äußeren Hohlkammern befindet, wird der in den Hohlkammern strömenden Umluft laufend Feuchtigkeit entzogen, so daß sie aus den Wänden heraus wiederum Feuchtigkeit aufnehmen und über den Wärmetauschern oder die Wärmepumpe abführen kann, in dem die Feuchtigkeit aus der Umluft auskondensiert wird. Dadurch wird eine optimale Isolierwirkung trockener Baustoffe erhalten.The invention is therefore based on the problem existing in a building of the type mentioned to solve the drying and keeping the walls dry with simple means and at the same time to allow an arbitrarily adjustable indoor climate in the building with maximum energy savings for heating or cooling. This object is achieved by the formation of at least one inner and one outer hollow chamber in the building walls specified in the characterizing part of claim 1. Via a heat exchanger or a heat pump, which is located in the connection between the inner and the outer hollow chambers, the circulating air flowing in the hollow chambers is continuously extracted, so that they in turn absorb moisture from the walls and above the heat exchangers or the Heat pump can dissipate, in which the moisture is condensed out of the circulating air. This ensures an optimal insulation effect of dry building materials.

Der Wärmetauscher oder die Wärmepumpe welcher bzw. welche die Wärme der in einer der miteinander verbundenen beiden Hohlkammern strömenden Warmluft zur anderweitigen Wiederverwendung entnimmt, dabei die Umluft unter ihren Taupunkt bringt und die auskondensierte Luftfeuchtigkeit abführt. Hierdurch kann eine maximale Energieeinsparung für die Klimatisierung und die Beheizung, Kühlung oder Trocknung des Gebäudes erreicht werden. Durch Umwälzpumpen kann die Geschwindigkeit der Luftzirkulation in den Hohlkammern verändert und eingestellt werden, wodurch im Gebäude das Raumklima, d.h. die Lufttemperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit in der gewünschten Weise eingestellt werden kann.The heat exchanger or the heat pump which takes the heat from the hot air flowing in one of the interconnected two hollow chambers for other reuse, thereby bringing the circulating air below its dew point and removing the condensed air humidity. This allows maximum energy savings for the air conditioning and heating, cooling or drying of the building. Circulation pumps can be used to change and adjust the speed of air circulation in the hollow chambers, which means that the indoor climate in the building, i.e. the air temperature and humidity can be set in the desired manner.

Da die Hohlkammern eine in sich geschlossene, sich ringförmig kontinuierlich um das Gebäude herum erstreckende Umluftkammer bilden, ermöglichen sie, daß z.B. die Luft, die sich in der an der Südseite des Hauses befindlichen Hohlkammer befindet, durch Konvektionsströmung oder Pumpen in benachbarte, nicht von der Sonne beschienene Gebäudeaußenwände oder in an die sonnenbeschienene Gebäudewand anschließenden Decken, Böden oder Dachflächen überströmen und dadurch eine Erwärmung dieser Gebäudeteile gewährleisten kann.Since the hollow chambers form a self-contained, air-circulating air chamber which extends continuously around the building, they enable, for example, the air in the room on the south side of the house Hollow chamber is overflowed by convection flow or pumps in neighboring building exterior walls not exposed to the sun or in ceilings, floors or roof surfaces adjoining the sunlit building wall and can thereby ensure heating of these parts of the building.

Zweckmäßigerweise bestehen die Wände und Decken im wesentlichen über ihre gesamte Dicke materialhomogen aus einem wasserdampfdurchlässigen mineralischen Stoff, wie z.B. Keramik, Ton, einer Gips- oder Zementmischung, Kalksandstein oder aus einem Sintermaterial, wobei sie ohne Dampfdurchgangssperren ausgebildet sind, so daß die in den Wänden befindliche Feuchtigkeit ungehindert in die Hohlkammern eintreten und dort abgeführt werden kann.Conveniently, the walls and ceilings consist essentially of their entire thickness homogeneously from a water vapor-permeable mineral material, such as Ceramics, clay, a plaster or cement mixture, sand-lime brick or a sintered material, whereby they are designed without vapor barrier, so that the moisture in the walls can freely enter the hollow chambers and be removed there.

Die die Hohlkammern enthaltenen Wände können von aneinandergesetzten stein- oder plattenförmigen, statisch tragenden Bauelementen gebildet sein, die jeweils einen Hohlraum aufweisen, der an allen vier Stirnseiten der Bauelemente, mit welchen diese zur Bildung der Wand aneinandergesetzt sind, mindestens teilweise offen und mit dem Hohlraum jeweils der benachbarten Bauelemente zur Bildung einer durchgehenden Hohlkammer verbunden ist.The walls containing the hollow chambers can be formed by stone or plate-shaped, statically load-bearing components placed next to one another, each of which has a cavity that is at least partially open on all four end faces of the components with which they are put together to form the wall and with the cavity each of the adjacent components is connected to form a continuous hollow chamber.

Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen des erfindungsgemäßen Gebäudes sind in den Patentansprüchen angeführt.Further advantageous refinements of the building according to the invention are set out in the patent claims.

In der Zeichnung sind besonders vorteilhafte Ausführungsbeispiele des erfindungsgemäßen Gebäudes dargestellt, die im folgenden näher beschrieben werden:

Fig. 1
zeigt einen Vertikalschnitt durch das Gebäude dieser Ausführungsform,
Fig. 2
zeigt einen Ausschnitt der in Fig. 1 linken Gebäudeaußenwand in Schrägansicht in größerer Darstellung, und
Fig. 3
zeigt eine Gebäudedecke, die nachträglich mit aufgelegten Hohlbauelementen mit einer kontinuierlich durchgehenden Hohlkammer versehen worden ist.
The drawing shows particularly advantageous exemplary embodiments of the building according to the invention, which are described in more detail below:
Fig. 1
shows a vertical section through the building of this embodiment,
Fig. 2
shows a section of the left outer wall of the building in oblique view in a larger representation, and
Fig. 3
shows a building ceiling, which was subsequently provided with hollow building elements with a continuous hollow chamber.

Das in Fig. 1 dargestellte Gebäude steht auf einem Betonfundament 1 mit Isolierschicht 2. Die Außen- und Innenwände, 3, 4, Böden 5 und Decken 6 sowie die Dachkonstruktion 7 sind von Hohlräume enthaltenden tragenden Bausteinen 8, 9, 10 gebildet, die aus gebranntem Ton oder dergleichen bestehen können und ein, zwei oder drei nebeneinander sich erstreckende Hohlräume haben, die an allen vier Stirnseiten der Bauteile, mit welchen diese zur Bildung der Wand, des Bodens, der Decke und des Daches aneinandergesetzt sind, offen und mit den Hohlräumen der benachbarten Bauteile verbunden sind. Hierdurch ergeben sich in den vorgenannten Gebäudeteilen durchgehende Hohlkammern 11, 12, 13, 14, die mit Luft oder Gasen gefüllt oder von Luft oder Gasen durchströmt werden können.The building shown in Fig. 1 stands on a concrete foundation 1 with an insulating layer 2. The outer and inner walls, 3, 4, floors 5 and ceilings 6 and the roof structure 7 are formed by load-bearing building blocks 8, 9, 10, which consist of cavities Burnt clay or the like can exist and have one, two or three adjacent cavities, which are open on all four faces of the components with which they are put together to form the wall, floor, ceiling and roof, and with the cavities of the neighboring components are connected. This results in continuous hollow chambers 11, 12, 13, 14 in the aforementioned building parts, which can be filled with air or gases or through which air or gases can flow.

In der linken Hälfte des in Fig. 1 gezeigten Gebäudes ist der aus dem Fundament 1 unmittelbar aufliegende Kellerboden 5 mit Bausteinen 9 ausgeführt, die im Kellerboden zwei übereinander sich erstreckende Hohlräume 11, 12 bilden. Ferner ist die Gebäudeaußenwand 3 und das Dach 7 aus Bausteinen 8 gefertigt, die jeweils drei nebeneinander sich erstreckende Hohlkammern 11, 12, 13 in diesen Gebäudeteilen ausbilden. Auch die Gebäudeinnenwand 4 ist in dieser Weise gestaltet, während die obere Gebäudehälfte aus Bausteinen 9 bestehen, welche in ihrer aneinandergesetzten Lage zwei nebeneinander befindliche Hohlkammern 11, 12 bilden. Der auf dem Fundament 1 befindliche Kellerboden 5 und die darüber befindliche Kellerdecke 6 bestehen wie die Kellerdecke 6 der linken Gebäudehälfte aus Bausteinen 10, die nur einen Hohlraum 11, 12 in diesen Gebäudeteilen ausbilden.In the left half of the building shown in FIG. 1, the basement floor 5 lying directly on the foundation 1 is constructed with building blocks 9 which form two cavities 11, 12 extending one above the other in the basement floor. Furthermore, the outer wall 3 of the building and the roof 7 are made of building blocks 8, which each form three hollow chambers 11, 12, 13 which extend alongside one another in these parts of the building. The inner wall 4 of the building is also designed in this way, while the upper half of the building consists of building blocks 9 which, when placed next to one another, form two hollow chambers 11, 12 located next to one another. Of the basement floor 5 located on the foundation 1 and the basement ceiling 6 located above it, like the basement ceiling 6 of the left half of the building, consist of building blocks 10 which only form a cavity 11, 12 in these parts of the building.

Die äußeren Hohlkammern 11 in den Außenwänden 3 und den Böden 5 sind miteinander verbunden, ebenso die inneren Hohlkammern 12 dieser Gebäudeteile. Mit diesen inneren Hohlkammern 12 sind auch die alleinigen Hohlkammern 13 in den Decken 6 verbunden. Im Kellerbereich des Hauses sind die äußeren Hohlkammern 11 mit den inneren Hohlkammern 12 über die Gebäudeheizung 15 verbunden, während im Bereich des Dachfirstes die äußeren und inneren Hohlkammern 11, 12 über eine Wärmepumpe 16 miteinander verbunden sind. Hierdurch ergibt sich ein geschlossenes Kammersystem, in welchem in der Heizung 15 erwärmte Luft durch die inneren Hohlkammern 12 in den Böden, Decken, Wänden im Dach des Gebäudes hindurch nach oben geführt werden kann, wobei sie die in diese Gebäudeteile eingedrungene Feuchtigkeit mitnimmt. In der Wärmepumpe 16 wird der in den Hohlkammern 12 hochgeführten Warmluft, die dabei einen Teil ihrer Wärmeenergie in das Gebäudeinnere abgegeben haben kann, ihre restliche Wärmeenergie entnommen, worauf sie als Kaltluft in den äußeren Hohlkammern 11 des Daches 7 und der Gebäudeaußenwände 3 nach unten und über die Hohlkammern 11 des Kellerbodens 5 wieder zur Gebäudeheizung 15 rückgeführt wird. Durch Unterschreiten des Taupunktes bei der Entnahme der restlichen Wärmeenergie aus der Warmluft wird diese Luft getrocknet, so daß diese dann bei ihrer Rückführung in den äußeren Hohlkammern 11 zur Gebäudeheizung 15 zurück wieder Feuchtigkeit aus den Gebäudeteilen aufnehmen kann.The outer hollow chambers 11 in the outer walls 3 and the floors 5 are connected to one another, as are the inner hollow chambers 12 of these parts of the building. The sole hollow chambers 13 in the ceilings 6 are also connected to these inner hollow chambers 12. In the basement area of the house, the outer hollow chambers 11 are connected to the inner hollow chambers 12 via the building heater 15, while in the area of the roof ridge the outer and inner hollow chambers 11, 12 are connected to one another via a heat pump 16. This results in a closed chamber system, in which air heated in the heater 15 can be passed up through the inner hollow chambers 12 in the floors, ceilings, walls in the roof of the building, taking with it the moisture that has penetrated into these parts of the building. In the heat pump 16, the remaining heat energy is taken from the warm air carried up in the hollow chambers 12, which may have emitted part of its thermal energy into the interior of the building, whereupon it is cold air in the outer hollow chambers 11 of the roof 7 and the building outer walls 3 downwards and is returned to the building heating 15 via the hollow chambers 11 of the basement floor 5. By dropping below the dew point when the remaining heat energy is removed from the hot air, this air is dried so that it can then absorb moisture from the building parts again when it is returned to the building heating 15 in the outer hollow chambers 11.

Das bei der Abkühlung der Warmluft in der Wärmepumpe 16 anfallende Kondenswasser wird in der Leitung 18 abgeführt, während die in der Wärmepumpe 16 und im Wärmetauscher 17 aus der Warmluft und den warmen Rauchgasen entnommene Wärmeenergie über die Leitung 19 zur Gebäudeheizung 15 zurückgeführt werden kann. Die in der linken Gebäudeaußenwand 3 und im linken Gebäudedach 7 vorgesehen innere Hohlkammer 13 ist dagegen in sich geschlossen und schließt eine feststehende Luftmasse ein, die zu Isolierzwecken dient. Eine solche innere Hohlkammer kann natürlich auch in den anderen Gebäudezeilen vorgesehen sein.The condensate resulting from the cooling of the warm air in the heat pump 16 is discharged in line 18, while the heat energy taken from the warm air and the warm flue gases in the heat pump 16 and in the heat exchanger 17 can be returned to the building heating 15 via the line 19. The inner hollow chamber 13 provided in the left outer wall 3 of the building and in the left building roof 7, on the other hand, is self-contained and includes a fixed air mass, which is used for insulation purposes. Such an internal hollow chamber can of course also be provided in the other rows of the building.

Auch die innere Gebäudewand 4 besitzt eine innere Hohlkammer 14, die jedoch nicht in sich geschlossen sondern an den Rauchgasauslaß der Gebäudeheizung 15 angeschlossen ist. Diese zur Rauchgasabführung dienende Hohlkammer 14 mündet im Dachfirst in einen Wärmetauscher 17 ein, in welchem aus dem Rauchgas dessen Restwärme entnommen und einer anderweitigen Wiederverwendung im Gebäude zugeführt wird. Dabei wird aus dem Rauchgas die Feuchtigkeit ausgefroren. Ferner können die in ihm enthaltenen Schadstoffe, wie Schwefeldioxid, Kohlensäure, Stickoxide mit solchen Metalloxiden, wie z.B. Eisenoxid, in Verbindung gebracht werden, daß wasserlösliche Salze, z.B. Sulfate, Nitrate und Carbonate, gebildet werden, die in den Abwasserkanal des Gebäudes geleitet werden dürfen oder in einem separaten Tank gesammelt werden können. Die Luftverunreinigung durch die Verbrennungsgase der Gebäudeheizung kann auf diese Weise drastisch reduziert werden.The inner building wall 4 also has an inner hollow chamber 14, which, however, is not closed in itself but is connected to the flue gas outlet of the building heater 15. This hollow chamber 14 used for flue gas discharge opens into the roof ridge in a heat exchanger 17 in which the residual heat is removed from the flue gas and fed to another reuse in the building. The moisture is frozen out of the flue gas. Furthermore, the pollutants contained in it, such as sulfur dioxide, carbonic acid, nitrogen oxides with such metal oxides, e.g. Iron oxide, that water-soluble salts, e.g. Sulphates, nitrates and carbonates are formed, which can be led into the sewer of the building or can be collected in a separate tank. The air pollution from the combustion gases of the building heating can be drastically reduced in this way.

Die Luft- oder Gasströmung in den Hohlkammern 11, 12 kann nicht nur in vertikaler Richtung ansteigend oder abfallend erfolgen. Vielmehr kann der Luftströmung in diesen Kammern auch eine horizontale Strömungskomponente verliehen werden, entweder auf konventionellem Wege oder durch Umwälzpumpen.The air or gas flow in the hollow chambers 11, 12 cannot only increase or decrease in the vertical direction. Rather, the air flow in these chambers can also be given a horizontal flow component, either by conventional means or by circulation pumps.

Durch die Verbindung dieser Hohlkammern 11 und 12 in den verschiedenen Gebäudeteilen miteinander kann eine kreisförmige Durchströmung dieser Gebäudeteile in etwa horizontaler oder schräg ansteigender Richtung um das ganze Gebäude herum erfolgen. Diese Strömung mit horizontaler Strömungskomponente kann für den Energiehaushalt des Gebäudes von außerordentlicher Bedeutung sein, insbesondere im Hinblick auf dessen einseitige Sonnenbestrahlung.By connecting these hollow chambers 11 and 12 together in the different parts of the building, a circular flow through these parts of the building can take place in an approximately horizontal or obliquely increasing direction around the entire building. This flow with a horizontal flow component can be extremely important for the energy balance of the building, especially with regard to its one-sided solar radiation.

Die Durchströmung des vorgeschriebenen Hohlkammersystems des Gebäudes kann je nach Bedarf, z.B. in der heißen Jahreszeit, umgeschaltet werden, so daß die Umluft zur Kühlung verwendet werden kann.The flow through the prescribed hollow chamber system of the building can be adjusted, e.g. in the hot season, can be switched so that the circulating air can be used for cooling.

Zusätzliche Isolierungen sind in den Gebäudeteilen nicht mehr erforderlich, können aber zwischen den Hohlkammern und/oder auf den Außenseiten der Gebäudeteile angebracht werden.Additional insulation is no longer required in the building parts, but can be attached between the hollow chambers and / or on the outside of the building parts.

Die die Gebäudewände, Böden, Decken und Dachflächen bildenden Bausteine 8, 9 10 bestehen bei dem dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel, wie Fig. 2 näher zeigt, aus mehreren Platten 20, die durch achsstummelförmige Abstandhalter 21 zu einem starren Baustein miteinander verbunden sind. Die Abstandhalter 21 halten die Platten 20 in gegenseitigem Abstand, wodurch sich zwischen diesen Platten nebeneinander erstreckende Hohlräume 22 ergeben, die an den Stirnrändern, mit welchen die Bausteine aneinandergesetzt sind, offen sind und mit den Hohlräumen aneinandergesetzt sind, offen sind und mit den Hohlräumen der benachbarten Bausteine zur Bildung von durchgehenden Hohlkammern verbunden sind. Die Bausteine bestehen sowohl in ihren Platten 20 als auch in ihren Abstandhaltern 21 aus einheitlichem wohnfreundlichem Material wie Ton oder dergleichen.The building blocks, floors, ceilings and roof surfaces forming the building blocks 8, 9 10 in the exemplary embodiment shown, as shown in FIG. 2 in more detail, consist of several plates 20 which are connected to one another by rigid spacers 21 to form a rigid building block. The spacers 21 keep the plates 20 at a distance from one another, which results in cavities 22 extending between these plates, which are open at the end edges with which the modules are attached to one another and are attached to the cavities, open and with the cavities neighboring building blocks are connected to form continuous hollow chambers. The building blocks consist both in their plates 20 and in their spacers 21 made of uniform, living-friendly material such as clay or the like.

Die in Fig. 2 gezeigten Bausteine haben jeweils vier Platten 20, die zwischen sich drei Hohlräume 21 bilden. Sie entsprechen daher den Bausteinen in der Gebäudewand 3 und dem Dach 7 der in Fig. 1 linken Hälfte des darin gezeigten Gebäudes sowie dessen Innenwand 4. Die Bausteine in den anderen Teilen dieses Gebäudes besitzen abweichend von denjenigen gemäß Fig. 2 nur drei oder zwei durch Abstandhalter 21 miteinander verbundene Bauplatten 20 mit dazwischen befindlichen Hohlräumen 22. Eine oder mehrere dieser Platten können an ihrer Innen- oder Außenseite mit einer wasserdampfdichten Beschichtung, beispielsweise einer Keramikschicht, versehen sein.The building blocks shown in FIG. 2 each have four plates 20, which form three cavities 21 between them. They therefore correspond to the building blocks in the building wall 3 and the roof 7 of the left half of the building shown in FIG. 1 and the inner wall 4 thereof. In contrast to those in accordance with FIG. 2, the building blocks in the other parts of this building have only three or two Spacers 21 interconnected building boards 20 with cavities 22 located between them. One or more of these boards can be provided on their inside or outside with a water vapor-tight coating, for example a ceramic layer.

Mit den Bausteinen der in Fig. 2 genannten Art mit unterschiedlicher Anzahl von Platten 20 können wie bei dem in Fig. 1 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sämtliche Gebäudeteile erstellt werden. Es ist aber auch möglich, an die Wände, Decken oder Böden eines bereits vorhandenen Gebäudes diese Bausteine anzumauern, um diesen Bauteilen nachträglich die vorerwähnten Hohlkammern zur Klimatisierung und Entfeuchtung des Gebäudes zu verleihen.With the building blocks of the type mentioned in FIG. 2 with a different number of plates 20, as in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, all parts of the building can be created. However, it is also possible to brick these blocks onto the walls, ceilings or floors of an existing building in order to subsequently give these components the aforementioned hollow chambers for air conditioning and dehumidifying the building.

In Fig. 3 ist eine Gebäudedecke 24 eines bereits fertiggestellten Gebäudes dargestellt, auf welche nachträglich Hohlbauelemente 23 aufgesetzt worden sind, die im wesentlichen den in Fig. 2 dargestellten Bausteinen mit Platten 20, Abstandhaltern 21 und dadurch zwischen den Platten gebildeten Hohlräumen 22 entsprechen.In Fig. 3, a building ceiling 24 of an already completed building is shown, on which hollow components 23 have been subsequently placed, which essentially correspond to the building blocks shown in Fig. 2 with plates 20, spacers 21 and thereby cavities 22 formed between the plates.

Die durch das Umluftsystem erfolgende stetige Trocknung der Gebäudeteile gewährleistet, daß durch Nässe auftretende Bauschäden vermieden werden. Wasserdampf kann nicht mehr in der Wand kondensieren. Pilzbewuchs in den Innenräumen des Gebäudes ist nicht mehr möglich. Die Lüftungszeiten der Gebäuderäume und der dadurch bedingte Wärmeverlust kann reduziert werden. Das Quellen und Schrumpfen von Bauteilen und die damit verbundenen Bauschäden können ebenfalls reduziert oder ausgeschaltet werden.The constant drying of the building parts by the air circulation system ensures that structural damage caused by wet conditions is avoided. Water vapor can no longer condense in the wall. Fungal growth in the interior of the building is no longer possible. The ventilation times of the building rooms and the resulting heat loss can be reduced. The swelling and shrinkage of components and the associated structural damage can also be reduced or eliminated.

Claims (16)

  1. Building in the walls (3, 4) and floors (5, 6, 7) of which are provided hollow chambers (11, 12) which are designed for the throughflow of air or gas and which essentially extend over the whole respective wall and floor surface and communicate with the hollow chambers of adjacent walls and floors to form a closed circulating chamber system extending around the building or part thereof, wherein the walls (3, 4) and floors (5, 6, 7) throughout their mass are made of a steam-permeable material with homogeneity of material, characterised in that in the building walls (3, 4) and/or building floors (5, 6, 7) are formed at least one inner and one outer hollow chamber (11, 12) which communicate with each other, wherein in the connection between these two hollow chambers (11, 12) is provided a heat exchanger or heat pump (16 or 17) to which is connected a condensate water drain (18).
  2. Building according to claim 1, characterised in that the heat pump (16) or heat exchanger (17) is designed in such a way that the hot air coming from the hollow chambers is cooled to below the dew point thereof.
  3. Building according to claim 1, characterised in that the inner and outer hollow chambers (11, 12) of the building walls (3, 4) and building floors (5, 7) communicate with each other in the upper region of the building.
  4. Building according to claim 1, characterised in that the inner and outer hollow chambers (11, 12) of the building walls (3, 4) and building floors (5, 7) communicate with each other via the building heating system.
  5. Building according to claim 1, characterised in that the hollow chambers (11, 12) extend continuously around the building in both vertical and horizontal directions.
  6. Building according to claim 1, characterised in that in the hollow chambers (11, 12) are provided air or gas conducting surfaces which are arranged and designed in such a way that they give the air or gas stream in the cavity a horizontal direction component.
  7. Building according to claim 1, characterised in that the walls (3, 4) and floor (5, 6, 7) are essentially made throughout their thickness of a steam-permeable, mineral material such as e.g. ceramic, clay, a gypsum or cement mixture, sand-lime brick or a sintered material.
  8. Building according to claim 1, characterised in that the walls (3, 4) and floors (5, 6, 7) containing the hollow chambers (11, 12) are designed in their solid portion without internal interfaces for permeation of steam.
  9. Building according to claim 1, characterised in that the inner hollow chambers (12) in the outside building walls (3) communicate with each other via hollow chambers (12) in the building floors (6) and/or in the cellar floor (5).
  10. Building according to claim 9, characterised in that the inner hollow chambers (12) in the outside building walls (3) communicate with hollow chambers (12) in the inside building walls (4) via hollow chambers (12) in the building floors (6) and/or in the cellar floor (5).
  11. Building according to claim 1, characterised in that one of the hollow chambers (11, 12) of the building walls, preferably the hollow chamber (12) facing towards the interior of the building, is connected to the hot air delivery side of the building heating system (15).
  12. Building according to one or more of claims 1 to 11, characterised in that - in the heating period - one hollow chamber, in outside building walls (3) preferably the inner hollow chamber (12) adjacent to the interior of the building, is designed for the conduction of hot air or air heated by the building heating system mainly upwards, and the other hollow chamber, in outside walls preferably the outer hollow chamber (11), is designed for the conduction of cold or colder air mainly downwards and if occasion arises back to the building heating system, or - in the cooling period - vice versa.
  13. Building according to claim 1, characterised in that the walls (3, 4) and floors (5, 6, 7) containing hollow chambers (11, 12, 13, 14) are formed by block-like or slab-like static load-bearing structural elements (8, 9, 10, 23) placed against each together and each comprising a cavity (22) which is at least partially open on all four faces of the structural elements with which the latter are placed against together to form the wall and floor and which communicates with the cavity of the adjacent structural elements respectively to form a continuous hollow chamber (11, 12, 13, 14).
  14. Building according to claim 13, characterised in that the structural elements (8, 9, 10, 23) are constructed in one piece without internal interfaces for permeation of steam.
  15. Building according to claim 13, characterised in that the structural elements (8, 9, 10, 23) in each case consist of at least two essentially rigid slabs (20) located adjacent to each other or one above the other with mutual spacing in the walls (3, 4) and floor (5, 6, 7) and defining between them a cavity (22) which is open at the faces of the structural elements, which slabs (20) are joined together in material-locking relationship by spacers (21) which extend over only part of the width and length of the block and allow passage of air or gas between them.
  16. Building according to claim 13, characterised in that the structural elements (23) with their open side edges butting against each other are placed against a building wall or laid on a building floor (24).
EP91116962A 1990-10-05 1991-10-04 Building Expired - Lifetime EP0479308B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE4031614 1990-10-05
DE4031614A DE4031614A1 (en) 1990-10-05 1990-10-05 BUILDING

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EP0479308A2 EP0479308A2 (en) 1992-04-08
EP0479308A3 EP0479308A3 (en) 1992-10-21
EP0479308B1 true EP0479308B1 (en) 1996-03-13

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19845557C2 (en) * 1998-10-02 2002-07-18 Ehnes Werner Lüftungsdämmsystem
US6843718B2 (en) * 2001-03-26 2005-01-18 Johannes Schmitz Method of guiding external air in a building shell and a building; and a method of temperature control of a building
ES2378859B1 (en) * 2009-07-02 2013-02-25 Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic) MULTICAPA CLOSURE.
ITMI20111316A1 (en) * 2011-07-15 2013-01-16 Ernesto Fardelli BUILDING WITH SUMMER / WINTER INTEGRATED AIR-CONDITIONING PLANT, REDUCED ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
EP3354811A1 (en) * 2017-01-26 2018-08-01 Rosasco, Enrico A method for the thermal and acoustic active type insulation of buildings and building made by this method
DE202022101887U1 (en) 2022-04-07 2023-07-10 Hans Günther Schwarz Building

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL55714C (en) * 1900-01-01
GB191015796A (en) * 1910-07-01 1911-05-11 John Ferguson Improvements relating to the Construction of Damp-proof and Ventilated Walls.
FR449348A (en) * 1912-10-12 1913-02-24 William Cargill Poured concrete wall, in a single operation, with a permeable inner wall and an impermeable outer wall
DE1941401A1 (en) * 1968-05-22 1971-02-25 Dr Becker Otto Alfred Wall element with insulation
DE2929004A1 (en) * 1979-07-18 1981-02-05 Wolfgang Schlappig Domestic central heating using heat pump - uses cavities in outside walls and under roof with central collector duct and pump
DE3244406A1 (en) * 1981-12-04 1984-05-03 Ernst Ing. 1130 Wien Perner Prefabricated house system
EP0150242B1 (en) * 1984-01-28 1987-07-29 Lorenz Kesting Assembly unit for the construction of a building air conditioned by its walls
DE3609452A1 (en) * 1985-03-04 1987-01-29 Georg Thesz Outer-wall construction on a building
DE8607689U1 (en) * 1986-03-20 1986-07-03 Roehm Gmbh, 6100 Darmstadt A plastic plate that can be welded to form a stack of plates and a stack of plates made from it
FR2651261A1 (en) * 1989-08-30 1991-03-01 Prevost Jean Interchangeable internal, continuous, static or renewed ventilation system for a composite or non-composite prefabricated block, with its special gluing machine

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DE59107538D1 (en) 1996-04-18
ATE135435T1 (en) 1996-03-15
EP0479308A2 (en) 1992-04-08
DE4031614A1 (en) 1992-04-09
EP0479308A3 (en) 1992-10-21

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