WO2002036896A1

WO2002036896A1 - Low-energy building

Info

Publication number: WO2002036896A1
Application number: PCT/DE2001/004108
Authority: WO
Inventors: Sabine Helmet-Hruschka
Original assignee: Hochtief Fertigteilbau Gmbh
Priority date: 2000-11-03
Filing date: 2001-11-05
Publication date: 2002-05-10
Also published as: DE10054607A1; EP1330579A1; AU2002215836A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a low-energy building, especially a passive building, comprising a heat insulation system. The aim of the invention is to provide a low-energy building, especially a passive house, which is economical to produce. To this end, the invention provides that the heat insulation (2) essentially surrounds the wall, roof and floor surfaces from the outside in the form of a closed shell.

Description

Niedrigenergiegebaude

The present invention relates to a low-energy building, in particular a passive building, with thermal insulation.

Especially in times of increasing energy costs and in view of increased environmental awareness, buildings with low energy requirements are becoming the focus of attention. Low-energy houses and so-called passive houses, which have an even lower energy consumption, are therefore already available on the market. In order to achieve extremely low energy consumption, in addition to appropriate thermal insulation, complex building technology is also required. However, due to the complex insulation and the house technology, low-energy and passive houses are more expensive to buy. In the case of the known low-energy and passive houses, the amortization period of the additional costs is often well over 10 years, so that young builders in particular shy away from the additional expenditure or prefer to invest the available financial resources in other areas.

The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a low-energy building, in particular a passive house building, which can be produced inexpensively.

This object is achieved in that the thermal insulation surrounds wall surfaces, roof surfaces and the floor surface essentially as a closed shell from the outside. Because the thermal insulation surrounds the house from the outside, it is possible to attach the thermal insulation to the low-energy building at low cost. The entire house is packed with thermal insulation, so to speak. In addition, the normally thermal bridging connection points at the corners and edges of the building are not a problem. Thermal insulation can be realized with conventional insulation materials, with insulation thicknesses of 30 cm and more preferably being implemented at least in the outer wall and roof area. As an alternative to this, vacuum insulation can also be used, with which the entire thickness of the insulation material can be reduced with the same heat transfer coefficient. It is important to ensure that the building is sealed as airtight as possible by the thermal insulation.

It is known that the so-called "convective thermal bridges" play a major role in conventional thermal insulation materials. These thermal bridges result from the fact that air flows around, around and through insulating materials and components. The so-called blower door measurement technology is usually used to check the airtightness of the thermal insulation. there a fan is fastened in a building opening and the building opening is then sealed airtight. The blower generates a pressure difference between the interior of the building and the external environment, which is detected with the aid of a differential pressure measuring device. The volume flow required to maintain a given pressure difference is a measure of the airtightness of the thermal insulation. The application of the thermal insulation from the outside according to the invention has the additional advantage that points at which the airtightness is not optimal can be easily identified and eliminated even in a late stage shortly before the building is completed.

For example, if the low-energy building consists of at least two row houses, with at least two row houses meeting at least in sections at least on one wall surface, the arrangement of the thermal insulation according to the invention provides further cost advantages, since the wall surface which belongs to at least two row houses does not have to be insulated , Advantageously, therefore, a whole series of terraced houses are arranged side by side, which together form the low-energy building according to the invention, so that only the outer walls of the low-energy building but not the outer walls of the terraced houses, which abut adjacent terraced houses, must be insulated.

To minimize the risk of thermal bridges on the underside of the low-energy building, i.e. H. can occur on the floor surface, it is particularly expedient if a continuous floor plate is provided. In the case of the building formed from terraced houses, this floor slab extends over at least two terraced houses, but preferably over all row houses, so that the floor slab of the low-energy building can be insulated in one piece without the risk of thermal bridges.

A particularly preferred embodiment provides that there is no foundation below the base plate, but only the thermal insulation. It has been shown that the heat transfer between the substrate and the floor slab otherwise contributes significantly to the energy requirements of the building and can be significantly reduced by this measure. Pointed support loads are avoided due to the continuous base plate. The base plate lies only on a possibly pre-compacted flat surface. The support loads are distributed over the entire floor slab, so that damage to the thermal insulation by point support loads is excluded. The base plate is expediently applied to a compacted bed so that the thermal insulation is between the base plate and the bed. The arrangement according to the invention makes it possible, for example, to insulate a whole row of neighboring terraced houses from below, continuously and without any thermal bridge. In a particularly preferred embodiment it is provided that a mineral plaster, which preferably consists of a reinforcing compound, glass fiber fabric, bitumen paint, plaster base and / or top coat, is applied to the outside of the thermal insulation of the wall surface.

Furthermore, it is useful if roof tiles are arranged on the outside of the thermal insulation of the roof surface, which are preferably hung in the insulation. This measure can further reduce the manufacturing costs of the low-energy building, since no additional fastening slats need to be present on the thermal insulation by hanging the roof tiles in the thermal insulation.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the low-energy building according to the invention, at least one heating water tank is provided, which is preferably arranged in the attic. The heating water tank, which in a practical embodiment for a family home has a volume between 200 and 1000 l, preferably between 400 and 800 l, particularly preferably about 500 l, is used for energy storage. Heat energy or heating energy required in the building is taken from the heating water tank, while excess energy, which may be supplied from outside, is stored in the heating water tank. In the event that the building consists of several self-contained units, e.g. B. terraced houses, there can either be a common heating water storage tank for all units or a separate heating water storage tank for each unit, the latter variant being advantageous to enable the most individual possible temperature control for all units.

The heating water tank expediently has insulation which is preferably more than 5 cm, particularly preferably about 10 cm thick. This ensures that the heat energy stored in the heating water tank can be stored over a very long period of time, so that the heat energy stored in warm days can be used in cold days.

Water, which is located in an essentially closed circuit, is advantageously provided as the storage medium for the heating water storage. This has the advantage that the heating water tank can be used not only for the production of (domestic) hot water, but also for the production of, for example, warm air.

At least one solar collector is advantageously provided, which is preferably arranged on the south-facing side wall and / or the roof surface. The very low energy requirements of the low-energy building or the passive house can be covered almost exclusively by a solar collector. The solar collector preferably has a solar storage circuit which, in the preferred embodiment, is separate from the heating water storage circuit. As a storage medium for the solar storage circuit expediently come frost-proof media with a high

Heat capacity for use. This enables the solar collector to be operated even in winter, i.e. H. operate at temperatures below freezing. The solar storage circuit is advantageously connected to the heating water storage via a heat exchanger. This makes it possible to transfer the energy absorbed by the solar collector into the energy circuit of the heating water tank. The heating water storage tank thus functions as a long-term storage tank for solar heat and serves to bridge so-called "solar failure days". The low-energy building can thus be heated with solar energy even on days when, due to the weather, there is almost no heating of the solar storage circuit. A solar collector is primarily understood to mean a system that converts incident sunlight into thermal energy. Of course, however, a photovoltaic system can be used successfully instead or in combination.

In an expedient embodiment, the solar collector system consists of flat-plate collectors, preferably with a selective tinox coating.

The solar collectors are preferably built into the roof and particularly preferably extend essentially over the entire width of the building. As a result, the solar collectors are less noticeable and a uniform optical effect is achieved. The fact that the solar collectors are integrated in the roof means that there is no need for roof tiles in the area of the solar collectors, so that the costs of the low-energy building are further minimized.

An embodiment is particularly preferred in which the solar collector system extends essentially in the form of a band, preferably on the ridge of the roof.

Depending on the location, it can be advantageous if a conventional heating system is also provided, which can be connected to the heating water tank if required. If, especially in cold winter days, the thermal energy stored in the heating water tank is not sufficient to keep the internal temperature in the low-energy building at a desired level, energy can be supplied to the heating water tank using the heating system. The heating system is advantageously designed as a district heating system. This district heating system, for example, supplies several low-energy buildings with thermal energy. In the event that the low-energy building according to the invention consists of several terraced houses or, for example, a semi-detached house, the district heating system can also be arranged in just one residential unit or at any central location, so that all residential units in the low-energy building can be supplied by the district heating system if required. Due to the very low heating requirements of the low-energy building according to the invention, it is possible to deviate from the usual heating load calculation according to DIN 4701. The heat can be distributed in the building using many different systems. Air heating with a ventilation system is particularly preferred. As a result, the heating of the low-energy building can be implemented very inexpensively. The ventilation system preferably has air channels for exhaust air and outside air and / or for supply and exhaust air. Supply and exhaust air is understood to be the air that is supplied to and removed from the individual rooms in the building by the ventilation system. Exhaust air or outside air is understood to be that air which is discharged from the building (exhaust air) or which is supplied to the building from outside (outside air).

It is provided according to the invention that there is at least one exhaust air intake and at least one supply air outlet on every floor in every house or apartment unit of the building. These are to be arranged advantageously in such a way that a supply or exhaust air flow flows through all the rooms in the building. For this purpose, a supply air outlet is preferably arranged in the majority of the rooms, preferably only one exhaust air intake being provided on each floor. The exhaust air intake is expediently arranged in those rooms which, due to their intended use, can be particularly odor-laden. If, for example, there is a kitchen on the floor in question, the exhaust air intake should, if possible, be arranged in the kitchen in order to prevent odors that usually occur during cooking from being passed through the other rooms.

A counterflow heat exchanger is preferably provided for transferring part of the thermal energy in the exhaust air to the supply air. Furthermore, a counterflow heat exchanger can be provided for transferring part of the thermal energy in the exhaust air to the outside air. The two heat exchangers, for. B. in the form of a cross-countercurrent heat exchanger, combined so that thermal energy of the exhaust and exhaust air is transferred to the supply and outside air

In addition, it is advantageous to provide a geothermal heat exchanger. For this purpose, the outside air is led through the geothermal heat exchanger so that the outside air is preheated to around + 8 ° C in winter. In summer, the geothermal heat exchanger ensures that the outside air is cooled to around + 8 ° C before it enters the building. The geothermal heat exchanger therefore serves as a kind of natural air conditioning. The low-energy building advantageously has windows with triple glazing. This triple glazing ensures that radiant heat can be transferred into the building through direct sunlight, but heat transfer from the inside to the outside is practically prevented. Further advantages, features and possible uses of the present invention will become clear from the following description of preferred embodiments and the associated figures. Show it:

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a low-energy building with a basement,

FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a low-energy building without a basement,

FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal sectional view of a low-energy building with several houses,

FIG. 4 shows an enlarged detail of the base plate of the low-energy building from FIGS. 1 to 3,

FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of the heating and ventilation system,

FIG. 6 shows a sectional view of the roof with a solar collector system,

Figure 7 is a rear view of the low energy building according to the invention and

Figure 8 is a detailed view of a door with ventilation.

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the low-energy building 1 according to the invention. It can be clearly seen that the entire building is surrounded by thermal insulation 2. This applies not only to the wall and roof surfaces, but also to the floor slab 3. The low-energy building therefore has no conventional foundation, but the base plate 3 is placed directly on the thermal insulation 2, which in turn rests on a correspondingly pre-compacted surface.

Another embodiment without a basement is shown in FIG. Here, too, the entire building 1 is surrounded by thermal insulation 2. The base plate 3 is here at the level of the ground floor.

A longitudinal sectional view of the building can be seen in FIG. It can be seen that the building consists of several individual houses. In the embodiment shown, several row houses lined up together form the low-energy building according to the invention. It can clearly be seen that the floor slab 3 and the thermal insulation 2 extend over all the terraced houses. Special thermal insulation between the individual terraced houses, ie within the low-energy building, is not required. FIG. 4 shows an enlarged detail of the base plate. The floor slab 3 lies on the thermal insulation 2. The floor structure in the embodiment shown is composed from top to bottom, ie from the inside out, as follows. The top layer is the carpet 9. A layer of cement screed 8 is arranged below the carpet, which in turn lies on a film 7. The base plate 3 is provided under the film, an impact sound insulation and / or a further insulation plate optionally being able to be provided. Below the base plate, which in this embodiment has a thickness of approximately 25-30 cm, a further film 7 is arranged, under which the actual thermal insulation 2 is located. This in turn lies on a cleanliness layer 4, which is delimited at the bottom by a further film. Below the film 6 is a compressed bed 5, which here consists of a capillary-breaking bed. A foundation is not required.

In order to further increase the thermal insulation of the low-energy building 1 according to the invention, no roller shutter boxes are provided in the building wall. Instead, the wall of the building is upstream of a frame 11, which stands on its own point foundation 10, in which the shutters are fastened.

In Figure 5, the operation of the heating and ventilation system is shown schematically. The heart of the heating system is the heating storage unit 12 with a heating water storage 14, preferably arranged in the attic, which in the embodiment shown has a capacity of approximately 500 l. The heating water tank 14 is very well insulated. Heating water is provided as the storage medium, not domestic water. The water stored in the heating water storage 14 can therefore be fed directly into the radiator. A hot water heat exchanger 20 is provided for generating hot service water, which in the embodiment shown is integrated in the storage jacket of the heating water storage 14. The hot water heat exchanger 20 is fed with warm heating water from the heating water tank 14. In addition, there is a supply 21 for cold drinking water and a discharge 21 'for warm drinking water. In the embodiment shown, a circulation line 22 is also provided, by means of which the warm water can circulate in the building via a circuit.

The heating water tank 14 is loaded with heat primarily with the aid of the solar installation unit 13, which is connected to a solar collector 16. The solar collector has its own storage circuit 17, 17 'with a storage tank 15. The solar storage circuit is connected to the heating water storage 14 via the heat exchanger 18. Thermal energy is fed from the solar collector 16 via the feed line 17 into the heat exchanger 18 and via the discharge line 17 'to the solar collector 16 again. A solar control unit 29 can separate the solar storage circuit from the heating water storage if the temperature in the solar storage circuit is below a certain agreed, preferably adjustable, limit temperature. A district heating system 19 is also provided, which can heat the heating water tank 14 if necessary. The district heating boiler can be located outside the building.

When choosing the district heating system, there are practically no limits. Small units can be used to advantage, since, for example, a classic 20 kW gas boiler is sufficient to supply at least 10 terraced houses. The fossil fuels oil, gas and LPG as well as district heating and wood are conceivable as heat carriers. Alternatively, a combined heat and power plant can also be used. The heating water tank 14 is connected to the ventilation heating register 27 and static radiators 28. In the embodiment shown, only a static radiator is provided in the bathroom, since a slightly elevated temperature is often desired in the bathroom compared to the other rooms. The ventilation heating register 27 is controlled via the ventilation control 23, to which an air duct temperature sensor 24, an outside temperature sensor 25 and a remote control with a room sensor are connected.

The ventilation system consists of a central ventilation heating register with controller 23, the air ducts for outside, exhaust, supply and exhaust air, the geothermal heat exchanger and a control unit 23.

The ventilation heating register 27 works exclusively with exhaust air and outside air. There is no air recirculation here. In other words, there is no closed air circuit. A cross-counterflow heat exchanger is provided, which transfers the heat contained in the exhaust air to the supply air. In the embodiment shown, at least 85% of the heat contained in the exhaust air is transferred to the supply air. This makes it possible, for example, to achieve a supply air temperature of approx. 18 ° C at a room temperature of 20 ° C. In addition, a bypass flap is provided, by means of which the supply air temperature can be controlled according to the user's wishes. This also allows cooling via the ventilation system. If the supply air temperature is too low, a heating valve opens and the heating register 27 heats the air to a maximum of approx. 40 ° C. Inside the building, the supply air is channeled. In the embodiment shown, the channels are made of sheet metal and not insulated, so that part of the heat is supplied to the individual rooms via thermal radiation. This means that the air cools down to a maximum temperature of 30 ° C within the sheet metal channels. The maximum air temperature of 30 ° C emerges from the supply air outlets and immediately mixes with the room air. Because of the relatively small temperature difference between the supply air and the indoor climate, you don't feel any "warm air draft".

The central ventilation unit 27 has regulated direct current fans with extremely low power consumption. The air ducts are large in size, so that low pressure losses and only negligible flow noises occur. A standard fabric filter and optionally an electrostatic filter are installed in the ventilation system, so that the supply air is in any case cleaner than the outside is air. The air volume that is circulated by the ventilation system can preferably be switched in several stages using a remote control. It is envisaged that the outside air will be sucked in via an earth heat exchanger. This serves on the one hand to gain heat in winter, since the air drawn in has a temperature of around + 8 ° C and on the other hand to cool the air in summer. In addition, the geothermal heat exchanger is an advantage because the heat exchanger in the ventilation system is prevented from icing up by damp and very cold air in winter.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show the arrangement of the solar collector on the roof. In the cross-sectional view shown in Figure 6 it can be clearly seen that the collector is integrated in the roof, i. H. is not placed on the roof tiles as in conventional arrangements. The wooden planks 32 can be seen, which extend over the entire width of the collector. The collector 16 is provided at the top and bottom with an upper plate 31 or lower plate 33. The concrete roof tile 30 is arranged so that it extends over the top plate 31. It can be clearly seen in FIG. 7 that the solar collector 16, which is designed here as a flat roof collector, extends essentially over the entire width of the low-energy building.

Finally, a detail of the ventilation system is shown enlarged in FIG. A door 34 can be seen which separates two rooms. The supply air is discharged via the supply air duct 35, which is arranged behind a suspended ceiling 36, via the supply air outlet 37 into the space on the left in the figure. So that the air can get from the supply air outlet to the exhaust air intake, which is arranged in the room on the right in the figure, an opening with a soundproofing plate is provided above the door 34. This ensures that, even when the door 34 is closed, no high pressure difference can occur between adjacent rooms in the building. The soundproofing plate is preferably designed such that air can pass through the opening; However, light and sound can be reliably sealed.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1 low-energy building

2 thermal insulation 3 floor slab

4 Cleanliness layer

5 compacted fill

6 slide

7 slide 8 cement screed

9 carpeting

10 point foundation

11 frame

12 heating storage unit 13 solar installation unit

14 heating water tank

15 storage tank

16 solar collector

17 Storage circuit 17 'storage circuit

18 heat exchangers

19 District heating system

20 hot water heat exchangers

21 Inlet for cold drinking water 21 'Outlet for warm drinking water

22 Circulation line

23 Ventilation control

24 air duct temperature sensor 5 outside temperature sensor 7 ventilation heating register 8 static radiator

29 solar control unit

30 concrete roof tile 1 top plate 32 wooden planks 3 bottom plate

34 Door 5 supply air duct

36 Ceiling 7 supply air outlet

Claims

Patent claims

1. Low-energy building, in particular passive building, with thermal insulation, characterized in that the thermal insulation (2) surrounds wall surfaces, roof surfaces and the floor surface essentially as a closed shell from the outside.

2. Low-energy building according to claim 1, characterized in that the low-energy building (1) consists of at least two terraced houses, at least two terraced houses meeting at least in sections at least on one wall surface.

3. Low-energy building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a continuous base plate (3) is provided.

4. Low-energy building according to claim 3, characterized in that below the base plate (3) the thermal insulation (2), but no foundation is provided.

5. Low-energy building according to one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the thermal insulation (2) extends substantially continuously over at least two adjacent terraced houses.

6. Low-energy building according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the base plate (3) rests on a compacted bed (5), the thermal insulation (2) being arranged between the base plate (3) and bed (5).

7. Low-energy building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a mineral plaster, which preferably consists of a reinforcing material, glass fiber fabric, bitumen paint, plaster base and / or top coat, is applied to the outside of the heat insulation (2) of the wall surface.

8. Low-energy building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that roof tiles are arranged on the outside of the thermal insulation (2) of the roof surface, which are preferably hung in the insulation (2).

9. Low-energy building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a heating water tank (14) is present, which is preferably arranged in the attic.

10. Low-energy building according to claim 9, characterized in that the heating water tank (14) has a volume between 200 and 1,000 I, preferably between 400 and 800 I, particularly preferably about 500 I.

11. Low-energy building according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the heating water tank (14) has an insulation which is preferably more than 5 cm, particularly preferably about 10 cm thick.

12. Low-energy building according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that water, which is in a substantially closed circuit, is provided as the storage medium of the heating water reservoir (14).

13. Low-energy building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one solar collector (16), preferably on the south-facing side wall and / or the roof surface, is provided.

14. Low-energy building according to claim 13, characterized in that the solar collector (16) has a solar storage circuit (17, 17 ').

15. Low-energy building according to claim 14, characterized in that the solar storage circuit (17, 17 ') is connected to the heating water storage (14) via a heat exchanger (18).

16. Low-energy building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a district heating system (19) is provided which can be connected to the heating water tank (14) if required.

17. Low-energy building according to one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that the solar collector system (16) consists of flat-plate collectors, preferably with selective Tinoxbe layering.

18. Low-energy building according to one of claims 13 to 17, characterized in that the solar collectors (16) are installed in the roof and preferably extend substantially over the entire width of the building.

19. Low-energy building according to one of claims 13 to 18, characterized in that the solar collector system (16) extends essentially in the form of a band, preferably on the ridge of the roof.

20. Low-energy building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an air heater with a ventilation system is provided.

21. Low-energy building according to claim 20, characterized in that the ventilation system has air ducts for exhaust air and outside air and / or for supply and exhaust air.

22. Low-energy building according to claim 21, characterized in that there is at least one exhaust air intake and at least one supply air outlet in each floor in each house of the building.

23. Low-energy building according to claim 22, characterized in that an inlet air outlet is provided in the majority of the rooms, preferably only one exhaust air intake being provided on each floor.

24. Low-energy building according to one of claims 21 to 23, characterized in that a counterflow heat exchanger is provided, which is intended to transfer part of the thermal energy in the exhaust air to the supply air.

25. Low-energy building according to one of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that a geothermal heat exchanger is provided.

26. Low-energy building according to one of claims 21 to 25, characterized in that exhaust and / or outside air ducts run vertically along the outer wall in the region of the partition walls of adjacent row houses.

27. Low-energy building according to claim 26, characterized in that the exhaust air duct is arranged so that outside air flows around it.

28. Low-energy building na 26 or 27, characterized in that the exhaust air duct is arranged inside the outside air duct, and the outer wall of the outside air duct is insulated.

29. Low-energy building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that windows with triple glazing are provided.