EP0476197B1 - Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor - Google Patents

Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0476197B1
EP0476197B1 EP90310323A EP90310323A EP0476197B1 EP 0476197 B1 EP0476197 B1 EP 0476197B1 EP 90310323 A EP90310323 A EP 90310323A EP 90310323 A EP90310323 A EP 90310323A EP 0476197 B1 EP0476197 B1 EP 0476197B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel
composition according
soluble
additive
fuels
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90310323A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0476197A1 (en
Inventor
Graeme Mcrobert Wallace
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Afton Chemical Ltd
Original Assignee
Afton Chemical Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Afton Chemical Ltd filed Critical Afton Chemical Ltd
Priority to ES90310323T priority Critical patent/ES2048439T3/es
Priority to EP90310323A priority patent/EP0476197B1/en
Priority to DE90310323T priority patent/DE69006029T2/de
Priority to CA002051451A priority patent/CA2051451C/en
Priority to JP3265495A priority patent/JP2965764B2/ja
Priority to AU84653/91A priority patent/AU634422B2/en
Publication of EP0476197A1 publication Critical patent/EP0476197A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0476197B1 publication Critical patent/EP0476197B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/1811—Organic compounds containing oxygen peroxides; ozonides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/1814—Chelates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1828—Salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/183—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
    • C10L1/1832—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom mono-hydroxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/183—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
    • C10L1/1835—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom having at least two hydroxy substituted non condensed benzene rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/183—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
    • C10L1/1837—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom hydroxy attached to a condensed aromatic ring system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C10L1/1857—Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/189—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof having at least one carboxyl group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/189—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof having at least one carboxyl group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
    • C10L1/1895—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof having at least one carboxyl group bound to an aromatic carbon atom polycarboxylic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
    • C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/1955—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketonic, ketal, acetal radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
    • C10L1/1963—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/197—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1973—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
    • C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
    • C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
    • C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
    • C10L1/223—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond having at least one amino group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
    • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/228—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen double bond, e.g. guanidines, hydrazones, semicarbazones, imines; containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen triple bond, e.g. nitriles
    • C10L1/2283—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen double bond, e.g. guanidines, hydrazones, semicarbazones, imines; containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen triple bond, e.g. nitriles containing one or more carbon to nitrogen double bonds, e.g. guanidine, hydrazone, semi-carbazone, azomethine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/23—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
    • C10L1/231—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites nitro compounds; nitrates; nitrites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/232—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/236—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof
    • C10L1/2364—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof homo- or copolymers derived from unsaturated compounds containing amide and/or imide groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/236—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof
    • C10L1/2366—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof homo- or copolymers derived from unsaturated compounds containing amine groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
    • C10L1/2387—Polyoxyalkyleneamines (poly)oxyalkylene amines and derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
    • C10L1/2406—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium mercaptans; hydrocarbon sulfides
    • C10L1/2412—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium mercaptans; hydrocarbon sulfides sulfur bond to an aromatic radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
    • C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10L1/2437—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
    • C10L1/2443—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium heterocyclic compounds
    • C10L1/2456—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium heterocyclic compounds sulfur with oxygen and/or nitrogen in the ring, e.g. thiazoles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
    • C10L1/2608—Organic compounds containing phosphorus containing a phosphorus-carbon bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
    • C10L1/2666—Organic compounds containing phosphorus macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/2683—Organic compounds containing phosphorus macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon to carbon bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
    • C10L1/2691—Compounds of uncertain formula; reaction of organic compounds (hydrocarbons acids, esters) with Px Sy, Px Sy Halz or sulfur and phosphorus containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/28—Organic compounds containing silicon
    • C10L1/285—Organic compounds containing silicon macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
    • C10L1/301—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) derived from metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
    • C10L1/305—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition

Definitions

  • This invention relates to liquid fuel compositions of enhanced properties, particularly as regards combustion and stability characteristics.
  • Keszthelyi et al report in Period. Polytech., Chem. Eng. , Volume 21(1), pages 79-93 (1977) that in the combustion of light fuel oils in evaporating burners, 0.025% cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl was effective for soot reduction. And in Margantsevye Antidetonatory , edited by A. N. Nesmeyanov, Nauka, Moscow, 1971, at pages 192-199, Makhov et al report test work indicating that addition of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl to diesel fuel reduces the level of smokiness of the exhaust gases.
  • Canadian Patent No. 1,188,891 describes an additive for fuel oils and diesel fuels and other liquid combustibles and motor fuels designed to improve combustion, reduce soot formation and enhance storage stability.
  • Such additive is composed of at least one oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organic compound of a transition metal or an alkaline earth metal; and at least one oxidation and polymerisation inhibitor for hydrocarbons stable at temperatures of at least 300°C.
  • the presence in such fuels of compounds of transition metals such as copper, manganese, cobalt, nickel and iron accelerate fuel deterioration in accelerated stability tests conducted at 149°C in the presence of air.
  • Such compounds as MMT, Ferrocene, copper naphthenate, iron naphthenate, and manganese naphthenate are indicated to cause such deterioration in the absence of a high temperature (e.g., 300°C) stabiliser such as heat-stable alkyl phenols, amines, aminophenols, dithiophosphates, dithiocarbamates and imidazoles and inorganic inhibitors in the form of oxides or hydroxides of aluminum, magnesium or silicon.
  • a high temperature (e.g. 300°C) stabiliser such as heat-stable alkyl phenols, amines, aminophenols, dithiophosphates, dithiocarbamates and imidazoles and inorganic inhibitors in the form of oxides or hydroxides of aluminum, magnesium or silicon.
  • a high temperature stabiliser such as heat-stable alkyl phenols, amines, aminophenols, dithiophosphates, dithiocarbamates and imidazoles and inorgan
  • G.B. Patent No. 1,413,323 describes a multi-component diesel fuel additive to avoid or reduce the formation of deposits on injector parts.
  • the additive comprises, inter alia, an ester of oleic or naphthenic acid having an acid number below 200; a naphthenic acid ester of cresol; an alkoxyalkyl ester of an aliphatic carboxylic acid; an organometallic tricarbonyl cyclopentadiene compound such as cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl; an amide derivative of a polyolefin obtained by the reaction of a polyolefin substituted succinic acid or anhydride with a polyamine; a copolymer of ethylene and a vinyl (or hydrocarbyl-substituted vinyl) ester of a carboxylic acid wherein the copolymer has a number average molecular weight of more than 3000; a re-odoriser composed of a mixture of natural and synthetic alcohols, ketones
  • compositions comprising the combination of a transition metal salt such as a manganese carboxylate, and an ashless hydrocarbon-soluble ashless dispersant.
  • a transition metal salt such as a manganese carboxylate
  • an ashless hydrocarbon-soluble ashless dispersant An optimum balance between beneficial and deleterious effects is said to be achieved in oils of lubricating viscosity and hydrocarbon fuels.
  • additive compositions based on or including one or more fuel-soluble manganese carbonyl compounds and one or more fuel-soluble alkali and/or alkaline earth metal-containing detergents have been found in these laboratories to provide excellent improvements in the combustion characteristics of various hydrocarbonaceous fuels.
  • additive combinations can cause fuel destabilisation -- i.e., the additives can cause the hydrocarbonaceous fuel with which they are blended to be less stable on exposure to air or oxygen at elevated temperatures than the fuel would be absent such additives.
  • destabilisation of liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuels containing a combination of at least one fuel-soluble manganese carbonyl compound and at least one fuel-soluble alkali or alkaline earth metal-containing detergent is inhibited by inclusion in the fuel of at least one fuel-soluble metal deactivator of the chelation type, i.e., a metal deactivator capable of reacting or complexing with dissolved metals or metal ions.
  • this invention provides an additive composition for hydrocarbonaceous fuels.
  • Such additive composition comprises:
  • this invention provides a fuel composition which comprises a major amount of a liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel containing a minor combustion-improving amount of components a), b) and c) as just described.
  • the additive compositions and fuel compositions are essentially halogen-free, that is, they contain no more than 10 ppm of halogen, if any.
  • Preferred manganese carbonyl compounds -- component a) above -- are cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compounds.
  • the preferred component b) salts are the sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts of sulphonic acids, of alkylphenols, of sulphurised alkylphenols, and of carboxylic acids, especially aromatic carboxylic acids.
  • Preferred metal deactivators for use as component c) are fuel-soluble Schiff bases having one or more chelation centers of the formula
  • the aromatic ring in the above formula can be further substituted or it can be unsubstituted, and if substituted can contain from 1 to 4 substituents (other than hydrogen atoms), which can be organic or inorganic of any types provided such substituent or plurality of substituents does not interfere with the ability of the metal deactivator to complex with dissolved metals or metal ions and does not otherwise render the metal deactivator unsuitable for use as, for example, by rendering it unstable, pyrophoric, highly toxic, explosive or fuel-insoluble. In other words, any such substituent(s) on the ring should be innocuous.
  • a feature of this invention is the discovery that the metal deactivator can effectively inhibit fuel destabilisation even when present in the fuel in less than equimolar quantity with respect to either the manganese carbonyl compound(s) or the metal detergent(s) present therein.
  • Another feature of this invention is the discovery that the metal deactivator can effectively inhibit fuel destabilisation while in the presence of still other additive components, such as ashless dispersants, amine stabilisers, and demulsifying agents.
  • compositions for use in heating gas oils and similar burner fuels preferably contain, in addition to components a), b) and c) above, one or more of the following:
  • Compositions for use in road diesel fuels and similar middle distillate fuels preferably contain, in addition to components a), b) and c) above, component d), namely, at least one ashless dispersant and/or component e), namely, at least one fuel-soluble demulsifying agent.
  • fuel-soluble means that the compound or component under discussion has sufficient solubility at ordinary ambient temperature in the hydrocarbonaceous fuel in which it is to be used to provide a homogeneous solution containing the compound or component in at least the lowest concentration of the concentration ranges specified herein for such compound or component.
  • the manganese carbonyl compounds -- component a) -- of the compositions of this invention are characterised by being fuel soluble and by having at least one carbonyl group bonded to a manganese atom.
  • the most desirable general type of manganese carbonyl compounds utilised in accordance with this invention comprise organomanganese polycarbonyl compounds.
  • organomanganese polycarbonyl compounds For best results, use should be made of a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound of the type described in U. S. Pat. Nos. 2,818,417 and 3,127,351.
  • cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dimethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, trimethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, propylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, isopropylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, butylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, pentylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, hexylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ethylmethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dimethyloctylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dodecylcyclopenta
  • a preferred organomanganese compound is cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Particularly preferred for use in the practise of this invention is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
  • organomanganese compounds which may be employed include the non-ionic diamine manganese tricarbonyl halide compounds such as bromo manganese dianiline tricarbonyl and bromo manganese dipyridine tricarbonyl, described in U. S. Pat. No. 2,902,489; the acyl manganese tricarbonyls such as methylacetyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and benzoyl methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, described in U. S. Pat. No.
  • cyclopentadienyl manganese dicarbonyl compounds of the formula RMn(CO)2L where R is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms, and L is a ligand, such as an olefin, an amine, a phosphine, SO2 or tetrahydrofuran.
  • R is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms
  • L is a ligand, such as an olefin, an amine, a phosphine, SO2 or tetrahydrofuran.
  • Such compounds are referred to, for example in, Herberhold, M., Metal ⁇ -Complexes , Vol. II, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1967 or Giordano, P. J. and Weighton, M.S., Inorg. Chem. , 1977 , 16, 160.
  • Metal-containing detergents are exemplified by oil-soluble neutral and basic salts of alkali or alkaline earth metals with one or more of the following acidic substances (or mixtures thereof): (1) sulphonic acids, (2) carboxylic acids, (3) salicylic acids, (4) alkylphenols, (5) sulphurised alkylphenols, (6) organic phosphorus acids characterised by at least one direct carbon-to-phosphorus linkage.
  • Such organic phosphorus acids include those prepared by the treatment of an olefin polymer (e.g., polyisobutene having a molecular weight of 1000) with a phosphorising agent such as phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus heptasulfide, phosphorus pentasulphide, phosphorus trichloride and sulphur, white phosphorus and a sulphur halide, or phosphorothioic chloride.
  • a phosphorising agent such as phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus heptasulfide, phosphorus pentasulphide, phosphorus trichloride and sulphur, white phosphorus and a sulphur halide, or phosphorothioic chloride.
  • phosphorising agent such as phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus heptasulfide, phosphorus pentasulphide, phosphorus trichloride
  • basic salt is used to designate metal salts wherein the metal is present in stoichiometrically larger amounts than the organic acid radical.
  • the commonly employed methods for preparing the basic salts involve heating a mineral oil solution of an acid with a stoichiometric excess of a metal neutralising agent such as the metal oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, or sulphide at a temperature of about 50°C, and filtering the resulting mass.
  • a “promoter” in the neutralisation step to aid the incorporation of a large excess of metal likewise is known.
  • Examples of compounds useful as the promoter include phenolic substances such as phenol, naphthol, alkylphenol, thiophenol, sulphurised alkylphenol, and condensation products of formaldehyde with a phenolic substance; alcohols such as methanol, 2-propanol, octyl alcohol, cellosolve, carbitol, ethylene glycol, stearyl alcohol, and cyclohexyl alcohol; and amines such as aniline, phenylenediamine, phenothiazine, phenyl-beta-naphthylamine, and dodecylamine.
  • a particularly effective method for preparing the basic salts comprises mixing an acid with an excess of a basic alkaline earth metal neutralising agent and at least one alcohol promoter, and carbonating the mixture at an elevated temperature such as 60°-200°C.
  • suitable metal-containing detergents include, but are not limited to, such substances as lithium phenates, sodium phenates, potassium phenates, calcium phenates, magnesium phenates, sulphurised lithium phenates, sulphurised sodium phenates, sulphurised potassium phenates, sulphurised calcium phenates, and sulphurised magnesium phenates wherein each aromatic group has one or more aliphatic groups to impart hydrocarbon solubility; the basic salts of any of the foregoing phenols or sulphurised phenols (often referred to as "overbased" phenates or "overbased sulphurised phenates”); lithium sulphonates, sodium sulphonates, potassium sulphonates, calcium sulphonates, and magnesium sulphonates wherein each sulphonic acid moiety is attached to an aromatic nucleus which in turn usually contains one or more aliphatic substituents to impart hydrocarbon solubility; the basic salts of any of the foregoing
  • salts of two or more different alkali and/or alkaline earth metals can be used.
  • salts of mixtures of two or more different acids or two or more different types of acids e.g., one or more calcium phenates with one or more calcium sulphonates
  • rubidium, cesium and strontium salts are feasible, their expense renders them impractical for most uses.
  • barium salts are effective, the status of barium as a heavy metal under a toxicological cloud renders barium salts less preferred for present-day usage.
  • component c) -- the third indispensable component of the compositions of this invention -- is a metal deactivator of the chelator type, i.e., one or more substances which have the capability of reacting or complexing with dissolved metal and/or metal ions.
  • the chelator type of metal deactivators include 8-hydroxyquinoline, ethylene diamine tetracarboxylic acid, ⁇ -diketones such as acetylacetone, ⁇ -ketoesters such as octyl acetoacetate.
  • the preferred metal deactivators generally regarded as chelators are Schiff bases, such as N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-ethanediamine, N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine, N,N'-disalicylidene-1,3-propanediamine, N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-cyclohexanediamine, N,N''-disalicylidene-N'-methyl-dipropylenetriamine, 3'-ethoxy-5,2',6'-trimethyl-N,N'-disalicylidene-biphenyl-2,4'-diyldiamine, 5'-ethoxy-3,5,2'-trimethyl-N,N'-disalicylidene-biphenyl-2,4'-diyldiamine, and analogous compounds in which one or more of the salicylidene groups are substituted by innocuous groups such as alkyl
  • metal deactivators are available for use as component c) in the practise of this invention.
  • the most preferred metal deactivators of this type are N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-alkanediamines and N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-cycloalkanediamines, especially N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine. Mixtures of metal deactivators can be used.
  • additional components d), e) and f) which may be utilised in the compositions of this invention.
  • these additional components do not materially interfere with the enhanced fuel stability realised by combining component c) with components a) and b).
  • component c) with components a) and b).
  • Ashless dispersants which make up component d
  • Ashless dispersants are described in numerous patent specifications, mainly as additives for use in lubricant compositions, but their use in hydrocarbon fuels has also been described.
  • Ashless dispersants leave little or no metal-containing residue on combustion. They generally contain only carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and in most cases nitrogen, but sometimes contain in addition other non-metallic elements such as phosphorus, sulphur or boron.
  • the preferred ashless dispersant is an alkenyl succinimide of an amine having at least one primary amino group capable of forming an imide group.
  • alkenyl succinimides may be formed by conventional methods such as by heating an alkenyl succinic anhydride, acid, acid-ester, acid halide, or lower alkyl ester with an amine containing at least one primary amino group.
  • the alkenyl succinic anhydride may be made readily by heating a mixture of olefin and maleic anhydride to 180°-220°C.
  • the olefin is preferably a polymer or copolymer of a lower monoolefin such as ethylene, propylene, isobutene and the like.
  • the more preferred source of alkenyl group is from polyisobutene having a molecular weight up to 10,000 or higher.
  • the alkenyl group is a polyisobutene group having a molecular weight of 500-5,000, preferably 900-2,000, and especially 900-1,200.
  • Amines which may be employed in forming the ashless dispersant include any that have at least one primary amino group which can react to form an imide group.
  • a few representative examples are: methylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, n-dodecylamine, stearylamine, N,N-dimethylpropanediamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine, N-dodecylpropanediamine, N-aminopropyl-piperazine, ethanolamine, and N-ethanol-ethylenediamine.
  • the preferred amines are the alkylene polyamines such as propylene diamine, dipropylene triamine, di-(1,2-butylene)triamine, and tetra-(1,2-propylene)pentamine.
  • the most preferred amines are the ethylene polyamines which can be depicted by the formula H2N(CH2CH2NH) n H wherein n is an integer from one to ten. These include: ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene hexamine, and the like, including mixtures thereof in which case n is the average value of the mixture. These ethylene polyamines have a primary amine group at each end so can form mono-alkenylsuccinimides and bis-alkenylsuccinimides.
  • ethylene polyamine mixtures usually contain minor amounts of branched species and cyclic species such as N-aminoethyl piperazine, N,N'-bis(aminoethyl)piperazine, N,N'-bis(piperazinyl)ethane, and like compounds.
  • the preferred commercial mixtures have approximate overall compositions falling in the range corresponding to diethylene triamine to tetraethylene pentamine, mixtures generally corresponding in overall makeup to tetraethylene pentamine being most preferred.
  • especially preferred ashless dispersants for use in the present invention are the products of reaction of a polyethylene polyamine, e.g. triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine with a hydrocarbon substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride made by reaction of a polyolefin, preferably polyisobutene, having a number average molecular weight of 500 to 5,000, preferably 900 to 2,000 and especially 900 to 1,200, with an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, e.g., maleic anhydride, maleic acid or fumaric acid, including mixtures of two or more such substances.
  • a polyethylene polyamine e.g. triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine
  • a hydrocarbon substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride made by reaction of a polyolefin, preferably polyisobutene, having a number average molecular weight of 500 to 5,000, preferably 900 to 2,000 and especially 900 to
  • alkenyl succinic acid esters and diesters of alcohols containing 1-20 carbon atoms and 1-6 hydroxyl groups Representative examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,331,776; 3,381,022; and 3,522,179.
  • the alkenyl succinic portion of these esters corresponds to the alkenyl succinic portion of the succinimides described above including the same preferred and most preferred subgenus, e.g., polyisobutenyl succinic acids wherein the polyisobutenyl group has a number average molecular weight of 500 to 5,000, preferably 900-2,000, especially 900 to 1,200.
  • Alcohols useful in preparing the esters include methanol, ethanol, isobutanol, octadecanol, eicosanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoethylether, propylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, 1,1,1-trimethylol ethane, 1,1,1-trimethylol propane, 1,1,1-trimethylol butane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol.
  • the succinic esters are readily made by merely heating a mixture of alkenyl succinic acid, anhydrides or lower alkyl (e.g., C1-C4) ester with the alcohol while distilling out water or lower alkanol. In the case of acid-esters less alcohol is used. In fact, acid-esters made from alkenyl succinic anhydrides do not evolve water. In another method the alkenyl succinic acid or anhydrides can be merely reacted with an appropriate alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and the like, including mixtures thereof.
  • an appropriate alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and the like, including mixtures thereof.
  • the ashless dispersant is an alkenyl succinic ester-amide mixture.
  • alkenyl succinic ester-amide mixture may be made by heating the above-described alkenyl succinic acids, anhydrides or lower alkyl esters with an alcohol and an amine either sequentially or in a mixture.
  • the alcohols and amines described above are also useful in this embodiment.
  • amino alcohols can be used alone or with the alcohol and/or amine to form the ester-amide mixtures.
  • the amino alcohol can contain 1-20 carbon atoms, 1-6 hydroxy groups and 1-4 amine nitrogen atoms. Examples are ethanolamine, diethanolamine, N-ethanol-diethylene triamine, and trimethylol aminomethane.
  • ester-amide mixtures are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,184,474; 3,576,743; 3,632,511; 3,804,763; 3,836,471; 3,862,981; 3,936,480; 3,948,800; 3,950,341; 3,957,854; 3,957,855; 3,991,098; 4,071,548; and 4,173,540.
  • Such ashless dispersants containing alkenyl succinic residues may, and as is well known, be post-reacted with boron compounds, phosphorus derivatives and/or carboxylic acid acylating agents, e.g. maleic anhydride.
  • Another useful class of ashless dispersants includes the Mannich condensates of hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols, formaldehyde or formaldehyde precursors (e.g. paraformaldehyde) and an amine having at least one primary amine group and containing 1-10 amine groups and 1-20 carbon atoms.
  • Mannich condensates useful in this invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • Mannich condensates are those made by condensing a polyisobutenyl phenol wherein the polyisobutyl group has an average molecular weight of about 800-3,000 with formaldehyde or a formaldehyde precursor and an ethylene polyamine having the formula: H2N(CH2CH2NH) n H wherein n is an integer from one to ten or mixtures thereof especially those in which n has an average value of 3-5.
  • a further type of ashless dispersants which can be used comprises interpolymers of oil-solubilising monomers such as decyl methacrylate, vinyl decyl ether and high molecular weight olefins with monomers containing polar substituents, e.g., aminoalkyl acrylates or acrylamides and poly(oxyethylene)-substituted acrylates.
  • polar substituents e.g., aminoalkyl acrylates or acrylamides and poly(oxyethylene)-substituted acrylates.
  • Another class of ashless dispersants which can advantageously be used in the fuel compositions of this invention are the imidazoline dispersants which can be represented by the formula: wherein R1 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, e.g. an alkyl or alkenyl group having 7 to 22 carbon atoms, and R2 represents a hydrogen atoms or a hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or an aminoalkyl, acylaminoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having 2 to 50 carbon atoms.
  • R1 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, e.g. an alkyl or alkenyl group having 7 to 22 carbon atoms
  • R2 represents a hydrogen atoms or a hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or an aminoalkyl, acylaminoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having 2 to 50 carbon atoms.
  • Such long-chain alkyl (or long-chain alkenyl) imidazoline compounds may be made by reaction of a corresponding long-chain fatty acid (of formula R1-COOH), for example oleic acid, with an appropriate polyamine.
  • the imidazoline formed is then ordinarily called, for example, oleylimidazoline where the radical R1 represents the oleyl residue of oleic acid.
  • R1 represents the oleyl residue of oleic acid.
  • Other suitable alkyl substituents in the 2- position of these imidazolines include undecyl, heptadecyl, lauryl and erucyl.
  • Suitable N-substituents of the imidazolines i.e.
  • radicals R2 include hydrocarbyl groups, hydroxyalkyl groups, aminoalkyl groups, and acylaminoalkyl groups. Examples of these various groups include methyl, butyl, decyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl, tolyl, hydroxyethyl, aminoethyl, oleylaminoethyl and stearylaminoethyl.
  • Suitable ashless dispersants which may be incorporated in the fuel compositions of this invention include the products of condensation of a cyclic anhydride with a straight-chain N-alkylpolyamine of the formula: R-(NH-R'-) n -NH2 where n is an integer at least equal to 1, usually 3 to 5, R is a saturated or unsaturated linear hydrocarbon radical of 10 to 22 carbon atoms and R' is a divalent alkylene or alkylidene radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • polyamines examples include N-oleyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-stearyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-oleyl-1,3-butanediamine, N-oleyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-oleyl-1,3-pentanediamine, N-oleyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-stearyl-1,3-butanediamine, N-stearyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-stearyl-1,3-pentanediamine, N-stearyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-oleyl-dipropylenetriamine and N-stearyl-dipropylenetriamine.
  • Such linear N-alkylpolyamines are condensed with, e.g., a succinic, maleic, phthalic or hexahydrophthalic acid anhydride which may be substituted by one or more radicals of up to 5 carbon atoms each.
  • Another class of ashless dispersant which can be incorporated in the compositions of the present invention are the products of reaction of an ethoxylated amine made by reaction of ammonia with ethylene oxide with a carboxylic acid of 8 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the ethoxylated amine may be, for example, mono-, di- or tri-ethanolamine or a polyethoxylated derivative thereof, and the carboxylic acid may be, for example, a straight or branched chain fatty acid of 10 to 22 carbon atoms, a naphthenic acid, a resinic acid or an alkyl aryl carboxylic acid.
  • Still another type of ashless dispersants which can be used in the practise of this invention are the ⁇ -olefin-maleimide copolymers such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,215.
  • Such copolymers are alternating copolymers of N-substituted maleimides and aliphatic ⁇ -olefins of from 8 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the copolymers may have an average of 4 to 20 maleimide groups per molecule.
  • the substituents on the nitrogen of the maleimide may be the same or different and are organic radicals composed essentially of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen having a total of 3 to 60 carbon atoms.
  • Chevron OFA 425B A commercially available material which is highly suitable for use in this invention is Chevron OFA 425B, and this material is believed to be or comprise an ⁇ -olefin maleimide copolymer of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,215. Whatever its composition, it works quite well.
  • ashless dispersants which contain little, if any, halogen atoms such as chlorine atoms.
  • the additive composition contains no detectable amount of halogen.
  • Typical halogen (chlorine)-free ashless dispersants suitable for use in the compositions of this invention include, in addition to various types described hereinabove, those described in the following recently-published applications: WO 9003359 and EP 365288.
  • Demulsifying agents Any of a variety of demulsifying agents can be used in the fuel and fuel additive compositions of this invention.
  • the demulsifying agent improves the water tolerance level of the fuel compositions by minimizing or preventing excessive emulsion formation.
  • demulsifiers which may be employed include poly(alkylphenol) formaldehyde condensates and the polyalkylenoxy modified reaction products thereof. These compounds are prepared by reacting an alkylphenol with formaldehyde and thereafter reacting the reaction product of the above with a C2 to C6 alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
  • the demulsifiers have a generalized structural formula wherein U is an alkylene of 2 to 6 carbons; y is an integer averaging between 4 and 10; x is an integer averaging between 4 and 10; and R5 is an alkyl having from 4 to 15 carbon atoms.
  • Preferred demulsifiers described by the above formula are polyethyleneoxy modified methylene bridged poly(alkylphenol) polymers having a polyethyleneoxy chain of 8 to 20 carbons and preferably from 10 to 16 carbons and at least about 75 number percent of the polyethyleneoxy chains being within the range specified.
  • the methylene bridged poly(alkylphenol) portion of the polymer has from 4 to 10 and preferably from 5 to 8 repeating methylene bridged alkylphenol units with 4 to 15 and preferably 6 to 12 carbons in the alkyl group.
  • the alkyl groups are a mixture of alkyls having between 4 and 12 carbon atoms.
  • Illustrative alkylphenols include p-isobutylphenol, p-diisobutylphenol, p-hexylphenol, p-heptylphenol, p-octylphenol, p-tripropylenephenol, and p-dipropylenephenol.
  • demulsifier component is an ammonia-neutralised sulphonated alkylphenol.
  • R1 is a hydrocarbyl group having from 4 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably from 6 to 12.
  • These compounds are prepared by sulphonating an alkylated phenol and thereafter neutralising the sulphonated product with ammonia.
  • demulsifier is an oxyalkylated glycol.
  • These compounds are prepared by reacting a polyhydroxy alcohol such as ethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, etc., with ethylene or propylene oxide.
  • ethylene glycol trimethylene glycol, etc.
  • propylene oxide ethylene or propylene oxide.
  • Many of the compounds are commercially available from BASF-Wyandotte Chemical Company under the PLURONIC trademark. They are polyethers terminated by hydroxy groups and produced by the block copolymerisation of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
  • the ethylene oxide blocks act as the hydrophiles and the propylene oxide blocks as the hydrophobes. They are available in a wide range of molecular weights and with varying ratios of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide.
  • demulsifiers comprises a mixture of alkylaryl sulphonates, polyoxyalkylene glycols and oxyalkylated alkylphenolic resins.
  • Such products are supplied by Petrolite Corporation under the TOLAD trademark.
  • One such propriety product, identified as TOLAD 286K, is understood to be a mixture of these components dissolved in a solvent composed of alkyl benzenes. This product has been found efficacious for use in the compositions of this invention.
  • a related product, TOLAD 286, is also suitable. In this case the product apparently contains the same kind of active ingredients dissolved in a solvent composed of heavy aromatic naphtha and isopropanol.
  • other known demulsifiers can be used.
  • Aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amine When it is desired to include one or more amines in the compositions of this invention, any of a wide variety of suitable amines can be used. This component contributes stability to the systems in which it is employed. Typically a monoamine is employed although polyamines can be used, if desired. Among the vast array of suitable amines are included the amines referred to in U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,215 such as tertiary alkyl primary amines including Primene 81R and the like, and amines referred to in EP 188,042, namely alkyldimethylamines in which the alkyl group has 8 to 14 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof.
  • mixed alkyl-cycloalkyl amines such as N-cyclohexyl-N-butyl amine, N-methylcyclohexyl-N-octyl amine, as well as di- and tricycloalkyl amines such as N,N-dicyclohexyl amine, N,N-di-(ethylcyclohexyl)amine and N,N,N-tricyclohexyl amine.
  • Preferred amines include N-cycloalkyl-N,N-dialkyl amines and N-cycloalkenyl-N,N-dialkylamines such as N-cyclohexyl-N,N-diethyl amine, N-cyclohexyl-N,N-dibutyl amine, N-cycloheptyl-N,N-dimethyl amine, N-cyclooctyl-N,N-dilauryl amine and N-cyclohexenyl-N,N-dipropyl amine. Particularly preferred is N-cyclohexyl-N,N-dimethyl amine. Mixtures of various amines, such as those referred to above, are also suitable for use in accordance with this invention.
  • Hydrocarbonaceous fuels In principle, the advantages of this invention may be achieved in any liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel derived from petroleum, coal, shale and/or tar sands. In most instances, at least under present circumstances, the base fuels will be derived primarily, if not exclusively, from petroleum.
  • the invention is thus applicable to such fuels as kerosene, jet fuel, aviation fuel, diesel fuel, home heating oil, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, bunker fuels, residual fuel oils, ultra heavy fuel oils, and in general, any liquid (or flowable) hydrocarbonaceous product suitable for combustion either in an engine (e.g., diesel fuel and gas turbine fuels,) or in a burner apparatus (e.g., gas oils, inland heavy fuel oil, residual fuel oils, visbreaker fuel oils and home heating oils,).
  • an engine e.g., diesel fuel and gas turbine fuels,
  • a burner apparatus e.g., gas oils, inland heavy fuel oil, residual fuel oils, visbreaker fuel oils and home heating oils,).
  • suitable fuels may include liquid fuels derived from biomass, such as vegetable oils (e.g., rapeseed oil, jojoba oil and cottonseed oil,); or refuse-derived liquid fuels such as fuels derived from municipal and/or industrial wastes; or waste oils and/or liquid waste biomass and its derivatives; or mixtures of any of the foregoing substances.
  • vegetable oils e.g., rapeseed oil, jojoba oil and cottonseed oil,
  • refuse-derived liquid fuels such as fuels derived from municipal and/or industrial wastes; or waste oils and/or liquid waste biomass and its derivatives; or mixtures of any of the foregoing substances.
  • the additive compositions comprising components a), b), c) and at least one of components d), e) and f) --preferably two of components d), e) and f) and most preferably all three of components d), e) and f) -- are especially useful in heating gas oils and like burner fuels and fuel oils for agricultural and industrial engines.
  • Typical specifications for such fuel oils can be found, for example, in BS 2869 : Part 2 : 1988 of the British Standards Institution.
  • the components of the additive compositions are employed in the fuels in minor amounts sufficient to improve the combustion characteristics and properties of the base hydrocarbonaceous fuel in which they are employed.
  • the metal deactivator, component c) is employed in a minor amount sufficient to inhibit fuel destabilisation in fuels containing components a) and b).
  • the amounts will thus vary in accordance with such factors as base fuel type and service conditions for which the finished fuel is intended.
  • concentrations (ppm) of the components (active ingredients) in the base fuels are illustrative:
  • the individual components a), b), and c), and also d), e), and/or f) (if used), can be separately blended into the fuel or can be blended therein in various subcombinations, if desired.
  • the particular sequence of such blending steps is not critical.
  • such components can be blended in the form of a solution in a diluent. It is preferable, however, to blend the components used in the form of an additive concentrate of this invention, as this simplifies the blending operations, reduces the likelihood of blending errors, and takes advantage of the compatibility and solubility characteristics afforded by the overall concentrate.
  • the additive concentrates of this invention will contain components a), b), and c), and optionally, but preferably, one or more of components d), e), and f) in amounts proportioned to yield fuel blends consistent with the concentrations tabulated above.
  • the additive concentrate will contain one or more diluents such as light mineral oils, to facilitate handling and blending of the concentrate.
  • concentrates containing up to 90% by weight of one or more diluents or solvents are frequently used.
  • the additive compositions and fuel compositions of this invention can also contain antioxidant, e.g., one or more phenolic antioxidants, aromatic amine antioxidants, sulphurised phenolic antioxidants, and organic phosphites, among others.
  • antioxidant e.g., one or more phenolic antioxidants, aromatic amine antioxidants, sulphurised phenolic antioxidants, and organic phosphites, among others.
  • Examples include 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, liquid mixtures of tertiary butylated phenols, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), mixed methylene-bridged polyalkyl phenols, 4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, 4-isopropylaminodiphenyl amine, phenyl- ⁇ -naphthyl amine, and phenyl- ⁇ -naphthyl amine.
  • Corrosion inhibitors comprise another type of optional additive for use in this invention.
  • dimer and trimer acids such as are produced from tall oil fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, or the like. Products of this type are currently available from various commercial sources, such as, for example, the dimer and trimer acids sold under the HYSTRENE trademark by the Humco Chemical Division of Witco Chemical Corporation and under the EMPOL trademark by Emery Chemicals.
  • alkenyl succinic acid and alkenyl succinic anhydride corrosion inhibitors such as, for example, tetrapropenylsuccinic acid, tetrapropenylsuccinic anhydride, tetradecenylsuccinic acid, tetradecenylsuccinic anhydride, hexadecenylsuccinic acid, hexadecenylsuccinic anhydride, and the like.
  • half esters of alkenyl succinic acids having 8 to 24 carbon atoms in the alkenyl group with alcohols such as the polyglycols.
  • Preferred materials are the aminosuccinic acids or derivatives thereof represented by the formula: wherein each of R1, R2, R5, R6 and R7 is, independently, a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and wherein each of R3 and R4 is, independently, a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or an acyl group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 when in the form of a hydrocarbyl group, can be, for example, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic containing groups.
  • R1 and R5 are the same or different straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals containing 1-20 carbon atoms.
  • R1 and R5 are saturated hydrocarbon radicals containing 3-6 carbon atoms.
  • R2, either R3 or R4, R6 and R7, when in the form of hydrocarbyl groups, are preferably the same or different straight-chain or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon radicals.
  • a dialkyl ester of an aminosuccinic acid is used in which R1 and R5 are the same or different alkyl groups containing 3-6 carbon atoms, R2 is a hydrogen atom, and either R3 or R4 is an alkyl group containing 15-20 carbon atoms or an acyl group which is derived from a saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acid containing 2-10 carbon atoms.
  • R1 and R5 are isobutyl
  • R2 is a hydrogen atom
  • R3 is octadecyl and/or octadecenyl
  • R4 is 3-carboxy-1-oxo-2-propenyl.
  • R6 and R7 are most preferably hydrogen atoms.
  • the heavier fuels of this invention may contain cold flow improvers and pour-point depressants, e.g., olefin/vinyl acetate copolymers such as ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and polymethacrylates.
  • Antifoam agents such as silicones; metal deactivators of the passivator type, e.g., the thiadiazoles such as HITEC® 314 additive (Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Ltd.; Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc.); and dyes can also be used in the compositions of this invention.
  • the diesel fuels may contain cetane improvers such as peroxy compounds and organic nitrates (e.g., amyl nitrates, hexyl nitrates, heptyl nitrates, octyl nitrates, and other alkyl nitrates having 4 to 10 carbon atoms including mixtures thereof).
  • organic nitrates e.g., amyl nitrates, hexyl nitrates, heptyl nitrates, octyl nitrates, and other alkyl nitrates having 4 to 10 carbon atoms including mixtures thereof.
  • alkyl nitrates are cyclohexyl nitrate, methoxypropyl nitrate, mixed nitrate esters made by nitration of fusel oil, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, n-octyl nitrate
  • An additive composition is formed by blending together the following components in the amounts specified:
  • This composition is well adapted for use in heating gas oil, for example at treat rates of 250 to 37,000 ppm, typically 500 ppm.
  • An additive composition is formed by blending together the following components in the amounts specified:
  • This composition is well adapted for use in heating gas oil, for example at treat rates of 250 to 37,000 ppm, typically 500 ppm.
  • An additive composition is formed by blending together the following components in the amounts specified:
  • This composition is well adapted for use in heating gas oil, for example at treat rates of 250 to 37,000 ppm, typically 500 ppm.
  • An additive composition is formed by blending together the following components in the amounts specified:
  • This composition is well adapted for use in heating gas oil, for example at treat rates of 250 to 37,000 ppm, typically 500 ppm.
  • An additive composition of this invention is formed using the following:
  • This composition is useful, for example at treat rates of 250 to 37,000 ppm, typically 500 ppm, in heating gas oils.
  • this additive concentrate When used, for example at a concentration in the range of 200 to 26,500 ppm, typically 400 ppm, this additive concentrate is especially adapted for improving combustion of road diesel fuels.
  • An additive concentrate is formed using the following components:
  • Examples 9 and 10 are repeated substituting in one case overbased potassium sulphonate and in another case overbased calcium phenate for the sulphonates of Examples 9 and 10.
  • compositions of Examples 1 through 9 and 12 are formed with the exception that the methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is replaced in one case by an equivalent amount of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, in another case by an equivalent amount of cyclopentadienyl manganese dicarboxyl triphenylphosphine, in a third case by an equivalent amount of indenyl manganese tricarbonyl, in a fourth case by an equivalent amount of dimanganese decacarbonyl, and in still another case by an equivalent amount of a mixture composed of 90% methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and 10% cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
  • compositions of Examples 4 and 7 are blended at concentrations of 300, 500 and 1,000 ppm in a heating gas oil having a specific gravity at 15°C (DIN 51 757) of 0.845 g/mL, a kinematic viscosity at 20°C (DIN 51 562) of 5.3 mm2 per second, a pour point (DIN ISO 3016) of -9°C, a sulphur content (DIN 51 400) of 0.19%, and a distillation profile (DIN 51 751) of 27 volume % boiling to 250°C and 92 volume % boiling to 350°C.
  • DIN 51 757 a heating gas oil having a specific gravity at 15°C (DIN 51 757) of 0.845 g/mL, a kinematic viscosity at 20°C (DIN 51 562) of 5.3 mm2 per second, a pour point (DIN ISO 3016) of -9°C, a sulphur content (DIN 51 400) of 0.19%, and a
  • Example 14 is repeated except that the same amounts of the respective components of the respective compositions of Examples 4 and 7 are blended individually or in sub-combinations into the gas oil.
  • Example 8 The composition of Example 8 is blended at concentrations of 300, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 ppm in a diesel fuel satisfying the requirements of DIN 51 601-DK (February 1986).
  • Example 16 is repeated except that the same amounts of the respective components of the composition of Example 8 are blended individually or in sub-combinations into the diesel fuel.
  • Examples 16 and 17 are repeated using commercially available diesel fuels suitable for use as railway diesel fuel, tractor diesel fuel, off-road diesel fuel and inland waterways fuel.
  • Examples 14 and 15 are repeated using as the fuels commercially-available heavy fuel oils and residual oils (e.g., industrial and refinery fuel oils) such as inland heavy fuel oils, and also hydrocarbonaceous marine fuels.
  • the additive treat levels in these fuels are 500, 800 and 1,500 ppm.
  • ths compositions of this invention are illustrated by the results of a series of thermal oxidative stability tests conducted in accordance with ASTM Test Procedure D2274.
  • ASTM Test Procedure D2274 two different commercially-available base fuels were used.
  • Each of these fuels was tested in duplicate without the addition thereto of any additives.
  • Fuels A and B containing various additive mixtures based on the combination of MMT and calcium sulphonate both with and without metal deactivator of the chelation type were subjected to the same ASTM test procedure.
  • compositions tested and the results obtained are summarised in the following table in which the additive components were as follows: "MMT” as the 62% blend as in Example 1; “Ca Det.” is calcium sulphonate as the 44% blend as in Example 1; “Metal Deact.” is metal deactivator in the form of the 80% solution of N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine as in Example 1; “Disp.” is Chevron OFA 425B ashless dispersant in the form of a 50% solution as in Example 3; "Amine” in the form of N-cyclohexyl-N,N-dimethylamine stabiliser; and “Dil.” is diluent in the form of heavy aromatic naphtha.
  • Standard CFR engine tests (ASTM D613) were conducted using two different diesel fuels having cetane values of 52.7 (Fuel A) and 52.5 (Fuel B), respectively.
  • Fuel B only a slight loss in cetane value (from 52.5 to 51.6) occurred by addition of 500 ppm of the composition of Example 4.
  • the fuels of this invention generally possess enhanced combustion properties (e.g., less smoke, lower soot acidity) and better thermal stability than the corresponding untreated fuels.
  • use of the fuels of this invention results in the formation of reduced amounts of sludge deposits on critical engine or burner parts or surfaces. Further, such fuels tend to emit smaller amounts of noxious emissions than the corresponding untreated base fuels.
  • this invention enables the provision of fuel compositions having enhanced demulsification properties and reduced corrosion tendencies with minimal interference with other desirable fuel properties.
  • the additive compositions of this invention can result in decreased fuel consumption in diesel engines.
  • the above data indicate that all fuels do not necessarily respond to the same extent to treatment with the additive systems of this invention. Nonetheless, as a general proposition, the fuels of this invention do have significantly improved properties.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
EP90310323A 1990-09-20 1990-09-20 Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor Expired - Lifetime EP0476197B1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES90310323T ES2048439T3 (es) 1990-09-20 1990-09-20 Composiciones combustibles hidrocarbonadas y aditivos para ellas.
EP90310323A EP0476197B1 (en) 1990-09-20 1990-09-20 Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor
DE90310323T DE69006029T2 (de) 1990-09-20 1990-09-20 Kohlenwasserkraftstoffzusammensetzungen und Zusätze dazu.
CA002051451A CA2051451C (en) 1990-09-20 1991-09-16 Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor
JP3265495A JP2965764B2 (ja) 1990-09-20 1991-09-18 炭化水素性燃料およびその添加剤
AU84653/91A AU634422B2 (en) 1990-09-20 1991-09-20 Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP90310323A EP0476197B1 (en) 1990-09-20 1990-09-20 Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0476197A1 EP0476197A1 (en) 1992-03-25
EP0476197B1 true EP0476197B1 (en) 1994-01-12

Family

ID=8205553

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90310323A Expired - Lifetime EP0476197B1 (en) 1990-09-20 1990-09-20 Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0476197B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2965764B2 (ja)
AU (1) AU634422B2 (ja)
CA (1) CA2051451C (ja)
DE (1) DE69006029T2 (ja)
ES (1) ES2048439T3 (ja)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7332001B2 (en) 2003-10-02 2008-02-19 Afton Chemical Corporation Method of enhancing the operation of diesel fuel combustion systems
US7744660B2 (en) 2003-06-25 2010-06-29 The Lubrizol Corporation Gel additives for fuel that reduce soot and/or emissions from engines

Families Citing this family (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5551957A (en) * 1992-05-06 1996-09-03 Ethyl Corporation Compostions for control of induction system deposits
GB9222458D0 (en) * 1992-10-26 1992-12-09 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc Oil additives and compositions
US5755835A (en) * 1992-12-28 1998-05-26 Chevron Chemical Company Fuel additive compositions containing aliphatic amines and polyalkyl hydroxyaromatics
AU674052B2 (en) * 1993-05-24 1996-12-05 Lubrizol Corporation, The Pour point depressant treated fatty acid esters as biodegradable, combustion engine fuels
GB2285057B (en) * 1993-12-23 1997-12-10 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Ltd Evaporative burner fuels and additives therefor
GB9400417D0 (en) * 1994-01-11 1994-03-09 Bp Chemicals Additives Lubricating oil composition
US5621154A (en) * 1994-04-19 1997-04-15 Betzdearborn Inc. Methods for reducing fouling deposit formation in jet engines
US5596130A (en) * 1994-04-19 1997-01-21 Betz Laboratories, Inc. Methods and compositions for reducing fouling deposit formation in jet engines
EP0743972B1 (en) * 1994-12-13 2000-06-14 Infineum USA L.P. Fuel oil compositions
EP0833879A1 (en) * 1995-06-07 1998-04-08 ORR, William C. Vapor phase combustion method and compositions ii
CA2205143C (en) * 1996-05-14 2003-07-15 Ethyl Corporation Enhanced combustion of hydrocarbonaceous burner fuels
FR2839315B1 (fr) * 2002-05-03 2006-04-28 Totalfinaelf France Additif pour ameliorer la stabilite thermique de compositions d'hydrocarbures
DE20212106U1 (de) * 2002-08-06 2003-03-06 Grafenhorst, Heinrich, 28215 Bremen Gasturbinenantrieb, insbesondere für Propeller-Flugzeuge
US20050005506A1 (en) * 2003-07-08 2005-01-13 Henly Timothy J. Distillate fuel compositions for improved combustion and engine cleanliness
WO2005087901A2 (en) * 2004-03-09 2005-09-22 Innospec Limited Fuel additive composition having antiknock properties
DE102005045134B4 (de) * 2005-09-22 2010-12-30 Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze, diese enthaltende Zusammensetzungen zu Verbesserung der Kältefließfähigkeit und Schmierfähigkeit von Brennstoffölen sowie deren Verwendung
ES2301358B1 (es) 2006-05-12 2009-06-22 Repsol Ypf, S.A. Nueva composicion de combustible estabilizado.
US8163042B2 (en) * 2006-11-01 2012-04-24 Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited Hydrocarbon fuel compositions
FR2934276B1 (fr) * 2008-07-25 2012-12-21 Total France Additif pour combustible liquide, combustible liquide le contenant et son utilisation pour les appareils de production d'energie et/ou de chauffage et/ou de cuisson
RO127197A1 (ro) 2010-02-10 2012-03-30 Marine Resources Exploration International B.V. Compoziţii sinergice de aditivi antidetonanţi pentru benzine
US10899984B2 (en) 2018-12-07 2021-01-26 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Fuel high temperature antioxidant additive

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3490882A (en) * 1966-08-11 1970-01-20 Du Pont Stabilized distillate fuel oils and additive compositions therefor
US3891401A (en) * 1971-03-01 1975-06-24 Standard Oil Co Reducing deposits and smoke from jet fuels
US3994698A (en) * 1972-02-29 1976-11-30 Ethyl Corporation Gasoline additive concentrate composition
US3883320A (en) * 1972-12-07 1975-05-13 Standard Oil Co Reducing deposits and smoke from jet fuels with additives incorporating an ammonium salt
US4116644A (en) * 1975-03-24 1978-09-26 Jackisch Philip F Gasoline compositions
US4690687A (en) * 1985-08-16 1987-09-01 The Lubrizol Corporation Fuel products comprising a lead scavenger

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7744660B2 (en) 2003-06-25 2010-06-29 The Lubrizol Corporation Gel additives for fuel that reduce soot and/or emissions from engines
US7332001B2 (en) 2003-10-02 2008-02-19 Afton Chemical Corporation Method of enhancing the operation of diesel fuel combustion systems

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2051451A1 (en) 1992-03-21
AU634422B2 (en) 1993-02-18
JPH04234490A (ja) 1992-08-24
CA2051451C (en) 2003-02-04
ES2048439T3 (es) 1994-03-16
EP0476197A1 (en) 1992-03-25
DE69006029T2 (de) 1994-05-05
DE69006029D1 (de) 1994-02-24
AU8465391A (en) 1992-03-26
JP2965764B2 (ja) 1999-10-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0476196B1 (en) Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor
US5944858A (en) Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor
EP0476197B1 (en) Hydrocarbonaceous fuel compositions and additives therefor
US8870981B2 (en) Additive fuel composition, and method of use thereof
US5551957A (en) Compostions for control of induction system deposits
CA2033105C (en) Diesel fuel compositions
US5679116A (en) Compositions for control of induction system deposits
EP0482253A1 (en) Environmentally friendly fuel compositions and additives therefor
EP2171021B1 (en) Use of a conductivity improver in a hydrocarbon composition
RU2354683C2 (ru) Добавки к дизельному топливу, содержащие церий или марганец и моющие присадки
EP0681023B1 (en) Compatible fuel additive concentrates
EP0859040B1 (en) The use of lubricity additives for reducing foam in fuels
GB2261441A (en) Fuel compositions
GB2308381A (en) Two-cycle engine lubricant oil

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): BE DE ES FR GB IT

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19920305

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19920720

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): BE DE ES FR GB IT

ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed
REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 69006029

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19940224

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FG2A

Ref document number: 2048439

Country of ref document: ES

Kind code of ref document: T3

ET Fr: translation filed
PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: IF02

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20050914

Year of fee payment: 16

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 20050927

Year of fee payment: 16

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: CD

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Payment date: 20061018

Year of fee payment: 17

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20060920

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20060920

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FD2A

Effective date: 20060921

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20060921

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20070927

Year of fee payment: 18

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20071031

Year of fee payment: 18

BERE Be: lapsed

Owner name: *AFTON CHEMICAL LTD

Effective date: 20070930

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20070930

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20080920

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20090401

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20091006

Year of fee payment: 20