EP0476037B1 - Device for opening and supporting a headway - Google Patents

Abstract

A device for opening and supporting a headway in closed or open excavations comprises an envelope composed of blade-carrying heads (24) which can be driven individually or in groups, each connected to an end part. At least several end parts are designed as internal formwork sections (12) and their top surface facing the ground or soil (26) slopes backward from the corresponding top surface (38) of the corresponding blade-carrying head (24). The blade-carrying head (24) and the end parts are supported and guided on supporting frames (16) of a walking frame (34). A filling tube (42) for introducing supporting material (44) and binders is arranged in the region between the blade-carrying head (24) and the sections (12) of the internal casing.

Description

The invention relates to a device for breaking out and expanding a tunneling section according to the preamble of claim 1.

Devices for breaking out and expanding a tunneling section in a closed construction pit are known, which comprise a knife sheath consisting of knife heads and adjoining knife tails. The entire knife sheath is held by support frames during the advance. With an open, for example horseshoe-shaped cross section of the knife sheath, the individual support frames dissipate their forces into the tunnel sole while they support the individual knife heads or knife tails. If the knife sheath is closed in cross section, the supporting forces in the frame cancel each other out. When breaking out, the knives are driven individually or in groups and the support frames are then lowered in order to follow the knife sheath in the direction of the breakout. For the final removal or expansion of the tunneling section, a formwork device with formwork elements with formwork elements is also provided in the end region of the knife tails. The second device serves as inner formwork and is arranged with its outside at a distance from the mountain or ground that corresponds to the inner diameter of the tunnel shell. The knife tails form the outer formwork. The expansion takes place, for example, by placing concrete in the space between the underside of the knife tails and the top of the formwork device is introduced. As the knife sheath advances, a space with a height corresponding to the thickness of the knife tails is created between the concrete layer and the mountain or floor. Since the knife tails in the prefabricated area serve on the one hand as external formwork and on the other hand support the excavated tunnel cross-section, the intermediate space mentioned, for example with concrete or granulate, must be filled and pressed when the knife is advancing so that the floor cannot break into the intermediate space. The concrete to be introduced into the intermediate space is supplied via lines, each of which opens into an outlet opening in the end region of the knife tail at its rear end edge. Such a known device is used when it comes to loose floors.

In the case of hard floors such as rock or solid rock, the tunnel opening is first pre-drilled and then concreted out using slip formwork. Such sliding formwork can comprise supporting frames on which individual formwork slats are supported, the outer skin of the entire formwork device tapering slightly from front to back, as seen in the feed direction, in order to avoid constraints in the freshly concreted area along the individual formwork slats as they advance. If, for example, thickness tolerances and / or load deflections of the slats in the longitudinal direction caused unevenness in the concrete and thus constraints are exerted on the fresh concrete, this would lead to considerable damage without the conical taper. In such a sliding formwork, the formwork slats serve as inner formwork elements or as inner formwork slats, while the fixed floor serves as outer formwork. The concrete is pressed in the direction of advance at the foremost end of the sliding formwork into the correspondingly sealed intermediate space, the tunnel shell, which has already been concreted, used as a repository.

From FR-A-2 380 413 a device for breaking out and expanding a tunneling section in a closed construction pit is known. The device has a knife jacket made of individual knives. The cutter heads and the trailing knives are supported by means of ring-shaped expansion frames, the expansion frames being radially expandable via expansion cylinders. The transition areas between each cutter head and the subsequent trailing blades have means for filling in self-hardening material.

In this known device, it is disadvantageous that the trailing knives serving as inner formwork lamellae are subjected to great constraints when the device is being propelled. The trailing knives supported by the annular spreading frame behave - seen statically - like continuous beams and consequently have corresponding deflections between the supports. If the device is to be advanced further after the concreting process, considerable forces are required to move the trailing knife connected to the cutter heads in the direction of advance. Under unfavorable circumstances, it is even possible that further advance is completely excluded. In any case, it requires a considerable initial force to be able to initiate the propulsion process at all.

It is an object of the present invention to propose a device for removing and excavating a tunneling section, in which the tunneling is not hindered by constraints in the area of the inner formwork lamellae and the forces to be initially applied to the lane are not significantly increased by the inner formwork lamellae.

In a generic device, this object is achieved by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim 1.

In the proposed device, at least some of the end parts adjoining the cutter heads are used directly as inner formwork element or inner formwork slats. When advancing such an arrangement of the cutter heads and the subsequent inner formwork lamellas, a cavity is formed between the rock or ground and the top of the inner formwork lamellas. So that the cavity created above the inner formwork lamella, which is not supported, does not immediately collapse when the cutter heads are propelled, means for filling in self-hardening material or support material and binder are provided in the region of the transition between at least one cutter head and its inner formwork lamella. Depending on the particular circumstances and requirements, it is advantageous if some or even all of the internal formwork slats have means for filling in self-curing material or support material and binding agent. The arrangement of the abovementioned means for every third or fourth inner formwork lamella has proven to be particularly advantageous. The materials mentioned are continuously introduced into the cavity as the cutter heads advance in order to achieve the required support effect. In the proposed device, the cutter heads and the adjoining end parts are supported on a support frame of a walking frame.

During the advance, the device is preferably designed in such a way that all end parts which connect to the cutter heads are designed as internal shuttering slats, in order thereby to achieve a uniform expansion over the tunnel wall.

The cutter heads can be connected to the inner formwork lamella in one piece or also in a separable manner. With a total length of the knife head and knife tail of usually around 10 to 15 m, it is advisable, at least with regard to the transport and the structure of the knife sheath, before it is introduced into the mountains, at least the knife heads and separate the inner formwork slats for transport and put them together on site. It may even be advisable to separate the inner formwork lamella and / or the cutter head at several points. A separation between the inner formwork lamella and the cutter head can take place, for example, perpendicular to the main plane thereof and can be designed step-like for structural reasons. With certain cutter head lengths, it may also be necessary to design the cutter head in two or more parts.

A particularly favorable connection point between the parts of the cutter head is arranged at the top of the inner formwork lamella. The lower part of the head can also be formed in one piece with the inner formwork lamella. For problem-free height adjustment of the cutter head, even during the advance, at least one insertable spacer or at least one insertable intermediate part is arranged between the parts of the cutter head.

In the case of the proposed device, when the knife sheath advances, the problem may arise that constraints can occur between the inner formwork slats and the freshly concreted breakout wall. For this reason, the connection between the inner formwork slats and their cutter heads can be designed as an elastic or height-adjustable coupling, so that the inner formwork slat can move away from the concreted area during advance, whereby damage in the freshly concreted area can be avoided.

For the aforementioned reasons, it is provided in a preferred embodiment of the invention that the top of the inner formwork slats is adjustable in their distance from the mountain or ground. This is preferably achieved in that between each Inner formwork lamella and the support frame are each arranged in the support frame main level, height-adjustable and separately operable bearings. Due to the adjustability of the bearings, the inner formwork slats can move away from the concrete area individually or in groups.

The inner formwork slat is either moved away due to the weight of the inner formwork slats when their bearings are loosened, or the inner formwork slat is pushed away from the freshly concreted area at the latest when constraints occur in the freshly concreted area, for example due to thickness tolerances. The proposed embodiment is at least intended to ensure that the inner formwork lamella does not press too hard against the fresh concrete as it advances and possibly damage it. The bearing between the cutter head and the support frame assigned to it should not be changed, so that the cutter head maintains its position when advancing and at a standstill. The height-adjustable coupling between the cutter head and the inner formwork lamella ensures that the inner formwork lamella can be easily moved away. But even with the one-piece design of the cutter head and inner formwork lamella, the inner formwork lamella will move away, since the inner formwork lamella shows a certain elasticity due to the materials used. The inner formwork lamella behaves like a self-supporting, clamped beam, with the clamping point representing the transition between the inner formwork lamella and the cutter head.

A wedge bearing between the inner formwork slats and the support frame is a preferred embodiment of the actuatable bearing. The wedges provided at each support point and at each support point are on the one hand with the inner formwork slats and on the other hand with the support frame firmly connected.

A hydraulic bearing between the inner formwork slats and the support frame fulfills the same function. For constructional reasons, it can also prove to be favorable that the actuatable bearing between the inner formwork slats and the support frame consists partly of a wedge bearing and partly of a hydraulic bearing.

It is also possible, instead of or in addition to the bearings described, to produce the inner formwork slats from separate profiles, between which a bearing or a further bearing is arranged. The inner formwork slats then have an upper support profile facing the floor or the concreted shell and a lower box profile, which are connected via a shear-resistant coupling arranged between them. The shear-resistant coupling between the aforementioned profiles ensures that the profiles can move against each other perpendicular to the direction of the breakout, but are moved forward together in the direction of the breakout.

The bearing provided between the support profile and the box profile can be designed hydraulically and / or pneumatically. If the upper support profile is to move away from the concreted area, this can be done by switching the hydraulic / pneumatic mounting from a rigid to a flexible mounting. It can also be arranged a gas buffer storage, which results in an elastic / resilient mounting of the upper support profile on the lower box section, the control of the storage can also be achieved with the help of a pressure relief valve that is arranged in the hydraulics or pneumatics. If the constraints are so great that a certain pressure between the support profile and the box profile is exceeded, the pressure relief valve automatically ensures that the bearing slackens or gives way.

The means for filling in self-hardening material or support material and binding agent consist of at least one supply line, in particular a pipeline with filler neck, the outlet opening of which is arranged on the surface of the inner formwork lamella or on the back of the cutter head. The required support effect is achieved in that at least support material is pressed continuously into the resulting cavity by such a feed line during the advance of the cutter head.

The support material can consist of granules, while the self-hardening material, which also serves as the support material, consists of liquid concrete, for example. If required, a certain proportion of metal and / or plastic fibers can be added to the liquid concrete in order to increase the strength of the concrete.

When using pure support material, it is necessary for the finished construction that binder, for example in the form of cement slurry or cement milk, is pressed into the granulate. The same filler neck through which the support material is also fed can be used for the binder. However, it is more advantageous if additional means for filling the binder are provided, which also consist of at least one feed line, in particular a pipeline with filler neck, the outlet opening of which is arranged on the top of the inner formwork lamella.

For better distribution of the binder, a plurality of feed lines for the binders with outlet openings are arranged at the top of the inner formwork slats along their length and preferably distributed in the rear region or section thereof.

At this point it should be noted that the self-hardening material as well as the binder is pressed in with the greatest possible pressure, so that not only the cavity itself, but also the adjacent floor is penetrated and pressed with self-hardening material or binders, resulting in an overall stiffer lining shell is created.

If a sheet metal extension or a shielding plate is arranged in the area of the cutter head, which extends against a part of the inner formwork lamella in the direction of the breakout, the breakout area behind the cutter heads can first be supported by the shielding plate, so that no rock or soil particles enter the cavity can fall. This makes it possible, for example, to arrange the feed lines for the support material or the self-hardening material a little further away from the cutter head in a closed construction pit. The shielding plate used also results in a significant advantage in the open design, for example in a vertical construction. First of all, all cutter heads can be moved forward by a maximum of about the length of the shielding plate without, for example, concrete being immediately pressed into the cavity. This creates a continuous cavity that extends from the top edge of the excavation pit to the foundation bed. Steel inserts can be inserted into this cavity before the concreting process. Furthermore, it is possible to carry out the concreting process from the surface, so that when the construction pit is open, using the shielding plates, supply lines in the transition area between the cutter head and the inner formwork lamella can be dispensed with. It is also conceivable that, for example, only the upper or some upper inner formwork slats contain the feed lines for the concrete when the excavation pit is open.

It is most favorable when arranging the shielding plate that it is connected to the top of the cutter head facing the floor, as a result of which a maximum cavity can be obtained. It is particularly advantageous if the shielding plate extends over the entire width of the cutter head. It may be desirable for narrow strips to remain free in the shielding plates through which a non-interfering portion of material falls into the cavity, but on the other hand the pressed-in concrete or the pressed-in binders penetrate beyond the shielding plate into the surrounding soil.

Such penetration of self-hardening material or of binding agent is also achieved in that the shielding plate consists of individual spaced-apart individual plates which are connected with their free end to the cutter head. This creates a rust-like formation of the shielding plate. By interrupting the sheet, it is also possible with this embodiment that the hardening material or the binder is distributed in the surrounding earth when it is introduced with sufficient pressure. The proportion of the soil that falls into the cavity in this embodiment does not impair the strength of the shell or wall to be produced, since it mixes with the self-hardening material or the binder and care is taken to ensure that the spacing of the individual depends on the soil conditions Sheet metal parts is designed larger or smaller.

In a further advantageous embodiment, at least some cutter heads have strips or teeth on their surface facing the mountain or ground. The teeth tear open the floor, loosen it and the directly pressed-in self-hardening material or the support material can penetrate into the resulting cavities. The use of teeth in gravel is particularly advantageous or loose floors, however, use with other floors is also possible. In the case of gravel soils, for example, the gravel material falling into the cavity behind the cutter head can be immediately mixed into a favorable concrete mixture if, for example, cement slurry or similar binders are pressed in instead of liquid concrete. The hardening support material or the binder penetrate into the loosened soil and solidify it far beyond the surface of the cutter head. In the case of gravel soils in particular, the entire gravel portion does not first have to be removed from the construction pit and other gravel mixed in the concrete has to be reintroduced, since the existing gravel can be used immediately to produce the required concrete.

The teeth are advantageously arranged at a distance from one another. Forming the teeth as longitudinal teeth extending in one piece over the length of the cutter head guarantees continuous scoring and thus a continuous surface design of the cavity, which may be necessary under certain static conditions. This also applies to the arrangement of the tips of the teeth in one plane.

For constructional reasons, it makes sense to arrange the teeth on a lower part of the cutter head, the thickness or thickness (cross-sectional height) of which corresponds to the thickness or thickness of the subsequent inner formwork lamella. Advantageously, the teeth on the lower part of the cutter head can be removed individually or on a common lower part and are therefore arranged interchangeably. If a height adjustment of the teeth is desired, this can be done by arranging at least one insertable spacer or at least one insertable intermediate part. Depending on the change in the nature of the rock or soil, it may be advantageous to alternately replace a closed upper part with a toothed upper part.

When using cutter heads with attached teeth, sheet extensions can be arranged at their ends facing the inner formwork lamella, which extend against a part of the inner formwork lamella in the direction of the breakout. If, for example, the floor is very loose or if excessive penetration of material into the cavity behind the cutter head is not desired, the arranged sheet metal extensions provide partial support for the excavation surface.

Fig. 1

einen Querschnitt durch eine Ausführungsform der Vorrichtung bei geschlossener Baugrube entlang dem Schnitt 2-2 in Figur 2a;

Fig. 2a

einen Längsschnitt durch die Vorrichtung gemäß Figur 1;

Fig. 2b

einen Längsschnitt durch eine alternative Vorrichtung;

Fig. 3a

einen Schnitt durch eine Innenschalungslamelle entlang der Linie 2-2 aus Fig. 2a;

Fig. 3b

einen Schnitt durch eine Innenschalungslamelle entlang der Linie 3-3 aus Fig. 2b;

Fig. 4

eine Seitenansicht einer Innenschalungslamelle mit Messerkopf;

Fig. 5

einen Schnitt durch den Messerkopf entlang der Linie 4-4 aus Fig, 4;

Fig. 6

eine Seitenansicht einer Innenschalungslamelle mit Abschirmblech;

Fig. 7

eine Draufsicht auf eine Innenschalungslamelle mit rostartigem Abschirmblech und

Fig. 8

einen Schnitt durch eine Ausführungsform der Vorrichtung bei offener Baugrube.

The invention is to be explained in more detail by way of example and schematically on the basis of preferred embodiments with reference to the following figures. It shows:

Fig. 1

a cross section through an embodiment of the device with a closed excavation along section 2-2 in Figure 2a;

Fig. 2a

a longitudinal section through the device of Figure 1;

Fig. 2b

a longitudinal section through an alternative device;

Fig. 3a

a section through an inner formwork slat along the line 2-2 of Fig. 2a;

Fig. 3b

a section through an inner formwork slat along the line 3-3 of Fig. 2b;

Fig. 4

a side view of an internal formwork lamella with cutter head;

Fig. 5

a section through the cutter head along the line 4-4 of Fig. 4;

Fig. 6

a side view of an inner formwork lamella with shielding plate;

Fig. 7

a plan view of an inner formwork lamella with rust-like shielding plate and

Fig. 8

a section through an embodiment of the device with an open pit.

Fig. 1 shows a cross section through an embodiment of the device with the construction pit closed. A tunnel cross section is shown schematically, the section through an already completed, i.e. concrete part 10 of the tunnel is shown. Inner formwork elements 12 of the knife casing adjoin the concrete part 10. The inner formwork elements 12 are connected to a support frame 16 via bearings, in the case shown via wedge bearings 14. Furthermore, seals 18 are shown schematically between the inner formwork elements 12, which prevent fresh concrete from escaping between the inner formwork elements 12. The support frame 16 is supported in a known manner on a sole 20 of a tunnel cross section 22.

The mode of operation of the device can be explained with reference to FIG. 2a, which represents a longitudinal section through the device according to FIG. 1. The direction of advance or excavation is shown with an arrow. The cut is made through an inner formwork lamella 12 with an attached cutter head 24. The cutter head 24 is formed in two parts and has a horizontal connection point 28 running at the top 26 of the inner formwork lamella 12. The cutter head 24 and the inner formwork lamella 12 are collectively referred to as a cutter 30 of the cutter casing. In FIG. 1, a number of knives 30 lying next to one another are shown distributed over the tunnel cross section 22 up to the sole. Each knife 30 is supported on four support frames 16 connected in pairs, each pair of support frames 16 connected via frame feed presses 32 forming a walking frame 34. In order to advance the walking frames 34, at least one frame feed press 32 is required, of which several are provided per walking frame 34, depending on the circumstances.

The entire knife sheath is put together at the beginning of the tunnel cross section 22, which is prepared accordingly. The knives 30 are initially arranged with their knife tips 36 in the circumferential direction in one plane and are advanced individually or in groups during the advance. The tip 36 of each cutter head 24 penetrates the soil by a certain step. Because the surface 26 of each inner formwork lamella 12 is set back relative to the corresponding upper side 38 of the cutter head 24, a cavity is created at the end 40 of the cutter head 24 between the rock or ground - hereinafter referred to as soil. So that the soil does not fall into this cavity when the knife 30 is propelled, a filling opening 42 is arranged at the end 40 of the knife head 24. In the device shown in FIG. 2a, support material, for example a granulate 44, is continuously pressed into the resulting cavity when the knife 30 is being driven through the filling opening. With the support of the granules 44, the knives 30 can be advanced in the cavity as long as the end region 46 of the inner formwork lamella 12 is still in contact with the part 10 that has already been concreted. It is therefore possible to advance the entire knife sheath in several steps by the approximate length of the inner formwork lamella 12 and to support the cavity only with the granulate 44. In order to be able to advance the knives even further, binders, for example cement paste, must first be added to the granulate 44. The granules 44 and the binder then together form a further concreted section of the tunnel shell. The binder can either be supplied through the filler opening 42 or through additional injection or filler openings 48, so that the cement paste can mix well in the cavity, the cement paste is preferably replaced by those on the surface of the Inner formwork lamella is pressed in along the longitudinal direction of the filling openings 48 which are distributed. For the strength of the tunnel shell, it is advantageous, depending on the type of soil, that the cement paste not only distributes itself in the cavity, but also partially penetrates into the soil.

After the granulate / cement paste mixture in the cavity has reached a certain strength, the knives 30 can be advanced further.

However, with further driving, the problem may arise that constraints occur between the freshly concreted part (shell) 10 and the top 26 of the inner formwork lamella 12, which are caused by thickness tolerances in the inner formwork lamella 12 along its length and which affect the concrete as height tolerances transferred. In addition, there is an adhesion between the concrete and the top 26 of the inner formwork lamella 12. So that no damage to the freshly concreted shell occurs during the further advance of the knives, it may be desirable to support the inner formwork lamella during further advance from a rigid pressure to a flexible one Switch pressure. As shown in FIG. 2a, this can be made possible, for example, by wedge bearings 14 between the inner formwork lamella 12 and the support frame 16. The support of the inner formwork lamella 12 can be loosened by the wedge bearing, as a result of which the inner formwork lamella 12 moves away from the freshly concreted shell either by its own weight or at the latest when constraints occur. Moving away the inner formwork lamella 12 can be supported by a height-adjustable coupling of the inner formwork lamella 12 to the cutter head 24. However, even with a fixed coupling or a one-piece design of the inner formwork lamella and cutter head, the inner formwork lamella 12 will separate from the cutter head due to the elasticity of the material of the inner formwork lamella bend away. It is crucial that the cutter head 24 is not lowered during the advance. Therefore, as is also shown in FIG. 2a, there is no wedge bearing on the support frame 16, which is assigned to the cutter head 24. If the cutter head 24 is also lowered during the advance, the tunnel cross-section would taper correspondingly with increasing advance, which is not desirable.

In the area in which granulate 44 is again supplied, and at the latest before the cement glue is introduced again, the inner formwork lamella 12 is then raised again to its original level, so that the top 26 of the inner formwork lamella 12 presses tightly against the previously concreted piece. This ensures that there is no step-like taper with increasing tunneling distance even in the finished construction.

2b shows a longitudinal section through an alternative device similar to that shown in FIG. 2a. Identical parts also have identical reference numerals with regard to FIG. 2a. The device according to FIG. 2b differs from that according to FIG. 2a on the one hand in that instead of supporting material a solidifying material is immediately pressed into the resulting cavity and on the other hand in that the height adjustment of the inner formwork slat is solved in a different way. Finally, between its removable upper part and its lower part, the cutter head 24 has an insertable spacer as an intermediate part 29, with which the distance between the upper side of the cutter head 24 and that of the inner formwork lamella 56 has been increased compared to FIG. 2a.

During the advance of a knife 50, a solidifying material is for example concrete, pressed into the resulting cavity. Fresh concrete is pressed in continuously during the advance of each knife 50, so that the tunnel shell consists of pieces concreted together, the length of which corresponds to the advance length of the knife. The section that has just been concreted is numbered 52. This is followed by an at least partially solidified concrete area 54.

3a shows a section through a wedge bearing 14 along line 2-2 of the embodiment in FIG. 2a. The wedge bearing 14 consists of an upper wedge 64, which is fixedly connected to the inner formwork lamella 12, and a lower wedge 66, which is fixedly connected to the support frame 16. When the knife 30 advances, the wedge surfaces of the wedges 64, 66 can slide slightly on one another and loosen the connection between the support frame 16 and the inner formwork lamella 12. The wedges 64, 66 can move completely away from one another so that the underside of the inner formwork lamella 12 only rests on the lower wedge 66. This results in the desired possibility of moving the inner formwork lamella 12 away from concrete.

FIG. 3b shows a section corresponding to FIG. 3a along the line 3-3 of the device from FIG. 2b. Instead of the wedge bearing 14, a fixed bearing is provided between the support frame 16 and an inner formwork lamella 56. The inner formwork lamella 56 is composed of an upper support section 58 and a lower box section 60, the side walls of the upper support section 58 partially overlapping the lower box section 60. In addition, the support profile 58 and the box profile 60 are connected to one another by a shear-resistant connection 62. Between the two profiles 58, 60 there is a hydraulic and / or Pneumatic storage 68 is provided which, if necessary, namely when the knife 50 is advancing, allows the upper support profile 58 to move away from the concrete 54 to the lower box section 60, for example by switching to an additional gas buffer storage, which can be provided in the area of the storage 68 an elastic / resilient bearing is achieved. Instead of a gas buffer, a hydraulic / pneumatic pressure relief valve can also be activated, so that when the pressure in the hydraulic / pneumatic bearing 68 increases, for example as a result of constraints, the pressure medium can escape via the pressure valve, so that the upper support profile 58 moves away from the concrete 54 can.

FIG. 4 shows an enlarged side view of a cutter head 70 and part of an inner formwork lamella 72.

5, which shows a section along the line 4-4 through the cutter head 70 according to FIG. 4, it can be seen that the cutter head 70 has a special embodiment. The cutter head 70 usually consists of a profile which is closed in cross section, as is indicated by a dashed line 74 in FIG. 5. At this point it should be noted that there are various design options for the construction of a cutter head. Thus, the cutter head can be formed in one piece and pass without a separating or connecting point to the inner formwork lamella. Alternatively, the cutter head can be connected to the inner formwork lamella via a connecting point running perpendicular to the main plane thereof, which can optionally also be height-adjustable. In the embodiment according to the invention with internal formwork lamella, a connection running parallel to the main plane of the cutter head, similar to that in FIG 2a at 28 connection may be advantageous, in which the cutter head consists of an upper part and a lower part, which is provided in one piece with the inner formwork lamella.

The cutter head shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 has the special feature that its upper part 76 consists of strips or teeth 80 placed on an intermediate part 77. The intermediate part 77 is in turn detachably placed on a lower part 78 of the cutter head 70. The configuration of the teeth 80 can be any, depending on the static and / or soil conditions. In this way, the tips of the teeth 80 can be arranged on one plane or can have a different height. The teeth 80 can be formed in one piece as a strip when viewed in the direction of advance or individual individual teeth spaced apart in the direction of advance. Such individual teeth can also be arranged in an arbitrarily distributed manner on the lower part 78. Teeth 80 tear open and loosen the ground during the advance. The liquid concrete or granulate pressed in during the tunneling mix with the loosened soil. The use of cutter heads with teeth 80 is advantageously used in particular with gravel soils or comparable loose soils or mixed gravel / loose soils. In the case of gravel soils, for example, instead of liquid concrete, only cement paste can be pressed in under pressure, which mixes with the gravel and results in the desired concrete mix. As a result of the loosening, the cement paste or other support material pressed in under pressure penetrates deeply into the ground and thus ensures a solidification which extends far beyond the upper end of the teeth 80. Especially with gravel soils, part of the loosened gravel that falls into the cavity behind the cutter head is used to work with the Cement glue to give a liquid concrete mix. It can thus be avoided that first of all the detached gravel has to be brought out of the tunneling section and then a concrete mixture which also contains gravel has to be added again.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show a further variant of a knife 82 in a side view and a top view. Contrary to the direction of advance, a shielding plate 84 is connected to the end of a cutter head 86, which covers part of an inner formwork lamella 88. In FIG. 7 it is shown that the shielding plate 84 consists of individual plates 90 spaced apart from one another. The effect of the shielding plate 84 is that a certain area of the ground can be supported or covered during driving. When using individual sheets 90, the solidifying material pressed in under pressure or the support material between the individual sheets 90 can penetrate into the soil in order to specifically solidify specific areas. In the case of gravel soils, for example, the pressed-in pressure can make it possible for a certain proportion of gravel to penetrate into the cavity behind the cutter head 86 in order to mix and solidify with the pressed-in material.

The shielding plate 84 can also be formed as a continuous plate covering the entire width of the inner formwork lamella 88. With such a configuration of the shielding plate 84, for example the filling opening for the solidifying material can be arranged in the area of the covering of the shielding plate 84 in the inner formwork lamella 88. In the case of a completely covering shielding plate 84, the knife 82 can then also be advanced by approximately the length of the shielding plate 84, without immediately solidifying material or Support material is pressed in, since the soil is completely supported by the shielding plate 84 and cannot penetrate into the cavity behind the cutter head 86. The shielding plate 84 is then supported during propulsion on the shell which has already become at least partially solid, so that deflection of the shielding plate 84 is also avoided. During the advance of knives 82 designed in this way, a cavity can thus first be formed, which is only subsequently filled. As a result, it is possible in the closed as well as in the open excavation pit to at least partially equalize the advancement of the casing and the filling of support material, that is to say to carry it out at different times. In addition, it is then not necessary for each of the inner formwork slats to have a fill opening for the solidifying material or the support material.

The use of the device according to the invention with an open excavation pit and the particularly advantageous effect of shielding plates behind the cutter heads is shown in FIG. 8, the arrow indicating the direction of the advance. The open construction pit shown is a vertical sheeting, on the side areas of which knives 92 are arranged one above the other. On the right side, the knives 92 are shown in a position in which the concreting process has been completed. A concrete wall 94 extends to the rear part of a cutter head 96. On the left side, the cutters 92 are shown in a position in which they are driven, but a cavity 98 formed behind the cutter head 96 has not yet been filled with concrete. The effect of shielding plates 100, which protect the cavity 98 against the penetration of soil, can be clearly seen here. Each of the shielding plates 100 is supported with its rear part 102 on the already made concrete wall 94, which ensures that the shielding plates 100 are not bend. When all of the knives 92 located on one side of the open excavation pit have been driven forward by a certain step, a cavity 98 extends from the top to the bottom of the building ground. Advantageously, the drive begins with the uppermost knife 92, which is the most distant from the ground floor.

When using knives 92 with shielding plates 100 in the open excavation pit, it is particularly advantageous that steel inserts can be introduced into the cavity from above before concreting or in freshly poured concrete. In addition, it is not necessary for the inner formwork slats 104 to have filler openings for solidifying material or support material, since concrete can be filled into the cavity 98 directly from above, for example. Even when the device is used in an open construction pit, the shielding plates 100 can be designed such that they either cover the entire width of the inner formwork lamella or consist of spaced-apart individual plates in the manner of a grate. When using spaced-apart individual sheets or, for example, perforated shielding sheets 100, the introduced concrete can penetrate into the surrounding soil and additionally solidify it.

In the open construction, the knives 92 arranged on both sides are supported by support frames 106 which are arranged between the opposing inner formwork slats 104 and head 96.

Since the problem that the freshly concreted area can be damaged by constraints can also arise in the open construction when the knives 92 are being driven, the above-described bearings or configurations of the inner formwork slats 104 can be used analogously.

Claims (12)

1. Apparatus for excavating and supporting a headway in a closed or open excavation pit by means of a cutter mantle of advancable cutter heads (24; 70; 86; 96), which are in each case connected to an end part, which are arranged as inner formwork lamellae (12; 56; 72; 88; 104) with their upper side (26), directed towards the rock or floor, set back with respect of the corresponding upper side (38) of the assigned cutter head (24; 70; 86; 96), in which arrangement the cutter heads (24; 70; 86; 96) are guided in a supporting manner on supporting frames (16; 106) of a self-advancing formwork (34) and the end parts are guided in a supporting manner on supporting frames (16; 106), and in the region of the transition between at least one cutter head (24; 70; 86; 96) and its inner formwork lamella (12; 56; 72; 88; 104) there are means (42) provided for filling with self-hardening material (52) or supporting material (44) and a binder, characterized in that the upper side of the inner formwork lamellae (12; 56; 72; 88; 104) is designed to be adjustable, able to be actuated individually or in groups, in its distance from the rock or floor by means of mountings (14; 68).
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the mounting (14) is arranged such that it can be vertically adjusted between each inner formwork lamella (12; 56; 72; 88; 104) and the supporting frames (16; 106), in each case in the principal plane of the supporting frame, and can be actuated separately.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the mounting is arranged in the form of a wedge bearing (14) between the inner formwork lamellae (12) and the supporting frames (16), the wedges (64, 66) being fixedly connected to the inner formwork lamellae (12) and the supporting frames (16), respectively.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that inner formwork lamellae (56) are provided, comprising separate sections, which have an upper carrying section (58), facing the rock or floor, and a lower box section (60), and a shear-resistant connection (62) arranged in between, between which lamellae the mounting is arranged remote-controllably, in particular in the form of a hydraulically and/or pneumatically designed mounting (68) having a pressure-relief valve in the hydraulics/pneumatics or having an alternatively activatable gas buffer mounting.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that the hydraulic and/or pneumatic mounting (68) can be switched over from a rigid mounting to a flexible or compliant mounting.
6. Apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the inner formwork lamellae (12; 56; 72) are separably connected to their cutter heads (24; 70).
7. Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the cutter head (24; 70) is designed in two or more parts and a connection (28) is arranged between the parts of the cutter head (24; 70) approximately at the height of the surface of the inner formwork lamellae (12; 56; 72) parallel to their common principal plane.
8. Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the connection between the inner formwork lamellae (12; 56; 72) and their cutter heads (24; 70) is designed as a flexible and/or vertically adjustable coupling.
9. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the means for filing in each case comprise at least one feed line, in particular a pipeline with filling nozzle (42), the outlet opening of which is arranged the surface (26) of the inner formwork lamella (12; 56) or the rear side of the cutter head (24), and in this case the supporting material comprises granules (44) and additional means for feeding binders are provided along the surface (26) of each inner formwork lamella (12), and preferably in the rear section thereof, the said means comprising at least one additional feed line (48), in particular a pipeline with filling nozzle, the outlet opening of which is arranged on the surface (26) of the inner formwork lamella (12).
10. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the region of the cutter head (86; 96) of at least some cutters there is arranged a sheet-metal continuation or a shielding plate (84; 100), which extends against the excavating direction over part of the length of the inner formwork lamella (88; 104), the shielding plate (84; 100) being connected to the upper side of the cutter head (86; 96) facing the rock or floor.
11. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that at least some of the cutter heads (70) have, on the surface facing the rock or floor, bars or teeth (80), which are arranged spaced apart form one another and are designed as longitudinal teeth running in one piece in the excavating direction over the length of the cutter head (70).
12. Apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that the teeth (80) are removably arranged on a cutter head lower part (78), the thickness (cross-sectional height) of which corresponds to the thickness of the adjoining inner formwork lamella (72), at least one insertable intermediate plate, or at least one insertable intermediate part (77), being arranged between the teeth (80) and the cutter head lower part (78).

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