EP0465377A1 - High-voltage circuit-breaker with insulating gas and pneumatic control mechanism - Google Patents
High-voltage circuit-breaker with insulating gas and pneumatic control mechanism Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0465377A1 EP0465377A1 EP91420180A EP91420180A EP0465377A1 EP 0465377 A1 EP0465377 A1 EP 0465377A1 EP 91420180 A EP91420180 A EP 91420180A EP 91420180 A EP91420180 A EP 91420180A EP 0465377 A1 EP0465377 A1 EP 0465377A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- compartment
- circuit breaker
- gas
- opening
- closing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910018503 SF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur hexafluoride Chemical compound FS(F)(F)(F)(F)F SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960000909 sulfur hexafluoride Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/02—Details
- H01H33/28—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism
- H01H33/30—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism using fluid actuator
- H01H33/302—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism using fluid actuator for fluid insulated switchgear, wherein the insulating fluid is also the working fluid
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/02—Details
- H01H33/53—Cases; Reservoirs, tanks, piping or valves, for arc-extinguishing fluid; Accessories therefor, e.g. safety arrangements, pressure relief devices
- H01H33/56—Gas reservoirs
Definitions
- the invention relates to a gas-insulated high-voltage circuit breaker or switch comprising a first sealed compartment filled with insulating gas under pressure and with high dielectric strength, in particular sulfur hexafluoride SF6, and containing at least one interrupt pole having a pair of separable contacts, an arc extinguishing device made active when the contacts are separated, and an actuating rod coupled to an opening and closing control mechanism.
- High voltage circuit breakers with self-blowing by compression of SF6 gas generally use a hydraulic control mechanism fixed to the base of the isolator supporting the circuit breaker, and comprising a hydraulic cylinder coupled to the insulating rod for actuating the moving assembly.
- a hydraulic mechanism includes accumulators for storing oil under pressure, and numerous safety and control members connected to the cylinder and to the accumulators by a plurality of high-pressure pipes. It is necessary to check the tightness of the hydraulic circuit of the mechanism, in addition to that of the pole isolation gas. The cost of manufacturing and maintaining such a circuit breaker is high.
- the object of the invention is to simplify the control of a high voltage circuit breaker.
- the circuit breaker according to the invention is characterized in that the control mechanism is housed in a sealed casing delimiting a second compartment juxtaposed with the first compartment, and comprises a pneumatic cylinder whose movable piston is actuated from SF6 gas under pressure contained in the first compartment during each closing or opening maneuver, the second low-pressure compartment playing the role of expansion volume of the gas expelled from the jack at the end of closing or opening stroke of the piston.
- the pneumatic cylinder cooperates with distribution means arranged in the second compartment to authorize the admission into the cylinder of pressurized gas contained in the first compartment when the exhaust between the cylinder and the second low pressure compartment is closed, and vice versa placing the actuator in communication with the second compartment when the admission of pressurized gas is interrupted.
- a closing and / or opening operation of the circuit breaker by means of the pneumatic cylinder mechanism requires a fraction of the energy of the gas under pressure contained in the first compartment.
- the same SF6 gas is used for isolation, arc breaking, and control, which simplifies construction and reduces the cost of the circuit breaker.
- the distribution means comprise a first valve controlled by an opening electromagnet, and a second valve controlled by a closing electromagnet, each valve having an inlet port between the first compartment and the jack, and a port exhaust between the cylinder and the second compartment.
- the delivery of pressurized gas from the first compartment to the inlet openings of the first and second valves takes place through two passage openings, located at the level of the partition wall between the first and second compartments.
- the passage section of the two openings is controlled by a regulation device sensitive to the temperature variation of the gas under pressure. contained in the first compartment.
- the useful pressure in the cylinder during the opening of the corresponding intake orifice can thus be adjusted to a predetermined threshold.
- the actuating force of the pneumatic cylinder is easily adaptable to each environment.
- the sealed casing contains a pressure switch and a compressor having a suction port in connection with the second low pressure compartment, and a discharge port connected by a pipe to the first compartment, said pressure switch being intended to measure the differential pressure of the gas. between the first and second compartments, so as to re-inflate the first compartment to its set value at each closing and opening operation of the control mechanism.
- All of the operating and control members of the SF6 circuit breaker are located inside the second low-pressure compartment forming, with the first high-pressure compartment, an autonomous watertight structure.
- a pole 10 of a gas-insulated high-voltage switch or circuit breaker 12 is housed in a first column isolator 14, carried by a second support isolator 16.
- the two insulators 14, 16 are cylindrical and their internal volumes communicate through openings 18, so as to form a first sealed compartment 20 filled with insulating gas, having a high dielectric strength, in particular sulfur hexafluoride SF6 under pressure.
- the pole 10 includes a fixed contact 22, a movable contact 24 driven in translation by an actuating rod 26 of insulating material, and an arc extinguishing device 28 made active during the separation of the contacts 22,24.
- the arc extinguishing device 28 comprises, for example, a self-blowing chamber by compression of the SF6 by means of a piston-cylinder assembly set in motion during the displacement of the actuating rod 26 between the open positions. and closing the circuit breaker 12.
- interrupting chamber can be used in the pole 10, in particular a vacuum, expansion, or magnetic blowing chamber by rotation of the arc.
- the lower end 29 of the actuating rod 26 is coupled to a pneumatic control mechanism 30 housed in a second compartment 32.
- the latter is confined in a cylindrical casing 34, sealingly fixed to a support plate 35 of the base of the second insulator 16 by an assembly device.
- the pneumatic control mechanism 30 is actuated from the pressurized SF6 gas contained in the first compartment 20.
- the second sealed compartment 32 acts as a closed volume for expansion of the control gas with a pressure close to or below atmospheric pressure , while it is of the order of 6 bars in the first compartment 20.
- the joining of the two compartments 20,32 by means of the assembly device forms a single, autonomous structure using the same SF6 gas for the isolation, arc cutting, and closing and opening control.
- connection pads 36, 38 situated at the level of the first insulator 14, and being in electrical connection respectively with the fixed contact 22, and the movable contact 24.
- the casing 34 contains an electric compressor 40, and an auxiliary contact device 42 associated with a mechanical link 44 with neutral tumbler passage.
- the pneumatic control mechanism 30 is arranged in the upper part of the second compartment 32, and comprises a double-acting cylinder 46, the movable piston 48 of which is secured coaxially to the actuating rod 26 of the pole 10.
- the piston 48 of the cylinder 46 slides in a fixed cylinder 50 to ensure either the closing of the contacts 22,24 of the circuit breaker 12 by translation upwards ( Figures 7 and 8), or the opening of the contacts 22,24 by translation of the piston 48 downwards ( Figures 5 and 6).
- the upper bottom of the cylinder 50 is attached to a first distribution system 52 for the control gas, composed of a first valve 54 controlled by an opening electromagnet 56.
- the opposite bottom bottom of the cylinder 50 is supported on a second distribution system 58 fitted with a second valve 60 controlled by a closing electromagnet 62.
- the first opening control valve 54 is shaped as a drawer equipped with a pair of valves 64,66, cooperating alternately with two fixed seats 68,70 of the body 72 depending on the active or inactive state of the electromagnet d opening 56.
- the opening electromagnet 56 is excited, and the valve 64 is separated from the corresponding seat 68 to open a first intake orifice 74.
- the other valve 66 is in engagement against the seat 70 to close a first exhaust orifice 76 between the upstream volume of the jack 46 and the expansion volume of the second compartment 32.
- the electromagnet 56 n ' is more energized ( Figure 6) causing the opening of the exhaust port 76 and closing the intake port 74.
- the body 72 is sealingly mounted inside the annular plate 35.
- the structure of the second valve 60 (FIGS. 7 and 8) is identical, but its arrangement is reversed with respect to that of the first valve 54.
- the valve 60 has two valves 78.80 capable of defining a second intake orifice 82 , and a second exhaust port 84, respectively with two corresponding seats 86, 88 of the body 90.
- the intake port 82 In the active state of excitation of the closing electromagnet 62 (FIG. 7), the intake port 82 is open, while the exhaust port 84 is closed.
- the inlet port 82 is closed, while the exhaust port 84 is open .
- the SF6 gas under pressure is conveyed to the inlet ports 74, 82 of the first and second valves 54, 60, through two ports 92, 94 of passage (FIGS. 2 and 3), communicating with the first compartment. 20, and located in the same plane at the level of the partition wall 35.
- the lumen 94 is arranged directly in the body 72, and is located in the vicinity of the first intake orifice 74.
- the two gas passage openings 92, 94 cooperate with a regulating device 98 (FIGS. 2 and 3) of the gas pressure acting on the piston 48 of the jack 46, as a function of the temperature variations of the gas contained in the first compartment 20.
- the regulating device 98 comprises a rotary knob 100 fitted with a bimetallic spring 101 and two radial tabs 102, 104, having substantially the same angular offset as the two openings 92, 94.
- the button 100 is located in the first compartment 20, and the spring 101 is in the form of a spiral mounted on the axis 103 of the button 100, and its deformation reflects the variation in temperature, causing a predetermined rotation of the button 100, and the progressive or decreasing overlap of the openings 92.94 by the legs 102.104.
- the useful pressure of the control gas in the jack 46 is thus adjustable to a predetermined threshold according to the environment in which the circuit breaker is located.
- the total section of the light 92 is less than that of the other light 94, so as to adapt the actuating force of the jack 46, according to the type of closing or opening control.
- the tubing 96 is connected to a pipe 106 connected to a filling orifice 108, and to the discharge orifice 110 of the compressor 40.
- the suction orifice 112 of the compressor 40 allows to draw gas at low pressure contained in the second compartment 32, as soon as the compressor 40 is started by means of a contact 114 controlled by a pressure switch 116 (FIG. 6).
- the latter is housed in the casing 34, and measures the differential pressure of the SF6 gas between the two compartments 20,32. After a closing or opening operation, the lowering of the pressure in the first compartment 20 is detected by the pressure switch 116, which closes the contact 114 for supplying the compressor 40.
- the gas compressed by the compressor 40 is then discharged towards the first compartment 20 through the pipe 106, the tubing 96 and the light 92.
- the pressure switch 116 opens the contact 114 to stop the compressor 40.
- the first compartment 20 is re-inflated by the compressor 40 automatically after each closing or opening operation of the pneumatic control mechanism.
- the mechanical connection 44 to be tumbled comprises a connecting rod 118 with neutral passage coupled to the piston rod 48, and a compression spring 120 interposed between the fixed body 90 of the valve 60 of the second distribution system 58, and the axis upper linkage 118.
- the auxiliary contact device 42 is mechanically connected to the main axis 122 of linkage 118, and includes CAOF signaling contacts of the open or closed position of the circuit breaker 12, and contacts supply of the two electromagnets 56,62 for opening and closing.
- the opening sequence of the contacts 22,24 of the circuit breaker 12 is initiated by excitation of the opening electromagnet 56 (FIG. 5) of the first distribution system 52.
- the first valve 54 is attracted towards the right, ensuring the opening of the first intake port 74 and the closure of the first exhaust port 76.
- the pressurized gas from the first compartment 20 fills the upstream volume of the cylinder 46 through the lumen 94 and l inlet 74, and causes the piston 48 to descend.
- the arc After separation of the contacts 22, 24, the arc generates an increase in pressure in the first compartment 20 which improves the gas supply to the jack 46 during the continued opening stroke.
- the auxiliary contact device 42 interrupts the excitation of the opening electromagnet 56.
- the first valve 54 is biased to the left and automatically returns to its position d Originally, by closing the first intake port 74 and opening the first exhaust port 76. The gas contained in the upstream volume of the cylinder 46 is then expelled through the exhaust port 76, towards the volume d expansion of the second compartment 32 at low pressure. Closing the inlet port 74 inhibits any additional entry of high pressure gas into the cylinder 46.
- the passage of neutral point of the mechanical connection 44 at the end of the piston stroke 48 generates an additional force which is added to the action of the pneumatic control mechanism 30, and which maintains the contacts 22, 24 in the open position after de-energization of the electromagnet 56.
- the open state of the circuit breaker 12 is indicated by the CAOF signaling contacts of device 42.
- the excitation of the closing electromagnet 62 of the second distribution system 58 is inhibited, requiring the closing of the second intake port 82, and the opening of the second port. exhaust 84. Any admission of high pressure gas into the downstream volume of the cylinder 46 is made impossible during the opening phase.
- the downstream volume of the jack 46 is permanently in communication with the second compartment 32 at low pressure so as not to oppose the downward movement of the piston 48.
- the closing order of the contacts 22, 24 of the circuit breaker 12 results from the excitation of the closing electromagnet 62 (FIG. 7).
- the second valve 60 moves to the left causing the opening of the second intake port 82 and the closing of the second exhaust port 84.
- the high pressure SF6 gas, coming from the first compartment 20, fills the downstream volume of the cylinder 46 through the lumen 92, the tubing 96 and the inlet port 82, and urges the piston 48 movable upwards.
- the supply of the closing electromagnet 62 is stopped by the intervention of the auxiliary contact device 42.
- the automatic return to the right of the second valve 60 closes the second intake port 82, and opens the second exhaust port 84, so as to stop the entry of high pressure gas into the cylinder 46.
- the opening of the exhaust port 84 allows setting communication of the downstream volume of the cylinder 46 with the second compartment 32 at low pressure.
- the contacts 22, 24 are then in the closed state, and are maintained in this position after crossing the neutral point of the mechanical connection 44, which is integral with the actuating rod 26.
- the intervention of the regulating device 98 with button 100 acts on the passage section of the two openings 92, 94 as a function of the variation in temperature of the gas detected by the bimetallic spring 101 in the first compartment 20.
- the pressure of the gas contained in the upstream volume, and in the downstream volume of the jack 46, after opening the corresponding intake port 74, 82, is then easily adjustable to a predetermined threshold.
- the pressure drop in the first compartment 20 is detected by the pressure switch 116, which closes the contact 114 for supplying the compressor 40 to recharge the circuit breaker 12.
- the compressor 40 sucks the SF6 gas contained in the second compartment 32 at low pressure, and discharges it after compression to the first compartment 20.
- the compressor 40 stops automatically as soon as the pressure in the compartment 20 reaches the set value (6 bars).
- the mechanism 30 is then operational for a new command.
- the double-acting piston 48 of the cylinder 46 of FIGS. 1 to 7 can be replaced by a differential piston cylinder. Any other insulating gas can be used in place of SF6.
- the embodiment described with reference to Figures 1 to 7 relates to a high voltage circuit breaker of the "open" type, but it is understood that the invention applies to a shielded circuit breaker.
Landscapes
- Circuit Breakers (AREA)
- Gas-Insulated Switchgears (AREA)
- Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
- Switches Operated By Changes In Physical Conditions (AREA)
- Percussive Tools And Related Accessories (AREA)
- Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
- Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Un disjoncteur haute tension est logé dans un premier compartiment (20) à SF6 sous pression et comporte un mécanisme de commande (30) à vérin (46) pneumatique actionné à partir du gaz contenu dans le premier compartiment (20) à travers des valves (54,60) de fermeture et d'ouverture. Le vérin (46) se trouve dans un carter (34) étanche délimitant un deuxième compartiment (32) à basse pression jouant le rôle de volume d'expansion du gaz chassé hors du vérin (46) en fin de course du piston (48). La pression du gaz dans le vérin, est contrôlée au moyen d'un dispositif de régulation (98) sensible à la variation de température du gaz sous pression dans le premier compartiment (20). <IMAGE>A high voltage circuit breaker is housed in a first compartment (20) with pressurized SF6 and comprises a control mechanism (30) with pneumatic jack (46) actuated from the gas contained in the first compartment (20) through valves ( 54.60) for closing and opening. The jack (46) is located in a sealed casing (34) delimiting a second compartment (32) at low pressure playing the role of expansion volume of the gas expelled from the jack (46) at the end of the piston stroke (48) . The pressure of the gas in the cylinder is controlled by means of a regulation device (98) sensitive to the temperature variation of the gas under pressure in the first compartment (20). <IMAGE>
Description
L'invention est relative à un disjoncteur ou interrupteur haute tension à isolement gazeux comportant un premier compartiment étanche rempli de gaz isolant sous pression et à rigidité diélectrique élevée, notamment de l'hexafluorure de soufre SF6, et renfermant au moins un pôle d'interruption ayant une paire de contacts séparables, un dispositif d'extinction d'arc rendu actif lors de la séparation des contacts, et une tige d'actionnement accouplée à un mécanisme de commande d'ouverture et de fermeture.The invention relates to a gas-insulated high-voltage circuit breaker or switch comprising a first sealed compartment filled with insulating gas under pressure and with high dielectric strength, in particular sulfur hexafluoride SF6, and containing at least one interrupt pole having a pair of separable contacts, an arc extinguishing device made active when the contacts are separated, and an actuating rod coupled to an opening and closing control mechanism.
Les disjoncteurs haute tension à autosoufflage par compression du gaz SF6 utilisent généralement un mécanisme de commande hydraulique fixé à la base de l'isolateur support du disjoncteur, et comprenant un vérin hydraulique accouplé à la tige isolante d'actionnement de l'équipage mobile. En plus du vérin, un mécanisme hydraulique comporte des accumulateurs de stockage d'huile sous pression, et de nombreux organes de sécurité et de commande reliés au vérin et aux accumulateurs par une pluralité de tuyauteries à haute pression. Il est nécessaire de contrôler l'étanchéité du circuit hydraulique du mécanisme, en plus de celle du gaz d'isolement du pôle. Le coût de fabrication et de maintenance d'un tel disjoncteur est élevé.High voltage circuit breakers with self-blowing by compression of SF6 gas generally use a hydraulic control mechanism fixed to the base of the isolator supporting the circuit breaker, and comprising a hydraulic cylinder coupled to the insulating rod for actuating the moving assembly. In addition to the cylinder, a hydraulic mechanism includes accumulators for storing oil under pressure, and numerous safety and control members connected to the cylinder and to the accumulators by a plurality of high-pressure pipes. It is necessary to check the tightness of the hydraulic circuit of the mechanism, in addition to that of the pole isolation gas. The cost of manufacturing and maintaining such a circuit breaker is high.
L'objet de l'invention consiste à simplifier la commande d'un disjoncteur à haute tension.The object of the invention is to simplify the control of a high voltage circuit breaker.
Le disjoncteur selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce que le mécanisme de commande est logé dans un carter étanche délimitant un deuxième compartiment juxtaposé au premier compartiment, et comporte un vérin pneumatique dont le piston mobile est actionné à partir du gaz SF6 sous pression contenu dans le premier compartiment lors de chaque manoeuvre de fermeture ou d'ouverture, le deuxième compartiment à basse pression jouant le rôle de volume d'expansion du gaz chassé hors du vérin en fin de course de fermeture ou d'ouverture du piston.The circuit breaker according to the invention is characterized in that the control mechanism is housed in a sealed casing delimiting a second compartment juxtaposed with the first compartment, and comprises a pneumatic cylinder whose movable piston is actuated from SF6 gas under pressure contained in the first compartment during each closing or opening maneuver, the second low-pressure compartment playing the role of expansion volume of the gas expelled from the jack at the end of closing or opening stroke of the piston.
Le vérin pneumatique coopère avec des moyens de distribution disposés dans le deuxième compartiment pour autoriser l'admission dans le vérin de gaz sous pression contenu dans le premier compartiment lorsque l'échappement entre le vérin et le deuxième compartiment à basse pression est fermé, et réciproquement la mise en communication du vérin avec le deuxième compartiment lorsque l'admission du gaz sous pression est interrompue.The pneumatic cylinder cooperates with distribution means arranged in the second compartment to authorize the admission into the cylinder of pressurized gas contained in the first compartment when the exhaust between the cylinder and the second low pressure compartment is closed, and vice versa placing the actuator in communication with the second compartment when the admission of pressurized gas is interrupted.
Une manoeuvre de fermeture et/ou d'ouverture du disjoncteur au moyen du mécanisme à vérin pneumatique nécessite une fraction de l'énergie du gaz sous pression contenu dans le premier compartiment. Le même gaz SF6 est utilisé pour l'isolement, la coupure de l'arc, et la commande, ce qui simplifie la réalisation et réduit le coût du disjoncteur.A closing and / or opening operation of the circuit breaker by means of the pneumatic cylinder mechanism requires a fraction of the energy of the gas under pressure contained in the first compartment. The same SF6 gas is used for isolation, arc breaking, and control, which simplifies construction and reduces the cost of the circuit breaker.
L'augmentation de pression du SF6 dans le premier compartiment due à la présence de l'arc au moment de la séparation des contacts, contribue également à l'alimention en gaz du vérin pour la suite de la phase d'ouverture du disjoncteur.The increase in SF6 pressure in the first compartment due to the presence of the arc when the contacts are separated, also contributes to the gas supply to the jack for the rest of the circuit breaker opening phase.
Les moyens de distribution comportent une première valve pilotée par un électro-aimant d'ouverture, et une deuxième valve commandée par un électro-aimant de fermeture, chaque valve ayant un orifice d'admission entre le premier compartiment et le vérin, et un orifice d'échappement entre le vérin et le deuxième compartiment. L'acheminement du gaz sous pression du premier compartiment vers les orifices d'admission des première et deuxième valves s'effectue à travers deux lumières de passage, situées au niveau de la paroi de séparation entre les premier et deuxième compartiments.The distribution means comprise a first valve controlled by an opening electromagnet, and a second valve controlled by a closing electromagnet, each valve having an inlet port between the first compartment and the jack, and a port exhaust between the cylinder and the second compartment. The delivery of pressurized gas from the first compartment to the inlet openings of the first and second valves takes place through two passage openings, located at the level of the partition wall between the first and second compartments.
Selon un développement de l'invention, la section de passage des deux lumières est contrôlée par un dispositif de régulation sensible à la variation de température du gaz sous pression contenu dans le premier compartiment. La pression utile dans le vérin lors de l'ouverture de l'orifice d'admission correspondant peut ainsi être ajustée à un seuil prédéterminé. Il en résulte que la force d'actionnement du vérin pneumatique est facilement adaptable à chaque environnement.According to a development of the invention, the passage section of the two openings is controlled by a regulation device sensitive to the temperature variation of the gas under pressure. contained in the first compartment. The useful pressure in the cylinder during the opening of the corresponding intake orifice can thus be adjusted to a predetermined threshold. As a result, the actuating force of the pneumatic cylinder is easily adaptable to each environment.
Le carter étanche renferme un manostat et un compresseur ayant un orifice d'aspiration en liaison avec le deuxième compartiment à basse pression, et un orifice de refoulement relié par une tubulure vers le premier compartiment, ledit manostat étant destiné à mesurer la pression différentielle du gaz entre les premier et deuxième compartiments, de manière à regonfler le premier compartiment à sa valeur de consigne à chaque manoeuvre de fermeture et d'ouverture du mécanisme de commande.The sealed casing contains a pressure switch and a compressor having a suction port in connection with the second low pressure compartment, and a discharge port connected by a pipe to the first compartment, said pressure switch being intended to measure the differential pressure of the gas. between the first and second compartments, so as to re-inflate the first compartment to its set value at each closing and opening operation of the control mechanism.
La totalité des organes de manoeuvre et de contrôle du disjoncteur à SF6 se trouve à l'intérieur du deuxième compartiment à basse pression formant avec le premier compartiment à haute pression, une structure étanche autonome.All of the operating and control members of the SF6 circuit breaker are located inside the second low-pressure compartment forming, with the first high-pressure compartment, an autonomous watertight structure.
D'autres avantages et caractéristiques ressortiront plus clairement de la description qui va suivre, d'un mode réalisation de l'invention donné à titre d'exemple non limitatif, et représenté aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels:
- la figure 1 est une vue schématique d'un disjoncteur à autosoufflage équipé du mécanisme de commande selon l'invention;
- la figure 2 montre une vue à échelle agrandie du mécanisme de la figure 1;
- la figure 3 est une vue partielle selon la ligne 3-3 de la figure 2;
- la figure 4 représente une vue en coupe et à échelle agrandie du premier système de distribution du mécanisme pneumatique de la figure 2;
- les figures 5 et 6 montrent des vues du mécanisme de la figure 2, respectivement pendant et à la fin de la course d'ouverture du disjoncteur;
- les figures 7 et 8 sont deux vues identiques des figures 5 et 6, respectivement pendant, et à la fin de la course de fermeture du disjoncteur.
- Figure 1 is a schematic view of a self-blowing circuit breaker equipped with the control mechanism according to the invention;
- Figure 2 shows an enlarged view of the mechanism of Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a partial view along line 3-3 of Figure 2;
- Figure 4 shows a sectional view on an enlarged scale of the first distribution system of the pneumatic mechanism of the Figure 2;
- Figures 5 and 6 show views of the mechanism of Figure 2, respectively during and at the end of the circuit breaker opening stroke;
- Figures 7 and 8 are two identical views of Figures 5 and 6, respectively during and at the end of the circuit breaker closing stroke.
En référence à la figure 1, un pôle 10 d'interrupteur ou de disjoncteur 12 à haute tension à isolement gazeux, est logé dans un premier isolateur 14 colonne, porté par un deuxième isolateur 16 support. Les deux isolateurs 14,16 sont cylindriques et leurs volumes internes communiquent par des ouvertures 18, de manière à former un premier compartiment 20 étanche rempli de gaz isolant, ayant une rigidité diélectrique élevée, notamment de l'hexafluorure de soufre SF6 sous pression. Le pôle 10 comporte un contact fixe 22, un contact mobile 24 entraîné en translation par une tige d'actionnement 26 en matériau isolant, et un dispositif d'extinction d'arc 28 rendu actif lors de la séparation des contacts 22,24.With reference to FIG. 1, a
Le dispositif d'extinction d'arc 28 comporte à titre d'exemple une chambre à autosoufflage par compression du SF6 au moyen d'un ensemble piston cylindre mis en mouvement lors du déplacement de la tige d'actionnement 26 entre les positions d'ouverture et de fermeture du disjoncteur 12.The arc
Tout autre type de chambre de coupure peut être utilisé dans le pôle 10, notamment une chambre à dépression, à expansion, ou à soufflage magnétique par rotation de l'arc.Any other type of interrupting chamber can be used in the
L'extrémité inférieure 29 de la tige d'actionnement 26 est accouplée à un mécanisme de commande 30 pneumatique logé dans un deuxième compartiment 32. Ce dernier est confiné dans un carter 34 cylindrique, fixé à étanchéité à une plaque d'appui 35 de la base du deuxième isolateur 16 par un dispositif d'assemblage. Le mécanisme de commande 30 pneumatique est actionné à partir du gaz SF6 sous pression contenu dans le premier compartiment 20. Le deuxième compartiment 32 étanche joue le rôle de volume fermé d'expansion du gaz de commande avec une pression voisine ou inférieure à la pression atmosphérique, alors qu'elle est de l'ordre de 6 bars dans le premier compartiment 20. L'accolement des deux compartiments 20,32 au moyen du dispositif d'assemblage, forme une structure unique et autonome utilisant le même gaz SF6 pour l'isolement, la coupure de l'arc, et la commande de fermeture et d'ouverture.The
Le raccordement électrique du pôle 10 s'effectue au moyen de deux plages de connexion 36,38 situées au niveau du premier isolateur 14, et se trouvant en liaison électrique respectivement avec le contact fixe 22, et le contact mobile 24.The electrical connection of the
En plus du mécanisme de commande pneumatique, le carter 34 renferme un compresseur 40 électrique, et un dispositif de contacts auxiliaires 42 associé à une liaison mécanique 44 à passage de point mort du type tumbler.In addition to the pneumatic control mechanism, the
Sur les figures 2 à 8, le mécanisme de commande 30 pneumatique est disposé dans la partie supérieure du deuxième compartiment 32, et comporte un vérin 46 à double effet, dont le piston 48 mobile est solidarisé coaxialement à la tige d'actionnement 26 du pôle 10. Le piston 48 du vérin 46 coulisse dans un cylindre 50 fixe pour assurer, soit la fermeture des contacts 22,24 du disjoncteur 12 par translation vers le haut (figures 7 et 8), soit l'ouverture des contacts 22,24 par translation du piston 48 vers le bas (figures 5 et 6). Le fond supérieur du cylindre 50 est accolé à un premier système de distribution 52 du gaz de commande, composé d'une première valve 54 pilotée par un électro-aimant d'ouverture 56. Le fond opposé inférieur du cylindre 50 prend appui sur un deuxième système de distribution 58 équipé d'une deuxième valve 60 commandée par un électro-aimant de fermeture 62.In FIGS. 2 to 8, the
La première valve 54 de commande d'ouverture est conformée en tiroir équipé d'une paire de clapets 64,66, coopérant alternativement avec deux sièges 68,70 fixes du corps 72 selon l'état actif ou inactif de l'électro-aimant d'ouverture 56. Dans l'état actif des figures 4 et 5, l'électro-aimant d'ouverture 56 est excité, et le clapet 64 est séparé du siège 68 correspondant pour ouvrir un premier orifice d'admission 74. L'autre clapet 66 se trouve en engagement contre le siège 70 pour fermer un premier orifice d'échappement 76 entre le volume amont du vérin 46 et le volume d'expansion du deuxième compartiment 32. Dans l'état inactif, l'électro-aimant 56 n'est plus alimenté (figure 6) entraînant l'ouverture de l'orifice d'échappement 76 et la fermeture de l'orifice d'admission 74. Le corps 72 est monté à étanchéité à l'intérieur de la plaque 35 annulaire.The first
La structure de la deuxième valve 60 (figures 7 et 8) est identique, mais sa disposition est inversée par rapport à celle de la première valve 54. La valve 60 comporte deux clapets 78,80 susceptibles de définir un deuxième orifice d'admission 82, et un deuxième orifice d'échappement 84, respectivement avec deux sièges 86,88 correspondants du corps 90. Dans l'état actif d'excitation de l'électro-aimant de fermeture 62 (figure 7), l'orifice d'admission 82 est ouvert, tandis que l'orifice d'échappement 84 est fermé. Dans l'état inactif de la figure 8, correspondant à l'interruption de l'alimentation de l'électro-aimant de fermeture 62, l'orifice d'admission 82 est fermé, alors que l'orifice d'échappement 84 est ouvert.The structure of the second valve 60 (FIGS. 7 and 8) is identical, but its arrangement is reversed with respect to that of the
L'acheminement du gaz SF6 sous pression vers les orifices d'admission 74,82 des première et deuxième valves 54,60, s'effectue à travers deux lumières 92,94 de passage (figures 2 et 3), communiquant avec le premier compartiment 20, et situées dans un même plan au niveau de la paroi de séparation 35. La lumière 94 est agencée directement dans le corps 72, et est située au voisinage du premier orifice d'admission 74. L'autre lumière 92, utilisée pour la commande de fermeture, communique avec le deuxième orifice d'admission 82 par l'intermédiaire d'une tubulure 96 de liaison.The SF6 gas under pressure is conveyed to the
Les deux ouvertures 92,94 de passage du gaz, coopèrent avec un dispositif de régulation 98 (figure 2 et 3) de la pression de gaz agissant sur le piston 48 du vérin 46, en fonction des variations de température du gaz contenu dans le premier compartiment 20. Le dispositif de régulation 98 comporte un bouton 100 rotatif équipé d'un ressort bimétallique 101 et de deux pattes 102,104 radiales, ayant sensiblement le même décalage angulaire que les deux ouvertures 92,94. Le bouton 100 est situé dans le premier compartiment 20, et le ressort 101 est conformé en spirale monté sur l'axe 103 du bouton 100, et sa déformation reflète la variation de la température, en provoquant une rotation prédéterminée du bouton 100, et le recouvrement progressif ou dégressif des ouvertures 92,94 par les pattes 102,104. La pression utile du gaz de commande dans le vérin 46 est ainsi ajustable à un seuil prédéterminée selon l'environnement dans lequel se trouve le disjoncteur. La section totale de la lumière 92 est inférieure à celle de l'autre lumière 94, de manière à adapter la force d'actionnement du vérin 46, selon le type de commande de fermeture ou d'ouverture.The two
A l'opposé de l'ouverture 92, la tubulure 96 est reliée à une conduite 106 connectée à un orifice de remplissage 108, et à l'orifice de refoulement 110 du compresseur 40. L'orifice d'aspiration 112 du compresseur 40 permet de puiser du gaz à basse pression contenu dans le deuxième compartiment 32, dès la mise en marche du compresseur 40 au moyen d'un contact 114 piloté par un manostat 116 (figure 6). Ce dernier est logé dans le carter 34, et mesure la pression différentielle du gaz SF6 entre les deux compartiments 20,32. Après une manoeuvre de fermeture ou d'ouverture, l'abaissement de la pression dans le premier compartiment 20 est détectée par le manostat 116, lequel ferme le contact 114 d'alimentation du compresseur 40. Le gaz comprimé par le compresseur 40 est ensuite refoulé vers le premier compartiment 20 à travers la conduite 106, la tubulure 96 et la lumière 92. Lorsque la pression du SF6 dans le premier compartiment atteint le seuil de gonflage (environ 6 bars), le manostat 116 ouvre le contact 114 pour arrêter le compresseur 40. Le regonflage du premier compartiment 20 par le compresseur 40 s'effectue automatiquement après chaque manoeuvre de fermeture ou d'ouverture du mécanisme de commande 30 pneumatique.Opposite the
La liaison mécanique 44 à tumbler comporte un embiellage 118 à passage de point mort accouplé à la tige du piston 48, et un ressort de compression 120 intercalé entre le corps 90 fixe de la valve 60 du deuxième système de distribution 58, et l'axe supérieur de l'embiellage 118. Le dispositif de contacts auxiliaires 42 est connecté mécaniquement à l'axe principal 122 de l'embiellage 118, et comporte des contacts de signalisation CAOF de la position ouvert ou fermé du disjoncteur 12, et des contacts d'alimentation des deux électro-aimants 56,62 d'ouverture et de fermeture.The
Le fonctionnement du mécanisme de commande 30 pneumatique du disjoncteur 12 à SF6 est le suivant:The operation of the
L'amorçage de la séquence d'ouverture des contacts 22,24 du disjoncteur 12 s'opère par excitation de l'électro-aimant d'ouverture 56 (figure 5) du premier système de distribution 52. La première valve 54 est attirée vers la droite, assurant l'ouverture du premier orifice d'admission 74 et la fermeture du premier orifice d'échappement 76. Le gaz sous pression en provenance du premier compartiment 20, rempli le volume amont du vérin 46 à travers la lumière 94 et l'orifice d'admission 74, et provoque la descente du piston 48.The opening sequence of the
Après séparation des contacts 22,24, l'arc engendre une augmentation de pression dans le premier compartiment 20 qui améliore l'alimentation en gaz du vérin 46 pendant la course poursuivie d'ouverture.After separation of the
En fin de course inférieure du piston 48 (figure 6), le dispositif de contacts auxiliaires 42 interrompt l'excitation de l'électro-aimant d'ouverture 56. La première valve 54 est sollicitée vers la gauche et revient automatiquement dans sa position d'origine, en fermant le premier orifice d'admission 74 et en ouvrant le premier orifice d'échappement 76. Le gaz contenu dans le volume amont du vérin 46 est alors chassé à travers l'orifice d'échappement 76, vers le volume d'expansion du deuxième compartiment 32 à basse pression. La fermeture de l'orifice d'admission 74 inhibe toute entrée supplémentaire de gaz à haute pression dans le vérin 46. Le passage de point mort de la liaison mécanique 44 en fin de course de piston 48 engendre une force additionnelle qui s'ajoute à l'action du mécanisme de commande 30 pneumatique, et qui assure le maintien des contacts 22,24 en position d'ouverture après désexcitation de l'électro-aimant 56. L'état ouvert du disjoncteur 12 est indiqué par les contacts de signalisation CAOF du dispositif 42.At the end of the lower stroke of the piston 48 (FIG. 6), the
Au cours de la phase d'ouverture, l'excitation de l'électro-aimant de fermeture 62 du deuxième système de distribution 58 est inhibée, imposant la fermeture du deuxième orifice d'admission 82, et l'ouverture du deuxième orifice d'échappement 84. Toute admission de gaz à haute pression dans le volume aval du vérin 46 est rendue impossible pendant la phase d'ouverture. Le volume aval du vérin 46 est en permanence en communication avec le deuxième compartiment 32 à basse pression pour ne pas s'opposer au mouvement de descente du piston 48.During the opening phase, the excitation of the closing
L'ordre de fermeture des contacts 22,24 du disjoncteur 12 résulte de l'excitation de l'électro-aimant de fermeture 62 (figure 7). La deuxième valve 60 se déplace vers la gauche en provoquant l'ouverture du deuxième orifice d'admission 82 et la fermeture du deuxième orifice d'échappement 84. Le gaz SF6 à haute pression, en provenance du premier compartiment 20, remplit le volume aval du vérin 46 à travers la lumière 92, la tubulure 96 et l'orifice d'admission 82, et sollicite le piston 48 mobile vers le haut.The closing order of the
En fin de course supérieure du piston 48 (figure 8), l'alimentation de l'électro-aimant de fermeture 62 est arrêtée par l'intervention du dispositif de contacts auxiliaires 42. Le retour automatique vers la droite de la deuxième valve 60 ferme le deuxième orifice d'admission 82, et ouvre le deuxième orifice d'échappement 84, de manière à stopper l'entrée de gaz à haute pression dans le vérin 46. L'ouverture de l'orifice d'échappement 84 permet la mise en communication du volume aval du vérin 46 avec le deuxième compartiment 32 à basse pression. Les contacts 22,24 se trouvent alors à l'état fermé, et sont maintenus dans cette position après franchissement du point mort de la liaison mécanique 44, laquelle est solidaire de la tige d'actionnement 26.At the end of the upper stroke of the piston 48 (FIG. 8), the supply of the closing
L'excitation de l'électro-aimant d'ouverture 56 est interdite durant la phase de fermeture du disjoncteur 12, et la première valve 64 se trouve dans l'état de la figure 6.Excitation of the
L'intervention du dispositif de régulation 98 à bouton 100 agit sur la section de passage des deux ouvertures 92,94 en fonction de la variation de température du gaz détectée par le ressort bimétallique 101 dans le premier compartiment 20. La pression du gaz contenu dans le volume amont, et dans le volume aval du vérin 46, après ouverture de l'orifice d'admission 74,82 correspondant, est alors facilement ajustable à un seuil prédéterminé.The intervention of the regulating
L'injection de SF6 dans le premier compartiment 20 à haute pression s'opère avant la mise en route du disjoncteur 12 à travers l'orifice de remplissage 108, relié par une tubulure à la conduite 106 associée à l'ouverture 92.The injection of SF6 into the
A chaque manoeuvre de fermeture et/ou d'ouverture, la baisse de pression dans le premier compartiment 20 est détectée par le manostat 116, lequel ferme le contact 114 d'alimentation du compresseur 40 pour recharger le disjoncteur 12. Le compresseur 40 aspire le gaz SF6 contenu dans le deuxième compartiment 32 à basse pression, et le refoule après compression vers le premier compartiment 20. Le compresseur 40 s'arrête automatiquement dès que la pression dans le compartiment 20 atteint la valeur de consigne (6 bars). Le mécanisme 30 est alors opérationnel pour une nouvelle commande.At each closing and / or opening maneuver, the pressure drop in the
On remarque que la totalité des organes de manoeuvre et de contrôle de la pression du disjoncteur 12 à SF6 se trouve à l'intérieur du carter 34 dans le deuxième compartiment 32. Le même gaz SF6 est utilisé pour l'isolement, la coupure de l'arc et la commande, et l'ensemble des compartiments 20,32 constitue une structure unique autonome.Note that all of the operating and pressure control members of the
Selon une variante (non représentée), le piston 48 à double effet du vérin 46 des figures 1 à 7, peut être remplacé par un vérin à piston différentiel. Tout autre gaz isolant peut être utilisé à la place du SF6. Le mode de réalisation décrit en référence aux figures 1 à 7, concerne un disjoncteur à haute tension du type "ouvert", mais il est bien entendu que l'invention s'applique à un disjoncteur blindé.According to a variant (not shown), the double-acting
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9008356A FR2663780B1 (en) | 1990-06-26 | 1990-06-26 | HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH GAS INSULATION AND PNEUMATIC CONTROL MECHANISM. |
FR9008356 | 1990-06-26 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0465377A1 true EP0465377A1 (en) | 1992-01-08 |
EP0465377B1 EP0465377B1 (en) | 1995-08-23 |
Family
ID=9398250
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP91420180A Expired - Lifetime EP0465377B1 (en) | 1990-06-26 | 1991-06-07 | High-voltage circuit-breaker with insulating gas and pneumatic control mechanism |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5187339A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0465377B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3228960B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1025644C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE126927T1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9102668A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2044447C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69112303T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2078483T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2663780B1 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1249204B (en) |
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US3379849A (en) * | 1964-12-17 | 1968-04-23 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Dual-pressure gas-blast circuit breaker with piston means and interrupting unit in closed tank |
DE2707594B1 (en) * | 1977-02-18 | 1978-08-17 | Siemens Ag | Gas pressure switch |
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DE1640124A1 (en) * | 1965-01-21 | 1971-10-14 | Gratzmuller Jean Louis | Electric switch |
FR2115506A5 (en) * | 1970-11-23 | 1972-07-07 | Gratzmuller Jean Louis | |
DE2064798B2 (en) * | 1970-12-18 | 1976-11-18 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | HYDRAULIC DRIVE FOR AN ELECTRIC SWITCH |
NL151206B (en) * | 1971-03-05 | 1976-10-15 | Coq Bv | SINGLE-POLE SWITCHING FIELD FOR A COMPLETELY PROTECTED ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION AND SWITCHING DEVICE FOR HIGH VOLTAGE. |
FR2272475B1 (en) * | 1974-05-20 | 1977-10-21 | Alsthom Cgee | |
US4118613A (en) * | 1977-06-27 | 1978-10-03 | General Electric Company | Hydraulically-actuated operating system for an electric circuit breaker |
US4384182A (en) * | 1980-05-29 | 1983-05-17 | General Electric Company | Hydraulic actuator for an electric circuit breaker |
CH654444A5 (en) * | 1981-10-12 | 1986-02-14 | Alsthom Atlantique | GAS BREAKER UNDER PRESSURE COMPRISING FOR EACH PHASE TWO SWITCHING CHAMBERS PROVIDED IN V. |
FR2590720B1 (en) * | 1985-11-27 | 1988-01-15 | Merlin Gerin | CONTROL DEVICE FOR A HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER PROVIDED WITH CLOSING RESISTORS |
DE3709988A1 (en) * | 1987-03-26 | 1988-10-06 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | HYDRAULIC OR PNEUMATIC DRIVE FOR ACTUATING THE MOVABLE SWITCHING CONTACT OF A MEDIUM AND / OR HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER |
-
1990
- 1990-06-26 FR FR9008356A patent/FR2663780B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1991
- 1991-06-07 ES ES91420180T patent/ES2078483T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-06-07 EP EP91420180A patent/EP0465377B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-06-07 DE DE69112303T patent/DE69112303T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-07 AT AT91420180T patent/ATE126927T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-06-12 CA CA002044447A patent/CA2044447C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-13 US US07/714,868 patent/US5187339A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-24 CN CN91104153.2A patent/CN1025644C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-25 JP JP18029591A patent/JP3228960B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-25 IT ITVR910060A patent/IT1249204B/en active IP Right Grant
- 1991-06-25 BR BR919102668A patent/BR9102668A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (2)
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US3379849A (en) * | 1964-12-17 | 1968-04-23 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Dual-pressure gas-blast circuit breaker with piston means and interrupting unit in closed tank |
DE2707594B1 (en) * | 1977-02-18 | 1978-08-17 | Siemens Ag | Gas pressure switch |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0822341A2 (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 1998-02-04 | ABB ADDA S.p.A. | Oleo-pneumatic device for actuating electric switches |
EP0822341A3 (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 1999-04-07 | ABB ADDA S.p.A. | Oleo-pneumatic device for actuating electric switches |
FR2762924A1 (en) * | 1997-05-05 | 1998-11-06 | Schneider Electric Sa | PNEUMATICALLY CONTROLLED DISCONNECTOR FOR A HIGH VOLTAGE SHIELDED STATION |
EP0877404A1 (en) * | 1997-05-05 | 1998-11-11 | Schneider Electric Sa | Pneumatically actuated disconnector for high-voltage metal-enclosed switchgear |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ITVR910060A0 (en) | 1991-06-25 |
FR2663780B1 (en) | 1992-09-11 |
ES2078483T3 (en) | 1995-12-16 |
FR2663780A1 (en) | 1991-12-27 |
CN1057733A (en) | 1992-01-08 |
DE69112303D1 (en) | 1995-09-28 |
US5187339A (en) | 1993-02-16 |
DE69112303T2 (en) | 1996-10-10 |
CA2044447A1 (en) | 1991-12-27 |
ITVR910060A1 (en) | 1992-12-25 |
EP0465377B1 (en) | 1995-08-23 |
CA2044447C (en) | 2000-09-05 |
IT1249204B (en) | 1995-02-20 |
ATE126927T1 (en) | 1995-09-15 |
BR9102668A (en) | 1992-02-04 |
JP3228960B2 (en) | 2001-11-12 |
CN1025644C (en) | 1994-08-10 |
JPH04229917A (en) | 1992-08-19 |
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