EP0462047B1 - Process and apparatus for the formation of surface layers on articles and articles with a surface layer formed according to this process - Google Patents
Process and apparatus for the formation of surface layers on articles and articles with a surface layer formed according to this process Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0462047B1 EP0462047B1 EP91810343A EP91810343A EP0462047B1 EP 0462047 B1 EP0462047 B1 EP 0462047B1 EP 91810343 A EP91810343 A EP 91810343A EP 91810343 A EP91810343 A EP 91810343A EP 0462047 B1 EP0462047 B1 EP 0462047B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- workpiece
- surface layer
- accordance
- temperature
- laser
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
- C23C26/02—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00 applying molten material to the substrate
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing surface layers on workpieces, to a device for performing the method, and to a workpiece with a surface layer produced by the method.
- EP-A-0.190.378 describes a method for surface alloying a base metal with a high-energy beam, such as a laser or electron beam.
- the base metal is preferably preheated, for example by inductive heating.
- the surface of the base metal is melted locally.
- defects are prevented by using a deoxidant and an alloy metal with a melting point lower than that of the base.
- the melted surface layer of the base metal is alloyed with the alloy metal.
- the alloy is formed from the base material, ie the material of the workpiece and the alloy metal.
- FR 2.263.381 describes the application of alloyed layers to metallic substrates using laser beams.
- Metallic powder made of alloyed layer material is first applied to the part of the substrate to be coated and then melted into a layer at the operating point of the laser. An additional heating device is not provided for in the device.
- Surface layers are, however, also created by applying actual surface layers, such as by melting or by galvanic surface treatment.
- coated workpieces e.g. thermal alternating loads
- the invention provides a method for applying layers of better quality materials on surfaces of workpieces, and an apparatus for performing this method.
- the method and the device are characterized by the characteristics of claim 1 and claim 7, respectively.
- the dependent claims relate to particularly advantageous embodiments of the invention.
- the inductive high-frequency / medium-frequency generator it is possible to heat the workpiece on which the surface layer is to be applied to a well-defined temperature and - which is important for the quality of the surface layer - this temperature even during the production of the surface layer maintain.
- the inductive preheating temperature can easily be maintained to within ⁇ 10 ° C.
- the improved quality can be attributed, among other things, to the fact that the temperature difference between the workpiece and the melting area, i.e. the area where the surface layer is continuously generated with the laser beam, can be selected firstly, secondly kept relatively low and thirdly also maintained well during the production of the surface layer can be.
- the quality of the surface layer in particular its thickness, surface structure, crystalline structure, ductility, hardness, etc., becomes more uniform and the surface layer is therefore generally better.
- the method according to the invention can also be used to produce thinner surface layers.
- Surface layers according to the invention are produced by melting a layer made of a material which is different from that of the workpiece, the surface layer and workpiece only connecting in a thin melting region.
- the cooling process during the production of the surface layers has an influence on their properties.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion of the layer material can be chosen to be smaller than that of the material of the workpiece. Due to the possible, precise temperature selection during the coating process, the temperature of the workpiece during the coating can be higher than that provided for the workpiece Operating temperature can be selected in such a way that at operating temperature the surface layer experiences a defined compressive force during operation, which is exerted and transferred from the workpiece to the surface layer. Such compressive residual stresses in the surface layer counteract the formation of cracks, material fatigue and also the corrosion of the part and in particular the surface layer. The service life and quality of the part and in particular the surface layer are thus improved. This is the case, for example, with a stellite 6 layer on a workpiece made of stainless steel X2 CrNiMo 18 12 (chrome-nickel-molybdenum).
- inductive heating permits a wide variety of temperature profiles over the entire workpiece, which enables the distortion and deformation of the workpiece to be reduced and also allows the hardness curve to be kept more uniform over the surface layer. Furthermore, the tempering, ie the softening of hardened workpiece or surface parts can be prevented or influenced by the choice of the inductive heat profile, possibly in connection with cooling.
- the laser device is then used to melt the surface layer at a temperature of 1800 ° C. on the surface, which can be heated inductively, for example, to a temperature of 800 ° C.
- the HF / MF generator which is preferably in the frequency range from 0.5 kHz to 1 MHz in the power range from 5 to several 10 kW of power, has a depth or volume effect as the heating, while the superimposed heating with the laser system primarily has a selective surface effect, namely in the area of the preheated surface, where the actual surface layer is exposed to a further increase in temperature Melting of foreign material or only the top layers of the workpiece to be coated is generated.
- the layer material in powder form and with protective gas as the conveying medium can be blown into the region of the laser beam that occurs on the surface of the workpiece. There the powder is melted and melted with the thinnest and smallest melted part of the workpiece surface.
- thin surface layers in the thickness range of 0.2 - 0.4 mm can be produced.
- individual areas of the workpiece and / or the surface layer can be provided with a cooling device, e.g. works with air, oil, water or another coolant.
- a cooling device e.g. works with air, oil, water or another coolant.
- air, oil, water or another coolant With cooling, it is also possible to keep the quality of the surface layer of a workpiece improved and constant.
- the condition of a surface depends on cooling processes, which can be better and more precisely maintained with a cooling device.
- the cooling device can both prevent overheating and improve the time course of the cooling process, i.e. adhere more closely.
- the method makes it possible to place the working area of the laser directly in the center of the HF-heated area or in the vicinity of the center. Furthermore allowed the inductive heating to generate a largely identical temperature, ie a homogeneous temperature field, over relatively large areas of the workpiece, which contributes to the residual stresses occurring during thermal processing remaining extremely low. This in turn means that deformations of the treated workpiece, the so-called warping, are small or practically completely absent.
- the workpiece to be provided with the surface layer or parts thereof is heated to a first temperature with an inductive HF / MF generator heater. Areas of the surface to be treated are further heated with the laser device and the surface layer is produced on the workpiece.
- the device comprises the laser device and the HF / MF heating, which allow the workpiece to be influenced simultaneously with both.
- the workpieces with surface layers produced by the method have an increased, i.e. improved, quality, since the method allows and enables a significantly improved compliance with the temporal temperature profile and also the temperature distribution in the workpiece.
- HF high frequency
- MF medium frequency
- the workpiece 10 can be, for example, a valve of an internal combustion engine.
- the edge regions 10 ′′ of the valve head 10 ′, which form the annular sealing region in the valve seat, are to be provided with a surface layer 101.
- the laser beam 30 is focused with deflection mirrors 31 and focusing optics 32 on the working point 30 'of the edge region 10 "of the valve head 10' to be coated.
- a surface layer 101 is made by applying a layer of another material e.g. Stellite 6 generated; e.g. the stellite 6 in powder form can be blown to the operating point 30 'with the aid of a powder conveyor 4 with a powder nozzle 41 which generates the powder jet 40.
- the powder can be conveyed with argon, which also acts as a protective gas.
- the workpiece 10 can be rotated with a rotating device 100. It would also be possible to move the working point 30 ′ of the laser beam 30 together with the powder beam 40 on the surface of the workpiece 10. It would also be conceivable to move all four, workpiece 10, laser 30 'and powder jet 40, as well as coil 20, or individual ones or more of them. This could be advantageous, for example, if complicated surface layer patterns are to be produced on workpieces with complicated contours.
- the quality of the surface layer is influenced by maintaining precise temperature limits of the workpiece 10 and surface layer 101 in the region of the working point 30 ′ of the laser beam 30.
- the cooling process for the texture and Properties of the surface layer and the coated workpiece can be decisive.
- the device can have a control and regulating device 5, with which the HF / MF heating power and also the power of the laser device can be controlled and regulated.
- the two temperature sensors 51 and 52 are provided as control variables, which determine the temperature of the surface layer 101 in the region of the working point 30 'of the laser 30 or the surface temperature of the valve head 10'.
- the control and regulating device 5 can set the output of the HF / MF and / or laser heating source to setpoints, which are predefined, for example, at the temperature setpoints 53.
- a cooling device 6 can be provided, for example, which cools the valve head with a jet of cooling fluid 60 from, for example, air, a protective gas or a liquid such as water, etc. .
- the temperatures could also be regulated, that is to say influenced, that the rotational speed of the rotating device 100 for the workpiece 10 and / or the cooling fluid jet 60 is changed or switched on and off.
- the control and regulating device 5 can be programmable within wide limits in order to create different surface coating conditions depending on the surface layer to be produced.
- the device can also be constructed such that the induction coil, the temperature sensors, for example radiation pyrometers, the laser device move with the laser beam relative to the workpiece and / or against one another, which in turn is also moved.
- the possible signal flow of the regulating and control system is indicated by arrows in the schematic figure. All of these relative movements can also be determined by the regulating and control device.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Herstellen von Oberflächenschichten auf Werkstücken, auf eine Vorrichtung zum Durchführen des Verfahrens, sowie ein Werkstück mit nach dem Verfahren erzeugter Oberflächenschicht.The invention relates to a method for producing surface layers on workpieces, to a device for performing the method, and to a workpiece with a surface layer produced by the method.
Werkstücke werden aus den verschiedensten Gründen ganz oder teilweise mit Oberflächenschichten versehen. Die Oberflächenschichten werden beispielsweise an thermisch, chemisch oder mechanisch besonders beanspruchen Stellen mit einer besonders thermisch oder mechanisch beanspruchbaren Schicht versehen. Die Schicht kann dabei durch eine Änderung der Struktur der Oberflächenbereiche eines Werkstücks, z.B. durch Härten, wie etwa durch thermische Behandlung, oder durch Einlagern von Fremdstoffen erfolgen. In EP-A-0.190.378 ist ein Verfahren zum Oberflächen-Legieren eines Basis-Metalls mit einem Hochenergiestrahls wie eines Laser- oder Elektronenstrahls beschrieben. Das Basis-Metall wird vorzugsweise vorerwärmt z.B. durch induktives Erwärmen. Die Oberfläche des Basismetalls wird lokal geschmolzen. Beim Legieren werden Defekte verhindert, indem ein Deoxidant und ein Legier-Metall mit einem Schmelzpunkt verwendet wird, der niedriger ist als jener des Basis. Beim Legieren wird die aufgeschmolzene Oberflächenschicht des Basis-Metals mit dem, Legier-Metall legiert. Die Legierung wird aus dem Grundmaterial, d.h. dem Werkstoff des Werkstücks und dem Legier-Metall gebildet.For various reasons, workpieces are provided with surface layers in whole or in part. The surface layers are provided, for example, with a particularly thermally or mechanically stressable layer at locations that are particularly thermally, chemically or mechanically stressed. The layer can be changed by changing the structure of the surface areas of a workpiece, for example by hardening, such as thermal Treatment, or by storing foreign substances. EP-A-0.190.378 describes a method for surface alloying a base metal with a high-energy beam, such as a laser or electron beam. The base metal is preferably preheated, for example by inductive heating. The surface of the base metal is melted locally. In alloying, defects are prevented by using a deoxidant and an alloy metal with a melting point lower than that of the base. When alloying, the melted surface layer of the base metal is alloyed with the alloy metal. The alloy is formed from the base material, ie the material of the workpiece and the alloy metal.
In FR 2.263.381 beschreibt das Aufbringen von legierten Schichten auf metallische Substrate mit Hilfe von Laserstrahlen. Metallisches Pulver aus legiertem Schichtmaterial wird zuerste auf den zu beschichtenden Teil des Substrats aufgebracht und dann im Arbeitspunkt des Lasers zu einer Schicht ausgeschmolzen. Eine zusätzliche Heizeinrichtung ist bei der Einrichtung nicht vorgesehen.FR 2.263.381 describes the application of alloyed layers to metallic substrates using laser beams. Metallic powder made of alloyed layer material is first applied to the part of the substrate to be coated and then melted into a layer at the operating point of the laser. An additional heating device is not provided for in the device.
Oberflächenschichten werden aber auch durch das Aufbringen von eigentlichen Oberflächenschichten, wie durch Aufschmelzen oder durch galvanische Oberflächenbehandlung, erzeugt. Bei beschichteten Werkstücken, die z.B. thermische wechselbelastet sind, hat man festgestellt, dass die Lebensdauer an sich geeigneter Oberflächenschichten für gewisse Anwendungen ungenügend ist. Die Oberflächenschicht oder Teile davon lösen sich vom Werkstück. In anderen Fällen stellt man fest, dass sich in der Oberflächenschicht Risse bilden, die zum Zerfall der Oberflächenschicht und auch des Werkstücks führen.Surface layers are, however, also created by applying actual surface layers, such as by melting or by galvanic surface treatment. For coated workpieces, e.g. thermal alternating loads, it has been found that the service life of suitable surface layers is insufficient for certain applications. The surface layer or parts thereof detach from the workpiece. In other cases, it is found that cracks form in the surface layer, which lead to the disintegration of the surface layer and also of the workpiece.
Die Erfindung schafft ein Verfahren zum Aufbringen von Schichten aus Werkstoffen besserer Qualität auf Oberflächen von Werkstücken, sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrens.The invention provides a method for applying layers of better quality materials on surfaces of workpieces, and an apparatus for performing this method.
Erfindungsgemäss ist das Verfahren bzw. die Vorrichtung durch die Kennzeichen von Anspruch 1 bzw. Anspruch 7 gekennzeichnet. Die abhängigen Ansprüche beziehen sich auf besonders vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung.According to the invention, the method and the device are characterized by the characteristics of claim 1 and claim 7, respectively. The dependent claims relate to particularly advantageous embodiments of the invention.
Mit dem induktiven Hochfrequenz/Mittelfrequenz-Generator ist es möglich, das Werkstück, auf welchem die Oberflächenschicht aufzubringen ist, auf eine wohl definierte Temperatur zu erwärmen und - was für die Qualität der Oberflächenschicht von Bedeutung ist - diese Temperatur auch während der Herstellung der Oberflächenschicht präzis beizubehalten. Die induktive Vorwärmtemperatur kann problemlos auf ± 10° C genau eingehalten werden. Die verbesserte Qualität ist u.a. darauf zurückzuführen, dass die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen dem Werkstück und dem Aufschmelzbereich, also dem Bereich, wo die Oberflächenschicht mit dem Laserstrahl fortlaufend erzeugt wird, erstens wählbar ist, zweitens relativ gering gehalten und drittens auch während des Herstellens der Oberflächenschicht gut eingehalten werden kann. Dadurch wird die Beschaffenheit der Oberflächenschicht, insbesondere deren Dicke, Oberflächenstruktur, kristallines Gefüge, Duktilität, Härte, u.s.w gleichmässiger und damit die Oberflächenschicht ganz allgemein besser. Mit dem erfindungsgemässen Verfahren sind auch dünnere Oberflächenschichten herstellbar.With the inductive high-frequency / medium-frequency generator, it is possible to heat the workpiece on which the surface layer is to be applied to a well-defined temperature and - which is important for the quality of the surface layer - this temperature even during the production of the surface layer maintain. The inductive preheating temperature can easily be maintained to within ± 10 ° C. The improved quality can be attributed, among other things, to the fact that the temperature difference between the workpiece and the melting area, i.e. the area where the surface layer is continuously generated with the laser beam, can be selected firstly, secondly kept relatively low and thirdly also maintained well during the production of the surface layer can be. As a result, the quality of the surface layer, in particular its thickness, surface structure, crystalline structure, ductility, hardness, etc., becomes more uniform and the surface layer is therefore generally better. The method according to the invention can also be used to produce thinner surface layers.
Oberflächenschichten nach der Erfindung werden durch Aufschmelzen einer Schicht aus einem Werkstoff, der von jenem des Werkstücks verschieden ist erzeugt, wobei sich Oberflächenschicht und Werkstück nur in einem dünnen Aufschmelzbereich verbinden. Dabei hat der Abkühlvorgang bei der Herstellung der Oberflächenschichten einen Einfluss auf deren Eigenschaften.Surface layers according to the invention are produced by melting a layer made of a material which is different from that of the workpiece, the surface layer and workpiece only connecting in a thin melting region. The cooling process during the production of the surface layers has an influence on their properties.
Bei Oberflächenschichten aus einem von jenem des Werkstücks verschiedenen Werkstoff kann der Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizient des Schichtmaterials kleiner gewählt werden als jener des Materials des Werkstücks. Aufgrund der möglichen, genauen Temperaturwahl beim Beschichtungsvorgang kann die Temperatur des Werkstücks bei der Beschichtung höher als die für das Werkstück vorgesehene Betriebstemperatur gewählt werden und zwar derart, dass bei Betriebstemperatur die Oberflächenschicht im Betrieb eine definierte Druckkraft erfährt, die vom Werkstück auf die Oberflächenschicht ausgeübt und übertragen wird. Derartige Druckeigenspannungen in der Oberflächenschicht wirken der Rissbildung, der Materialermüdung und auch der Korrosion des Teils und insbesondere der Oberflächenschicht entgegen. Es werden also die Lebensdauer und Qualität des TEils und insbesondere der Oberflächenschicht verbessert. Dies ist beispielsweise bei einer Stellit 6 Schicht auf einem Werkstück aus rostfreien Stahl X2 CrNiMo 18 12 (Chrom-Nickel-Molybdän) der Fall.In the case of surface layers made of a material different from that of the workpiece, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the layer material can be chosen to be smaller than that of the material of the workpiece. Due to the possible, precise temperature selection during the coating process, the temperature of the workpiece during the coating can be higher than that provided for the workpiece Operating temperature can be selected in such a way that at operating temperature the surface layer experiences a defined compressive force during operation, which is exerted and transferred from the workpiece to the surface layer. Such compressive residual stresses in the surface layer counteract the formation of cracks, material fatigue and also the corrosion of the part and in particular the surface layer. The service life and quality of the part and in particular the surface layer are thus improved. This is the case, for example, with a stellite 6 layer on a workpiece made of stainless steel X2 CrNiMo 18 12 (chrome-nickel-molybdenum).
Die Möglichkeit des raschen induktiven Vorwärmens des Werkstücks in einem ersten Temperaturbereich auf eine wählbare erste Temperatur, verringert auch die störenden Oxydationsvorgänge auf der Werkstückoberfläche beim Beschichten oder vermeidet diese ganz, wenn das Erwärmen unter Schutzgas erfolgt.The possibility of rapid inductive preheating of the workpiece in a first temperature range to a selectable first temperature also reduces the annoying oxidation processes on the workpiece surface during coating or avoids this entirely if the heating takes place under protective gas.
Das induktive Aufheizen lässt durch entsprechendes Anpassen der Induktionsspule des HF/MF-Generators verschiedenste Temperaturprofile über das ganze Werkstückszu, was ermöglicht, den Verzug und die Verformung des Werkstücks zu verringern und auch erlaubt, den Härteverlauf über die Oberflächenschicht gleichmässiger zu halten. Weiterhin kann das Anlassen, d.h. das Wieder-Erweichen von gehärteten Werkstück- oder Oberflächenteilen durch die Wahl des induktiven Wärmeprofils, eventuell in Verbindung mit einer Kühlung, verhindert oder beeinflusst werden. Mit der Laservorrichtung wird dann auf der Oberfläche, die beispielsweise induktiv auf eine Temperatur von 800° C erwärmt sein kann, die Oberflächenschicht bei einer Temperatur von 1800° C aufgeschmolzen. Der HF/MF-Generator, der vorzugsweise im Frequenzbereich von 0.5 kHz bis 1 MHz im Leistungsbereich von 5 bis mehreren 10 kW Leistung arbeitet, hat als Heizung vor allem Tiefen- oder Volumenwirkung, während die dazu überlagerte Heizung mit der Laseranlage vor allem punktuelle Oberflächenwirkung hat, und zwar im Bereich der vorerwärmten Oberfläche, wo die eigentliche Oberflächenschicht bei nochmals erhöhter Temperatur durch Aufschmelzen von Fremdmaterial oder lediglich der obersten Schichten des zu beschichtenden Werkstücks erzeugt wird. Dabei kann beispielsweise das Schichtmaterial in Pulverform und mit Schutzgas als Fördermedium in den Bereich des auf die Oberfläche des Werkstücks auftretenden Laserstrahls geblasen werden. Dort wird das Pulver geschmolzen und mit dem möglichst dünnen und geringen, aufgeschmolzenen Teil der Werkstückoberfläche verschmolzen. Es lassen sich mit den neuen Verfahren beispielsweise dünne Oberflächenschichten im Dickenbereich von 0.2 - 0.4 mm erzeugen.By inductively adapting the induction coil of the HF / MF generator, inductive heating permits a wide variety of temperature profiles over the entire workpiece, which enables the distortion and deformation of the workpiece to be reduced and also allows the hardness curve to be kept more uniform over the surface layer. Furthermore, the tempering, ie the softening of hardened workpiece or surface parts can be prevented or influenced by the choice of the inductive heat profile, possibly in connection with cooling. The laser device is then used to melt the surface layer at a temperature of 1800 ° C. on the surface, which can be heated inductively, for example, to a temperature of 800 ° C. The HF / MF generator, which is preferably in the frequency range from 0.5 kHz to 1 MHz in the power range from 5 to several 10 kW of power, has a depth or volume effect as the heating, while the superimposed heating with the laser system primarily has a selective surface effect, namely in the area of the preheated surface, where the actual surface layer is exposed to a further increase in temperature Melting of foreign material or only the top layers of the workpiece to be coated is generated. For example, the layer material in powder form and with protective gas as the conveying medium can be blown into the region of the laser beam that occurs on the surface of the workpiece. There the powder is melted and melted with the thinnest and smallest melted part of the workpiece surface. With the new processes, for example, thin surface layers in the thickness range of 0.2 - 0.4 mm can be produced.
Um bestimmte Bereiche von Werkstücken nicht zu überhitzen und/oder in einem bestimmten Temperaturbereich zu halten, können einzelne Bereiche des Werkstücks und/oder der Oberflächenschicht mit einer Kühleinrichtung, die z.B. mit Luft, Öl, Wasser oder einem anderen Kühlmittel arbeitet, gekühlt werden. Mit Kühlung ist es auch möglich, die Beschaffenheit der Oberflächenschicht eines Werkstücks verbessert konstant zu halten. Die Beschaffenheit einer Oberfläche ist in vielen Fällen von Abkühlvorgängen abhängig, welche mit einer Kühlvorrichtung besser und genauer eingehalten werden können. Mit der Kühlvorrichtung lassen sich sowohl das Überhitzen vermeiden, als auch der zeitliche Verlauf des Abkühlvorgangs verbessern, d.h. genauer einhalten.In order not to overheat certain areas of workpieces and / or to keep them within a certain temperature range, individual areas of the workpiece and / or the surface layer can be provided with a cooling device, e.g. works with air, oil, water or another coolant. With cooling, it is also possible to keep the quality of the surface layer of a workpiece improved and constant. In many cases, the condition of a surface depends on cooling processes, which can be better and more precisely maintained with a cooling device. The cooling device can both prevent overheating and improve the time course of the cooling process, i.e. adhere more closely.
Das Verfahren ermöglicht es, den Arbeitsbereich des Lasers dirkt ins Zentrum des HF-beheizten Bereichs oder in die Nähe des Zentrums zu legen. Darüberhinaus erlaubt die induktive Heizung, über relativ grosse Bereiche des Werkstücks eine weitgehend gleiche Temperatur, d.h. ein homogenes Temperaturfeld, zu erzeugen, was dazu beiträgt, dass die bei thermischer Bearbeitung auftretenden Eigenspannungen äusserst niedrig bleiben. Dies wiederum hat zur Folge, dass Deformationen des behandelten Werkstücks, das sogenannte Verziehen, klein oder praktisch ganz ausbleiben.The method makes it possible to place the working area of the laser directly in the center of the HF-heated area or in the vicinity of the center. Furthermore allowed the inductive heating to generate a largely identical temperature, ie a homogeneous temperature field, over relatively large areas of the workpiece, which contributes to the residual stresses occurring during thermal processing remaining extremely low. This in turn means that deformations of the treated workpiece, the so-called warping, are small or practically completely absent.
Bei dem Verfahren wird das mit der Oberflächenschicht zu versehende Werkstück oder Teile davon mit einer induktiven HF/MF-Generator-Heizung auf eine erste Temperatur erwärmt. Mit der Laservorrichtung werden Bereiche der zu behandelnden Oberfläche weiter erwärmt und die Oberflächenschicht auf dem Werkstück erzeugt. Die Vorrichtung umfasst die Laservorrichtung und die HF/MF-Heizung, die es erlauben, das Werkstück gleichzeitig mit beiden zu beeinflussen. Die Werkstücke mit nach dem Verfahren erzeugten Oberflächenschichten weisen eine erhöhte, d.h. verbesserte, Qualität auf, da das Verfahren ein deutlich verbessertes Einhalten des zeitlichen Temperaturverlaufs und auch der Temperaturverteilung im Werkstück erlaubt und ermöglicht.In the method, the workpiece to be provided with the surface layer or parts thereof is heated to a first temperature with an inductive HF / MF generator heater. Areas of the surface to be treated are further heated with the laser device and the surface layer is produced on the workpiece. The device comprises the laser device and the HF / MF heating, which allow the workpiece to be influenced simultaneously with both. The workpieces with surface layers produced by the method have an increased, i.e. improved, quality, since the method allows and enables a significantly improved compliance with the temporal temperature profile and also the temperature distribution in the workpiece.
Die Erfindung wird anhand der Figur, die ein Beispiel einer erfindungsgemässen Vorrichtung zum Durchführen des Verfahrens zeigt, erläutert.The invention is explained with reference to the figure, which shows an example of an inventive device for performing the method.
Die erfindungsgemässe Vorrichtung besteht in ihrer einfachsten Form aus einer Haltevorrichtung für das Werkstück 10. Weiter umfasst die Vorrichtung einen HF- oder MF-Generator 2 (HF = Hochfrequenz; MF = Mittelfrequenz) mit einer Induktionsspule 20, die zusammen im wesentlichen die induktive Heizung bilden und eine Laserquelle 3 mit Umlenkspiegel 31 und Fokussieroptik 32 für den Laserstrahl 30.In its simplest form, the device according to the invention consists of a holding device for the
Das Werkstück 10 kann, wie hier gezeigt, beispielsweise ein Ventil eines Verbrennungsmotors sein. Die Randbereiche 10'' des Ventilkopfes 10', welche den ringförmigen Dichtbereich im Ventilsitz bilden, sind mit einer Oberflächenschicht 101 zu versehen. Der Laserstrahl 30 wird mit Umlenkspiegeln 31 und Fokussieroptik 32 auf den Arbeitpunkt 30' des zu beschichtenden Randbereichs 10" des Ventilkopfs 10' fokussiert.As shown here, the
Eine Oberflächenschicht 101 wird durch Aufbringen einer Schicht aus einem anderen Werkstoffs z.B. Stellit 6 erzeugt; z.B. kann der Stellit 6 in Pulverform mit Hilfe eines Pulverförderers 4 mit Pulverdüse 41, die den Pulverstrahl 40 erzeugt, zum Arbeitspunkt 30' geblasen werden. Die Pulverförderung kann mit Argon, das gleichzeitig als Schutzgas wirkt, erfolgen.A
Zum Beschichten von rotationssymmetrischen Werkstücken 10 und rotationssymmetrischen Oberflächenschichten 101 kann das Werkstück 10 mit einer Drehvorrichtung 100 gedreht werden. Es wäre auch möglich, den Arbeitspunkt 30' des Laserstrahls 30, zusammen mit dem Pulverstrahl 40 auf der Oberfläche des Werkstücks 10 zu bewegen. Weiter wäre es denkbar, alle vier, Werkstück 10, Laser- 30' und Pulverstrahl 40, sowie Spule 20, oder einzelne, oder mehrere davon, zu bewegen. Dies könnte beispielsweise Vorteile bringen, wenn komplizierte Oberflächen-Schichtmuster auf Werkstücken mit komplizierten Konturen zu erzeugen sind.To coat rotationally
In manchen Anwendungen wird die Qualität der Oberflächenschicht vom Einhalten genauer Temperaturgrenzen von Werkstück 10, und Oberflächenschicht 101 im Bereich des Arbeitspunktes 30' des Laserstrahls 30 beeinflusst. Genauso kann der Abkühlvorgang für die Beschaffenheit und Eigenschaften der Oberflächenschicht und des beschichteten Werkstücks ausschlaggebend sein. Zu diesem Zwecke kann die Vorrichtung eine Steuer- und Regelvorrichtung 5 aufweisen, mit welcher die HF/MF-Heizleistung und auch die Leistung der Laservorrichtung gesteuert und geregelt werden kann. Als Steuergrössen sind im gezeigten Beispiel die beiden Temperatursensoren 51 und 52 vorgesehen, welche die Temperatur der Oberflächenschicht 101 im Bereich des Arbeitspunktes 30' des Lasers 30 bzw. die Oberflächentemperatur des Ventilkopfs 10' bestimmen. Die Steuer- und Regelvorrichtung 5 kann die Leistung von HF/MF-und/oder Laser-Heizquelle auf Sollwerte einstellen, die beispielsweise an den Temperatur-Sollwertgebern 53 vorgegeben sind.In some applications, the quality of the surface layer is influenced by maintaining precise temperature limits of the
Für das Einhalten besonderer Temperaturprofile am Werkstück 10 oder Teilen davon, z.B. am Ventilkopf 10', kann beispielsweise eine Kühlvorrichtung 6 vorgesehen sein, die den Ventilkopf mit einem Kühlfluid-Strahl 60 von z.B. Luft, einem Schutzgas oder einer Flüssigkeit wie Wasser usw., kühlt. Die Temperaturen könnten auch damit geregelt, d.h. beeinflusst werden, dass die Drehgeschwindigkeit der Drehvorrichtung 100 für das Werkstück 10 und/oder der Kühlfluid-Strahl 60 verändert bzw. an- und abgeschaltet wird. Die Steuer- und Regelvorrichtung 5 kann in weiten Grenzen programmierbar sein, um je nach der herzustellenden Oberflächenschicht andere Oberflächen-Beschichtungsbedingungen zu schaffen. Die Vorrichtung kann auch so gebaut sein, dass sich die Induktionsspule, die Temperatursensoren, z.B. Strahlungspyrometer, die Lasereinrichtung mit dem Laserstrahl gegenüber dem Werkstück und/oder gegeneinander bewegen, das seinerseits ebenfalls bewegt wird. Der mögliche Signalfluss des Regel- und Steueranlage ist in der schematischen Figur mit Pfeilen angedeutet mit. Alle diese Relativbewegungen können ebenfalls von der Regel- und Steuereinrichtung bestimmt werden.To maintain special temperature profiles on the
Claims (9)
- Method for the manufacture of surface layers (101) on workpieces (10, 10', 10") which can be heated inductively and in which at least the part (10") of the workpiece (10) to be coated is inductively heated in a first temperature range, and the surface layer (101) is produced by further heating up or melting on of the inductively heated surface region (10") of the workpiece to be coated using laser light (30, 30') and laser energy, characterised in that the material (40) to be melted on for the surface layer (101) to be produced, and which differs from the material of the workpiece (10, 10', 10"), is brought during the inductive heating to the working point (30') of the laser beam (30) which is disposed at the centre or or in the vicinity of the centre of the RF/MF heated region, with the surface layer (101) being formed by the added material (40) which differs from the material of the workpiece.
- Method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the thermal coefficient of expansion of the material of the workpiece (10, 10', 10") is greater than that of the material of the surface layer (101).
- Method in accordance with claim 2, wherein the thermal coefficient of expansion of the material of the surface layer (101) is smaller than that of the workpiece (10, 10', 10") and the first temperature range is higher than the operating temperature provided for the workpiece (10, 10', 10").
- Method in accordance with claim 1, 2 or 3 in which the production of the surface layer (101) takes place under inert gas (40).
- Method in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 4, wherein the inductive heating up of the workpiece (10, 10', 10") takes place with the RF/MF generator (2, 20) in accordance with a selectable thermal profile.
- Method in accordance with claim 5, wherein the inductive thermal profile of the workpiece (10, 10', 10") is additionally influenced by a cooling system.
- Apparatus for carrying out the method in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 6, comprising a RF/MF generator (2) and transmission means (20) for the inductive heating of the workpiece (10, 10', 10") to be coated with the surface layer (101) into a first temperature range and also with a laser device (3, 30, 30', 31, 32) for the further heating of the surface region (10") of the workpiece (10, 10', 10") to be coated, characterised by an apparatus (4, 41) for the supply of powder-like or wire-like material (40) for the surface layer (101) different from the material of the workpiece to the working point (30') of the laser beam (30), which is disposed in the centre of or close to the centre of the region which can be inductively heated by means of the RF/MF generator (2), with the surface layer (101) being formed by a supplied material (40) which differs from the material of the workpiece.
- Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 comprising means (100) for the movement of the workpiece (10, 10', 10"), and/or means (51, 52) for the determination of the temperature of the workpiece (10, 10', 10") and/or of the temperature in the laser heated region (30', 10") of the surface layer (101), and/or means (4, 41) for the supply of protective gas and/or means (6, 60) for the cooling of regions of the workpiece (10, 10', 10").
- Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 or 8, comprising a regulating and control device (5, 53) for the controlling and/or regulation of the RF/MF generator (2, 20) and/or of the laser device (3, 30, 30', 31, 32) and/or of the cooling device (6, 60) and/or of its movement and/or the movement of the workpiece (10, 10', 10") to be coated and/or of the laser device (3, 30, 30', 31, 32) and/or of the means (51, 52) for the determination of the temperature and/or of the movement of parts thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH199290 | 1990-06-13 | ||
| CH1992/90 | 1990-06-13 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0462047A1 EP0462047A1 (en) | 1991-12-18 |
| EP0462047B1 true EP0462047B1 (en) | 1997-11-26 |
Family
ID=4223380
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP91810343A Expired - Lifetime EP0462047B1 (en) | 1990-06-13 | 1991-05-03 | Process and apparatus for the formation of surface layers on articles and articles with a surface layer formed according to this process |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5224997A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0462047B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3034079B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2044226C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE59108894D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2110985T3 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT97946B (en) |
Families Citing this family (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5554837A (en) * | 1993-09-03 | 1996-09-10 | Chromalloy Gas Turbine Corporation | Interactive laser welding at elevated temperatures of superalloy articles |
| JP3550575B2 (en) * | 1994-10-21 | 2004-08-04 | フジオーゼックス株式会社 | Manufacturing method of engine valve |
| DE19529928A1 (en) * | 1995-08-01 | 1997-02-06 | Wago Verwaltungs Gmbh | Mfg. electrotechnical components provided with contact coating - with selective induction heating of predetermined contact regions of the component before contact materials are melted onto them |
| DE19701483A1 (en) * | 1997-01-17 | 1998-07-23 | Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen | Raised structure production on sintered component(s) |
| DE10137776C1 (en) | 2001-08-02 | 2003-04-17 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Process for the production of wear-resistant surface layers |
| DE10353473B4 (en) * | 2003-11-15 | 2007-02-22 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Component of an internal combustion engine and method for its production |
| JP2007169761A (en) * | 2005-12-26 | 2007-07-05 | Delta Kogyo Co Ltd | Method for manufacturing reclining component |
| JP5189824B2 (en) * | 2007-11-02 | 2013-04-24 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Method and apparatus for depositing valve seat |
| DE102011113551A1 (en) * | 2011-09-15 | 2013-03-21 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for applying a bearing layer on a sliding bearing component body and sliding bearing component |
| JP6050141B2 (en) * | 2013-02-22 | 2016-12-21 | 三井造船株式会社 | Hardfacing welding apparatus and method |
| CN103276394A (en) * | 2013-06-17 | 2013-09-04 | 铜陵学院 | Laser remelting one-step reinforcing processing method and device thereof for plasma sprayed thermal barrier coating with double-layer structure |
| WO2014202413A2 (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2014-12-24 | MTU Aero Engines AG | Device and method for additively producing at least one component region of a component |
| CN104195543A (en) * | 2014-08-18 | 2014-12-10 | 苏州克兰兹电子科技有限公司 | In-light coaxial composite wire-feeding and powder-feeding laser cladding system |
| DE102014222055A1 (en) * | 2014-10-29 | 2016-05-04 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Apparatus for build-up welding with cooled inert gas and method |
| WO2017021440A1 (en) * | 2015-08-04 | 2017-02-09 | Autotech Engineering A.I.E. | Reinforced structural components |
| CN105154875B (en) * | 2015-09-14 | 2017-08-11 | 温州大学 | A kind of laser induction composite covers process equipment |
| KR101779104B1 (en) | 2017-03-20 | 2017-09-18 | 창원대학교 산학협력단 | thermally assisted apparatus using multi heat source |
| JP6289713B1 (en) * | 2017-06-12 | 2018-03-07 | 南海鋼材株式会社 | Welding system and welding method |
| CN110283973B (en) * | 2019-07-29 | 2021-05-14 | 无锡众望四维科技有限公司 | Valve stem neck annealing production line |
| CN114117869B (en) * | 2021-12-09 | 2024-05-07 | 燕山大学 | Finite element simulation method for multi-frequency induction quenching heating under workpiece motion state |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2263381A1 (en) * | 1974-03-04 | 1975-10-03 | Caterpillar Tractor Co |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1035675A (en) * | 1974-01-07 | 1978-08-01 | Avco Everett Research Laboratory | Formation of surface layer casings on articles |
| DE2811400C3 (en) * | 1978-03-16 | 1981-12-17 | Aeg-Elotherm Gmbh, 5630 Remscheid | Process for remelt hardening of workpieces |
| DE3577888D1 (en) * | 1985-02-05 | 1990-06-28 | Nippon Steel Corp | SURFACE ALLOY METHOD USING AN ENERGY RAY AND STEEL ALLOY. |
| JPS6252975A (en) * | 1985-08-30 | 1987-03-07 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Amorphous solar battery |
| US4780590A (en) * | 1985-11-21 | 1988-10-25 | Penn Research Corporation | Laser furnace and method for zone refining of semiconductor wafers |
| CH674650A5 (en) * | 1988-04-28 | 1990-06-29 | Castolin Sa | Heat-treating coated surfaces - with high energy beam and pre- or post-heat treatment using induction heating devices to prevent cracking in high hardness alloys |
| US5015492A (en) * | 1989-04-03 | 1991-05-14 | Rutgers University | Method and apparatus for pulsed energy induced vapor deposition of thin films |
-
1991
- 1991-05-03 EP EP91810343A patent/EP0462047B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-05-03 DE DE59108894T patent/DE59108894D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-05-03 ES ES91810343T patent/ES2110985T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-06-05 US US07/710,815 patent/US5224997A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-10 CA CA002044226A patent/CA2044226C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-12 JP JP3139929A patent/JP3034079B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-12 PT PT97946A patent/PT97946B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2263381A1 (en) * | 1974-03-04 | 1975-10-03 | Caterpillar Tractor Co |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2044226C (en) | 2001-03-13 |
| DE59108894D1 (en) | 1998-01-08 |
| CA2044226A1 (en) | 1991-12-14 |
| ES2110985T3 (en) | 1998-03-01 |
| PT97946A (en) | 1993-07-30 |
| EP0462047A1 (en) | 1991-12-18 |
| JP3034079B2 (en) | 2000-04-17 |
| JPH07148585A (en) | 1995-06-13 |
| PT97946B (en) | 1998-11-30 |
| US5224997A (en) | 1993-07-06 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP0462047B1 (en) | Process and apparatus for the formation of surface layers on articles and articles with a surface layer formed according to this process | |
| EP1285719B1 (en) | Method for making wear-resistant surface layers using laser | |
| DE69938563T2 (en) | LASER WELDING OF ARTICLES FROM SUPER ALLOYS | |
| EP1041173B1 (en) | Light metal cylinder block, method for making it and apparatus for carrying out the process | |
| EP0147190B1 (en) | Method and apparatus for laser gear hardening | |
| EP0498286B1 (en) | Process for manufacturing a wear-resistant coating | |
| DE102019132191A1 (en) | Device for laser deposition welding with several laser deposition welding heads | |
| DE112014004561T5 (en) | Laser deposition welding with programmed beam size adjustment | |
| DE102020106823A1 (en) | Device and method for the production and, if necessary, reworking of layers applied by laser deposition welding | |
| DE102006022578A1 (en) | Multiple heat source laser beam brazing system and method | |
| RU2305136C1 (en) | Method for reinforcement of part surface and apparatus for performing the same | |
| WO2009003551A1 (en) | Melt-treated rim of a piston combustion bowl | |
| WO2021180766A1 (en) | System for controlling the temperature of the construction space in powder bed fusion-based additive manufacturing installations | |
| EP0511274B1 (en) | Device for treating the surfaces of workpieces with light beams | |
| Heuvelman et al. | Surface treatment techniques by laser beam machining | |
| DE19957771A1 (en) | Repair of honeycomb sealing elements on turbine discs involves applying suitable molten metal alloy to already reassembled sealing bridge using laser beam directed at sealing element | |
| US20170130285A1 (en) | Method for processing a metal component | |
| EP3168327A1 (en) | Holding device for a substrate and method for coating a top surface of a substrate | |
| Elgazzar et al. | Laser Surface Texturing of 304 Stainless Steel. | |
| DE102008036450A1 (en) | Labyrinth-sealing web-repairing process for gas turbine, comprises subjecting a metal melt on a component surface to be constructed, where the metal melt is produced by melting of particles of metal powder using laser beam | |
| DE102008041562A1 (en) | Method for smoothing and polishing surface of a workpiece with laser beam, comprises producing a laser beam by a laser beam source, where the laser beam comprises an intensity distribution and a laser beam profile | |
| JP7464939B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of hard metal member and hard metal member | |
| DE4141317C1 (en) | Prodn. of wear-reducing coating to reduce cracking and distortion - for screw surface in e.g. plastic extruder comprises introducing molybdenum@-contg. material into laser beam and depositing on steel body | |
| DE102021004220B4 (en) | Use of a laser operated in burst mode and method for the surface formation of an alloy and/or a mixture and/or a doping | |
| JPH0394909A (en) | Manufacture of hard build-up welding roll or roller |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI NL SE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19920514 |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19930611 |
|
| GRAG | Despatch of communication of intention to grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA |
|
| GRAH | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA |
|
| GRAH | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA |
|
| GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
| RAP1 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: AMYSA-YVERDON S.A. Owner name: SULZER METCO AG |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI NL SE |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
| GBT | Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977) |
Effective date: 19971126 |
|
| REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 59108894 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 19980108 |
|
| ITF | It: translation for a ep patent filed |
Owner name: ING. ZINI MARANESI & C. S.R.L. |
|
| ET | Fr: translation filed | ||
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FG2A Ref document number: 2110985 Country of ref document: ES Kind code of ref document: T3 |
|
| PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
| 26N | No opposition filed | ||
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: IF02 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CH Payment date: 20030422 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20030428 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Payment date: 20030505 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Payment date: 20030506 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20030512 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: BE Payment date: 20030512 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20030514 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Payment date: 20030516 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20040503 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20040504 Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20040504 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20040531 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20040531 Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20040531 |
|
| BERE | Be: lapsed |
Owner name: S.A. *AMYSA-YVERDON Effective date: 20040531 Owner name: *SULZER METCO A.G. Effective date: 20040531 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20041201 Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20041201 |
|
| GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20040503 |
|
| EUG | Se: european patent has lapsed | ||
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20050131 |
|
| NLV4 | Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee |
Effective date: 20041201 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED. Effective date: 20050503 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FD2A Effective date: 20040504 |