EP0436195B1 - Dental implant - Google Patents

Dental implant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0436195B1
EP0436195B1 EP90125022A EP90125022A EP0436195B1 EP 0436195 B1 EP0436195 B1 EP 0436195B1 EP 90125022 A EP90125022 A EP 90125022A EP 90125022 A EP90125022 A EP 90125022A EP 0436195 B1 EP0436195 B1 EP 0436195B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
retention
implant
tooth implant
shaped
wings
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90125022A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0436195A1 (en
Inventor
Manfred Dr. Lang
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication date
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Priority to AT90125022T priority Critical patent/ATE84694T1/en
Publication of EP0436195A1 publication Critical patent/EP0436195A1/en
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Publication of EP0436195B1 publication Critical patent/EP0436195B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
    • A61C8/00—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
    • A61C8/0018—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the shape
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
    • A61C8/00—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
    • A61C8/0018—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the shape
    • A61C8/0022—Self-screwing

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a single tooth implant with a shaft part and a conical retention part, which is provided with displacement processes.
  • Such a known (DE-PS-31 36 602) implant is a self-tapping screw with a continuous thread helix.
  • the core diameter of the shaft part is drilled out in the jawbone.
  • the implant cuts its thread completely by itself.
  • This implant requires a deep drilling beyond the alveolar floor into the jawbone in order to achieve sufficient primary stability.
  • the alveolar bone is sufficient for anchoring in the implant according to the invention.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a single tooth implant of the type mentioned at the outset which can be inserted into the prepared socket and finds its retention only in the alveolar bone.
  • the single tooth implant according to the invention is solving this problem, characterized in that the displacement projections in plan view are designed as crescent-shaped retention wings with a wedge-shaped cross section in side view, which are provided opposite one another on the retention part.
  • the anatomical shape of a tooth root and the alveolus receiving it is conical and oval in cross-section, the tooth roots standing side by side with broad sides. This results in a pyramid-shaped bone course between the individual tooth roots (more interradicular alveolar bone) in the shape that the pyramid tip points in the direction of the crown of the tooth.
  • the design of the single tooth implant according to the invention is based on these anatomical conditions of the alveolar bone. Since the retention part is conical and the retention wings have an oval cross-section, the single-tooth implant according to the invention can be inserted into the prepared socket with the same shape. The retention wings are pushed into the pyramid-shaped alveolus bones by a maximum rotation of 90 °. This results in an encryption or locking of the single tooth implant in the interradicular alveolar bone.
  • the single tooth implant according to the invention is a so-called two-phase implant, which is implanted into the relevant tooth compartment immediately after the removal of a tooth. After a short healing phase, the implant is exposed at the post passage point, the implant post is screwed in and a ceramic crown is inserted without having to carry out a complex and expensive bridge construction with grinding of the neighboring teeth, as was previously the case. In addition, the otherwise occurring bone retraction (inactivity atrophy) in the edentulous section of the jaw is prevented, which is also of crucial aesthetic importance, especially in the front area of the maxilla.
  • the retention wings have a slight inclination when viewed in the circumferential direction. Due to the inclined inclination of the retention wings, the implant is pressed down slightly into the tooth compartment when it is encrypted, which on the one hand additionally improves the necessary primary stability and on the other hand can cause a quick stop of bleeding. This in turn favors the filling of the free spaces with resorbable bone substitute material.
  • the criteria known from orthopedics for so-called pressure osteosynthesis fully taken into account.
  • the shaft part is generally cylindrical in cross section and determines the total length of the single tooth implant.
  • the encryption is usually rotated clockwise.
  • the retention wings are each offset in pairs by 180 °.
  • the retention part is rounded at the free end and provided with notches. These retention notches cause a certain material distribution in the base of the alveolus when the single tooth implant is inserted.
  • the single tooth implant according to the drawing consists essentially of titanium or a titanium alloy and has a lower conical retention part 1 and an upper cylindrical shaft part 2.
  • Sickle-shaped retention wings 3 are provided on the retention part 1, which are arranged such that they are in plan view of the implant according to FIG. 2 give an oval shape.
  • the expression "crescent-shaped” describes the Retention wings 3 in their extent in the circumferential direction along the retention part 1.
  • the retention wings 3 have a slight inclination with respect to a plane perpendicular to the central axis.
  • the lower end of the single tooth implant is rounded and provided with retention notches 4.
  • An implant post, not shown, belonging to the implant and a closure cap, not shown, are interchangeable.
  • the crescent-shaped retention wing 3 the cross-section of which decreases radially outwards, has a wedge shape in accordance with FIG. 3 in the following sense:
  • the axial thickness of the retention wing 3 increases in the circumferential direction up to a maximum value, in order then to decrease again in a wedge shape. This is also shown in Fig. 6-8.
  • the retention wings 3 comprise at their feet the retention part 1, which is circular in cross section, in each case by 180 °.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Dental Prosthetics (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)
  • Dental Preparations (AREA)
  • Dental Tools And Instruments Or Auxiliary Dental Instruments (AREA)

Abstract

An individual tooth implant with a conical retention part 1, which is provided with displacement extensions 3. It is desirable for the implant to be introduced into the prepared alveolus and held therein without drilling deeply into the jaw bone. This is achieved by the displacement extensions being designed as wedge-shaped, sickle-shaped retention wings 3 which are provided lying opposite one another on the retention part 1. Since the retention part is conical and the retention wings have an oval cross-section, the individual tooth implant can be introduced dimensionally stable into the prepared alveolus and, by means of a maximum rotation about 90 DEG , can be given a primary stability in the interradicular alveolar bone. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Einzelzahnimplantat mit einem Schaftteil und einem konischen Retentionsteil, das mit Verdrängungsfortsätzen versehen ist.The invention relates to a single tooth implant with a shaft part and a conical retention part, which is provided with displacement processes.

Bei einem derartigen bekannten (DE-PS-31 36 602) Implantat handelt es sich um eine selbstschneidende Schraube mit durchgehender Gewindehelix. Zum Implantieren des bekannten Implantates wird in dem Kieferknochen mit dem Kerndurchmesser des Schaftteiles aufgebohrt. Das Implantat schneidet sein Gewinde völlig selbst. Dieses Implantat verlangt eine Tiefenbohrung über den Alveolenboden hinaus in den Kieferknochen, um eine genügende Primärstabilität zu erreichen. Dagegen ist beim erfindungsgemäßen Implantat der alveoläre Knochen zur Verankerung ausreichend.Such a known (DE-PS-31 36 602) implant is a self-tapping screw with a continuous thread helix. To implant the known implant, the core diameter of the shaft part is drilled out in the jawbone. The implant cuts its thread completely by itself. This implant requires a deep drilling beyond the alveolar floor into the jawbone in order to achieve sufficient primary stability. In contrast, the alveolar bone is sufficient for anchoring in the implant according to the invention.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Einzelzahnimplantat der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, das in die vorbereitete Alveole einführbar ist und seine Retention nur im alveolären Knochen findet. Das erfindungsgemäße Einzelzahnimplantat ist, diese Aufgabe lösend, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verdrängungsfortsätze in Draufsicht als sichelförmige Retentionsflügel mit in Seitenansicht keilförmigern Querschnitt ausgebildet sind, die am Retentionsteil einander gegenüberliegend vorgesehen sind.The object of the invention is to provide a single tooth implant of the type mentioned at the outset which can be inserted into the prepared socket and finds its retention only in the alveolar bone. The single tooth implant according to the invention is solving this problem, characterized in that the displacement projections in plan view are designed as crescent-shaped retention wings with a wedge-shaped cross section in side view, which are provided opposite one another on the retention part.

Andere Einzelzahnimplantate, wie Schrauben oder Zylinder mit stärkerem Durchmesser oder das "Tübinger Sofortimplantat" können nicht soweit in den interradikulären Alveolenknochen eindringen wie das erfindungsgemäße Einzelzahnimplantat, was für eine gute Primärstabilität wesentlich ist.Other single tooth implants, such as screws or cylinders with a larger diameter or the "Tübingen immediate implant" cannot penetrate into the interradicular alveolar bone as far as the single tooth implant according to the invention, which is essential for good primary stability.

Die anatomische Form einer Zahnwurzel und der diese aufnehmenden Alveole ist konisch und im Querschnitt oval, wobei die Zahnwurzeln mit Breitseiten nebeneinander stehen. Dadurch ergibt sich im Röntgenbild ein pyramidenförmiger Knochenverlauf zwischen den einzelnen Zahnwurzeln (interradikulärer alveolärer Knochen) und zwar der Gestalt, daß die Pyramidenspitze in Zahnkronenrichtung zeigt. Auf diesen anatomischen Gegebenheiten des alveolären Knochens beruht die Gestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Einzelzahnimplantates. Da das Retentionsteil konisch ist und die Retentionsflügel einen ovalen Querschnitt ergeben, kann man das erfindungsgemäße Einzelzahnimplantat formgleich in die vorbereitete Alveole einführen. Durch eine Drehung um maximal 90° drängen sich die Retentionsflügel in den pyramidenförmigen Alveolenknochen. Dadurch folgt eine Verschlüsselung bzw. Verriegelung des Einzelzahnimplantates in dem interradikulären Alveolenknochen.The anatomical shape of a tooth root and the alveolus receiving it is conical and oval in cross-section, the tooth roots standing side by side with broad sides. This results in a pyramid-shaped bone course between the individual tooth roots (more interradicular alveolar bone) in the shape that the pyramid tip points in the direction of the crown of the tooth. The design of the single tooth implant according to the invention is based on these anatomical conditions of the alveolar bone. Since the retention part is conical and the retention wings have an oval cross-section, the single-tooth implant according to the invention can be inserted into the prepared socket with the same shape. The retention wings are pushed into the pyramid-shaped alveolus bones by a maximum rotation of 90 °. This results in an encryption or locking of the single tooth implant in the interradicular alveolar bone.

Es handelt sich bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Einzelzahnimplantat um ein sogenanntes Zweiphasenimplantat, das nach der Entfernung eines Zahnes sofort in das betreffende Zahnfach implantiert wird. Nach einer kurzen Einheilungsphase wird das Implantat an der Pfostendurchtrittsstelle freigelegt, der Implantatpfosten eingeschraubt und eine Keramikkrone eingesetzt, ohne wie bisher üblich, eine aufwendige und auch teuere Brückenkonstruktion mit Beschleifung der Nachbarzähne durchführen zu müssen. Darüber hinaus wird auch der ansonsten eintretende Knochenrückzug (Inaktivitätsathrophie) in dem zahnlos gewordenen Kieferabschnitt verhindert, was besonders im Oberkiefer-Frontbereich auch von ganz entscheidender ästhetischer Bedeutung ist.The single tooth implant according to the invention is a so-called two-phase implant, which is implanted into the relevant tooth compartment immediately after the removal of a tooth. After a short healing phase, the implant is exposed at the post passage point, the implant post is screwed in and a ceramic crown is inserted without having to carry out a complex and expensive bridge construction with grinding of the neighboring teeth, as was previously the case. In addition, the otherwise occurring bone retraction (inactivity atrophy) in the edentulous section of the jaw is prevented, which is also of crucial aesthetic importance, especially in the front area of the maxilla.

Besonders zweckmäßig und vorteilhaft ist es, wenn die Retentionsflügel in Umfangsrichtung gesehen eine leichte Schrägneigung aufweisen. Durch die Schrägneigung der Retentionsflügel wird das Implantat beim Verschlüsseln leicht nach unten in das Zahnfach gedrückt, was zum einen die notwendige Primärstabilität zusätzlich verbessert und zum anderen einen raschen Blutungsstop herbeiführen kann. Dies wiederum begünstigt die Auffüllung der freien Räume mit resorbierbarem Knochenersatzmaterial. Außerdem werden die aus der Orthopädie bekannten Kriterien der sogenannten Druckosteosynthese voll berücksichtigt. Das Schaftteil ist in der Regel im Querschnitt zylindrisch und bestimmt die Gesamtlänge des Einzelzahnimplantates. Die Verschlüsselungsdrehung erfolgt in der Regel im Uhrzeigersinn. Die Retentionsflügel sind jeweils paarweise um 180° gegeneinander versetzt angeordnet.It is particularly expedient and advantageous if the retention wings have a slight inclination when viewed in the circumferential direction. Due to the inclined inclination of the retention wings, the implant is pressed down slightly into the tooth compartment when it is encrypted, which on the one hand additionally improves the necessary primary stability and on the other hand can cause a quick stop of bleeding. This in turn favors the filling of the free spaces with resorbable bone substitute material. In addition, the criteria known from orthopedics for so-called pressure osteosynthesis fully taken into account. The shaft part is generally cylindrical in cross section and determines the total length of the single tooth implant. The encryption is usually rotated clockwise. The retention wings are each offset in pairs by 180 °.

Besonders zweckmäßig und vorteilhaft ist es, wenn das Retentionsteil am freien Ende abgerundet und mit Kerben versehen ist. Diese Retentionskerben bewirken im Grund der Alveole beim Einsetzen des Einzelzahnimplantates eine gewisse Materialverteilung.It is particularly expedient and advantageous if the retention part is rounded at the free end and provided with notches. These retention notches cause a certain material distribution in the base of the alveolus when the single tooth implant is inserted.

In der Zeichnung ist eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform der Erfindung dargestellt und zeigt

  • Fig. 1 eine Seitenansicht eines Einzelzahnimplantates mit Aufbruch,
  • Fig. 2 eine Draufsicht des Einzelzahnimplantates gemäß Fig. 1,
  • Fig. 3 eine um 90° gedrehte Seitenansicht des Einzelzahnimplantates gemäß Fig. 1,
  • Fig. 4 eine Draufsicht des Einzelzahnimplantates gemäß Fig. 3,
  • Fig. 5 eine Draufsicht des Einzelzahnimplantates gemäß Fig. 1 mit Schnittangaben,
  • Fig. 6 einen Schnitt gemäß Pfeil A in Fig. 5 in einem gegenüber Fig. 5 vergrößerten Maßstab,
  • Fig. 7 einen Schnitt gemäß Pfeil B in Fig. 5 in einem gegenüber Fig. 5 vergrößerten Maßstab, und
  • Fig. 8 einen Schnitt gemäß Pfeil C in Fig. 5 in einem gegenüber Fig. 5 vergrößerten Maßstab.
In the drawing, a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown and shows
  • 1 is a side view of a single tooth implant with opening,
  • 2 shows a plan view of the single tooth implant according to FIG. 1,
  • 3 shows a side view of the single tooth implant according to FIG. 1 rotated by 90 °,
  • 4 shows a top view of the single tooth implant according to FIG. 3,
  • 5 shows a plan view of the single tooth implant according to FIG. 1 with sectional information,
  • 6 shows a section according to arrow A in FIG. 5 on an enlarged scale compared to FIG. 5,
  • 7 shows a section according to arrow B in FIG. 5 on an enlarged scale compared to FIG. 5, and
  • 8 shows a section according to arrow C in FIG. 5 on an enlarged scale compared to FIG. 5.

Das Einzelzahnimplantat gemäß Zeichnung besteht im Wesentlichen aus Titan oder einer Titanlegierung und besitzt ein unteres konisches Retentionsteil 1 und ein oberes zylindrisches Schaftteil 2. Am Retentionsteil 1 sind sichelförmige Retentionsflügel 3 vorgesehen, die so angeordnet sind, daß sie dem Implantat in der Draufsicht gemäß Fig. 2 eine ovale Form geben. Der Ausdruck "sichelförmig" beschreibt die Retentionsflügel 3 in ihrer Erstreckung in Umfangsrichtung entlang dem Retentionsteil 1. Die Retentionsflügel 3 haben gegenüber einer zur Mittelachse rechtwinkeligen Ebene eine leichte Schrägneigung. Das untere Ende des Einzelzahnimplantates ist abgerundet und mit Retentionskerben 4 versehen. Ein zum Implantat gehöriger nicht gezeigter Implantatpfosten und eine nicht gezeigte Verschlußkappe sind auswechselbar. Der sichelförmige Retentionsflügel 3, dessen Querschnitt sich radial nach außen verringert, weist gemäß Fig. 3 eine Keilform in folgendem Sinn auf: Die axiale Dicke des Retentionsflügels 3 nimmt in Umfangsrichtung bis zu einem Maximalwert zu, um danach wieder keilförmig abzunehmen. Dies ist auch durch Fig. 6-8 verdeutlicht. Die Retentionsflügel 3 umfassen an ihrem Fuß das im Querschnitt kreisrunde Retentionsteil 1 jeweils um 180°.The single tooth implant according to the drawing consists essentially of titanium or a titanium alloy and has a lower conical retention part 1 and an upper cylindrical shaft part 2. Sickle-shaped retention wings 3 are provided on the retention part 1, which are arranged such that they are in plan view of the implant according to FIG. 2 give an oval shape. The expression "crescent-shaped" describes the Retention wings 3 in their extent in the circumferential direction along the retention part 1. The retention wings 3 have a slight inclination with respect to a plane perpendicular to the central axis. The lower end of the single tooth implant is rounded and provided with retention notches 4. An implant post, not shown, belonging to the implant and a closure cap, not shown, are interchangeable. The crescent-shaped retention wing 3, the cross-section of which decreases radially outwards, has a wedge shape in accordance with FIG. 3 in the following sense: The axial thickness of the retention wing 3 increases in the circumferential direction up to a maximum value, in order then to decrease again in a wedge shape. This is also shown in Fig. 6-8. The retention wings 3 comprise at their feet the retention part 1, which is circular in cross section, in each case by 180 °.

Claims (3)

  1. A single-tooth implant having a shank part (2) and a conical retention part (1) and being provided with displacement extensions, characterized in that in plan view the displacement extensions are in the form of crescent-shaped retention wings (3) which have a wedge-shaped cross-section in side view and are provided opposite one another on the retention part (1).
  2. A single-tooth implant in accordance with Claim 1, characterized in that the retention wings (3) have a slight slant when viewed in the circumferential direction.
  3. A single-tooth implant in accordance with Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the free end of the retention part (3) is rounded and provided with indentations (4).
EP90125022A 1990-01-05 1990-12-20 Dental implant Expired - Lifetime EP0436195B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT90125022T ATE84694T1 (en) 1990-01-05 1990-12-20 SINGLE IMPLANT.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE9000076U 1990-01-05
DE9000076 1990-01-05

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0436195A1 EP0436195A1 (en) 1991-07-10
EP0436195B1 true EP0436195B1 (en) 1993-01-20

Family

ID=6849819

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90125022A Expired - Lifetime EP0436195B1 (en) 1990-01-05 1990-12-20 Dental implant

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US5088926A (en)
EP (1) EP0436195B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH0732786B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE84694T1 (en)
DE (1) DE59000791D1 (en)
DK (1) DK0436195T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2038478T3 (en)
GR (1) GR3006894T3 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010025023A1 (en) * 2010-06-24 2011-12-29 Gernot Teichmann Enossal jaw implant for insertion into a cavity prepared in a jawbone and template for insertion of the cavity into the jawbone

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US5427526A (en) * 1993-12-13 1995-06-27 Fernandes; Americo Dental implant and dentistry implant method
JP3203978B2 (en) 1994-07-25 2001-09-04 ソニー株式会社 Data transmitting / receiving device, data receiving device, and data transmitting device
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JP4732368B2 (en) * 2004-02-20 2011-07-27 ウッドウェルディング・アクチェンゲゼルシャフト Implant transplanted into bone tissue, its production method and transplantation method
JP2005278769A (en) * 2004-03-29 2005-10-13 Gc Corp Fixture of dental implant
AT502881B1 (en) * 2005-10-05 2007-08-15 Pirker Wolfgang Ddr DENTAL IMPLANT
DE102005056119A1 (en) * 2005-11-27 2007-05-24 Zipprich, Holger, Dipl.-Ing. Screw for jaw-bone orthopedic application, has thread varied in its inclination or geometrical form in thread area, where geometrical variation is appeared based on conically running thread core or based on conical screw
DE102007009935A1 (en) * 2006-08-21 2008-03-06 Teichmann, Gernot, Dr. Dr. Jaw implant and method for producing a helical recess in the jawbone for receiving a helical anchoring part of a jaw implant
EP2210568B1 (en) * 2009-01-27 2018-08-29 Intra-Lock International Inc. Self-tapping implant
US20120329010A1 (en) * 2009-12-11 2012-12-27 Zvi Laster Winged implant
DE102011001401A1 (en) * 2010-12-20 2012-06-21 Frank-Peter Spahn Crestal implant and method for its processing
WO2012173577A1 (en) * 2011-06-13 2012-12-20 Haydar Imad Oval section dental implant
US20130022942A1 (en) * 2011-07-20 2013-01-24 Zadeh Parsa T Self-osteotomizing and grafting bone implant
US10064707B2 (en) 2011-07-20 2018-09-04 Parsa T. Zadeh Self-osteotomizing bone implant and related method
FR3002134B1 (en) * 2013-02-15 2016-02-19 Pierre Sabin IMPLANT DEVICE IMPACTED THEN SCREW AND TEMPLATE FOR PLACING SUCH IMPLANT
US10413387B2 (en) 2015-01-20 2019-09-17 John Andler Threaded dental implant
KR101731542B1 (en) * 2016-10-05 2017-05-02 주식회사 트루어버트먼트코리아 A fixture for implant
EA035482B1 (en) * 2017-05-02 2020-06-23 Александр Александрович Довгерд Endoosseous all-ceramic screw single-stage immediate implant

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010025023A1 (en) * 2010-06-24 2011-12-29 Gernot Teichmann Enossal jaw implant for insertion into a cavity prepared in a jawbone and template for insertion of the cavity into the jawbone
DE102010025023B4 (en) * 2010-06-24 2013-12-24 Gernot Teichmann Template for introducing a cavity into a jawbone

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5088926A (en) 1992-02-18
ATE84694T1 (en) 1993-02-15
JPH0732786B2 (en) 1995-04-12
DE59000791D1 (en) 1993-03-04
ES2038478T3 (en) 1993-07-16
GR3006894T3 (en) 1993-06-30
EP0436195A1 (en) 1991-07-10
JPH05200055A (en) 1993-08-10
DK0436195T3 (en) 1993-02-22

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