EP0433544A1 - Fragmentation missile - Google Patents

Fragmentation missile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0433544A1
EP0433544A1 EP19900114529 EP90114529A EP0433544A1 EP 0433544 A1 EP0433544 A1 EP 0433544A1 EP 19900114529 EP19900114529 EP 19900114529 EP 90114529 A EP90114529 A EP 90114529A EP 0433544 A1 EP0433544 A1 EP 0433544A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
casing
explosive
projectile
structural
structural zones
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP19900114529
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0433544B1 (en
Inventor
Hendrik Lips
Herbert Weisshaupt
Hans Orth
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Rheinmetall Industrie AG
Original Assignee
Rheinmetall Industrie AG
Rheinmetall GmbH
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Publication of EP0433544A1 publication Critical patent/EP0433544A1/en
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/44—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information of incendiary type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/20—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of high-explosive type
    • F42B12/22—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of high-explosive type with fragmentation-hull construction
    • F42B12/24—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of high-explosive type with fragmentation-hull construction with grooves, recesses or other wall weakenings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fragmentary projectile as defined by the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such fragments are known for example from US 3,000,309.
  • the side of the inner shell facing the explosive is designed in such a way that the explosion gases can attack locally or local hollow charge effects can be exploited.
  • a splinter floor is shown in Fig. 2, which also consists of several shell casings. In this case, however, the splinter shell and the zirconium shell causing the fire are separate units.
  • a disadvantage of this invention is the fact that a large number of undefined fragments arise. There is no reproducible splinter distribution.
  • the object of the present invention is, based on US 3,000,309, to further develop a splinter projectile in such a way that the actual splinter casing is particularly easy to manufacture, and in addition that a desired fire effect, e.g. B. when fighting aircraft tanks.
  • the invention is therefore based on the idea of generating an optimization of the splintering and fire effect in that the structural zones of the inner shell consist of areas of smaller wall thickness than the parts of the shell surrounding the structural zones.
  • the wall thicknesses, casing materials and the number of casings determine the shape and mass distribution of the splinters and - depending on the intended use - can be optimally adapted to the target requirements.
  • the fragmentary floor consisting of several shell casings is designated by 1.
  • the shell is composed of the outer shell 2 and 3 and the inner shell 4.
  • Structural zones 7 are located in the inner shell 4 on the side facing away from the explosive 5. These structural zones 7 are selected such that the remaining wall thickness of the shell 4 at these points is less than the wall thickness of the parts of the shell 4 surrounding the structural zones.
  • FIG. 4 shows a top view
  • FIG. 4a shows a cross section of the inner shell 4 'with a structure zone distribution which is selected such that the parts of the shell 4' surrounding the structure zones have an approximately rectangular shape
  • FIG. 5 shows the top view of a projectile casing 4 ′′ with structural zones 7 ′′ which have a sawtooth shape (see FIG. 5a).
  • FIG. 6 shows the inner shell 4, the structural zones 7 and the adjacent outer shell 3.
  • the resulting shock wave pulse is coupled locally into the casing 3 at the contact points 8.
  • the energy coupled in at the contact points 8 accelerates partial regions of the outer shell 3 or induces voltage gradients in this shell. This leads to the formation of splinters whose geometry corresponds to the pattern made on the inner shell.
  • the shape, size and number of fragments and the speed of the splinters can be adjusted by suitable structuring of the inner shell 4.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a fragmentation projectile (1), in which the explosive (5) is surrounded by at least two projectile casings (2,3,4,4',4"), the casing (4,4',4") nearest the explosive (5) having a specific predetermined structural zone (7,7',7"), by means of which the projectile (1) generates reproducible fragments during the detonation. <??>To manufacture simple fragmentation casings, with which a desired combustion effect is additionally associated, it is proposed that the structural zones (7,7',7") consist of predetermined regions of a wall thickness smaller than that of the parts of the casing (4,4',4") which surround the structural zones, so that the shock wave occurring during the detonation is transmitted to the nearest casings (2,3) with a local time offset and thus reproduces the intended fragment form. A combustion composition (6) is additionally arranged on the side of the casing (4,4',4") facing the explosive (5). <??>The structural zones (7,7',7") should preferably be arranged on the side of the casing (4,4',4") facing away from the explosive (5). <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Splittergeschoß, wie es durch den Gattungsbegriff des Anspruch 1 definiert ist.The invention relates to a fragmentary projectile as defined by the preamble of claim 1.

Derartige Splittergeschosse sind beispielsweise aus der US 3,000,309 bekannt. Bei diesen bekannten Geschossen ist die dem Sprengstoff zugewandte Seite der Innenhülle so ausgebildet, daß die Explosionsgase lokal angreifen können bzw. lokale Hohlladungseffekte ausgenutzt werden können.Such fragments are known for example from US 3,000,309. In these known projectiles, the side of the inner shell facing the explosive is designed in such a way that the explosion gases can attack locally or local hollow charge effects can be exploited.

Nachteilig bei diesen bekannten Anordnungen ist vor allem, daß sie eine sehr aufwendige Hüllenstruktur erfordern und daher relativ teuer sind.A disadvantage of these known arrangements is above all that they require a very complex shell structure and are therefore relatively expensive.

In der DE-AS 23 39 386 wird in Fig. 2 ein Splittergeschoß dargestellt, welches ebenfalls aus mehreren Geschoßhüllen besteht. Allerdings sind in diesem Fall die Splitterhülle und die die Brandwirkung verursachende Zirkoniumhülle getrennte Einheiten.In DE-AS 23 39 386 a splinter floor is shown in Fig. 2, which also consists of several shell casings. In this case, however, the splinter shell and the zirconium shell causing the fire are separate units.

Zum einen besteht bei diesen bekannten Geschossen der Nachteil, daß keine gerichtete Splitterwirkung gegeben ist, sondern daß die Splitterverteilung annähernd zylindersymmetrisch ist. Zum anderen ist die Wirksamkeit der leichten Zirkoniumsplitter, insbesondere bei größeren Zielentfernungen, sehr fraglich, da die Penetrationswirkung dieser Splitter gering ist.On the one hand, there is the disadvantage with these known projectiles that there is no directional splintering effect, but rather that the splinter distribution is approximately cylinder-symmetrical. On the other hand, the effectiveness of the light zirconium splinters is very questionable, especially with larger target distances, since the penetration effect of these splinters is low.

Aus der US 4,089,267 ist ein Splittergeschoß bekannt, bei dem zur Erhöhung der Splitteranzahl der Sprengstoff von zwei Hüllen umgeben ist. Zwischen den beiden Hüllen muß ein Spalt bestehen, der mit einem Material geringer Dichte (Luft, Schaum) ausgefüllt wird. Nach der Zündung des Sprengstoffes drückt die Innenhülle schlagartig auf die Außenhülle, so daß es zu einer relativ hohen Splitterbildung kommt.From US 4,089,267 a fragmentary projectile is known in which the explosive is surrounded by two shells to increase the number of fragments. There must be a gap between the two shells, which is filled with a low-density material (air, foam). After the explosive is ignited, the inner shell suddenly presses on the outer shell, so that there is a relatively high formation of fragments.

Nachteilig bei dieser Erfindung ist die Tatsache, daß eine große Anzahl undefinierter Splitter entsteht. Es ergibt sich keine reproduzierbare Splitterverteilung.A disadvantage of this invention is the fact that a large number of undefined fragments arise. There is no reproducible splinter distribution.

Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, ausgehend von der US 3,000,309, ein Splittergeschoß so weiterzuentwickeln, daß die eigentliche Splitterhülle besonders einfach zu fertigen ist, und daß sich zusätzlich eine erwünschte Brandwirkung, z. B. beim Bekämpfen von Flugzeugtanks, ergibt.The object of the present invention is, based on US 3,000,309, to further develop a splinter projectile in such a way that the actual splinter casing is particularly easy to manufacture, and in addition that a desired fire effect, e.g. B. when fighting aircraft tanks.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale des kennzeichnenden Teiles des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved by the features of the characterizing part of claim 1.

Weitere besonders vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen.Further particularly advantageous configurations result from the subclaims.

Der Erfindung liegt also der Gedanke zugrunde, eine Optimierung der Splitter- und Brandwirkung dadurch zu erzeugen, daß die Strukturzonen der Innenhülle aus Bereichen geringerer Wandstärke bestehen, als die die Strukturzonen umgebenden Teile der Hülle. Die Wanddicken, Hüllenwerkstoffe und die Hüllenanzahl bestimmen die Gestalt und Massenverteilung der Splitter und können - je nach Verwendungszweck - optimal an die Zielanforderungen angepaßt werden.The invention is therefore based on the idea of generating an optimization of the splintering and fire effect in that the structural zones of the inner shell consist of areas of smaller wall thickness than the parts of the shell surrounding the structural zones. The wall thicknesses, casing materials and the number of casings determine the shape and mass distribution of the splinters and - depending on the intended use - can be optimally adapted to the target requirements.

Der Nachteil bei herkömmlichen Splittergefechtsköpfen, bei denen die pyrophore Brandmasse mit den Splittern ins Ziel gebracht wird, und bei denen die relativ kleinen Splitter sofort in die zu entzündende Flüssigkeit eintauchen und dadurch erlöschen, ist bei der vorliegenden Erfindung nicht gegeben. Vielmehr fliegen durch Verwendung der Mehrfachhülle mehrere Splitter gestaffelt vor den mit der Brandmasse versehenen Splittern in das Ziel und bereiten den Treibstoff für eine optimale Entzündung durch die beim Eintritt entstehende Kavitationsblase oder durch Auslaufen vor.The disadvantage with conventional splinter warheads, in which the pyrophoric fire mass is brought to the target with the splinters, and in which the relatively small splinters immediately immerse in the liquid to be ignited and thereby extinguish, does not exist in the present invention. Rather, by using the multiple casing, several fragments fly in a staggered manner in front of the splinters provided with the fire mass and prepare the fuel for optimal ignition by the cavitation blister formed on entry or by leakage.

Weitere Einzelheiten der Erfindung werden im folgenden anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen und mit Hilfe von Figuren beschrieben.Further details of the invention are described below on the basis of exemplary embodiments and with the aid of figures.

Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
einen Teil eines erfindungsgemäßen Splittergeschosses, wobei der Sprengstoff von drei Geschoßhüllen umgeben ist;
Fig. 2
die Darstellung des Querschnittes des Geschosses nach Fig. 1;
Fig. 3
eine Draufsicht auf die mit Strukturzonen versehene innere Geschoßhülle;
Fig. 4,4a
und
Fig. 5,5a,
die Draufsicht bzw. den Querschnitt zwei weiterer Ausführungsbeispiele der inneren Geschoßhülle mit Strukturzonen und
Fig. 6
einen Ausschnitt der inneren Geschoßhülle mit Strukturzonen mit einer angrenzenden äußeren Geschoßhülle zur Erläuterung der Erfindung.
Show it:
Fig. 1
part of a fragmentary projectile according to the invention, the explosive being surrounded by three projectile casings;
Fig. 2
the representation of the cross section of the projectile according to Fig. 1;
Fig. 3
a plan view of the inner storey shell provided with structural zones;
Fig. 4,4a
and
Fig. 5,5a,
the top view or the cross section of two further embodiments of the inner shell with structural zones and
Fig. 6
a section of the inner shell with structural zones with an adjacent outer shell to explain the invention.

In Fig. 1 ist mit 1 das aus mehreren Geschoßhüllen bestehende Splittergeschoß bezeichnet. Die Geschoßhülle setzt sich aus den äußeren Geschoßhüllen 2 und 3 sowie aus der inneren Geschoßhülle 4 zusammen. Mit 5 ist der Sprengstoff des Splittergeschosses und mit 6 die auf der inneren Geschoßhülle 4 aufgebrachte Brandmasse bezeichnet. In der inneren Geschoßhülle 4 befinden sich auf der dem Sprengstoff 5 abgewandten Seite Strukturzonen 7. Diese Strukturzonen 7 werden so gewählt, daß die verbleibende Wandstärke der Geschoßhülle 4 an diesen Stellen geringer ist als die Wandstärke der die Strukturzonen umgebenden Teile der Hülle 4.In Fig. 1, the fragmentary floor consisting of several shell casings is designated by 1. The shell is composed of the outer shell 2 and 3 and the inner shell 4. With 5 the explosives of the fragmentary bullet and with 6 the fire mass applied to the inner shell 4 is designated. Structural zones 7 are located in the inner shell 4 on the side facing away from the explosive 5. These structural zones 7 are selected such that the remaining wall thickness of the shell 4 at these points is less than the wall thickness of the parts of the shell 4 surrounding the structural zones.

In den Fig. 4 und 4a sowie 5 und 5a sind zwei weitere Ausführungsbeispiele der inneren Geschoßhülle 4' ,4'' mit Strukturzonen 7',7'' dargestellt. Dabei zeigt die Fig. 4 eine Draufsicht und die Fig. 4a einen Querschnitt der inneren Hülle 4' mit einer Strukturzonenverteilung, die so gewählt ist, daß die die Strukturzonen umgebenen Teile der Hülle 4' eine etwa rechteckförmige Gestalt ausweisen. In Fig. 5 ist die Draufsicht auf eine Geschoßhülle 4'' mit Strukturzonen 7'' dargestellt, die einen sägezahnförmigen Verlauf aufweisen (vergl. Fig. 5a).4 and 4a, and 5 and 5a, two further exemplary embodiments of the inner shell 4 ', 4' 'with structural zones 7', 7 '' are shown. 4 shows a top view and FIG. 4a shows a cross section of the inner shell 4 'with a structure zone distribution which is selected such that the parts of the shell 4' surrounding the structure zones have an approximately rectangular shape. FIG. 5 shows the top view of a projectile casing 4 ″ with structural zones 7 ″ which have a sawtooth shape (see FIG. 5a).

Im folgenden wird näher auf die Wirkungsweise der Erfindung eingegangen. Hierzu ist in Fig. 6 ein Ausschnitt aus Fig. 1 dargestellt, der die innere Geschoßhülle 4, die Strukturzonen 7 sowie die angrenzende äußere Geschoßhülle 3 zeigt.The mode of operation of the invention is discussed in more detail below. For this purpose, a section from FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 6, which shows the inner shell 4, the structural zones 7 and the adjacent outer shell 3.

Bei der Detonation des Sprengstoffes 5 (Fig. 1) wird der entstehende Stoßwellenimpuls lokal an den Kontaktstellen 8 in die Hülle 3 eingekoppelt. In den durch die Strukturzonen 7 definierten Zwischenräumen erfolgt hingegen keine Stoßwelleneinkoppelung, da die entsprechenden Wellen am Übergang des Werkstoffes der Hülle 4 zur Luft reflektiert werden.During the detonation of the explosive 5 (FIG. 1), the resulting shock wave pulse is coupled locally into the casing 3 at the contact points 8. In contrast, there is no shock wave coupling in the spaces defined by the structural zones 7, since the corresponding waves are reflected at the transition of the material of the casing 4 to the air.

Die an den Kontaktstellen 8 eingekoppelte Energie beschleunigt Teilbereiche der äußeren Hülle 3 bzw. induziert in dieser Hülle Spannungsgradienten. Dieses führt zur Ausbildung von Splittern, die in ihrer Geometrie dem auf die innere Hülle eingebrachten Muster entsprechen.The energy coupled in at the contact points 8 accelerates partial regions of the outer shell 3 or induces voltage gradients in this shell. This leads to the formation of splinters whose geometry corresponds to the pattern made on the inner shell.

Bei einer vorteilhaften Anordnung wurde als innere Hülle 4 eine Stahlhülle verwendet und als Außenhülle 3 ein Werkstoff mit hohem Impedanzwert ζ . c (ζ = Dichte, c = Geschwindigkeit, der durch die Detonation bewirkten Stoßwelle), z. B. Wolfram. Denn für den an den Kontaktstellen 8 eingekoppelten Schalldruck p für die Dichtewellen gilt:

Figure imgb0001
wobei:

po =
Schalldruck der einlaufenden Welle
ζ ₁ c₁ =
Impedanz der inneren Hülle
ζ ₂ c₂ =
Impedanz der äußeren Hülle
In an advantageous arrangement, a steel shell was used as the inner shell 4 and a material with a high impedance value ζ as the outer shell 3. c (ζ = density, c = velocity of the shock wave caused by the detonation), z. B. Tungsten. The following applies to the sound pressure p coupled in at the contact points 8 for the density waves:
Figure imgb0001
 in which:
po =
Sound pressure of the incoming wave
ζ ₁ c₁ =
Inner envelope impedance
ζ ₂ c₂ =
Outer sheath impedance

Da für die Kombination Wolfram/ Stahl gilt (ζ ₁ c₁ / ζ ₂ c₂) <1 wird p groß. Andererseits genügt bei Wolfram bzw. Wolframschwermetall eine kurzfristige Überschreitung der kritischen Spannungswerte, da diese Werkstoffe spröde und rißanfällig sind.Since the combination of tungsten / steel applies (ζ ₁ c₁ / ζ ₂ c₂) <1 p becomes large. On the other hand, a short-term exceedance of the critical stress values is sufficient for tungsten or tungsten heavy metal, since these materials are brittle and prone to cracking.

Bei Verwendung duktiler Werkstoffe für die Hülle 3 muß zusätzlich noch Verformungsarbeit bis zum Bruch aufgebracht werden.When using ductile materials for the shell 3, deformation work must also be applied until breakage.

Die Splitterform, Splittergröße und Splitteranzahl sowie die Splittergeschwindigkeit lassen sich durch geeignete Strukturierung der inneren Hülle 4 einstellen.The shape, size and number of fragments and the speed of the splinters can be adjusted by suitable structuring of the inner shell 4.

BezuqszeichenlisteReference list

11
SplittergeschoßSplinter floor
22nd
(äußere) Geschoßhülle(outer) shell
33rd
(äußere) Geschoßhülle(outer) shell
4,4',4''4.4 ', 4' '
(innere) Geschoßhülle(inner) shell
55
Sprengstoffexplosive
66
BrandmasseFire mass
7,7',7''7.7 ', 7' '
StrukturzonenStructural zones
88th
KontaktstellenContact points

Claims (4)

Splittergeschoß (1), bei dem der Sprengstoff (5) von mindestens zwei Geschoßhüllen (2, 3, 4, 4',4'') umgeben ist, wobei die dem Sprengstoff (5) nächste Hülle (4,4',4'') eine bestimmte vorgegebene Strukturzone (7,7',7'') aufweist, aufgrund derer das Geschoß (1) bei der Detonation reproduzierbare Splitter erzeugt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Strukturzonen (7,7',7'') aus vorgegebenen Bereichen geringerer Wandstärke als die die Strukturzonen umgebenden Teile der Hülle (4,4',4'') bestehen, so daß die bei der Detonation entstehende Stoßwelle lokal zeitlich versetzt auf die nächsten Hüllen (2, 3) übertragen wird und somit die vorgesehene Splitterform weitergibt, und daß auf der dem Sprengstoff zugewandten Seite der Hülle (4,4',4'') Brandmasse (6) angeordnet ist.A fragmentary projectile (1) in which the explosive (5) is surrounded by at least two projectile casings (2, 3, 4, 4 ', 4''), the casing (4,4', 4 'closest to the explosive (5) ') has a certain predetermined structural zone (7,7', 7 ''), on the basis of which the projectile (1) generates reproducible fragments during the detonation, characterized in that the structural zones (7,7 ', 7'') consist of predetermined ones Areas of smaller wall thickness than the parts of the casing (4, 4 ', 4'') surrounding the structural zones exist, so that the shock wave generated during the detonation is transmitted locally to the next casings (2, 3) at a temporally offset time, and thus the intended splinter shape passes on, and that on the side facing the explosives of the casing (4,4 ', 4'') fire mass (6) is arranged. Splittergeschoß nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Strukturzonen (7,7',7'') auf der dem Sprengstoff (5) abgewandten Seite der Hülle (4,4',4'') angeordnet sind.A fragmentary projectile according to claim 1, characterized in that the structural zones (7, 7 ', 7'') are arranged on the side of the casing (4, 4', 4 '') facing away from the explosive (5). Splittergeschoß nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die mit Strukturzonen (7,7',7'') versehene Hülle (4,4',4'') eine gegenüber der angrenzenden äußeren Hülle (3) wesentlich geringere Impedanz ζ . c aufweist, wobei ζ die Dichte des entsprechenden Materials und c die Geschwindigkeit der durch die Detonation bewirkten Stoßwelle in dem jeweiligen Material ist.Splinter projectile according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the casing (4,4 ', 4'') provided with structural zones (7,7', 7 '') has an impedance ζ which is substantially lower than that of the adjacent outer casing (3). c has, where ζ is the density of the corresponding material and c is the speed of the shock wave caused by the detonation in the respective material. Splittergeschoß nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die mit Strukturzonen (7,7',7'') versehene Hülle (4,4',4'') aus Stahl und die angrenzende äußere Hülle (3) aus Wolfram oder Wolframschwermetall besteht.A fragmentary projectile according to claim 3, characterized in that the casing (4,4 ', 4'') provided with structural zones (7,7', 7 '') consists of steel and the adjacent outer casing (3) consists of tungsten or tungsten heavy metal.
EP90114529A 1989-12-07 1990-07-28 Fragmentation missile Expired - Lifetime EP0433544B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3940462A DE3940462A1 (en) 1989-12-07 1989-12-07 SPLITTER FLOOR
DE3940462 1989-12-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0433544A1 true EP0433544A1 (en) 1991-06-26
EP0433544B1 EP0433544B1 (en) 1994-03-02

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DE (2) DE3940462A1 (en)

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Also Published As

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EP0433544B1 (en) 1994-03-02
DE3940462A1 (en) 1991-06-13
US5131329A (en) 1992-07-21
DE59004778D1 (en) 1994-04-07

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