Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
  • H04B3/02—Details
  • H04B3/20—Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other
  • H04B3/23—Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other using a replica of transmitted signal in the time domain, e.g. echo cancellers
  • H04B3/237—Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other using a replica of transmitted signal in the time domain, e.g. echo cancellers using two adaptive filters, e.g. for near end and for end echo cancelling

Definitions

• This invention is generally directed towards the cancellation of echos by a modem using a communication link such as a two wire telephone network. This invention more specifically addresses the problem of identifying and cancelling echos which are remote relative to a modem.
• an echo refers to the reflected portion of a transmitted signal which returns to the transmitting source or modem because of discontinuities or impedance mismatches in the communications link. Impedance mismatches may typically occur in a telephone system at a 2 wire to 4 wire transformation such as by a hybrid. Such echos represent an undesired or interfering signal to the receiver in the modem.
• Echos are normally classified as near-end or far-end echos.
• a near-end echo is a reflection which normally occurs relatively close in distance and not delayed too long in time relative to the transmitting modem.
• a far-end echo refers to a reflection which is remote, usually in distance and time, to the transmitting modem and may typically occur near the remote modem. Determining the exact location (time delay from the origination of the signal to the received corresponding reflection) of a remote echo makes it easier to achieve a high degree of cancellation of the echo.
• Existing modem systems assume that the most significant remote echo occurs at the remote modem site and uses the time it takes a signal to travel from the local modem to the remote modem and back to the local modem to calculate the time interval to be utilized for remote echo cancellation.
• this method requires that the remote modem be active in order to originate a signal to be transmitted back to the local modem. This method also depends upon the consistency in the detection of the signals by the remote modem and the consistency in the transmission of a corresponding signal by the remote modem to the local modem. If an echo originates at other than the remote modem site, this method is completely inadequate in order to determine the location of such an intermediate echo. Because of signal detection variations, this prior method cannot provide the exact location of an echo occurring at the remote modem site; accuracy of plus or minus 4 baud or more is typical for such systems.
• a further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for locating intermediate echos which are not related to the transit time between the local and remote modems.
• the present invention can be embodied in a modem capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving data signals over a single communication channel with a remote modem.
• the modem includes a transmitter for converting TX digital data into analog signals for transmission over the channel and a receiver for converting received analog signals into RX digital data.
• a means identifies a remote echo returning to the modem corresponding to previously transmitted TX digital data.
• the identifying means is capable of identifying an echo originating intermediate between the modem and the remote modem. Another means substantially cancels the identified remote echo.
• the present invention also encompasses the method of identification and cancellation of remote echos.
• Figure 1 is a diagram generally illustrating a communication path between an originating modem and a remote modem.
• Figure 2 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention.
• Figure 3 illustrates location of the echo time delay relative to storing previously transmitted, data.
• Figure 1 illustrates a near-end or originating modem 10 connected by a communication link consisting of a near central telephone office 12, intermediate central telephone office 14, and far central telephone office 16 to a f r-end or remote modem 18.
• Modems 10 and 18 may comprise dial-up type modems connected to each other by conventional 2 wire telephone lines. Since the originating modem 10 must receive signals on the same channel on which it transmits signals to the remote modem 18, echos of its own transmitted signal appear as an undesirable, interferring signal to the local modem receiver.
• a near or local echo may be generated due to an impedance mismatch between the local modem 10 and the central office 12. Based upon typical 2 wire telephone line lengths from a central office, the local echo will likely be received by the originating modem 10 in 0-8 milliseconds ( s) from the actual time the signal was sent by the modem.
• a far-end echo is also shown in Figure 1 which occurs due to a mismatch between the far-end modem 18 and central office 16.
• a remote echo will typically occur within 0-90 ms. If the communication link includes a one hop satellite link, the remote echo may have an associated delay of approximately 475-675 ms.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a modem which incorporates an embodiment of the present invention.
• a modem transmitter 20 receives digital data such as from data terminal equipment and provides modulated analog output signals on line 22 to a 2 to 4 wire converter or hybrid 24 which couples these signals to a 2 wire telephone line 26.
• a typical transmitter may include a scrambler, a phase encoder and a digital to analog (D/A) converter for generating the transmitter output signals.
• the digital data is encoded and transmitted at the rate of 2 bits/baud.
• Table 1 illustrates the four possible baud combinations for carrying the two bits.
• the output 28 of transmitter 20 consists of the scrambled digital baud information which is coupled to near-end canceller 30 and variable delay element 32.
• Output 34 from transmitter 20 consists of scrambled digital baud information grouped into digital words consisting of 4 bauds or 8 bits per word. These digital words are stored in storage and comparison element 36.
• Received signals (RX) including echos on telephone line 26 are coupled by converter 24 to receiver input line 40 which is coupled to one input of a summer 42.
• the output 44 of summer 42 is coupled to a conventional modem receiver 46.
• Such a modem receiver may consist of an analog to digital (A/D) converter, a digital filter, and an adaptive equalizer.
• the recovered and equalized digital baud information is grouped into digital words of 4 bauds or 8 bits each and coupled by line 48 to block 36.
• the received digital words are compared by store and compare element 36 to the stored transmit data in order to locate the remote echo.
• the output of element 36 carried by line 50 to delay function 32 consists of digital information representative of the time delay of the remote echo.
• the output of delay element 32 on line 52 which is coupled to far-end canceller 54 consists of the input on line 28 delayed in time by a time interval determined by the digital information contained on line 50.
• Cancellation of a near echo will preferably precede the cancellation of a remote echo.
• the digital output of a conventional near-end canceller 30 is coupled by line 56 to a D/A converter 58 which provides an analog output on line 60 to summer 62.
• Switch 64 is preferably open during the near-end cancellation so that summer 62 does not receive another input.
• the output of summer 62 on line 66 is summed by summer 42 with the analog received signal coupled by line 40.
• the summation process by summer 42 is actually a subtraction so that two identical analog signals would cancel.
• the output on line 44 from summer 42 provides an input to A/D converter 68.
• the output of converter 68 comprises a digital error signal coupled by line 70 to near-end canceller 30 and far-end canceller 54. This error signal constitutes the feedback signal which allows the near-end canceller 30, and the far-end canceller 54, when active, to converge and thereby cancel the corresponding echo.
• the receiver 46 is preferably OFF during the near-end cancellation.
• the analog output from canceller 54 is summed with the analog output from near-end canceller 30 and coupled by line 66 to summer 42.
• the output from element 36 provides the correct delay by element 32 so that far-end canceller 54 can converge on the far-end or remote echo.
• the far-end canceller 54 After the far-end canceller 54 has converged, its output will cause substantial cancellation of the far echo by the subtraction occurring at summer 42.
• the error signal coupled by line 44 via A/D converter 68 and line 70 to the cancellers will decrease further representing cancellation of both a near-end echo and a remote echo.
• the error signal may not become zero due to other more minor echos or undesired interfering signals which may be present on the received signal coupled by line 40 to summer 42.
• the outputs of cancellers 30 and 54 are cancellation data derived by appropriately shaping the input data pursuant to the error data on line 70 as is conventional in canceller operation.
• the transmitter 20 preferably generates a pseudo-random data training sequence during the convergence of the near and remote end cancellers. During this training period the remote modem does not transmit any signals which would make it more difficult for the local modem to converge on the echos.
• the remote modem does not contribute to the location of the remote echo to be cancelled by the originating modem.
• the remote echo cancellation accomplished by the originating modem will converge on the most dominant remote echo which could be due to an intermediate as well as a remote end reflection of the transmitted signal.
• the near-end canceller 30 and the far-end canceller 54 could comprise a software implementation of an FIR filter in which the filter coefficients are changed in response to the error signal.
• the received signals from converter 24 could be converted to digital signals by an A/D converter prior to summer 42.
• D/A converters 58 and 74, and A/D converter 68 would be eliminated with the cancellation occurring directly on the digital received data.
• store and compare element 36 and delay element 32 is in software utilizing a microprocessor with an appropriate amount of RAM utilized for the storage and delay functions.
• digital words input on line 34 are stored in a contiguous area of RAM formatted as 8 bit words each consisting of 4 baud.
• Receiver 46 outputs 8 bit words on line 48 representing 4 baud. The receiver output bytes are updated for each new received baud and are compared with the stored data which corresponds to previously transmitted baud in order to find the time delay associated with the remote echo.
• a receiver output word could be sequentially compared baud by baud against all the stored transmitter words until a match or correlation is found.
• the delay of the echo is normally determined by the type of communication link, i.e., terrestial only links or a link including a satellite hop. It has been determined that for a terrestrial link, remote echos will occur within approximately 90 ms. In a communication link including a satellite hop remote echos will normally occur within a range of approximately 475-675 ms.
• the transmitted data which is preferably stored in RAM is illustrated as a continuous band representing a plurality of stored transmitted data bauds.
• a representative time scale is shown in milliseconds.
• a transmit software pointer is illustrated at the zero, i.e. the current data baud being transmitted.
• a receive software pointer is shown located in the 475-675 ms time window and represents the relative location where comparisons are being made.
• the number of bits or baud between the transmit pointer and the receive pointer determines the time delay of the echo.
• An area of RAM is allocated sufficient in size to accommodate the longest possible echo delay anticipated.
• the stored transmitted data information in this RAM area is continually updated. Since the distance between the transmit and receive pointers is known in terms of bytes and the rate at which data is being transmitted is known, the time delay of the echo could be calculated. However, the actual baud displacement is available and can be directly used as the delay value.
• correlation may or may not have been determined. Further verification is desirable. Since each byte corresponds to 4 baud, the next received byte compared to the stored transmitted byte will represent 4 baud later. After a match between a received data byte and a stored transmitted byte is found and after 4 baud has elapsed, the next received byte is ready for comparison to the next transmitted byte.
• the received and stored transmitted bytes are compared by exclusively OR'ing the received byte with the corresponding transmitted byte as stored in RAM.
• each bit will be a 0 where correlation occurred and a 1 where there was no bit correlation.
• Table 2 illustrates six examples of such comparisons.
• Examples 1-4 illustrate comparisons in which correlation is still assumed to exist.
• Examples 5 and 6 illustrate error conditions which are interpreted - li ⁇
• any byte in which 2 errors exist in one baud or 2 non-consecutive baud errors occur require a new echo location be sought. That is, the receive pointer relative to the transmit pointer will be shifted in order to seek correlation between the received bytes and the stored transmitted bytes at a new time interval. As soon as 4 consecutive bytes meet the above criteria, synchronization is assumed and the corresponding delay is provided by delay element 32.
• the echo delay is computed as follows:
• the difference in time between the receive and transmit pointer is multiplied by 4 since there are 4 bauds per byte.
• the partial bytes take into account that less than a full byte (4 baud) may have been transmitted, and allows 1, 2, or 3 baud which have been transmitted to be accounted for even though a complete byte had not been formed.
• the delay of the receiver refers to the inherit time delay associated with processing incoming data signals by receiver 46 before output data is transmitted on line 48.
• the delay of the receiver is basically a constant delay time which is converted into an equivalent number of baud and used in the equation.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
• Communication Control (AREA)

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• 1988
  • 1988-02-29 EP EP19880903552 patent/EP0427713A4/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 1988-02-29 WO PCT/US1988/000820 patent/WO1988007792A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1988-02-29 AU AU15499/88A patent/AU1549988A/en not_active Abandoned

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