EP0423315A1 - Polymere dendritique d'un systeme de peptides d'antigenes multiples utile en tant que vaccin anti-paludeen - Google Patents

Polymere dendritique d'un systeme de peptides d'antigenes multiples utile en tant que vaccin anti-paludeen

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Publication number
EP0423315A1
EP0423315A1 EP90907743A EP90907743A EP0423315A1 EP 0423315 A1 EP0423315 A1 EP 0423315A1 EP 90907743 A EP90907743 A EP 90907743A EP 90907743 A EP90907743 A EP 90907743A EP 0423315 A1 EP0423315 A1 EP 0423315A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cell
peptide
product
boc
malarial
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP90907743A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0423315A4 (en
Inventor
James P. Tam
Fidel P. Zavala
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Rockefeller University
New York University NYU
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Rockefeller University
New York University NYU
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Publication of EP0423315A1 publication Critical patent/EP0423315A1/fr
Publication of EP0423315A4 publication Critical patent/EP0423315A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/44—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from protozoa
    • C07K14/445—Plasmodium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K17/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised peptides; Preparation thereof
    • C07K17/02—Peptides being immobilised on, or in, an organic carrier
    • C07K17/08—Peptides being immobilised on, or in, an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • Vaccines often comprise an antigen on a natural carrie such as a protein, a carbohydrate, a lipid or a liposome. Suc vaccines are useful and have been employed for many years. There are however a number of art recognized problems wit them. Several of these problems are related to the carrier. Since the carriers are isolated from natural sources, they ar often not of uniform quality. Additionally, despite expensiv and arduous purification efforts, it is difficult, and ofte impossible, to provide products completely free of natura contaminants. Such contaminants may themselves be antigenic.
  • the concentration of antigen may vary from on batch to another because the amounts of antigen which reac with the carrier or are absorbed on its surface are no uniform. This problem has markedly increased the difficultie of preparing suitable vaccines for protection against malaria.
  • Malaria is a particularly important target for syn thetic vaccines, since it affects 200 million people worldwid and no immunoprophylaxis has yet been developed. It is know that protective immunity against rodent, simian and huma malaria sporozoites can be induced by immunization wit irradiated sporozoites.
  • the major protein of the sporozoite i the circumsporozoite (CS) protein, and antibodies directe against the CS protein are known to neutralize the infectivit of parasites and inhibit their entry into the hepatocytes
  • the CS protein has become an important target for the development of synthetic vaccines against the sporozoite stage of malaria.
  • the im unodominant B-cell epitopes of the CS protein is contained within the repeating domain of the CS protein, a feature common to CS proteins of all malaria species.
  • Mice immunized with a synthetic peptide, attached to tetanus toxoid as a protein carrier of this B-cell epitope have been found to develop high antibody titers and resistance to challenge with 10 ⁇ sporozoites.
  • vaccination attempts in humans, using a similar approach have failed to induce good antibody titers.
  • T-cell epitopes of other malarial species have been identified: See, e.g. , Sinigaglia, F. et al, Nature 336:778, 1988 (P. falciparum) ; Crisanti, A. et al., Science, 240:1324, 1988 (P. falciparum, blood stage); Kumar, S. et al.. Nature 334:258, 1988 (P. falciparum sporozoites) etc: Good, M.S. et al, Science 23_5:1059-1062, 1987; Good, M.S., et al, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 85 . :1199-1203, 1988; Sinigaglia, F. , et al. , Eur. J. Immunol. 18:633-636, 1988; and Guttinger, M. , et al., EMBO J. 2:2555- 2557, 1988.
  • Dendritic polymers are a new class of polymers. They are characterized by higher concentrations of functional groups per unit of molecular volume than ordinary polymers. General ⁇ ly, they are based upon two or more identical branches origin- ating from a core molecule having at least two functional groups. Such polymers have been described by Denkewalter et al. in U.S. Patent No. 4,289,872 and by Tomalia et al. in several U.S. Patents including Nos. 4,599,400 and 4,507,466. Other polymers of the class have been described by Erickson in U.S. Patent 4,515,920. The polymers are often referred to as dendritic polymers because their structure may be symbolized as a tree with a core trunk and several branches. Unlike a tree, however, the branches in dendritic polymers are all substan ⁇ tially identical.
  • the products of this invention are based on such dendritic systems in which antigens are covalently bound to the branches which radiate from the core molecule.
  • the system has been termed the multiple antigen peptide system and is some ⁇ times referred to herein as MAPS.
  • MAPS multiple antigen peptide system
  • some of the carrier or core molecules used to form the products of the invention are of a molecular weight such that they might not usually be regarded as poly ⁇ mers.
  • the term "dendritic polymer” will be sometimes used herein to define the polymeric substrates of the products of the invention.
  • the term includes carrier molecules which are sufficiently large to be regarded as polymers as well as those which may contain as few as three monomers.
  • dendritic polymers can function usefully as carriers for a wide variety of antigens. This invention will be better understood from a brief discussion of the structure of dendritic polymers.
  • Dendritic polymers are built upon a core molecule which is at lease difunctional.
  • Each of the functional groups on the core molecule form at least two branches, the principal units of which are also at least difunctional.
  • Each difunctional unit in a branch provides a base for added growth.
  • the system can be better visualized by reference t specific molecules. If, for example, lysine with two amin groups is joined in a peptide bond through its carboxyl grou to the amino group of alanine or glycine which may in turn be bound to a resin, the resulting molecule will have two fre amino groups. This dipeptide may be regarded as the firs generation. It may be joined to two additional lysine mole ⁇ cules by the formation of peptide bonds to produce a second generation molecule with four free amino groups. The process can be repeated to form third, fourth or even higher genera- tions of products. With each generation the number of free amino groups increases geometrically and can be represented by 2 n , where n is the number of the generation.
  • Fig. 1 shows a three generation dendritic polymer core molecule based on lysine in which each of the eight available amino groups are joined to a peptide antigen through a glycine linker molecule.
  • the same types of reactions can be carried out with aspartic or glutamic acid, both of which have two carboxyl groups and one amino group to produce polyaspartic or poly- glutamic acids with 2 n free carboxyl groups.
  • the necessary chemistry for performing these types of synthesis is known and available. With amino acids the chemistry for blocking functional groups which should not react and them removing the blocking groups when it is desired that the functional groups should react has been described in detail in numerous patents and articles in the technical literature.
  • the dendritic polymers can be produced on a resin as in the well-known Merrifield synthesis and then removed from the polymer.
  • Tomalia utilized ammonia or ethylenediamine as the core molecule.
  • the core molecule is reacted with an aerylate ester by Michael addition and the ester groups removed by hydrolysis.
  • the resulting first generation mole ⁇ cules contain three free carboxyl groups in the case of ammonia and four free carboxyl groups when ethylenediamine is employed.
  • Tommalia extends the dendritic polymer with ethylenediamine followed by another acrylic ester monomer, and repeats the sequence until the desired molecular weight is attained. It will, however, be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, that each branch of the dendritic polymer can be lengthened by any of a number of selected procedures. For example, each branch can be extended by multiple reactions with lysine molecules.
  • Erickson utilized the classic Merrifield technique in which a polypeptide of substantially any desired molecula weight is grown from a solid resin support.
  • the linking molecule which joins the polymer to the resin support is trifunctional.
  • One of the functional groups is involved i the linkage to the resin, the other two functional groups serv as the starting point for the growth of the polymer.
  • Th polymer is removed from the resin when the desired molecula weight has been obtained.
  • One standard cleavage procedure i treatment with liquid hydrogen fluoride at 0°C for one hour.
  • the dendritic polymer as an antigen carrier are important features of the dendritic polymer as an antigen carrier.
  • the exact structure is known; there are no contaminants which may be themselves antigenic, produce tissue irritation or other undesirable reactions; the exact concentration of the antigen is known; the antigen is symmetri ⁇ cally distributed on the carrier; and the carrier can be utilized as a base for more than one antigen so that ulti- valent vaccines can be produced.
  • the principal advantage of the MAPS technique as the basis for malarial vaccines of this invention is that unlike previous systems using natural carriers such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin, tetanus toxoid and bovine serum albumin, the carriers of this invention are fully defined chemical entities on which the antigens are dispersed in known concentrations.
  • the antigen comprises a large part of the molecule not a relatively small and undefined proportion of the molecule as in the case of natural carriers.
  • the core molecule be a naturally occurring amino acid such as lysine so that it can be dealt with by the body following the usual metabolic pathways.
  • amino acids which are not naturally occurring ' "even those which are not alpha-amino acids can be employed.
  • the acids, or any other asymmetric molecules used in building the core molecule can be in either the D or L form.
  • the carriers of this invention are not limited to dendritic polyamides.
  • Any of a wide variety of molecules having at least two available functional groups can serve as core molecules.
  • Propylene glycol for example, can serve as the basis for a polyester dendritic polymer.
  • Succinic acid with selected glycols or amines can serve as a core molecule to generate polyesters or polyamides.
  • Diisocyanates can be used to generate polyurethanes.
  • the core molecule has at least two available functional groups fro which identical branches can be generated by sequentia scaffolding-type reactions with additional molecules als having at least two available functional or anchoring groups o each branch.
  • the numbe of anchoring sites to which malarial-origin T-cell and B-cel antigens employed in this invention can be anchored is ex pressed by (2) n where n is the number of the generation.
  • This invention in its presently preferred embodiment provides a multiple antigen peptide system comprising dendritic polymer base with a plurality of anchoring site covalently bound to antigenic T-cell and B-cell epitopes o malarial proteins such as the CS protein such that the result ing construct bears both T and B epitopic peptides.
  • T polymers comprise a central core molecule having at least t functional groups to which molecular branches having termin functional groups are covalently bound. The terminal functio al groups on the branches are covalently bonded to the epitop peptides.
  • the antigenic molecules are principally describ herein as peptide antigens, but they are not limited to pepti antigens or even to antigens. Thus, peptides that are n antigenic by themselves may be rendered antigenic when bound the core molecule.
  • the selected antigen may be separately synthesized (by synthetic methods, including but not limited to recombinant DNA techniques, as is now well-known in the art) or otherwise obtained and joined to the carrier.
  • the antigen may be synthesized on the carrier by extending each branch of the polymer utilizing known peptide synthesis techniques.
  • Fig. 1 shows the structure of a dendritic polymer which may be employed in the practice of this invention. As will be seen, it is a three generation dendritic polylysine product. It may be produced by a conventional solid phase techniques by generating the polymer on a Pair, or a Pop resin. See Mitchell et al., J. Org. Chem. (1978) ⁇ , 2845 and Tarn et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, (1980) 102 6117. The polymer is then cleaved from the resin using, preferably HF:DMS. The dendritic polylysine, as shown, was built from a glycine linker originally joined through a benzyl linker to the resin.
  • Fig. 1 shows a dendritic polymer each molecule of which carries eight peptides some of which represent T-cell epitopic peptides and others B-cell epitopic peptides of a Plasmodium species responsible for malaria, e.g., Plasmodium berqhei, Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax. P. yoelii. P. malariae, P. ovale, P. cynomolgi, P. knowlesi: etc. joined directly to each of the available functional groups on each terminal lysine moiety.
  • the B- and T- epitopes o& the polymer are of the same malarial species.
  • the the present invention is not limited to polymers bearing only one T- and B-epitope combination from a single species.
  • MAPS bearing simultaneously T- and B-epitopes from P.vivax CS protein and T- and B-epitopes from P.falciparum CS protein are within the scope of the invention.
  • the ability of a peptide to function as a T-helper epitope is not necessarily dependent upon the copresence of a B-cell epitope from the same malarial species.
  • cross-species combinations of T-helper and B-cell epitopic peptides are also contemplated.
  • the linker such as simple tri- or tetrapeptide of glycine, alanine or beta alanine.
  • the linker is normally unnecessary.
  • lysine and lysine like molecules such as ornithine, nor-lysine and beta-amino alanine are preferre molecules for building the products of this invention becaus they are relatively easy to obtain, they are easy to work wit and they afford good yields.
  • x, y and z are integers from 0 to 10, preferably 0 to provided that at least one of them is 1 and the amino group cannot be attached to the same carbon atom.
  • x, y and z are from 2 to 6 an the amino groups are separated by at least two methylen groups.
  • Other preferred core molecules include ethylene diamin and like molecules with longer chains such as propylene diamin and butylene diamine. Such molecules may be represented by th general formula:
  • n is an integer from 0 to 10, preferably 0 to 3.
  • ammonia can also be employed as the cor molecule.
  • This invention is concerned with malarial-origin T- and
  • B-cell epitopic peptides such as those described by Romero, et al., Loc. cit. which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • P. berghei T-cell epitopic peptides are:
  • the last two antigens N+17.1 and B-4+17.1 represent a combination of T-cell epitopes N or B-4 with a B-cell epitope 17.1.
  • the epitope 17.1 and its preparation are described in Zavala et al., J. Exp. Med. , 166:1591, 1987, which is incor- porated by reference.
  • the B-cell epitope (which happens to be the imraunodominant epitope) is repetitive in nature, e.g., (DPPPPNPN) ⁇ for P. berghei: (DRAAGQPAG) ⁇ or (DRADGQPAG) ⁇ or combinations of the two for P.
  • malarial T-helper cell epitopic peptides can be identified, as described above in the references of Sinigaglia et al etc. Briefly, once the amino acid sequence of a malarial protein is lcnown, peptides corresponding to fragments of the protein can be synthesized and injected in mammals. T- cells
  • SUBSTITUTESHEET can then be harvested from blood samples of the immunized mammals and incubated in vitro in the presence of the peptide used for immunization.
  • Such peptide are considered T-helper cell epitopic peptides if the T-cells proliferate during such incubation in the presence of such a peptide.
  • T-cell peptides are tested for elicitation of antibodies to a B-cell epitope by covalently linking the T- cell and the B-cell epitopic peptide and using the thus formed conjugate for immunization.
  • the letters have the same meaning as is employed by those skilled in the peptide arts.
  • a particular advantage of this invention is that the dendritic polymer can serve as a carrier for two or more dif- ferent malarial antigens. This is particularly useful for producing multivalent vaccines (i.e. vaccines directed against more than one malarial species) and/or for producing vaccines against different stages of the malaria parasite.
  • Vaccines produced from antigenic products of the invention in which both T-cell antigens and B-cell antigens associated with malaria are joined to the dendritic polymer in any of the various configura ⁇ tions illustrated in a non-limiting fashion in Figure 2 are especially useful because they are capable of generating extreme ⁇ ly high antibody titers.
  • the T- and B-cell epitopes of this invention are covalently bound to MAP sub ⁇ strates, the resulting products will elicit levels of antibody response which are 10 to 100 fold greater than those obtained in the past with recombinant CS protein or irradiated sporozoites. It has been further observed that, in mice, the B-T monomeric di- epitope not supported on a MAP substrate, or a mixture of B- epitope MAP and T-epitope MAP produced very low antibody response and no protection.
  • the presently most preferred embodiment of the present invention is one where both a T and a B epitopic peptide are linked in tandem on the same functional group of the dendritic polymer substrate.
  • the specifically selected B- and T-epitopes of this invention can be placed on the MAP substrate in a variety of different arrangements as shown in Fig. 2.
  • the figure shows alternate arrangement for the B-epitope (open blocks) and the T- epitope (solid blocks) which for P. berghei include PPPPNPDPPPPNPND and KQIRDSITEEWS, respectively.
  • T-(4) and B-(4) are monomeric maps wit four branches but only one epitope (again the immunodominant B- epitope for the CS protein comprises at least two occurrences of the repetitive unit).
  • T-(8) and B-(8) are similar, but with 8 branches.
  • T(8)B and B(8)-T there are 8 T or B epitopes o the branches of the dendritic polymer and one B-epitope or T epitope on the root of the polymer.
  • BT-(4), TB-(4), BT-(8) an TB-(8) illustrate presently preferred products of the inventio in which the epitopes are arranged in tandem.
  • many combinations and numbers of malarial T- and B epitopes are contemplated herein and are fully within the scop of the present invention.
  • T/B(8) represents a eight branch dendritic polymer base with alternating T and malaria antigens, within the scope of the invention; T/B(4) i similar except that the polymer base has only four branches.
  • Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl is a base labile protecting group and is completely stable to acidic deprotection.
  • the t-butoxycarbonyl blocking group (Boc) is stable under mildly acidic conditions such as 50% trifluoroacetic acid.
  • the dendritic polymer may have a struc ⁇ ture in which segments are joined through a disulfide bridge.
  • Such structures can be readily xormed from dendritic polymers in which the root contains a protected cystine which is oxidized by a mild oxidizing agent such as molecular iodine.
  • the glycine at the root of the dendritic polymer i.e., the free glycine could be joined to, or replaced with, a T- or B-malarial peptide antigen which may be the same or different from the other peptide antigens on the branches of the dendritic polymer molecule.
  • the T- and B-peptide antigens themselves may serve as the residue to which other lysine or similar molecules may be attached to provide additional branches to which still additional peptide antigens, antibiotics or non-peptide antigens may be attached.
  • the products of this invention can be employed to produce vaccines useful to protect against malarial infections of mammals including humans using any of the procedures known to those skilled in the art.
  • the products can, for example, be suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable medium or diluent, such as inert oil, suitably a vegetable oil such as sesame, peanut or olive oil.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable medium or diluent such as inert oil, suitably a vegetable oil such as sesame, peanut or olive oil.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable medium or diluent such as inert oil, suitably a vegetable oil such as sesame, peanut or olive oil.
  • they can be suspended in an aqueous isotonic buffer solution at a pH of about 5.6 to 7.4.
  • such solutions will be made isotonic with sodium chloride and buffered with sodium citrate-citric acid or with phosphate.
  • the solutions may be thickened with a thickening agent such as methyl cellulose.
  • Vaccines may also be prepared in emulsified form, either water in oil or oil in water. Any of a wide variety of pharmaceutically acceptable emulsifying agents may be employed including, for example, acacia powder or an alkaryl polyether alcohol, sulfonate or sulfate such as a Triton.
  • Stabilizers such as sorbitol or hydrolyzed gelatin may also be ad ⁇ ed to any of the above described compositions. It is not unusual to incorporate an antibiotic such as neomycin or other anti-infective agents to prevent infection.
  • an adjuvant may be selected from any of those normally employed to stimulate the immunogenic system of mammals. These include, for example, Freund's adjuvant (complete or incomplete).
  • Adjuvant 65 containing peanut oil, mannide monooleate and aluminum monostearate), and mineral gels such as aluminum phosphate or alum; killed Bordetella, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, muramyl dipeptide, aluminum hydroxide, saponin, etc., but as stated above, such adjuvants or carriers are not necessary when the polymeric substrate of the present invention is used.
  • Freund's adjuvant is no longer used in vaccine formulations for humans or for food animals because it contains nonmetabolizable mineral oil and is a potential carcinogen. It can be used in vaccines for non-food animals. Mineral gels are widely used in commercial veterinary vaccines.
  • the vaccines of the invention may be defined as comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, of the general nature described above, together with an amount of an antigenic product of the invention , i.e., a selected T- or B-cell epitope which is sufficient to produce an immunological response, i.e., a protective antibody response in a mammal.
  • An effective amount may be very small. It will, as is known, vary with the antigen. The quantity which constitutes an effective amount may vary depending on whether the vaccine is intended as a first treatment or as a booster treatment.
  • the amount of MAP will vary depending upon the specific immunogen, the response it elicits in various subjects, and the presence or absence of heterologous carrier or adjuvant. Generally, amounts within the range from about 1 to about 1,000 micrograms of MAP are contemplated. Optimal amounts can be ascertained by routine experimentation involving measurement of antibody titers and other parameters of mammalian immune res ⁇ ponse, as is well-known in the art. Repeat immunizations are preferred. It may be convenient to provide the products of this invention as lyophilized or freeze dried powders ready to be reconstituted with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier just prior to use.
  • this invention also provides a method of provid ⁇ ing immunity in a mammal against infection by a malarial organism which comprises administering to the mammal an immunogenically effective amount of a compound or composition comprising a malarial T- and B-peptide-bearing MAP, such an amount being effective to inhibit parasitemia in a mammalian host pursuant to infection by a malarial organism, preferably prior to exposure of the mammal to the malarial organism.
  • vaccines useful for inhibiting malarial infection by the sporozoite or other stages of malaria comprising an effective amount of an immunogenic compound comprising a malarial-origin T- and B-peptide-bearing MAP, and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the syntheses generally require a long coupling tim
  • Dimethyl formamide is generally a more suitable solven than methylene dichloride.
  • the peptide resin should not be dried at any stage o the synthesis since resolvation is extremely difficult.
  • the MAPS is best cleaved from the resin by the improve acid deprotection method with either HF or TFMSA (Tam, et al., J Am. Chem. Sic. , 105:6442, 1983; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 108:5242 1986) in dimethyl sulfide to avoid strong acid catalyzed sid reactions.
  • MAPS tend to strongly aggregate after cleavage from th resin support. Purification is best effected by extensiv dialysis under basic and strongly denaturing conditions in dialysis medium which is 8M in urea and mercaptoethanol to remov undesirable aromatic additives of the cleavage reactions such a p-cresol and thiocresol. Further purification, if desire, can b effected using high performance gel-permeation or ion exchang chromatography. In most cases the MAPS could be used directl without further purification. Table I summarizes the results of several tests con ducted to determine the efficacy of the products of this inven tion for eliciting an immunogenic response in mice.
  • the MAP based products of this invention have uniformly high antibody titers compared to irradiated sporozoite, recombinant CS protein or monomer BT peptide. It will be observed also that the response varies with the structure of the BT immunogens.
  • Table I Comparison of antibody titers induced by different Immunogens of P. berghei and assayed with the recom ⁇ binant CS protein and sporozoites.
  • BT-MAP(4) C 128,000 408,000 TB-MAP(4 ) 32,000 400,000 BT-MAP(8) 24,000 100,000 TB-MAP(8) 64,000 400,000
  • mice of the H-2 a halotype (B10,A strain) were injected intravenously two doses of 1x10 s irradiated P. berghei sporozoites at two-week intervals. Sera were collected and pooled ten days after the last injection. Antibody titers expressed as the reciprocal of the highest positive serum solution were obtained by using glutaraldehyde-fixed P. berghei sporozoites in an indirect immunofluorescense assay (IFA) or the recombinant CS protein in a radioimmunoassay (RIA).
  • IFA indirect immunofluorescense assay
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • mice of the H-2 a halotype were injected i.p. with each 50 micrograms of the peptide immunogens consisting of two occurrences of the repeating unit of P. berghei CS protein immunodo inant region and one occurrence of a P. berghei CS protein-derived T-cell epitope peptide.
  • MAPs according to the present invention may be syn ⁇ thesized as follows:
  • Example 1 General Methods for the Synthesis of Multiple-Antigen Peptides
  • the synthesis of an octabranched matrix core wit peptide antigen was carried out manually be a stepwise solid phase procedure [Merrifield, R.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1963) 85 2149] on Boc-beta-Ala-0CH -Pam resin with a typical scale of 0.5 g of resin (0.05 mmol and a resin substitution level of 0.1 mmol/g for the present synthesis but was somewhat lower when a higher branching of core lysinlyl matrix was used).
  • the synthesis of the first level of the carrier-core was achieved using 4 molar excess of preformed symmetrical anhydride of Boc-Lys (Boc) (0.2 mmol) in DMF and was then recoupled via DCC alone in CH C1 2 .
  • the second and third level were synthesized by the same protocol with 0.4 and 0.8 mmol respectively of preactivated Boc-Lys (Boc) to give the oc- tabranching Boc-Lys(Boc)-core matrix.
  • all subsequent couplings of the peptide-antigen sequence require 1.6 mmol of preactivated amino acids.
  • the protecting groups for the syn- thesis of the peptide antigens were as follows: Boc group for the alpha-amino terminus and benzyl alcohol derivatives for most side chains of trifunctional amino acids i.e., Arg(Tos), Asp(OBzl), Glu(OBzl), His(Dnp), Lys(2ClZ), Ser(Bzl), Thr(Bzl), and Tyr(BrZ). Because of the geometric increase in weight gain and volume, a new volume ratio of 30 ml of solvent per g of resin was used. Deprotection by TFA (20 min) was preceded by two TFA prewashes for 2 min each.
  • protected peptide-resin (0.3g) was treated with 1 M thiophenol in DMF for 8 h (3 times and at 50 C C if necessary to complete the reaction) to remove the N im -dinitrophenyl protecting group of His (when present), with 50% TFA/CH C1 2 (10 ml) for 5 min to remove the N -Boc group, and with the low/high-HF method [Tarn, J.P., Heath, W.F. & Merrifield, R.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1983) 105, 6442] or the low-high TFMSA method [Tarn, J.P. Heath, W.F. & Merrifield, R.B. J. Am.
  • the protected peptide-resin was deprotected in por ⁇ tions.
  • the initial deprotection was carried out with 1.57 g of dried peptide-resin in a reaction vessel and underwent the following procedure to remove the Boc-protecting group and other extraneous materials: CH 2 C1 2 (3 x 1 min wash); CF 3 C0 2 H- CH 2 C1 2 (1:1, 3 x 2 min) and CF 3 C0 2 H (3 x 2 min wash) and then a cleavage reaction containing the following deprotecting reagents: trifluoromethanesulfonic aciditrif luoroacetic acid:tetrahydrothiophene: m-cresol (4:20:12:4, in ml) at 4°C for 3.5 h.
  • the peptide released by the acidolytic cleavage of the sulfide-assisted cleavage procedure was collected and precipitated by ethyl ether (230 ml) prechilled to -30 ⁇ C. The precipitate was centrifuged to a pellet and the ethyl ether was removed in vacuo. The peptide was then dissolved in 0.01M HOAc and dialyzed in 12 liters of 0.01M HOAc. The peptide was then lyophilized to dryness to obtain 60 mg of (Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro)gOMAP. Hydrolysis of the resulting resin after cleavage showed that about 90% of the peptide had been cleaved from the resin support.
  • the low yield was due to incomplete precipitation of the peptide by the ether.
  • the same peptide-resin (l.Og) was also cleaved by HF:anisole (9:1, v/v total 10ml) at 0 ⁇ C for 1 h to give 220 mg of MAP after extensive extraction with 10 to 100% HOACc and a crude yield of 33%.
  • the dialysis was carried out with 10% OHAc.
  • the peptide after dialysis was then analyzed first by amino -acid analysis (after hydrolysis by 6N HC1).
  • the molar ratio of the MAP found was Asn:Ala;Pro;Lys: 1.97 (2): 1.03 (1):1 (1) :0.26(0.22) which was in agreement with those expected theoretical values shown in parenthesis.
  • the synthesis of di-epitope MAPS was accomplished manually by a stepwise solid-phase procedure on Boc-Ala-OCH 2 -Pam resin (0.1 mmol of Ala is present in 1 g of resin) similar to those mono-epitope MAPS described in the previous examples.
  • the synthesis of the first level of the carrier core to form Boc-Lys(Boc)-Ala-OCH 2 -Pam resin was achieved using a 4 mole excess of Boc-Lys(Boc) via DCC alone in CH C1 2 .
  • the second and third level were synthesized by the same protocol, to give the octabranching Boc-Lys(Boc) core matrix. From this point onward, the synthesis of peptide antigens or two epitopes proceeded as those of the previous examples using the tertbutoxycarbonyl/benzyl protecting group strategy since they were arranged in tandem and were treated as if they are one antigen. Spacers such as tetra-peptide Gly-Pro-Pro-Gly are sometimes inserted between two peptide antigens to allow flexibility.
  • the MAP-resin was treated with TFA to remove the N -Boc groups, then acetylated with 10% acetic anhydride/10% DIEA in Ch 2 Cl 2 , and finally cleaved with the low-high HF method to remove the MAP from the resin support.
  • the crude peptide was then washed with cold ether/mer ⁇ captoethanol (99:1 vol/vol) to remove p-thiocresol and p-cresol, and extracted into 8 M urea in 0.1 M Tris.HCl buffer (pH 8.0).
  • MAPs were dialyzed (Spectra Por 6, molecula weight cut off 1,000) in 8 M urea and then in 0.1 M acetic aci twice for 5-6 hours to remove the urea.
  • the MAPs were lyophil ized from H Q three times to remove acetic acid.
  • a core matrix containing N- ⁇ NH 2-Boc and N -NH 2 -Fmoc is illustrated.
  • the synthesis of the core matrix was similar to those described in the previous examples using the Boc-Lys(Boc) for the branching for the first and second level.
  • Fmoc-Lys(Boc) was used for the Lys branching of the core to give for each Lys(Boc) and F oc- Lys end groups.
  • the synthesis of the first epitope (or two epitopes in tandem) used the Boc/benzyl chemistry as described in the previous examples, but during this synthesis, neutralization time was reduced to 1 min to minimize the premature cleavage of the Fmoc group.
  • the synthesis of the second epitope used the Fmoc/tertbutyl chemistry (i.e. the N -NH 2 group is protected with Fmoc and the side chain is protected with tertbutyl alcohol derived protecting groups) and started after the completion of the first epitope using the Boc-a ⁇ .ino acid chain was assembled.
  • the F oc-amino acids were used with the side chain protecting groups for the trifunctional amino acids as follows: Glu(OBu ' *-), AsptOBu 1 ⁇ ), Lys(Boc) ThrfBu ⁇ , Ser(Bu t ), Tyr(Bu t ), Arg(P z), His(Trt), Trp(For), and Cys(Bu t ).
  • Repetitive deprotection of N- Fmoc was by 20% piperidine in dimethylformamide and was preceded by one piperidine prewash and the coupling was mediated with DCC:HOBut in DMF. After completion of synthesis, the MAP resin was treated with low-high HF to remove the peptide chains from the resin.
  • the workup and purification was essentially the same as those described in the previous examples.
  • the procedure for assembling the peptide chain using the Fmoc.tertbutyl chemistry was as follows: (1) 20 mil DMF (3 1 min); (2) 20 ml piperidine/DMF (1:1 vol/vol()l min); (3) 20 ml piperidine/DMF (1:1 vol/vol) (10 min); (4) 20 ml DMF (3 x 1 min); (5) 20 ml CH 2 C1 2 (3 x 1 min); (6) 20 ml DMF (2 x 1 min); (7) amino acid (4 equiv) in DMF 5 ml (5 min), HOBt(4 equiv) in DMF, DCC(4 equiv) in
  • a dipeptide such as Cys(Acm)-Ala is added at the carboxy terminus of the preformed MAPS as described in Example 3a or 3b. This could be achieved con ⁇ veniently before the start of the synthesis of the core matrix by adding Boc-Cys(Acm) to the Boc-Ala-OCH -Pam-resin.
  • the dimerization of two heterologous preformed MAPs was achieved by oxidation with I 2 to the disul ⁇ fide, and which also concomitantly remove the Acm-group from the cysteinyl residue.
  • a detailed procedure was as follows. To 1 mmol of MAP, the heterologous preformed di-epitope MAPs contain ⁇ ing Cys(Acm) was dissolved in a de-aerated and N 2 -purified 50% acetic acid solution at room temperature, 50 ml of a solution of I 2 in MeOH(l M solution) was added batchwise for 1 hour at 0°C. The reaction was quenched by adding 1 M aqueous sodium thiosul- fate (or ascorbic acid) until the yellow color was removed. MeOH was removed by dialysis in 0.1 acetic acid and the desired MAPs were purified by gel permeation chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography or reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatog ⁇ raphy.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des systèmes de peptides d'antigènes multiples, dans lesquels un grand nombre de chacun des antigènes paludéens de cellules T et de cellules B, sont liés aux groupes fonctionnels d'une molécule de noyau dendritique, assurant une concentration élevée d'antigènes, dans un faible volume moléculaire. Les produits mettent en lumière une réponse immunogène très forte.
EP19900907743 1989-04-12 1990-04-10 Dendritic polymer of multiple antigen peptide system useful as anti-malarial vaccine Withdrawn EP0423315A4 (en)

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US5560929A (en) * 1986-08-18 1996-10-01 The Dow Chemical Company Structured copolymers and their use as absorbents, gels and carriers of metal ions
US5527524A (en) * 1986-08-18 1996-06-18 The Dow Chemical Company Dense star polymer conjugates
IT1241395B (it) * 1990-04-02 1994-01-10 Eniricerche Spa Composti immunogenici,il procedimento per la loro sintesi e loro impiego per la preparazione di vaccini antimalaria
GB9202219D0 (en) * 1992-02-03 1992-03-18 Connaught Lab A synthetic heamophilus influenzae conjugate vaccine
CA2129899C (fr) * 1992-02-11 2011-01-04 James J. Mond Modele immunogenique a double porteur
US5599912A (en) * 1993-09-10 1997-02-04 Coretech, Inc. Compounds and methods for suppressing an immune response to sulfomethoxozale containing substances
JPH08510761A (ja) * 1994-03-07 1996-11-12 ザ・ダウ・ケミカル・カンパニー 生物活性及び／又はターゲテッドデンドリマー複合体
US5591717A (en) * 1994-04-06 1997-01-07 Rojko; Jennifer L. Branched apogenic peptide for inducing apoptosis
GB2294690B (en) * 1994-11-01 1998-10-28 United Biomedical Inc Peptides effective for diagnosis and detection of hepatitis C infection
GB2308363A (en) * 1995-12-22 1997-06-25 Courtaulds Coatings Dendritic Polymers
AU5812898A (en) * 1996-12-24 1998-08-03 New York University Polyoxime-based anti-malarial vaccines
CN1244126A (zh) * 1997-01-21 2000-02-09 纽约大学 用于抗疟疾疫苗的通用t细胞表位
FR2772770B1 (fr) 1997-12-19 2000-01-28 Oreal Nouveaux composes choisis parmi les polymeres hyperbranches et les dendrimeres ayant un groupement particulier, procede de preparation, utilisation et compositions les comprenant
ITRM20010563A1 (it) * 2001-09-14 2003-03-14 Univ Siena Peptidi antigenici multipli come antidoti nell'intossicazione da veleno di serpente.
PL1940916T3 (pl) 2005-10-25 2017-07-31 Starpharma Pty Limited Związki wielocząsteczkowe o kontrolowanej stechiometrii
WO2017058114A1 (fr) * 2015-10-01 2017-04-06 Nanyang Technological University Ligature de peptides médiée par la butelase
US11627738B2 (en) 2016-01-06 2023-04-18 University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Stimuli-responsive polymeric nanoparticles, methods of making stimuli-responsive polymeric nanoparticles, and methods of using stimuli-responsive polymeric nanoparticles
WO2018017954A1 (fr) * 2016-07-21 2018-01-25 Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey Systèmes antimicrobiens cationiques et procédés d'utilisation

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GB2154240A (en) * 1984-01-27 1985-09-04 Univ New York Immunodominant epitope of the circumsporozoite surface protein
WO1987000533A1 (fr) * 1985-07-12 1987-01-29 New York University Antigene de peptides immunogeniques correspondant a la proteine du circumsporozoit plasmodium vivax
EP0275196A2 (fr) * 1987-01-14 1988-07-20 Manuel E. Patarroyo Vaccin contre le paludisme contenant une protéine copolymérique
EP0343460A2 (fr) * 1988-05-24 1989-11-29 F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE & CO. Aktiengesellschaft Peptides cs de P. Falciparum comme épitope universel de cellules t

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US4289872A (en) * 1979-04-06 1981-09-15 Allied Corporation Macromolecular highly branched homogeneous compound based on lysine units
US4707357A (en) * 1984-06-26 1987-11-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Immunologically active peptides capable of inducing immunization against malaria and genes encoding therefor
US4713366A (en) * 1985-12-04 1987-12-15 The Ohio State University Research Foundation Antigenic modification of polypeptides

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2154240A (en) * 1984-01-27 1985-09-04 Univ New York Immunodominant epitope of the circumsporozoite surface protein
WO1987000533A1 (fr) * 1985-07-12 1987-01-29 New York University Antigene de peptides immunogeniques correspondant a la proteine du circumsporozoit plasmodium vivax
EP0275196A2 (fr) * 1987-01-14 1988-07-20 Manuel E. Patarroyo Vaccin contre le paludisme contenant une protéine copolymérique
EP0343460A2 (fr) * 1988-05-24 1989-11-29 F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE & CO. Aktiengesellschaft Peptides cs de P. Falciparum comme épitope universel de cellules t

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See also references of WO9011778A1 *

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AU5649290A (en) 1990-11-05
JPH03503539A (ja) 1991-08-08

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