Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C19/00—Arrangements for treating, for handling, or for facilitating the handling of, fuel or other materials which are used within the reactor, e.g. within its pressure vessel
  • G21C19/28—Arrangements for introducing fluent material into the reactor core; Arrangements for removing fluent material from the reactor core
  • G21C19/30—Arrangements for introducing fluent material into the reactor core; Arrangements for removing fluent material from the reactor core with continuous purification of circulating fluent material, e.g. by extraction of fission products deterioration or corrosion products, impurities, e.g. by cold traps
  • G21C19/317—Recombination devices for radiolytic dissociation products
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
  • F23Q3/00—Igniters using electrically-produced sparks
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
  • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors

Definitions

• the invention relates to a device for the controlled combustion of a hydrogen-air mixture contained in the gas mixture in a nuclear plant, in particular in the containment of nuclear reactor plants, with at least one ignition source to which a spark igniter is connected.
• DE-OS 2239 952 discloses a device (not of the generic type) in which a recombination device (“recombiner”) for connecting hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxygen (0 2 ) to water is arranged in the containment.
• the two reacting gases are at a suitable reaction temperature of at least 620 "C, preferably heated to 760 * C.
• a recombiner takes up a relatively large amount of space.
• a more compact gas combustion system for nuclear reactors has already been developed, for example according to DE-OS 20 16 800, which is referred to as a "plug burner”.
• H 2 and 0 2 are passed through sintered, porous copper plates, which are traversed by cooling tubes. The two gases burn on and in these porous copper plates.
• the water-cooled “plug burner” requires at least one ignition source; it is particularly suitable for boiling water nuclear reactor plants where hydrogen is generated not only in the event of a fault but also during normal operation due to radiolysis, which must be eliminated.
• ignition devices in all areas of the safety container of a nuclear reactor in which hydrogen can occur.
• the ignition devices are arranged in a grid, the distance of which depends on the hazard potential of the respective area.
• glow plugs, spark plugs or catalytic ones are used as igniters
• Catalytic igniters are subject to contamination and therefore uncertainty as to whether they really work in an emergency. Glow plugs and spark plugs require an energy supply via cable, this is usually done by the emergency power supply, but this can fail in the aforementioned malfunction.
• the object of the present invention is to design the device of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that the formation of larger volumes of ignitable hydrogen-air mixtures is prevented with a high degree of certainty.
• Another object is to provide an operationally reliable, pressure-resistant chassis and housing construction for the device, in which the ignition source including energy store, release elements and the connecting electrical and mechanical lines can be accommodated in a pressure-safe and high-voltage-resistant manner.
• the object is achieved in a device of the type mentioned at the outset by the following features: a) the ignition source is provided with an autonomous energy store, b) for triggering the ignition process is at least one first trigger element which is responsive to temperature and at least one second triggering element which is responsive to pressure, as seen, the first triggering element being in heat-conducting contact and the second triggering element being in pressure-transmitting contact with the gas mixture to be monitored, c) the two triggering elements are switched such that when only one of the triggering elements responds, the discharge of the energy storage device is caused in the spark igniter, ignition sparks being generated at the spark igniter during an accident which can extend over a longer period of time and which are repeated at intervals during this period.
• Advantageous further developments are given in claims 2 to 14.
• Self-sufficient is understood to mean that the energy store does not require any supply lines, be it cables or other energy transport lines, so that there is no dependency on one or a remotely located energy store or energy source. Rather, this or these are directly assigned to the ignition source.
• the energy store is the dry battery or dry battery arrangement of a high-voltage ignition unit with a spring-loaded or electronic switch in the circuit of the dry battery and with a high-voltage module, charging capacitor and spark igniter.
• This electronic or spring-loaded switch is referred to below as a "trigger switch"; it has at least two contact paths connected in parallel with one another, one contact path being operable by the sensor of at least one first trigger element and the other contact path being actuated by the sensor of at least one second trigger element.
• a trigger element comprises at least one contact path and at least one of these controlling sensor.
• the trigger switch has a further contact path connected in parallel, which can be a reed contact path which at the same time embodies the magnetic field-dependent sensor.
• This reed contact path can be closed by means of a test magnet which is brought in from the outside of the device and thus a sparkover can be artificially generated on the spark igniter, which also provides proof of the proper functioning of the ignition source or the sufficient state of charge of the battery.
• a lithium collector is used as the battery or battery arrangement, which works satisfactorily even at higher temperatures in the order of magnitude of 200 ° C., ie perfectly over a period of about 4 to 5 days.
• Device has at least two triggering elements, namely triggering elements which respond to temperature and pressure as a function of pressure, it is guaranteed that at least one signal leads to a triggering.
• This can be a temperature signal or a pressure signal.
• the safety is increased in the event of a tripping element failure.
• the inherently high reliability of the device according to the invention can be further increased if at least two sensors with associated contact paths are provided per triggering element, so that at least two sensors have a physical size (in particular temperature) and at least two other sensors of the other trigger element respond to the other physical variable (in particular pressure). This results in a one out of four trigger condition.
• a fourth type of tripping element (if a reed contact path is present) could at least contain a gas analyzer which responds to the H 2 concentration of the hydrogen-air mixture monitored by the device, so that a further physical variable is available as a criterion for triggering ignition processes.
• FIG. 1 shows the basic design of a simple device according to the invention with an ignition source including dry battery, high-voltage module and spark gap, the device having three trigger elements which respond independently of one another;
• FIG. 2 shows a variant of the device according to FIG. 1, the scarf image being shown in more detail, with a clock generator, protective diode and high-voltage ignition transformer;
• FIG. 3 shows the electrical-mechanical design of the device according to FIG. 2 in a longitudinal section
• FIG. 4 shows the object according to FIG. 3 in a longitudinal section rotated by 90 ";
• FIG. 5 shows the section along the section plane V-V from FIG. 3;
• FIG 7 shows the view of the device according to FIG 3 from below.
• the plus line 1.1 and the minus line 1.2 of a dry cell 1 are connected to the input terminals 4.1, 4.2 of a high-voltage module 4, a multipole switch 2 being switched on in the minus line 1.2 case shown has three parallel contact sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.
• the effect arrows fl, f2 and f3 express that the contact paths shown in the open position can be closed by influencing variables acting on them from the outside as soon as they exceed an adjustable limit value.
• fl means a quantity analogous to the temperature T of the gas mixture to be monitored in the containment of a nuclear reactor system
• f2 a quantity analogous to the pressure P of this gas mixture
• f3 a quantity analogous to the magnetic field H of a test magnet.
• the magnetic path H can be used to arbitrarily close the contact path 2.3 designed as a reed contact for test purposes, ie for checking the state of charge of the dry cell 1 and the function of the spark igniter 6.
• the contact paths 2.1 to 2.3 each have fixed contacts K and movable contacts Kb. These can be electro-mechanical switches which are spring-loaded in the opening direction and which are actuated in the closing direction when the influencing variables fl to f3 exceed the limit value mentioned.
• the contact sections 2.1 to 2.3 can also be formed by electronic switches.
• the first trigger element AE1 comprises the temperature sensor 3.1 and the contact path 2.1, the second trigger element AE2 the pressure sensor 3.2 and the contact path 2.2 and the third trigger element AE3 the magnetic field dependent sensor 3.3 and the contact path 2.3.
• the spark gap 6a-6b of an electrical spark igniter 6 is connected to the positive or negative output terminals 4.3 or 4.4 of the high-voltage module 4 via electrical high-voltage lines 6.1 or 6.2.
• a charging resistor 8 is arranged in line 6.1, and between charging resistor 8 "_____,”
• the spark igniter 6 is provided with a gas-permeable splash guard 7. As can be seen, all components of this as a whole are with ZI
• spark igniter 6 designated ignition source, with the exception of the spark igniter 6, protected from moisture, pressure and temperature within a metal housing 9 and wired therein.
• the wall of the metal housing 9 is only penetrated by the electrical leads of the spark igniter 6 and a pressure measuring line (not shown in FIG. 1, but explained later with reference to FIG. 3).
• an adjustable temperature limit is exceeded.
• the triggering element AE1 which responds in a temperature-dependent manner, is activated in accordance with arrow fl.
• this is a thermal switch (not shown in FIG. 1).
• the contact section 2.1 which can therefore be operated by a thermal switch,
• the high-voltage module 4 is supplied with direct current from the dry cell 1.
• the high voltage generated in this high-voltage module 4 is removed at its terminals 4.3, 4.4; it generates a sawtooth-shaped ignition high voltage to the RC combination 8, 5
• the time interval between the ignition pulse sequences can be several minutes, because after the respective intermittently operated “flaring” or combustion of a hydrogen volume, a certain time passes until an ignitable mixture is again present.
• the high-voltage module 4 is a preferably electronic unit which transposes the direct voltage from the low-voltage dry battery to the required high or spark voltage.
• the ignition source ZI According to FIG. 1, instead of an electronic switch or interrupter (eg transistor), a mechanical interrupter can also be provided, although preference is also given to the electronic version.
• a clock generator 13 emits a pulse train to the base of a downstream high-voltage transistor 11 when one of the contact paths 2.1 to 2.3 of the switch 2 closes.
• a protective diode 10 is connected in parallel across its base-collector path. Its emitter lies on the negative line 1.2.
• the charging capacitor 5 is connected between the emitter and the collector. In the path between the positive line 1.1 of the dry cell 1 and the collector, the primary winding 12a of an ignition transformer 12 is switched on.
• the transistor 11 is conductive, the battery current flows through the emitter-collector path. It stores inductive energy. If the transistor 11 is blocked by a corresponding base bias, a high or ignition voltage is induced in the secondary winding 12b.
• the transistor 11 works similarly to the transistor of a transistor ignition in a motor vehicle.
• the ignition source ZI (FIG. 1) or Z2 (FIG. 2) described above are used for the controlled combustion of ignitable hydrogen-air mixtures in a nuclear facility.
• These are understood in particular to mean nuclear reactor plants with water-cooled nuclear reactors, that is to say pressurized water, boiling water or heavy water nuclear reactor plants which have a containment within a pressure-resistant steel and / or concrete shell, in which an ignitable hydrogen-air mixture can arise in the event of an accident .
• This is selectively caused to burn by using ignition sources ZI and / or Z2, which are arranged distributed within the containment.
• the basic concept can be seen from FIG. 1 and FIG. 2: a)
• the ignition source is provided with an autonomous energy store 1 which can be checked at regular intervals for its charge state.
• the first trigger element AE1 with its temperature sensor 3.1 being in heat-conducting contact with the gas mixture to be monitored and the second triggering element AE2 with its pressure sensor 3.2 being in pressure-transmitting contact with the gas mixture to be monitored, as shown in the figures 3 to 7 will be explained
• the at least two triggering elements AE1 and AE2 are switched so that when only one of the triggering elements AE1 and AE2 responds, the energy store 1 is discharged into the spark igniter 6, during a fault which occurs over a period of time a longer period of, for example, three to five days, ignition sparks occur at the spark igniter 6 and are repeated at intervals during this period.
• the trigger elements AE1, AE2 are therefore linked to one another in the sense of an OR condition, ie their contact paths 2.1 and 2.2 are connected in parallel to one another.
• the cycle time can be, in particular, several minutes, because after a hydrogen volume has been burned, a certain time passes until an ignitable mixture is again present.
• a pressure-resistant capsule for the metal housing 9 is formed by a pressure-resistant steel hood 9.1, which has an annular flange 9.2 in the area of the lower hood opening.
• a solid base plate 9.3 which, like parts 9.1 and 9.2, also consists of corrosion-resistant steel, is flanged together in a pressure-tight manner.
• At least one O-ring 14 is inserted between ring flange 9.2 and base plate 9.3, which is received by a corresponding ring groove 15 and in shown clamped state of the parts 9.2, 9.3 is flattened under elastic deformation.
• the flange screws are denoted by 16, their head by 16.1, their threaded shaft by 16.2, one of the associated threaded holes in the base plate 9.3 by 16.3 and the through holes in the annular flange 9.2 are denoted by 16.4. Only a flange screw 16 is shown in somewhat more detail; on the opposite side of the flange connection 9.2-9.3, a flange screw 16 is indicated by a center line.
• a temperature-dependent triggering element AEl is installed from the inside.
• This release element is capsule-shaped and is in good heat-conducting contact with the solid base plate 9.3.
• it is a thermocouple in the form of a so-called thermal switch, the two upwardly projecting contact blades of which are designated 17.1 and 17.2.
• the electrical connection between this thermal switch and the gas-tight cast unit 18 of the ignition electronics takes place via a plug cable (not shown for simplicity).
• the aforementioned thermal switch combines a temperature sensor and a contact path.
• a second triggering element AE2 (see FIGS. 1 and 2) is the pressure switch AE2, which is clamped to the upper metallic table top 20.1 of a table top arrangement 20 by means of a holding bracket 19 (see also FIG. 4).
• This table top arrangement is part of the support device T fastened on the inside of the base plate 9.3, to which the elements of the electrical / electronic circuit of the ignition electronics 18 including a long-term battery arrangement 100 and at least one pressure switch AE2 are fastened.
• the carrying device has the table top arrangement 20 already mentioned, which is held at a distance from the base plate 9.3 by means of stud bolts 20.3, a lower table top 20.2 consisting of insulating material and carrying the structural unit of the ignition electronics 18 on its underside, the latter being carried by a support plate 20.4 , which is screwed to the insulating plate 20.2 with the addition of spacers 21, one of the screws is shown at 22.
• the spacer sleeves 20.5 hold the upper table top 20.1 made of metal parallel or plane-parallel to the lower table top 20.2 by the stud bolts 20.3, on the threaded ends of which protrude upward from the upper table top 20.1, retaining nuts 23 are screwed in with the insertion of washers 24 (see also Figure 6).
• the U-shaped retaining bracket 19 for the pressure switch AE2 is fastened to the upper table top 20.1 with retaining screws 25 (FIGS. 4 and 6).
• the pressure measuring line 26 is led through the solid base plate 9.3 in a pressure-tight manner and connected pressure-tight to the pressure switch AE2 via a connection fitting 27.
• This fitting 27 includes a union nut 27.1, with which a (not shown) conical mouthpiece is coupled with a correspondingly conically shaped counter-mouthpiece of the connecting line 27.2 of the pressure switch AE2.
• a corresponding (standardized) coupling point is located outside the base plate 9.3 in the extension of the measuring line 26 and is designated by 28.
• connection end 28.2 is fixed to the housing and provided with a polygon for attaching wrenches, the other connection end with the (not visible) conical connection mouthpiece is again connected to the connection end 28.2 by means of a union nut 28.1 connected pressure-tight.
• the latter is a small filly zen executed, which is welded to the outside of the base plate 9.3 sealing and surrounds the through hole 29.
• the latter is somewhat expanded where the measuring line 26 is inserted with its end 26.a, and this end 26.a is also welded to the base plate 9.3 in a sealing manner
• the outwardly projecting line part 26b of the pressure measuring line 26 ends in a pressure measuring head (not shown) where there is a suitable point for the pressure measurement.
• the pressure measuring head can be arranged at a distance of fractions of meters up to several meters away from the housing 9.
• the battery arrangement 100 is also attached to the upper table top.
• An angle piece 101 is screwed with its one leg 101a to the upper table top 20.1, and the two holding jaws 102a and 102b are clamped to the upwardly projecting leg 101b by means of the threaded bolt 103 while inserting the two battery bodies 100a, 100b.
• the one holding jaw 102b is pushed onto the threaded bolt 103, which is fastened at one end to the leg 101b (see welded-on retaining nut 104) and tightened against the leg 101b by means of nut and washer 105, 106.
• the second holding jaw 102a is then pushed onto the free end of the threaded bolt 103 and clamped by means of the wing nut 107 and the spring washer 107a.
• the holding jaws 102a, 102b are provided with channel-shaped recesses 108 corresponding to the circumference of the batteries 100a, 100b to be held.
• the electrical connection lines from the battery 100 and the pressure switch AE2 to the unit 18 of the ignition electronics are not shown, nor is the connection cable from this ignition electronics 18 to the solid pin 32, which carries the one ignition electrode 6a of the two ignition electrodes 6a, 6b at its outer end .
• the base plate 9.3 is provided, preferably centrally, with a high-voltage bushing HS for the ignition electrode 6a which is at high potential. The latter is opposed by the counter electrode 6b lying at ground potential. The striking distance of the two ignition electrodes 6a, 6b can be adjusted and is held on holding bodies 32, 33 at a distance from the base plate 9.3.
• One of these holding bodies is the already mentioned solid pin 32, which penetrates a high-voltage insulator body 34, which is inserted sealingly into the base plate 9.3, and which, at its free, downwardly projecting end, has an adjustable receptacle 32.1 for the pin-shaped or needle-shaped ignition ⁇ electrode 6a.
• the insulator body 34 has a neck part 34.1 with an O-ring seal 35 which penetrates the central bore 9.31 in the base plate 9.3 in a sealing manner and is clamped on the inside of the base plate 9.3 by a nut 34.2 which is also made of mechanically stable insulating material . So-called metal-ceramic connections are available for the passage of the solid pin 32 through the insulator body 34, which are sufficiently temperature-resistant.
• the insulator body 34 is provided with gradations 34.3 and ribs 34.4.
• the counter electrode 6b is at the free end of a stud 33 screwed into the underside of the base plate 9.3 - likewise within an adjustable receptacle 33.1.
• Both adjustable receptacles 32.1, 33.1 each have oblique bores 36 into which the needle-shaped ignition electrode 6a, 6b are inserted , in such a way that, viewed from their opposite electrodes a, with the smallest distance a, to their other ends, they each incline to the horizontal, with the result that any condensed water runs off immediately and through the Impact range a, given ignition characteristics can not affect.
• To the justie ble receptacles 32.1 and 33.1 include central holes 37 in the ends of the pin 32 and the bolt 33, which intersect with the oblique holes 36.
• Clamping screws 38 are screwed into the central bores from the outside, which likewise have inclined bores (not described in more detail) and in these from the st ift-shaped ignition electrodes 6a and. 6b are permeated. If the clamping screws are tightened after threading the ignition electrodes 6a, 6b and after adjusting their spacing, the ignition electrodes are firmly clamped, with lock nuts (not specified in more detail) sitting on the free end of the clamping screws 38, which serve to prevent rotation.
• an electrode protection space 39 directly surrounding the ignition electrodes 6a, 6b is surrounded by a jacket plate 40 below the base plate 9.3 (cf. also FIG. 7).
• this jacket sheet 40 can be perforated in a sieve-like manner so that the gas mixture located in the protective space 39 is an accurate representation of the gas mixture in the containment in the sector area 40a (FIG. 7), but for reasons of wind protection for the electrical one Spark igniter 6 a perforation omitted.
• FIG. 5 shows a top view of the glass tube of a reed contact section 2.3.
• This contact path is also shown in Figures 1 and 2; it embodies the third trigger element AE3.
• This is triggered manually by means of a test magnet, and accordingly the arrows f3 mean the magnitude of the magnetic force which closes the reed contact path 2.3 when one approaches the reed contact path from the outside with a test magnet.
• This makes it possible to check the function of the dry cell 1 or 100 and the electronic / electrical circuit of the ignition electronics 18 without opening the pressure-resistant housing 9. Such checks are carried out at regular intervals, for example daily or weekly, and - if the check shows that the state of charge of the battery arrangement 1 or 100 is no longer sufficient - the batteries are replaced.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Spark Plugs (AREA)
• Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)
• Primary Cells (AREA)
• Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)
• Air Bags (AREA)
• Secondary Cells (AREA)

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• 1988
  • 1988-05-17 DE DE8816470U patent/DE8816470U1/de not_active Expired
• 1989
  • 1989-05-16 JP JP1505466A patent/JPH03504274A/ja active Pending
  • 1989-05-16 EP EP19890108770 patent/EP0342602B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1989-05-16 EP EP89905666A patent/EP0414761A1/de active Pending
  • 1989-05-16 DE DE8989108770T patent/DE58900150D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1989-05-16 ES ES89108770T patent/ES2023278B3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1989-05-16 WO PCT/EP1989/000530 patent/WO1989011721A1/de active IP Right Grant
• 1990
  • 1990-09-25 FI FI904708A patent/FI106820B/fi active IP Right Grant
  • 1990-11-16 UA UA4831567A patent/UA18631A1/uk unknown
  • 1990-11-16 SU SU904831567A patent/SU1836605A3/ru active
  • 1990-11-19 US US07/615,465 patent/US5108696A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

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