EP0408089B1 - Vorrichtung zum Initiieren von Verbrennung in einer Brennkraftmaschine - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zum Initiieren von Verbrennung in einer Brennkraftmaschine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0408089B1
EP0408089B1 EP90117487A EP90117487A EP0408089B1 EP 0408089 B1 EP0408089 B1 EP 0408089B1 EP 90117487 A EP90117487 A EP 90117487A EP 90117487 A EP90117487 A EP 90117487A EP 0408089 B1 EP0408089 B1 EP 0408089B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
discharge device
conductors
capacitor
discharge
insulating material
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90117487A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0408089A3 (en
EP0408089A2 (de
Inventor
Roland C. Pate
Raymond E. Hensley
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
HENSLEY PLASMA PLUG PARTNERSHIP DBA HDI RESEARCH
Original Assignee
Hensley Plasma Plug Partnership dba HDI Research
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US06/583,694 external-priority patent/US4589398A/en
Application filed by Hensley Plasma Plug Partnership dba HDI Research filed Critical Hensley Plasma Plug Partnership dba HDI Research
Publication of EP0408089A2 publication Critical patent/EP0408089A2/de
Publication of EP0408089A3 publication Critical patent/EP0408089A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0408089B1 publication Critical patent/EP0408089B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    • F02P3/00—Other installations
    • F02P3/06—Other installations having capacitive energy storage
    • F02P3/08—Layout of circuits
    • F02P3/0876—Layout of circuits the storage capacitor being charged by means of an energy converter (DC-DC converter) or of an intermediate storage inductance
    • F02P3/0884—Closing the discharge circuit of the storage capacitor with semiconductor devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    • F02P9/00—Electric spark ignition control, not otherwise provided for
    • F02P9/002—Control of spark intensity, intensifying, lengthening, suppression
    • F02P9/007—Control of spark intensity, intensifying, lengthening, suppression by supplementary electrical discharge in the pre-ionised electrode interspace of the sparking plug, e.g. plasma jet ignition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/02—Details
    • H01T13/04—Means providing electrical connection to sparking plugs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/40—Sparking plugs structurally combined with other devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
    • F02B1/02—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition
    • F02B1/04—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an apparatus for initiating combustion of fuel-air mixtures in an internal combustion engine as defined in the preamble of claim 1.
  • the known apparatus includes a capacitive portion for storing a large quantity of electrical energy therein derived from a power supply, and an electrode portion integral with the capacitive portion which comprises a pair of concentric, rod shaped electrodes for producing a high energy, umbrella shaped plasma discharge, using the inverse pinch technique. Due to the close proximity between the capacitive and electrode portions of the initiating device, rapid energy transfer from the former to the latter creates high magnetic pressures which transform the discharge into a high energy plasma jet which is delivered well into the combustion area.
  • the power coupling efficiency from a relatively high impedance ignition source circuit to the very low impedance of an established discharge channel is quite low, resulting in a greater fraction of the available energy being lost through power dissipation in circuit resistance other than the discharge channel itself.
  • Somewhat greater power dissipation in the discharge channel can be achieved by increasing the magnitude of current flow. However, for a given discharge duration, this may be accomplished only at the expense of greater energy input requirements and severe electrode wear.
  • the ignition apparatus of the present invention employs a hard-discharge-ignition (HDI) process which is generated by a very rapid, intense, high-power electrical breakdown which we shall refer to as a "hard” spark discharge.
  • HDI initiation of combustion employs highly effective energy coupling mechanisms which reach high levels of intensity.
  • the term "hard-discharge” as used herein refers to the regime of operation in which the discharge circuit inductance and resistance are sufficiently low that the rate of current flow and rate of energy deposition in the discharge channel during the breakdown phase are largely governed by the resistance of the spark channel itself.
  • This extreme regime of operation is characterized by highly efficient coupling (80-95%) of the initially stored electrical circuit energy, during approximately the first half-period of the discharge current cycle, into the various transient processes associated with gaseous discharge formation and expansion.
  • hard-discharge operation delivers most of the available pulse energy within the breakdown phase of the discharge (usually within the first few tens of nanoseconds of the discharge), thereby achieving maximum power coupling from the driving circuit to the rapidly dropping effective load impedance of the discharge channel.
  • the resulting power deposition can approach an order of 10's of megawatts within the time span of a few 10's of nanoseconds.
  • the greatly enhanced speed of the overall combustion event significantly reduces the amount of ignition timing advance necessary for MBT (maximum brake torque) operation with a given fuel-air mixture.
  • ignition timing advance necessary for MBT (maximum brake torque) operation with a given fuel-air mixture.
  • the need for timing advance may be entirely eliminated. Consequently, highly efficient engine operation is provided with significantly reduced ignition timing advance.
  • FIGURE 1 wherein various forms of a discharge tip are depicted.
  • Certain constraints must be placed on the gap between the electrodes at the discharge in order to achieve HDI operation.
  • the predominant factors affecting HDI operation are the value of the inductance of the overall ignitor unit and a gap length sufficient to hold off the voltage level applied to the electrodes. These criteria may be satisfied by numerous discharge tip and gap geometries, providing that inductance and impedance are maintained below a prescribed value.
  • Discharge tip geometry also affects longevity of the ignitor in terms of insulator and conductor wear due to the presence of extremely hot plasma and strong shockwave production.
  • FIGURES 1A and 1B One of the tip designs is depicted in FIGURES 1A and 1B and consists of inner and outer coaxial electrodes 80, 76 which are electrically insulated from each other by a cylindrically shaped insulator 82.
  • the outer cylindrical wall of the outer electrode 76 is provided with a thread form 78 which is adapted to be matingly received in an engine block or the like in order to mount the ignitor so that a discharge tip communicates with the combustion chamber.
  • the outer ends of electrodes 76 and 80, as well as the insulator 82, extend along a common plane or flat surface 84.
  • the discharge gap formed by ignitor tip 74 is radial and extends circumferentially around the entire surface 84. Consequently, the electrical field indicated at 85 commences at the outer end of electrode 80 and possesses a radially outward trajectory to all points on the outer electrode 76 along its upper surface 84.
  • the ignitor tip 74 possesses minimum inductance and impedance because of the coaxial geometry of electrodes 76, 80 and the radial nature of the gap.
  • the physical gap length of ignitor tip 74 is given by the difference in conductor radii b-a shown in FIGURE 1B.
  • the gap length will be selected in accordance with the voltage pressure conditions of the particular application and anticipated operating conditions.
  • the wall thickness and nature of the insulator 82 must be selected so as to assure that breakdown between the electrodes 76, 80 does not occur along their lengths.
  • both the inductance and impedance are determined in large part by the natural logarithm of the ratio of conductor radii b/a and that the inductance and impedance may be minimized provided the difference in conductor radii, b/a equals the required thickness of the insulator 82 for internal voltage hold-off.
  • the electric field created by the voltage applied to electrode 76, 80 is shown at 85, with arrows indicating the direction that a positive test charge would move in the field (from positive to negative polarity).
  • the field 85 is non-uniform, moving outwardly away from the surfaces 84, and it is believed that this non-uniformity in addition to the curvature of the lines of the field enhance the resulting discharge.
  • the sharply curving nature of the field 85 changes the characteristic breakdown potential of the gap, accelerates charges moving in the field and tends to push the arc channel outwardly away from the tip due to magnetic forces, particularly where large current densities exist in the discharge.
  • the linear flow of current through the central or inner conductor 80 produces a magnetic field which interacts with the fields produced by the discharge to further enhance the discharge.
  • ignitor tip 74 tends to produce a discharge which a spatial symmetry and uniformity which maximizes the volume of fuel mixture which is contacted by the discharge.
  • the smooth, unobstructed surface 84 precludes any detrimental effects due to flow conditions within the combustion chamber and exposes larger electrode surface for participation in the discharge, which has a tendency to prolong the life of the electrode.
  • the ignitor tip 74 may be modified in various ways to further enhance its operation. For example, as shown in FIGURE 1C, either or both of the outer ends of the electrodes 76, 80 might be pointed, as at 86, 88 in order to further "peak" the field 85. In other words, the field would tend to emanate from the peaks of the pointed tips 86, 88.
  • the outer edge of the insulator 82 may be slightly recessed at 90 as shown in FIGURE 1D.
  • the discharge gap could be lengthened without increasing wail thickness by extending the insulator 82 outwardly beyond the outer surfaces of electrodes 76, 80; this design would be particularly effective in low pressure combustion environments or where higher breakdown voltage is required.
  • the outer ground electrode 76 might be offset at 96 without comprising the internal hold-off voltage in those cases where lower voltage or higher compression operation is desired.
  • FIGURE 1G An alternative approach for lengthening the discharge gap consists of recessing the center electrode 80 from the end of the insulator 82 and outer electrode 76, as shown in FIGURE 1G.
  • a pronounced "jet" action due to the resultant cavity above the center electrode 80 has been noted with ignitors of this type. This jet is not likely due to an expulsion of plasma from the cavity, but rather is caused by reflected shockwaves initially trapped during the channel expansion and/or possibly a stream of heavy ion species originally moving along electric field lines but at a later time following trajectories dictated by their inertia once the field has diminished.
  • FIGURE 1H To avoid excessive wear on the insulator 82, such insulator could be contoured at 83 as shown in FIGURE 1H to present a tapered surface extending from the end of center electrode 80 radially outward to the outer electrode 76.
  • the geometry shown in FIGURE 1H provides the advantage of a recessed design which reduces insulator wear, but retains the jet or cannon line discharge effect.
  • Extension of the center electrode 80 beyond the end of the outer electrode 76 as shown in FIGURE 1I also provides a means of increasing the discharge gap length.
  • the tapered outer surface 85 of the insulator 82 again reduces wear on the insulator.
  • Such an extension of the center electrode 80 into the combustion chamber assists in coupling and transferring the discharge energy to a fuel charge and is relatively unconfined.
  • FIGURE 1J One suitable tip design employing a linear gap is shown in FIGURE 1J.
  • the ignitor shown in FIGURE 1J is broadly similar to conventional spark plug designs, with the outer electrode 76 having an L shaped extension 76a which provides an electrode surface axially aligned with the center electrode 80.
  • FIGURE 2 discloses a coaxially configured ignitor 98.
  • the ignitor 98 includes a cylindrical outer electrode 100 formed of metal or the like and includes a reduced diameter portion 104 at one end thereof which is connected to the larger diameter portion by a radially extending shoulder 105.
  • the smaller diameter portion 104 is threaded at 107 so as to be threadably received within an engine block or the like.
  • the outer end of the larger diameter portion of the electrode 100 is threaded at 102 so as to threadably connect with a power supply distribution cable.
  • a central, metal electrode 108 is cylindrical in shape and is disposed coaxially within the outer electrode 100.
  • One end of the central electrode 108 includes a reduced diameter extension 120 which is received within a passageway 118 and an insulating sleeve 114 which is secured within the reduced diameter portion 104 of the outer electrode 100.
  • One end of the central electrode 108 is beveled around its entire circumference 109 and a suitable dielectric potting compound 116 is interposed between the end of the insulator 114 and the beveled surface 109 of the central conductor 108.
  • the outer end of the central electrode 108 is defined by a reduced diameter portion or tip 111 which terminates at its outer end in a hemispherical surface 112.
  • the base of the central electrode 108 surrounding the tip 111 is defined by a ring-shaped, radially extending shoulder 110.
  • the outer end of the electrode 100 extends longitudinally approximately the same length as the tip 111 of the central electrode 108.
  • a ring-shaped body 113 formed of a ceramic capacitor compound is disposed between the outer electrode 100 and central electrode 108.
  • Body 113 extends the full length of the outer electrode 100 from the base or shoulder 105.
  • the outer end 106 of body 113 extends beyond the outer longitudinal extremities of tip 111 or electrode 100.
  • the central electrode 108, outer electrode 100 and capacitor compound 113 form the capacitive portion of the PFN.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Spray-Type Burners (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Spark Plugs (AREA)
  • Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Vorrichtung zum Zünden der Verbrennung eines Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisches in einer Verbrennungsmaschine, bestehend aus einem Kondensator (100,108,113) und einer Entladevorrichtung (104,120,114), die jeweils einen von einem äußeren Leiter (100,104) umschlossenen zentralen Leiter (108,120) und ein Isoliermaterial (113,114) zwischen den beiden Leitern (100,108;104,120) umfassen, wobei der Kondensator und die Entladevorrichtung koaxial angeordnet sind, derart, daß die beiden zentralen Leiter (108,120) einstückig entlang einer gemeinsamen Achse gebildet sind und dadurch einen einzigen zentralen Leiter bilden, und derart, daß die beiden äußeren Leiter (100,104) einstückig ausgebildet sind, wobei die freien Enden des zentralen und des äußeren Leiters (120,104) der Entladevorrichtung die Elektroden einer Funkenstrecke (118) bilden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Isoliermaterial (114) der Entladevorrichtung den Raum zwischen den Leitern (104,120) der Entladevorrichtung füllt und sich axial von dem Kondensator zu einer Position nahe den freien Enden der Leiter (104,120) der Entladevorrichtung erstreckt.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Kondensator (100,108,113) und das Isoliermaterial (114) der Entladevorrichtung (104,120,114) einander entlang ihrer gemeinsamen Achse überlappen.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der einzige zentrale Leiter (108,120) einen Teil (108) mit größerem Durchmesser in dem Kondensator und einen Teil (120) mit kleinerem Durchmesser in der Entladevorrichtung hat und daß ein dielektrisches Material (116) um den zentralen Leiter (108,120) in einer axialen Position zwischen dem Teil (108) mit größerem Durchmesser und dem Isoliermaterial (114) der Entladevorrichtung angeordnet ist.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Teil (108) mit größerem Durchmesser eine dem dielektrischen Material (116) zugewandte abgeschrägte Endfläche (109) hat.
  5. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Entladevorrichtung einen gegenüber dem Außendurchmesser des Kondensators reduzierten Durchmesser hat.
  6. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Enden des zentralen und des äußeren Leiters (80,76) und des Isoliermaterials (82) der Entladevorrichtung in einer gemeinsamen Ebene (84) liegen.
  7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß entweder eines oder beide Enden (86,88) der Leiter (80,76) spitz zulaufen.
  8. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das äußere Ende (90) des Isoliermaterials (82) der Entladevorrichtung gegenüber den äußeren Enden ihrer Leiter (76,80) reduziert ist.
  9. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die äußeren Enden (92,94) der Leiter (76,80) der Entladevorrichtung gegenüber den äußeren Enden ihres Isoliermaterials (82) zurückgesetzt sind.
  10. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7 oder 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das äußere Ende des Isoliermaterials (82) der Entladevorrichtung eine von einer dem äußeren Leiter (76) benachbarten Position zu einer dem äußeren Ende des zentralen Leiters (80) benachbarten Position abgeschrägte Oberfläche (83,85) hat.
  11. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der äußere Leiter (76) der Entladevorrichtung an seinem äußeren Ende in einer Richtung radial nach innen versetzt ist und daß die Umfangskante am äußeren Ende des Isoliermaterials entsprechend abgeschrägt ist.
EP90117487A 1984-02-27 1985-02-26 Vorrichtung zum Initiieren von Verbrennung in einer Brennkraftmaschine Expired - Lifetime EP0408089B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US583694 1984-02-27
US06/583,694 US4589398A (en) 1984-02-27 1984-02-27 Combustion initiation system employing hard discharge ignition
US70148285A 1985-02-14 1985-02-14
US701482 1985-02-14
EP85901280A EP0174346B1 (de) 1984-02-27 1985-02-26 Verbrennungsstartsystem unter verwendung einer harten entladungszündung

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85901280.9 Division 1985-02-26

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0408089A2 EP0408089A2 (de) 1991-01-16
EP0408089A3 EP0408089A3 (en) 1991-03-20
EP0408089B1 true EP0408089B1 (de) 1995-12-20

Family

ID=27078878

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90117485A Expired - Lifetime EP0412576B1 (de) 1984-02-27 1985-02-26 Vorrichtung zum Zünden der Verbrennung eines Kraftstoff-Luftgemisches
EP85901280A Expired EP0174346B1 (de) 1984-02-27 1985-02-26 Verbrennungsstartsystem unter verwendung einer harten entladungszündung
EP90117487A Expired - Lifetime EP0408089B1 (de) 1984-02-27 1985-02-26 Vorrichtung zum Initiieren von Verbrennung in einer Brennkraftmaschine

Family Applications Before (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90117485A Expired - Lifetime EP0412576B1 (de) 1984-02-27 1985-02-26 Vorrichtung zum Zünden der Verbrennung eines Kraftstoff-Luftgemisches
EP85901280A Expired EP0174346B1 (de) 1984-02-27 1985-02-26 Verbrennungsstartsystem unter verwendung einer harten entladungszündung

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (3) EP0412576B1 (de)
AT (3) ATE141999T1 (de)
AU (1) AU3907885A (de)
CA (1) CA1267930A (de)
DE (3) DE3588073T2 (de)
GB (1) GB2182718B (de)
IT (1) IT1214652B (de)
SE (1) SE453852B (de)
WO (1) WO1985003980A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3513422C2 (de) * 1985-04-15 1993-10-28 Beru Werk Ruprecht Gmbh Co A Zündanlage für Brennkraftmaschinen
FR2858024B1 (fr) * 2003-07-25 2007-11-16 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Dispositif d'allumage d'un melange air/carburant
US9246698B2 (en) * 2004-05-07 2016-01-26 Nokia Technologies Oy Apparatus, and associated method, for facilitating a radio resource measurement in a radio communication system
GB2584731B (en) 2019-06-13 2024-01-31 Bae Systems Plc Pulse charging of a capacitor

Family Cites Families (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE573091A (de) *
US2820087A (en) * 1953-06-22 1958-01-14 Globe Union Inc Seals between metal conductors and ceramic insulators
FR1307681A (fr) * 1961-12-07 1962-10-26 Lodge Plugs Ltd Perfectionnements aux systèmes d'allumage électrique
GB994525A (en) * 1962-12-06 1965-06-10 Gen Motors Ltd Spark plugs
DE2363804A1 (de) * 1973-12-21 1975-06-26 Uwe Holtin Kondensatorzuendkerze
DE2400623A1 (de) * 1974-01-08 1975-07-10 Uwe C Seefluth Zuendkerze
DE2628209A1 (de) * 1975-06-24 1977-01-20 Smiths Industries Ltd Zuendsystem
GB1521313A (en) * 1975-09-09 1978-08-16 Lindsay M Hybrid gap spark plug
GB2032516A (en) * 1978-10-25 1980-05-08 Huang Yu Fei Sparking plug
US4324219A (en) * 1979-02-16 1982-04-13 Hayashi Seiko Kabushiki Kaisha Spark intensifier in gasoline engine
US4333125A (en) * 1980-02-08 1982-06-01 Hensley George H Combustion initiation system
US4402036A (en) * 1980-02-08 1983-08-30 Hensley George H Method of producing a high energy plasma for igniting fuel
US4333126A (en) * 1980-05-30 1982-06-01 Hensley George H Combustion initiation device
DE3308522A1 (de) * 1983-03-10 1984-09-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Zuendkerze fuer brennkraftmaschinen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0412576A3 (de) 1991-03-20
WO1985003980A1 (en) 1985-09-12
DE3588119D1 (de) 1996-10-02
SE8505033D0 (sv) 1985-10-25
EP0408089A3 (en) 1991-03-20
AU3907885A (en) 1985-09-05
GB2182718A (en) 1987-05-20
SE453852B (sv) 1988-03-07
CA1267930A (en) 1990-04-17
DE3588073T2 (de) 1996-05-30
GB2182718B (en) 1988-06-08
ATE131905T1 (de) 1996-01-15
GB8525712D0 (en) 1985-11-20
ATE141999T1 (de) 1996-09-15
ATE71432T1 (de) 1992-01-15
EP0174346A1 (de) 1986-03-19
EP0412576B1 (de) 1996-08-28
EP0174346A4 (de) 1986-07-30
IT1214652B (it) 1990-01-18
DE3588073D1 (de) 1996-02-01
EP0412576A2 (de) 1991-02-13
EP0174346B1 (de) 1992-01-08
SE8505033L (sv) 1985-10-25
DE3588119T2 (de) 1997-02-27
EP0408089A2 (de) 1991-01-16
DE3585113D1 (de) 1992-02-20
IT8547719A0 (it) 1985-02-22

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