EP0406388B1 - Disintegrating missile head for practice ammunition - Google Patents

Disintegrating missile head for practice ammunition Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0406388B1
EP0406388B1 EP90901747A EP90901747A EP0406388B1 EP 0406388 B1 EP0406388 B1 EP 0406388B1 EP 90901747 A EP90901747 A EP 90901747A EP 90901747 A EP90901747 A EP 90901747A EP 0406388 B1 EP0406388 B1 EP 0406388B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
core
ball
recess
projectile head
head according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90901747A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0406388A1 (en
Inventor
Willi Lübbers
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nico Pyrotechnik Hanns Juergen Diederichs GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Nico Pyrotechnik Hanns Juergen Diederichs GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nico Pyrotechnik Hanns Juergen Diederichs GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Nico Pyrotechnik Hanns Juergen Diederichs GmbH and Co KG
Priority to AT90901747T priority Critical patent/ATE87734T1/en
Publication of EP0406388A1 publication Critical patent/EP0406388A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0406388B1 publication Critical patent/EP0406388B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B8/00—Practice or training ammunition
    • F42B8/12—Projectiles or missiles
    • F42B8/14—Projectiles or missiles disintegrating in flight or upon impact

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a disassembly projectile head for practice ammunition according to the preamble of the claim
  • a disassembly projectile head for practice ammunition for recoil-free weapons which consists of a core of pressed or sintered metal powder and a hood surrounding it, e.g. consists of metal or plastic, which is conical at the front, in the area of impact, with a flattened tip.
  • the practice bullet hits the target with the cutting head, generally an iron plate
  • the hood bursts and the core is broken down into almost powder form by the impact forces.
  • the majority of the energy of the training floor hitting the target is reduced. Apart from the fact that disassembly prevents excessive damage to the target, this primarily prevents the practice floor from bouncing off the target and possibly injuring people on the training area.
  • a decomposing projectile is known in which the core of brittle material is provided with a continuous bore into which a wedge is inserted, which is driven into the bore upon impact of the projectile onto a target, whereby the Core disintegrates.
  • This wedge splits the core, so to speak, which brings better cutting results when impacting a target than with the cutting head above, but these results are not optimal.
  • the invention has for its object to modify a disassembly projectile head of the type in question by simple measures so that the projectile head is reliably disassembled even when it strikes a target at an angle, so that rebounds are avoided.
  • a simple ball is inserted as a transmission body between the hood and the core of the cutting floor, which sits on the recess.
  • the results are much better than with wedge-shaped transmission bodies and also with transmission bodies which have a hemisphere in their area facing the core and a shape adapted to the inner wall of the hood in the manner of a pyramid in their area facing the hood.
  • a ball as a transmission body, which rests on the inner wall of the hood and the upper edge of the notch in the core, has the advantage that when the practice floor hits the impact forces always run through the center of the ball on the target and result in almost equally large decomposition forces for all impact angles. This also reliably disassembles the core in the event of an extreme oblique impact of the training floor on the target.
  • the recess or notch can be cylindrical, for example. Very good results are achieved with tapered notches.
  • a cutting head 1 has a base 2 for fastening in a training floor (not shown), furthermore a cylindrical core 3, which rests on the base 2 and a thin hood 4 connected to the base 2 and comprising the core 1.
  • the hood 4 tapers e.g. conical in its area protruding beyond the core 3 and has a flattened tip 5.
  • the longitudinal axis of the cutting head 1, at the same time the central longitudinal axis of the core 3 and hood 4, is denoted by A.
  • a notch 6 in the form of a truncated cone tapering downward about the axis A is made on its upper side facing the tip 5 of the cutting head 1.
  • a ball 7 is inserted into the notch 6, which preferably dips into the notch 6 to such an extent that the center of the ball lies just above the upper edge of the notch 6 and the notch touches the ball 7 tangentially in the region of its upper edge.
  • the ball 7 lies in the area of the tip 5 and part of the conical taper on the inner wall of the hood 4.
  • the ball has a diameter of approximately two thirds of the core diameter, the depth of the notch corresponds approximately to the diameter of the ball, the diameter of the notch on the bottom is approximately one third of the core diameter.
  • the ball 7 When the cutting head 1 hits a target, the ball 7 is driven into the notch 6.
  • the core 3 is split with a force corresponding approximately to the impact force and disassembled when the hood 4 bursts open.
  • FIG. 2 differs only in that the notch here designated 6 'is cylindrical. Other configurations are also possible.
  • the ball 7 has a correspondingly larger diameter than the notch 6 '.
  • FIG. 3 differs from that of FIG. 1 in that the ball 7 'is composed of several parts, in this case two halves A and B, which are easily glued together, for example by an adhesive 8. This bonding makes it easier to manipulate the ball when assembling the cutting head.
  • the spherical halves separate. As ball halves have a higher air resistance than solid balls, the ball halves are thrown less far away from a target board than solid balls when bouncing off. The position of the separating seam between the two ball halves in relation to the central axis of the recess is otherwise for the disassembly irrelevant. In Fig. 3 the angle between the separating seam and the central axis is drawn in at approximately 45 °.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Portable Nailing Machines And Staplers (AREA)

Abstract

A disintegrating missile head (1) for practice ammunition comprises a core (3) of compressed metal powder surrounded by a cap (4). To ensure disintegration of the core even in the event of oblique impact on a target, a transmission body (7), preferably a ball, which engages in a notch (6) in the core, is arranged between the cap (4) and the core (3).

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen Zerleger-Geschoßkopf für Übungsmunition gemäß dem Oberbegriff des PatentanspruchesThe invention relates to a disassembly projectile head for practice ammunition according to the preamble of the claim

Aus der DE-OS 16 42 414 ist ein Zerleger-Geschoßkopf für Übungsmunition für rückstoßfreie Waffen bekannt, der aus einem Kern aus gepreßtem oder gesintertem Metallpulver und einer diesen umgebenden Haube, z.B. aus Metall oder Kunststoff besteht, die vorne, im Aufschlagbereich konisch mit einer abgeplatteten Spitze ausgebildet ist.From DE-OS 16 42 414 a disassembly projectile head for practice ammunition for recoil-free weapons is known, which consists of a core of pressed or sintered metal powder and a hood surrounding it, e.g. consists of metal or plastic, which is conical at the front, in the area of impact, with a flattened tip.

Trifft das Übungsgeschoß mit dem Zerlegerkopf auf eine Zielscheibe, im allgemeinen eine Eisenplatte, so platzt die Haube und der Kern wird durch die Aufschlagkräfte in nahezu Pulverform zerlegt. Durch die Zerlegung des Kernes wird der größte Anteil der Energie des auf das Ziel auftreffenden Übungsgeschosses abgebaut. Abgesehen davon, daß durch die Zerlegung eine übermäßige Beschädigung der Zielscheibe vermieden wird, wird dadurch vor allem verhindert, daß das Übungsgeschoß vom Ziel abprallt und eventuell Menschen auf dem Übungsgelände verletzt.If the practice bullet hits the target with the cutting head, generally an iron plate, the hood bursts and the core is broken down into almost powder form by the impact forces. By disassembling the core, the majority of the energy of the training floor hitting the target is reduced. Apart from the fact that disassembly prevents excessive damage to the target, this primarily prevents the practice floor from bouncing off the target and possibly injuring people on the training area.

Aus der DE-OS 27 57 666 ist ein Zerlegergeschoß bekannt, bei dem der Kern aus sprödem Material mit einer durchgehenden Bohrung versehen ist, in die ein Keil eingesetzt ist, der beim Aufprall des Geschosses auf ein Ziel in die Bohrung getrieben wird, wodurch der Kern zerfällt. Durch diesen Keil wird der Kern sozusagen gespalten, was zwar bei einem Aufprall auf ein Ziel bessere Zerlegerergebnisse bringt als bei dem obigen Zerlegerkopf, wobei diese Ergebnisse jedoch nicht optimal sind.From DE-OS 27 57 666 a decomposing projectile is known in which the core of brittle material is provided with a continuous bore into which a wedge is inserted, which is driven into the bore upon impact of the projectile onto a target, whereby the Core disintegrates. This wedge splits the core, so to speak, which brings better cutting results when impacting a target than with the cutting head above, but these results are not optimal.

Es hat sich nämlich herausgestellt, daß die bekannten Zerlegerköpfe insbesondere bei einem Schrägaufprall auf das Ziel nicht zuverlässig zerlegt werden. Ein Schrägaufprall tritt nicht nur dann auf, wenn die Flugrichtung des Übungsgeschosses schräg zum Ziel ist; vielmehr taumeln die leichten Übungsgeschosse manchmal um die Flugrichtung, so daß sie auch bei einem direkten Schuß auf das Ziel schräg auftreffen können.It has been found that the known cutting heads are not reliably disassembled, particularly in the event of an oblique impact on the target. An oblique impact does not only occur if the direction of flight of the practice floor is at an angle to the target; rather, the light practice projectiles sometimes tumble around the direction of flight so that they can hit the target at an angle even when firing directly.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Zerleger-Geschoßkopf der in Rede stehenden Art durch einfache Maßnahmen so zu modifizieren, daß der Geschoßkopf auch bei einem schrägen Auftreffen auf ein Ziel zuverlässig zerlegt wird, so daß Abpraller vermieden werden.The invention has for its object to modify a disassembly projectile head of the type in question by simple measures so that the projectile head is reliably disassembled even when it strikes a target at an angle, so that rebounds are avoided.

Diese Aufgabe ist gemäß der Erfindung durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Patentanspruches 1 angegebenen Merkmale gelöst.This object is achieved according to the invention by the features specified in the characterizing part of patent claim 1.

Demgemäß wird als Übertragungskörper zwischen Haube und Kern des Zerlegergeschosses eine einfache Kugel eingefügt, die auf der Ausnehmung aufsitzt. Mit einer solchen Anordnung wurden die besten Ergebnisse hinsichtlich einer Zerlegung des Kernes erzielt. Die Ergebnisse sind wesentlich besser als bei keilförmigen Übertragungskörpern und auch als bei Übertragungskörpern, die in ihrem dem Kern zugewandten Bereich eine Halbkugel und in ihrem der Haube zugewandten Bereich eine der Innenwand der Haube angepaßte Form nach Art einer Pyramide aufweisen. Eine Kugel als Übertragungskörper, die an der Innenwand der Haube und dem oberen Rand der Kerbe in dem Kern anliegt, hat den Vorteil, daß beim Auftreffen des Übungsgeschosses auf das Ziel die Aufschlagkräfte immer durch den Mittelpunkt der Kugel verlaufen und für alle Aufschlagwinkel annährend gleich große Zerlegungskräfte ergeben. Auch bei einem extremen Schrägaufprall des Übungsgeschosses auf das Ziel wird der Kern hierdurch zuverlässig zerlegt. Die Ausnehmung oder Kerbe kann z.B. zylindrisch sein. Sehr gute Ergebnisse werden mit sich konisch verjüngenden Kerben erreicht.Accordingly, a simple ball is inserted as a transmission body between the hood and the core of the cutting floor, which sits on the recess. With such an arrangement, the best results regarding core disassembly were achieved. The results are much better than with wedge-shaped transmission bodies and also with transmission bodies which have a hemisphere in their area facing the core and a shape adapted to the inner wall of the hood in the manner of a pyramid in their area facing the hood. A ball as a transmission body, which rests on the inner wall of the hood and the upper edge of the notch in the core, has the advantage that when the practice floor hits the impact forces always run through the center of the ball on the target and result in almost equally large decomposition forces for all impact angles. This also reliably disassembles the core in the event of an extreme oblique impact of the training floor on the target. The recess or notch can be cylindrical, for example. Very good results are achieved with tapered notches.

Die Herstellung eines Zerlegerkopfes mit einer Kugel als Übertragungskörper ist denkbar einfach und billig. Kugeln sind Massenware, und die Zusammensetzung der Einzelteile Kern, Kugel und Haube ist kein Problem.The production of a cutting head with a ball as a transmission body is very simple and cheap. Balls are mass-produced, and the composition of the individual parts core, ball and hood is not a problem.

Weitere Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung gehen aus den Unteransprüchen hervor.Further embodiments of the invention emerge from the subclaims.

Die Erfindung ist in drei Ausführungsbeispielen anhand der Figuren näher erläutert, die jeweils einen Zerlegerkopf gemäß der Erfindung im Längsschnitt zeigen.The invention is explained in more detail in three exemplary embodiments with reference to the figures, each of which shows a cutting head according to the invention in longitudinal section.

Ein Zerlegerkopf 1 weist einen Sockel 2 zur Befestigung in einem nicht dargestellten Übungsgeschoß auf, ferner einen zylindrischen Kern 3, der auf dem Sockel 2 ruht und eine mit dem Sockel 2 verbundene und den Kern 1 umfassende dünne Haube 4. Die Haube 4 verjüngt sich z.B. in ihrem über den Kern 3 herausragenden Bereich konisch und hat eine abgeplattete Spitze 5. Die Längsachse des Zerlegerkopfes 1, gleichzeitig die Mittellängsachse von Kern 3 und Haube 4, ist mit A bezeichnet.A cutting head 1 has a base 2 for fastening in a training floor (not shown), furthermore a cylindrical core 3, which rests on the base 2 and a thin hood 4 connected to the base 2 and comprising the core 1. The hood 4 tapers e.g. conical in its area protruding beyond the core 3 and has a flattened tip 5. The longitudinal axis of the cutting head 1, at the same time the central longitudinal axis of the core 3 and hood 4, is denoted by A.

In dem Kern 3 ist an seine der Spitze 5 des Zerlegerkopfs 1 zugewandten Oberseite eine Kerbe 6 in Form eines sich nach unten verjüngenden Kegelstumpfes um die Achse A eingebracht. In die Kerbe 6 ist eine Kugel 7 eingesetzt, die in die Kerbe 6 vorzugsweise so weit eintaucht, daß der Kugelmittelpunkt knapp oberhalb des oberen Randes der Kerbe 6 liegt und die Kerbe etwa im Bereich ihres oberen Randes die Kugel 7 tangential berührt. Die Kugel 7 liegt im Bereich der Spitze 5 und einem Teil der konischen Verjüngung an der Innenwand der Haube 4 an.In the core 3, a notch 6 in the form of a truncated cone tapering downward about the axis A is made on its upper side facing the tip 5 of the cutting head 1. A ball 7 is inserted into the notch 6, which preferably dips into the notch 6 to such an extent that the center of the ball lies just above the upper edge of the notch 6 and the notch touches the ball 7 tangentially in the region of its upper edge. The ball 7 lies in the area of the tip 5 and part of the conical taper on the inner wall of the hood 4.

Die Kugel hat einen Durchmesser von etwa zwei Drittel des Kerndurchmessers, die Tiefe der Kerbe entspricht etwa dem Durchmesser der Kugel, der Durchmesser der Kerbe am Boden ist etwa ein Drittel des Kerndurchmessers.The ball has a diameter of approximately two thirds of the core diameter, the depth of the notch corresponds approximately to the diameter of the ball, the diameter of the notch on the bottom is approximately one third of the core diameter.

Bei einem Aufprall des Zerlegerkopfes 1 auf ein Ziel wird die Kugel 7 in die Kerbe 6 getrieben. Der Kern 3 wird mit einer Kraft entsprechend annähernd der Aufprallkraft gespalten und beim Aufplatzen der Haube 4 zerlegt.When the cutting head 1 hits a target, the ball 7 is driven into the notch 6. The core 3 is split with a force corresponding approximately to the impact force and disassembled when the hood 4 bursts open.

Das Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Fig. 2 unterscheidet sich lediglich dadurch vom obigen, daß die hier mit 6′ bezeichnete Kerbe zylindrisch ist. Auch andere Ausgestaltungen sind möglich. Die Kugel 7 hat einen entsprechend größeren Durchmesser als die Kerbe 6′.The embodiment of FIG. 2 differs only in that the notch here designated 6 'is cylindrical. Other configurations are also possible. The ball 7 has a correspondingly larger diameter than the notch 6 '.

Das Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Fig. 3 unterscheidet sich von demjenigen gemäß Fig. 1 dadurch, daß die Kugel 7′ aus mehreren Teilen, in diesem Fall aus zwei Hälften A und B zusammengesetzt ist, die z.B. durch einen Kleber 8 miteinander leicht verklebt sind. Diese Verklebung erleichtert das Manipulieren der Kugel beim Zusammenbau des Zerlegerkopfes. Nach der Zerlegung des Kernes 3 trennen sich die Kugelhälften. Da Kugelhälften gegenüber Vollkugeln einen höheren Luftwiderstand aufweisen, werden die Kugelhälften beim Abprallen etwa von einer Zieltafel weniger weit weggeschleudert als Vollkugeln. Die Lage der Trennaht zwischen den beiden Kugelhälften in bezug zu der Mittelachse der Ausnehmung ist im übrigen für die Zerlegung belanglos. In Fig. 3 ist der Winkel zwischen Trennaht und Mittelachse zu etwa 45° eingezeichnet.The embodiment of FIG. 3 differs from that of FIG. 1 in that the ball 7 'is composed of several parts, in this case two halves A and B, which are easily glued together, for example by an adhesive 8. This bonding makes it easier to manipulate the ball when assembling the cutting head. After the core 3 has been disassembled, the spherical halves separate. As ball halves have a higher air resistance than solid balls, the ball halves are thrown less far away from a target board than solid balls when bouncing off. The position of the separating seam between the two ball halves in relation to the central axis of the recess is otherwise for the disassembly irrelevant. In Fig. 3 the angle between the separating seam and the central axis is drawn in at approximately 45 °.

Claims (7)

  1. Self-destroying projectile head for practice munition, having a core comprising pressed or sintered powder material, such as metal powder or ceramic powder, having a cap surrounding the core, and having a transmission body which passes the impact forces on the cap when the practice munition impacts on a target to the core and engages in a recess in the core, characterised in that the transmission body is a ball (7, 7′) which is inserted between the cap (4) and the core (3) and rests on the recess (6, 6′).
  2. Projectile head according to Claim 1, characterised in that the recess (6, 6′) is cylindrical or tapers conically, starting from its upper edge, in the core.
  3. Projectile head according to Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the diameter of the ball (7) is approximately 2/3 of core diameter, the depth of the recess (6, 6′) corresponds approximately to the diameter of the ball (7), and the diameter of the recess (6, 6′) at the base corresponds to approximately one third of the core diameter.
  4. Projectile head according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that, in the case of a conical recess (6), its inner wall touches the ball (7) tangentially, approximately at the upper edge of the said recess.
  5. Projectile head according to Claim 4, characterised in that the centre of the ball (7) is located slightly above the upper edge of the conical notch.
  6. Projectile head according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the ball (7′) consists of a plurality of parts, preferably of two ball halves (A, B).
  7. Projectile head according to Claim 6, characterised in that the ball halves (A, B) are lightly bonded to one another by means of an adhesive (8).
EP90901747A 1989-01-25 1990-01-23 Disintegrating missile head for practice ammunition Expired - Lifetime EP0406388B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT90901747T ATE87734T1 (en) 1989-01-25 1990-01-23 BREAKER-PROJECTION HEAD FOR PRACTICE AMMUNITION.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3902112A DE3902112C1 (en) 1989-01-25 1989-01-25
DE3902112 1989-01-25

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0406388A1 EP0406388A1 (en) 1991-01-09
EP0406388B1 true EP0406388B1 (en) 1993-03-31

Family

ID=6372743

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90901747A Expired - Lifetime EP0406388B1 (en) 1989-01-25 1990-01-23 Disintegrating missile head for practice ammunition
EP90101329A Pending EP0385095A1 (en) 1989-01-25 1990-01-23 Disintegrating projectile for practice ammunition

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90101329A Pending EP0385095A1 (en) 1989-01-25 1990-01-23 Disintegrating projectile for practice ammunition

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0406388B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2719983B2 (en)
KR (1) KR0155952B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE87734T1 (en)
AU (1) AU4847890A (en)
DE (2) DE3902112C1 (en)
IL (1) IL93121A0 (en)
PT (1) PT92967A (en)
WO (1) WO1990008937A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0597142B1 (en) * 1992-11-10 1998-06-17 Raufoss A/S A practice projectile
DE4440265C2 (en) * 1994-11-11 1996-08-29 Mauser Werke Oberndorf Waffensysteme Gmbh Practice bullet for barrel weapons
DE4440263A1 (en) 1994-11-11 1996-05-15 Mauser Werke Oberndorf Waffensysteme Gmbh Practice bullet for barrel weapons
US6837165B2 (en) 2001-11-09 2005-01-04 Olin Corporation Bullet with spherical nose portion

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB190622505A (en) * 1906-10-11 1907-05-23 Gilbert Hamilton Hoxie An Improved Projectile.
DE2757666A1 (en) * 1977-12-23 1979-06-28 Rheinmetall Gmbh DECELERATION FLOOR
DE2843167A1 (en) * 1978-10-04 1980-04-17 Schirnecker Hans Ludwig Ammunition round for hunting - has body with blind hole closed at front by rigid insert of relatively hard material
DE3064795D1 (en) * 1979-03-10 1983-10-20 Schirnecker Hans Ludwig Projectile, e.g. for hunting, and method of manufacturing same
DE3421841A1 (en) * 1984-06-13 1986-01-16 Heide, Marion, 4030 Ratingen Low-calibre training cartridge
US4589342A (en) * 1985-02-28 1986-05-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Rocket-powered training missile with impact motor splitting device
DE3642414A1 (en) * 1986-12-11 1988-06-23 Feistel Pyrotech Fab EXERCISE CARTRIDGE FOR SHOCK ABSORBED ARMS
DE8908703U1 (en) * 1989-07-18 1989-09-14 Josef Lubig GmbH, 5300 Bonn Practice bullet

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3902112C1 (en) 1990-05-10
EP0406388A1 (en) 1991-01-09
KR910700442A (en) 1991-03-15
DE59001104D1 (en) 1993-05-06
IL93121A0 (en) 1990-11-05
WO1990008937A1 (en) 1990-08-09
EP0385095A1 (en) 1990-09-05
JP2719983B2 (en) 1998-02-25
PT92967A (en) 1991-09-30
JPH03503797A (en) 1991-08-22
KR0155952B1 (en) 1998-10-15
AU4847890A (en) 1990-08-24
ATE87734T1 (en) 1993-04-15

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