EP0390523B1 - An optical element utilizing a molecular heterojunction - Google Patents

An optical element utilizing a molecular heterojunction Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0390523B1
EP0390523B1 EP90303287A EP90303287A EP0390523B1 EP 0390523 B1 EP0390523 B1 EP 0390523B1 EP 90303287 A EP90303287 A EP 90303287A EP 90303287 A EP90303287 A EP 90303287A EP 0390523 B1 EP0390523 B1 EP 0390523B1
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Prior art keywords
layer structure
redox
derivative
redox material
alkyl group
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EP90303287A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0390523A3 (en
EP0390523A2 (en
Inventor
Satoru C/O Mitsubishi Denki K.K. Isoda
Satoshi C/O Mitsubishi Denki K.K. Ueyama
Hiroaki C/O Mitsubishi Denki K.K. Kawakubo
Mitsuo C/O Mitsubishi Denki K.K. Maeda
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Mitsubishi Electric Corp
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Mitsubishi Electric Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
    • H10K10/701—Organic molecular electronic devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/451—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising a metal-semiconductor-metal [m-s-m] structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic radiation-sensitive element covered by group H10K30/00
    • H10K39/30—Devices controlled by radiation
    • H10K39/32—Organic image sensors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
    • H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
    • H10K85/344—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising ruthenium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
    • H10K85/621—Aromatic anhydride or imide compounds, e.g. perylene tetra-carboxylic dianhydride or perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
    • H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
    • H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/701—Langmuir Blodgett films
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an optical element used in an integrated circuit. More particularly, the present invention relates to an optical element having a superior photoconductive property and photovoltaic effect.
  • the crystal of cadmium sulfide and the like are well known.
  • figure 5 which is recited in "Electronic Physics Engineering", by Masaharu Aoki, pp360, when the cadmium sulfide crystal is irradiated with light, the energy of the light excites an electron to the conduction band from the filled band, whereby a free electron and a free hole are generated.
  • the electron and the hole pass through the crystal between the electrodes or between the electrode and the crystal, the photoconduction property is exhibited. This process is as shown in figure 5.
  • a photo cell including a semiconductor PN junction, a photodiode which is used for detecting light and the like are well known.
  • Figure 6 shows an example of the physical process of a semiconductor photodiode recited on pp 304 of "Foundation of Opto-electronics", by A. YARIV, translated by Kunio Tada and Takeshi Kamiya. The physical process will be described hereinafter along the expression of "Foundation of Opto-electronics”.
  • the incident photon is absorbed at the p type region, and a hole and an electron are generated. If the interval between this place and the depletion layer is less than the diffusion distance, the electron reaches the depletion layer at high probability and is drifted under the electric field, and transverses the depletion layer.
  • the hole generated in response to the absorption is diffused toward the depletion layer and is drifted to transverse the depletion layer. It is possible that the photon is absorbed in the depletion layer at a region B. Then, the generated hole and electron are both drifted under an electric field in reverse directions to each other so that they reach the p type side or n type side, respectively.
  • the photovoltaic effect using organic compound occurs almost by that the Schottky barrier produced between the metal electrode and the organic compound layer generates carriers in response to the light absorption.
  • An example of such type is disclosed in detail in D.A.Seanor "Electrical Properties of Polymers," Chap. 4.
  • the conventional optical element especially that utilizing the photoconduction property and photovoltaic effect is constituted as described above.
  • the photoconduction property is utilized in a photosensitive plate or an optical sensor of electronic photograph and the photovoltaic effect is utilized in a solar cell or a photosensor.
  • the semiconductor PN junction can be produced in a MOS structure and a fine patterning is possible. Thereby, a CCD image sensor of more than one million pixels is put into practice.
  • a high frequency response characteristics is important in an optical element. That is, an optical element of high sensitivity and high speed response property is requested.
  • a band structure of semiconductor is utilized and in the photovoltaic effect element a semiconductor PN junction or a metal-semiconductor Schottky barrier is utilized. Therefore, in view of the fact that the diffusion time of carriers generated in the p type or n type region is finite and that the width of the space charge layer at the pn junction portion or the Schottky barrier portion is finite, a delay occurs in the light response due to the running time of the carrier.
  • CA-A-1169055 discloses a photovoltaic cell and in particular such a cell wherein the active ingredient of the device is a "molecular p-n junction".
  • US-A-4725513 discloses an electroluminescent device comprising a luminescent layer.
  • the luminescent layer comprises a mixed monomolecular film of at least one electroluminescent organic compound and at least one organic compound which is different in electro-negativity from said organic compound or a built-up film thereof.
  • US-A-4764415 discloses layers constituting a rectifier or transistor element respectively formed by oxidation-reduction substances so that a redox potential difference is provided between adjacent layers.
  • the oxidation-reduction substances are selected from biogenic redox protein, pseudo-redox protein and the like.
  • the element is implemented in hyperfine size in molecular level, so that an integrated circuit of super-high density can be attained by using the element.
  • Photogalvanic output is obtained upon illumination of a single solution containing two photoredox dyes and three sensitizers with monochromatic light throughout the wavelength range approximately 375-700 nm.
  • pgs 116-8 discusses the photoelectric properties in microscopic p-n junctions of organic semiconductors especially photodiodes containing microscopic p-n junctions of organic dyes using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique.
  • the complex comprising two kinds of redox material having different redox potentials forming a junction, shows a function of an optical element such as photoconduction property or photovoltaic effect.
  • an optical element such as photoconduction property or photovoltaic effect.
  • the electron on the highest orbit of the molecule B can be excited to the lowest non-occupation orbit of the molecule B by the light irradiation in the compound comprising the redox material molecules A and B junctioned to each other.
  • the difference in the energy level of the electron corresponding to the A and B molecular layer can be controlled, therefore, it is possible to occur the photoconduction property and photovoltaic effect.
  • the energy levels of the A and B molecular layers may have a wide band broadening because of the crystallinity in the molecular layer.
  • the electron transfer protein are arranged as in a chain with a precise arrangement in the biomembrane and therefore, it is possible to flow the electron along the protein chain and the movement of the electron can be controlled at the molecular level.
  • Figure 7 schematically shows an electron transfer system in the internal film of mitochondrion as an example of electron transfer protein chain.
  • reference numeral 6 designates an internal film of mitochondrion
  • reference numerals 7 to 13 designate electron transfer protein molecule
  • the electrons extracted from the NADH (in figure (L)) and succinic acid (in figure (M)), which are reductive organism, by NADH-Q reduction enzyme 7 and succinic acid dehydrogenaze respectively are transferred on a path from NADH-Q reduction enzyme 7, succinic acid dehydrogenaze 8, cytochrome b(9), cytochrome c1( 10), cytochrome c(11), cytochrome a(12), and cytochrome a3(13), and finally it is handed to the oxygen at the outlet side N, thereby generating a H2O molecule.
  • the electron transfer protein shown in Figure 7 occurs an oxidation/reduction (hereinafter referred to as "redox”) reaction in the transfer of electron and it is possible to flow the electron from the negative level to the positive level of the redox potential of the respective electron transfer protein.
  • redox oxidation/reduction
  • electron transfer protein complex capable of transferring an electron can be produced by not only combining electron transfer protein molecules existing in the same organism but also combining electron transfer protein molecules existing in different kinds of organisms.
  • redox material A and B having appropriate redox potentials and selecting one among them in which the electron is excited by light and accumulating these in a two layer of A-B, it may be possible to produce a molecular heterojunction generating a photocurrent and a photovoltage by irradiation of light.
  • an optical element comprises a film comprising first redox material, a second redox material film comprising second redox material having a different redox potential from that of the first redox material, connected to the first redox material film, electrodes respectively connected to the first redox material film and the second redox material film.
  • the state of electron of the first and second redox material molecule are controlled by that the materials are irradiated by light, thereby occurring the photoconduction property or generating a photovoltage.
  • first and second redox material are selected from flavin derivative, porphyrin derivative, viologen, methylene blue, indophenol, phenosafranine, annulene, neutral red, toluidine blue, gallocyanin, indigo, and pheno thiazine
  • flavin derivatives and porphyrin derivatives are preferred from the point of view that the redox reaction occurs stably because they are organisms simulating material and that the electron mobility speed is fast.
  • R1 and R2 in the general formula (I) are respectively hydrogen atom or alkyl group comprising the combination in the following.
  • R1 and R2 are each group of such as the above-described combination, the polarity can be controlled. This makes it possible to produce a uniform monomolecular film on the water surface.
  • R3 and R4 are each a substituent including a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a carbonyl group, methylthio acetic acid group, or methylthio succinic acid group. Since R3 and R4 are these group, the number of negative ions per one molecule can be varied to be 0, 1, or 2. Further, the position of isoalloxazin ring in the monomolecular film can be controlled. Furthermore, the orientation of the isoalloxazin ring in the monomolecular film can be controlled.
  • the M in the general formulae (II) to (IV) is Fe or Ru. Because M is Fe or Ru, the redox reaction reacting between two valence bond state and three valence bond state occurs stably.
  • the X, Y, and Z in the general formulae (II) to (IV) are ligand against M, and the structure (II), (III), and (IV) can be obtained dependent on the kinds and the valence bond number of M.
  • M are each a halogen atom, CO, -OCOCH3, pyridine, imidazole, or P(OR5)3 or PR53(R5 is a lower alkyl group of C1 to C4).
  • X, Y, and Z are not these atoms or groups, the stability of the state of two valence bonds or the three valence bonds is low and it is likely to deteriorate.
  • X and Y are the same or different.
  • the m and n in the general formulae (II) to (IV) are integers from 5 to 20, and preferably from 5 to 15. In a case where m and n are less than 5, the hydrophobic property of the compound which is represented by the general formulae (II) to (IV) are insufficient and it is impossible to produce a monomolecular film which is suitable for the production of LB film. On the other hand, when it exceeds 20, the hydrophobic alkyl chain of the compound which is represented by the general formulae (II), (III), and (IV) is too long and while producing the built-up film comprising monomolecular films, the distance between the porphyrin rings between the layers is too long and the electron transfer characteristics is lowered.
  • the m and n is the same or different.
  • the alkali metallic salt of porphyrin metal complex is alkali metallic salt of compound represented by the general formulae (II) to (IV). As the alkali metal, Na, K and the like are raised.
  • the alkali metallic salt of porphyrin metal complex of the present invention may be one in which one of the carboxyl group in the general formulae (II) to (IV) is salt or two of them are salt.
  • porphyrin derivative As a preferable example of the porphyrin derivative, the following is raised:
  • first redox material and second redox material having different redox potential are used.
  • the difference in the redox potential is 0.3 to 1.0 V in view of accelerating the electron movement speed and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
  • first redox material and the second redox material are selected from the material recited as usable in the present invention, but it is preferable to use either of the porphyrin derivative and flavin derivative as the first redox material and the other as the second redox material. It is because the redox potential difference is appropriate and the redox reaction proceeds stably, thereby resulting in a high electron transfer speed.
  • the first redox material film and the second redox material film are preferable to have thickness of 1 to 50 nm (10 to 500 ⁇ ngstroms), especially 1 to 10 nm (10 to 100 ⁇ ngstroms) in view of reducing the electron running time and enhancing the response speed as an element.
  • a film produced by Langmuir-Blodgett method, Molecular Beam Epitaxy method, a vacuum deposition method, and CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method may be raised.
  • a single molecular film obtained by LB method and a built-up film of about 2 to 10 layers are preferable in view of built-up in the form of holding a stable order structure of monomolecular film of organic molecule.
  • the optical element of the present invention comprises the first redox material film 3 and the second redox material film 4 being connected to each other and the first electrode 2 being connected to the first redox material film 3 and the second electrode 5 being connected to the second redox material film 4 as shown in Figure 1.
  • the electrodes serve to apply a predetermined voltage across the redox materials, and a metallic electrode comprising such as Ag, Au, Al or a transparent electrode comprising such as SnO2, ITO is used.
  • the optical element of the present invention may be one having more than three kinds of redox material films.
  • connection is easily obtained by producing the first redox material film by such as LB method, MBE method, and CVD method and thereafter producing the second redox material film by such as LB method.
  • the light for irradiation light of wavelength which is absorbed by the first and second redox material film is used.
  • light of wavelength 250 to 520 nm is used.
  • the way of light irradiation may be usual, not subjected to particular restrictions.
  • the photo-current generating efficiency is high and the photo-voltage generated is high because two kinds of redox material having different redox potentials are used and the heterojunction film generating carriers in response to the light irradiation is utilized.
  • the monomoleclar film or the monomolecular built-up film produced by the LB method as the redox material film, an optical element comprising quite a thin film is produced and a high speed light response is enabled.
  • the LB film can be produced independent on the crystallinity of the substrate, the utilization as a three dimensional element or as a hybrid element combined with the conventional semiconductor elements such as those utilizing Si is possible.
  • an electrode is produced on the substrate by such as ion beam method, molecular beam method, deposition method, or CVD method.
  • first redox material film is produced so as to be in contact with the electrode and a second redox material film is produced thereon by such as LB method.
  • a redox material film is further produced.
  • an electrode is produced so as to be in contact with the redox material film at the most upper surface, thereby completing an optical element of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view showing a device in which an optical element of the present invention is incorporated and Figure 2 shows an exploaded view showing elements of the device of figure 1 in a disassembled state.
  • an electrode 2 comprising a plurality of aluminum lines 100 nm (1000 ⁇ ngstroms) thickness and 1mm width in parallel are produced on the glass substrate 1.
  • RPPH porphyrin derivative
  • the flavin derivative represented by the following formula: is laminated on the substrate comprising the substrate 1, electrode 2, and film 3 by the LB method by four molecular layers at film pressure of 30 mN ⁇ m ⁇ 1, thereby producing the second redox material film 4.
  • the second redox material film 4 is laminated and connected to the first redox material film 3.
  • the difference of the redox potential between first redox material and second redox material is 700 mV.
  • a translucent second electrode 5 comprising a plurality of aluminum lines of 10 nm (100 ⁇ ngstrom) thickness and 1mm width in parallel with each other is produced on the direction vertical to the electrode 2.
  • the monomolecular accumulative film of porphyrin derivative and the monomolecular accumulative film of flavin derivative are used for the first redox material film and the second redox material film, respectively, but these LB films may be monomolecular films. Furthermore, it may be that either of the two redox material films is a LB film and the other is a redox material film other than a LB film or the both are redox material films other than a LB film. Furthermore, the experimental example may be of A-B type two layer structure but it may be of A-B-A type multi-layer structure.
  • an optical element performing an operation similar to that of the conventional semiconductor photodiode such as of p-n junction type is realized by one having a hyperfine molecular level size and an optical image sensor capable of realizing high density and high speed can be obtained.
  • the element of the present invention is easy in accumulating redox material films regardless of the nature of the underlying substrate. This eases constitution of a three dimensional element. This also eases constitution of a hybrid element comprising combination with elements of conventional Si semiconductor or compound semiconductor such as GaAs.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
  • Photo Coupler, Interrupter, Optical-To-Optical Conversion Devices (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
EP90303287A 1989-03-29 1990-03-28 An optical element utilizing a molecular heterojunction Expired - Lifetime EP0390523B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP79238/89 1989-03-29
JP1079238A JP2752687B2 (ja) 1989-03-29 1989-03-29 ヘテロ分子接合に基づく光素子

Publications (3)

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EP0390523A2 EP0390523A2 (en) 1990-10-03
EP0390523A3 EP0390523A3 (en) 1991-01-23
EP0390523B1 true EP0390523B1 (en) 1995-12-27

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EP (1) EP0390523B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2752687B2 (ja)
DE (1) DE69024394T2 (ja)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102067317A (zh) * 2008-04-22 2011-05-18 索尼公司 用于电子器件的包含双分子层的结
CN102067317B (zh) * 2008-04-22 2013-08-14 索尼公司 用于电子器件的包含双分子层的结

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JP2752687B2 (ja) 1998-05-18
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JPH02257675A (ja) 1990-10-18
EP0390523A2 (en) 1990-10-03
DE69024394D1 (de) 1996-02-08

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