EP0385883B1 - Verfahren zum Unterstützen einer Abbaufront durch Injektion von Schlamm, Werkzeug und Injektionsschild dafür - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Unterstützen einer Abbaufront durch Injektion von Schlamm, Werkzeug und Injektionsschild dafür Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0385883B1
EP0385883B1 EP90420056A EP90420056A EP0385883B1 EP 0385883 B1 EP0385883 B1 EP 0385883B1 EP 90420056 A EP90420056 A EP 90420056A EP 90420056 A EP90420056 A EP 90420056A EP 0385883 B1 EP0385883 B1 EP 0385883B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tool
cutting
ground
injection
cutting tool
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90420056A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0385883A1 (de
Inventor
Mohsen Mohkam
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Association pour la Formation Permanente des Cadres de l'Equipement FORMEQUIP
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Association pour la Formation Permanente des Cadres de l'Equipement FORMEQUIP
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Association pour la Formation Permanente des Cadres de l'Equipement FORMEQUIP filed Critical Association pour la Formation Permanente des Cadres de l'Equipement FORMEQUIP
Priority to AT90420056T priority Critical patent/ATE98337T1/de
Publication of EP0385883A1 publication Critical patent/EP0385883A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0385883B1 publication Critical patent/EP0385883B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
    • E21D9/04—Driving tunnels or galleries through loose materials; Apparatus therefor not otherwise provided for
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/44—Bits with helical conveying portion, e.g. screw type bits; Augers with leading portion or with detachable parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/60—Drill bits characterised by conduits or nozzles for drilling fluids
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
    • E21D9/06—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining
    • E21D9/0642—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining the shield having means for additional processing at the front end
    • E21D9/0664—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining the shield having means for additional processing at the front end with means for applying a coating layer to the front face, e.g. by spraying
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
    • E21D9/06—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining
    • E21D9/08—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining with additional boring or cutting means other than the conventional cutting edge of the shield
    • E21D9/0875—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining with additional boring or cutting means other than the conventional cutting edge of the shield with a movable support arm carrying cutting tools for attacking the front face, e.g. a bucket

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of supporting a advancement front and the size of an underground gallery, such as a tunnel, produced in a rocky terrain, of various types and sizes, aquifer or not.
  • the invention aims, more specifically, to support a cutting and advancing front, when digging an underground gallery, by the so-called pressurized shield method.
  • the shield comprises a slaughter chamber delimited by the front of the ground cut by a rotating tool, an external ferrule and a watertight transverse partition placed at a distance from the cutting tool.
  • the slaughter chamber is intended to contain compressed air ensuring the stability of the working face.
  • a second known support technique consists in introducing, into the slaughter chamber, a pressurized sludge having blocking characteristics determined in relation to the ground encountered during the digging.
  • the mud for example of the bentonite type, is intended to penetrate the corresponding terrain over a given depth and / or to cover the working face to form a cake mobilizing the stabilizing pressure of the working face.
  • the spoil which is are suspended in the mud inside the slaughter chamber, are evacuated from the latter with the sludge, to a treatment station allowing the sludge to be recovered and injected back into the slaughter chamber.
  • This technique of supporting by mud pressure has a major drawback which is that of imposing the implementation of a treatment station and, consequently, of supply and return pipes, requiring the use of a large amount of mud which is very expensive.
  • Another drawback of this technique lies in the fact that the presence of the mud in the felling chamber does not allow the cutting face and the tool to be observed during the felling of the ground.
  • the prior art has proposed a variant of the support technique, called a shielding technique, with compressed air pressure.
  • the cutting tool is carried by a pivoting arm crossing the watertight transverse partition and provided with a device for projecting a mud onto the front of the ground, towards the environment of the tool, so as to project the mud on the part of the ground that the tool has just cut, while trying to create a surface sealing membrane covering the felling front and allowing maintain a stabilizing air pressure at the working face at a given pressure.
  • this technique does not make it possible to control the distribution of the flow of projected mud, in order to obtain a homogeneous coating of the ground.
  • This constraint leads, on the one hand, to localized overloads of mud resulting in a drop in the presumed membrane and, on the other hand, punctual underloads of mud capable of constituting areas where the sealing of the ground is no longer assured.
  • the support technique described above does not ensure the formation of a sealing membrane at the level of the slaughter front, so that the compressed air diffuses, at inside the field and is no longer able to perform its support function on the working face.
  • this technique does not allow the formation of a presumed waterproof membrane over the entire surface of the face, the drawbacks of the compressed air shield technique remain. Consequently, the applications of this support technique prove, in practice, very limited, insofar as the excavated ground must be homogeneous and have a fine particle size.
  • the implementation of this technique requires that a ground cover at least equal to the diameter of the excavated tunnel remain, due to the low sealing power of this cake deposited on the surface of the slaughter front.
  • the present invention therefore aims to remedy the drawbacks set out above, by proposing a method of support by injection of mud, of a cutting face of a ground ensuring the formation of a sealing cake and of blocking of the felling front on the entire cutting surface which allows to maintain, inside the felling chamber, an efficient pressure to stabilize the cutting front.
  • the invention also aims to propose a suitable method for providing a support function for a size face of land of various natures.
  • the invention also aims to propose a support method offering the possibility of examining the cutting face during the felling of the ground by the cutting tool.
  • the invention also aims to offer a support method making it possible to dispense with the implementation of a cuttings and mud treatment station.
  • the method of supporting a cutting face of a terrain in which an injection shield is moved in translation of the type comprising a slaughter chamber intended to contain compressed air at a pressure determined and delimited by an external shell, a watertight partition and by the front of the ground coated with mud and cut by a tool driven in rotation.
  • the method according to the invention consists in injecting the mud downstream of the cutting face in the direction of progression of the shield, crossing the cutting tool, to form, before and / or simultaneously with the attack of the tool, a cutting face blocking and sealing cake which remains continuously after the tool has passed, in order to ensure continuous blocking and sealing of the working face supported by compressed air.
  • Fig. 1 is a section in elevation of an injection shield during the digging of an underground gallery.
  • Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a cutting tool allowing the support method according to the invention to be implemented.
  • Fig. 3 is a front view of the cutting tool according to FIG. 2 .
  • Fig. 4 is a sectional view, taken substantially along the lines IV-IV of FIG. 3 and showing the support method according to the invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a top view taken along line V of FIG. 4 and showing a characteristic detail of the cutting tool.
  • Fig. 6 is a front view of another alternative embodiment of a cutting tool.
  • Fig. 7 is a sectional view taken substantially along the lines VII-VII of FIG. 6 .
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a terrain 1 of various types and sizes, aquifer or not, and in which is moved, in translation in the direction of arrow a , a machine 2 generally called a tunnel boring machine and intended for digging an underground gallery, such as 'a tunnel.
  • the tunnel boring machine 2 is equipped, at its front part, with an injection shield 4 comprising a slaughter chamber 5 and, at its rear part, with devices and devices, not shown, but known in self, ensuring the operation of the TBM.
  • the slaughter chamber 5 is delimited by an external ferrule 6 , a watertight transverse partition 7 located at a distance from the free end of the ferrule 6 and by the front T of the ground 1 placed inside the ferrule and intended for be slaughtered using a size 8 tool.
  • the injection shield 4 is of the point attack type, insofar as the surface discovered by the tool constitutes only a small portion of the face of size T.
  • the size 8 tool is carried by a telescopic arm 9 driven in rotation and articulated on a ball joint 11 allowing the tool to reach the entire surface of the ground placed in relation to the ferrule.
  • the support method according to the invention consists, from a pipe 12 passing through the arm 9 , to be injected, downstream or in front of the face of size T , according to the direction of progression a of the shield and through the tool of size 8 , a mud having determined characteristics of blocking and sealing of the ground encountered.
  • the mud which is represented by the arrows f1 in Figs. 1 and 4 , penetrates inside the ground and traps it over a determined depth and covers the working face on an area at least equal to that placed in relation to the tool, so that a blocking cake C terrain and sealing of the working face is formed, before and / or simultaneously with the actual attack of the tool.
  • the cake C is formed continuously and remains, after the passage of the size 8 tool which, as illustrated by example in fig. 4 , is driven by a downward sweeping movement represented by the arrow b .
  • compressed air represented by the arrow f2 in FIG. 1 , is introduced, through an inlet pipe 13 , into the slaughter chamber 5 , so as to ensure the stability of the face of size T.
  • the compressed air is retained inside the slaughter chamber, due to the presence of the sealing cake C which limits the air outlet to inside the field.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a cake for sealing and maintaining the stabilizing pressure of the face of size T by injecting mud in relation and downstream of the tool of size 8 .
  • the method of the invention also makes it possible to reduce the consumption of sludge used completely, due to its injection inside the ground.
  • the slaughter chamber 5 which contains compressed air, makes it possible to constantly observe the working face T by portholes 14 formed in the watertight partition 7 .
  • the cuttings can be removed from the slaughter chamber by any suitable means, but preferably mechanical, such as an Archimedes screw 15 .
  • Figs. 2 to 5 illustrate, more precisely, a first alternative embodiment of a cutting tool allowing the support method according to the invention to be implemented.
  • the size 8 tool has a mud feed pipe 16 intended to be connected to the pipe 12 passing through the arm 9 .
  • the duct 16 is extended by an injection nozzle 17 and comprises, for example, on its external surface, a screw V for removing the cuttings.
  • the nozzle 17 is constituted by a truncated cone making it possible to penetrate into the ground and comprises at least one injection hole 18 opening into the small base 171 of the truncated cone.
  • injection holes 181 open into the lateral surface of the nozzle, so as to ensure a sufficient injection of mud inside the ground to constitute a sealing and blocking cake adapted to the ground.
  • the injection nozzle 17 is provided, externally, with at least two helical teeth 19 mounted diametrically opposite and intended to facilitate the engagement of the tool in the ground. As shown more precisely in fig. 3 , each tooth 19 extends, for example, from the small base 171 , to the large base 172 of the truncated cone, according to an angular range l substantially equal to 90 degrees.
  • the size 8 tool also has at least two tool holder 20 fixed firmly, diametrically opposite, on the conduit 16 .
  • Each tool holder 20 is intended to support, by any suitable fixing member, such as screws 21 , at least one and, for example, three irons 22 .
  • each iron 22 has a free end 23 extending in a size P plane placed back or upstream relative to the mud injection orifices 18, 181 (fig. 4) .
  • each tool holder 20 supports, on the one hand, two irons 221 constituted by dice and, on the other hand, an external iron 222 formed by a tooth which has a external surface 22′ 22 curved and turned towards the inside of the tool to facilitate the engagement of the latter in the ground, whatever the inclination of the support arm 9 .
  • the irons 221 , 222 which are provided in the example illustrated in a single piece, can be constituted by pieces independent of each other.
  • each iron 221 is arranged to have a "V" groove 24 determining two cutting edges 25 .
  • the profile of the grooves 24 extends in a plane Q perpendicular to the plane of rotation R of the tool, preferably to an angular measurement d closely, described below.
  • the irons 22 of the tool are offset symmetrically, with respect to a plane U perpendicular to the plane R of rotation of the tool, by an angular measurement d of between 20 and 40 degrees and, preferably, equal to 30 degrees.
  • the offset of the irons makes it possible to obtain a clean cut of the ground and not a tearing of the latter.
  • Figs. 6 and 7 illustrate another alternative embodiment of a size 8 tool allowing a preferred support method to be implemented.
  • the size 8 tool has channels 26 for feeding mud, opening onto the free end 23 of the irons 22 , so as to inject mud into the ground, at least in relation to the active parts of the tool. . Additionally to the cake formation due to the injection of mud in the part central tool, through the holes 18 , 181 , it can be obtained an overcake sealing the cutting face. It should be noted that the injection of mud into the central part of the tool also contributes to the formation of the sealing overcake by partial emergence of the mud on the cutting face.
  • the channels 26 open into the bottom of the grooves 24 which, by their "V" shape, make it possible to prevent the channels from being blocked by fragments of the ground.
  • the channels 26 communicate with the main mud supply duct 16 which has a reduced passage section in relation to the start of the channels, so as to promote the supply of the mud in the channels 26 .
  • the pruning tool relates, mainly, to a point attack tool for the terrain.
  • the size plate comprises, on the one hand, a determined number of injection nozzles in relation to the size of the plate and, on the other hand, irons judiciously placed on the plate and whose free end s extends back from the injection ports of the nozzles.
  • the supply of the mud to the free end of the irons can be obtained by the use of pipes each connected to a channel formed in an iron.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)

Claims (17)

  1. Verfahren zum Stützen einer Abbaufront (T) in Erdreich (1), in dem eine Einspritzabschirmung (4) verschoben wird, die eine Abbaukammer (5) zur Aufnahme von Druckluft bei einem vorgegebenen Druck umfaßt, die durch einen externen Ring (6), eine luftdichte Trennwand (7) und durch die Front (T) des durch einen Schlamm stabilisierten und durch ein drehangetriebenes Werkzeug (8) abgebauten Erdreichs begrenzt ist,
    gekennzeichnet durch
    Einspritzen des Schlamms hinter der Abbaufront (T) in Bewegungsrichtung der Abschirmung, unter Durchquerung des Abbauwerkzeugs (8), um wenigstens in Beziehung zum Werkzeug eine Kruste (C) zur Vorstabilisierung der schlammdurchtränkten und -überzogenen Abbaufront zu bilden.
  2. Stützverfahren nach Anspruch 1,
    gekennzeichnt durch
    Einspritzen des Schlamms wenigstens im Zentralbereich des Werkzeugs.
  3. Stützverfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    Schlamm durch das Abbauwerkzeug geführt und in Beziehung zu den die Abbaufront herstellenden Eisen (22) des Werkzeugs eingespritzt wird, um eine Überkruste zur Stabilisierung der Abbaufront zu bilden.
  4. Stützverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3,
    gekennzeichnet durch
    mechanisches Entfernen des abgebauten Erdreichs aus der Abbaukammer.
  5. Abbauwerkzeug zum Abbauen einer Erdreichfront (T) mit:
    - einer Schlammzufuhrleitung (16), verlängert mit einer Düse (17) zum Eindringen in das Erdreich und
    - wenigstens zwei diametral gegenüberliegend an der Leitung montierten, drehanzutreibenden Werkzeugträgern,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    jeder Werkzeugträger (20) wenigstens ein Eisen (22) hält, dessen freies Ende (23) in einer Abbauebene (P) verläuft, die hinter einer Schlammeinspritzöffnung (18, 18₁) liegt.
  6. Abbauwerkzeug nach Anspruch 5,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    die Einspritzdüse (17) aus einem Kegelstumpf gebildet ist.
  7. Abbauwerkzeug nach Anspruch 5 oder 6,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    die Einspritzdüse (17) eine auf die kleine Basis (17₁) des Kegelstumpfes mündende Einspritzöffnung (18) hat.
  8. Abbauwerkzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 7,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    die Einspritzdüse (17) auf die Seitenfläche des Kegelstumpfs mündende Einspritzöffnungen (18₁) hat.
  9. Abbauwerkzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 8,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    die Einspritzdüse (17) äußerlich mit wenigstens zwei spiralförmigen Zähnen (19) zur Unterstützung des Eindringens in das Erdreich versehen ist.
  10. Abbauwerkzeug nach Anspruch 9,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    die zwei spiralförmigen Zähne (19) einander diametral gegenüberliegen und jeweils von der kleinen Basis (17₁) bis zur großen Basis (17₂) des Kegelstumpfs über einen Winkelbereich (ℓ) von ca. 90 ° verlaufen.
  11. Abbauwerkzeug nach Anspruch 5,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    das freie Ende (23) wenigstens eines Eisens eine V-förmige, im wesentlichen in einer zur Drehebene (R) des Werkzeugs senkrechten Ebene orientierte Rille (24) aufweist.
  12. Abbauwerkzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 11,
    gekennzeichnet durch
    Kanäle (26) zum Zuführen von Schlamm, die auf das freie Ende der Eisen (22) münden.
  13. Abbauwerkzeug nach Ansprüchen 11 und 12,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    die Kanäle (26) auf den Boden der Rille (24) der Eisen münden.
  14. Abbauwerkzeug nach Anspruch 5,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    die Eisen (22) symmetrisch gegen einen zur Rotationsebene (R) des Werkzeugs senkrechte Ebene (U) um einen Winkel (d) versetzt sind.
  15. Abbaukopf,
    gekennzeichnet durch
    wenigstens zwei Abbauwerkzeuge nach Ansprüchen 5 bis 14, der einen mehrfachen punktuellen und/oder einen vollflächigen Angriff auf das Erdreich ermöglicht.
  16. Einspritzabschirmung,
    gekennzeichnet durch
    ein Abbauwerkzeug nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 14.
  17. Einspritzabschirmung,
    gekennzeichnet durch
    einen Abbaukopf nach Anspruch 15.
EP90420056A 1989-02-01 1990-02-01 Verfahren zum Unterstützen einer Abbaufront durch Injektion von Schlamm, Werkzeug und Injektionsschild dafür Expired - Lifetime EP0385883B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT90420056T ATE98337T1 (de) 1989-02-01 1990-02-01 Verfahren zum unterstuetzen einer abbaufront durch injektion von schlamm, werkzeug und injektionsschild dafuer.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8901506 1989-02-01
FR8901506A FR2642469B1 (fr) 1989-02-01 1989-02-01 Procede de soutenement, par injection de boue, d'un front de taille d'un terrain, outil et bouclier d'injection en faisant application

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0385883A1 EP0385883A1 (de) 1990-09-05
EP0385883B1 true EP0385883B1 (de) 1993-12-08

Family

ID=9378514

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90420056A Expired - Lifetime EP0385883B1 (de) 1989-02-01 1990-02-01 Verfahren zum Unterstützen einer Abbaufront durch Injektion von Schlamm, Werkzeug und Injektionsschild dafür

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0385883B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE98337T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69004998D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2642469B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006007932A1 (de) * 2004-07-20 2006-01-26 Wirth Maschinen- und Bohrgeräte-Fabrik GmbH Verfahren und tunnelbohr- oder teilschnittmaschine zum vortreiben einer tunnelbohrung
CN103175729A (zh) * 2013-03-06 2013-06-26 同济大学 一种盾构隧道开挖面稳定性离心模型试验配套装置

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1997887A (en) * 1927-09-12 1935-04-16 Four Wheel Drive Auto Company Auger
DE2431652C3 (de) * 1974-07-02 1978-06-22 Gewerkschaft Eisenhuette Westfalia, 4670 Luenen Messerschild für den Vortrieb unterirdischer Strecken, wie insbesondere Tunnel u.dgl
AT376765B (de) * 1978-05-16 1984-12-27 Guergen Karlheinz Auswechselbare bohrkrone fuer einen bei allen gesteinsarten anwendbaren gesteindrehschlagbohrer und bohrhammer
DE3015580C2 (de) * 1980-04-23 1986-07-31 Ed. Züblin AG, 7000 Stuttgart Vortriebsschild
FR2526855A1 (fr) * 1982-05-14 1983-11-18 Daiho Construction Co Ltd Appareil pour creuser des tunnels horizontaux
DE3514563A1 (de) * 1985-04-23 1986-10-30 Strabag Bau-AG, 5000 Köln Tunnelvortriebsmaschine
DE3605221C1 (en) * 1986-02-19 1987-07-16 Wayss & Freytag Ag, 6000 Frankfurt, De Ground compactor in front of tunnelling machine - has drill for ground bores in free centre of cutter wheel mounted on spherical bearings
DE3705095A1 (de) * 1987-02-18 1988-09-01 Zueblin Ag Verfahren zum abdichten des untergrundes, insbesondere zum abdichten der ortsbrust beim druckluftvortrieb mittels einer betonitsuspension und vorrichtung zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2642469B1 (fr) 1996-07-19
FR2642469A1 (fr) 1990-08-03
DE69004998D1 (de) 1994-01-20
ATE98337T1 (de) 1993-12-15
EP0385883A1 (de) 1990-09-05

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