EP0380827B1 - Device for horizontal spray compacting - Google Patents

Device for horizontal spray compacting Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0380827B1
EP0380827B1 EP89250125A EP89250125A EP0380827B1 EP 0380827 B1 EP0380827 B1 EP 0380827B1 EP 89250125 A EP89250125 A EP 89250125A EP 89250125 A EP89250125 A EP 89250125A EP 0380827 B1 EP0380827 B1 EP 0380827B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
product
head
holders
bar head
dummy bar
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89250125A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0380827A2 (en
EP0380827A3 (en
Inventor
Wolfgang Prof. Dr -Ing. Reichelt
Peter Dr.-Ing. Voss-Spilker
Ulrich Dr.-Ing. Urlau
Fraz Ing. Grad. Keutgen
Erich Ing. Grad. Willems
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vodafone GmbH
Original Assignee
Mannesmann AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mannesmann AG filed Critical Mannesmann AG
Publication of EP0380827A2 publication Critical patent/EP0380827A2/en
Publication of EP0380827A3 publication Critical patent/EP0380827A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0380827B1 publication Critical patent/EP0380827B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/115—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by spraying molten metal, i.e. spray sintering, spray casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D23/00—Casting processes not provided for in groups B22D1/00 - B22D21/00
    • B22D23/003—Moulding by spraying metal on a surface
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/123—Spraying molten metal

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for horizontal spray compacting of rotationally symmetrical products according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Devices for spray compacting are known, for example from EP-A-02 25 732 a horizontal spray system can be found, the material being held by bearings which can be moved or adjusted radially with respect to this. Deviating from this, it is also known to provide shape-forming walls from EP-A-01 88 994 which are mounted in a cage which in turn is arranged in a housing so as to be rotatable and longitudinally movable. This arrangement eliminates the need for special supports for the block produced by spray compacting.
  • the invention is based on the object of designing the device mentioned at the outset in such a way that rotationally symmetrical products, in particular round billets, can be produced, with both a defined position being maintained during the spraying process and reliable longitudinal and rotary movement being possible.
  • the device has a spray chamber 9, which is chamfered on the spray side for receiving the spray nozzle 10, which sprays approximately at an angle of 35 degrees to the horizontal. Details of this nozzle arrangement and the metal feed are not shown here.
  • a transport device 7 is provided which can be approached to the stick by means of levers or a hydraulic system 8 and which makes it possible to remove the finished stick 5 from the spray chamber.
  • Holders 1 and one or more support devices 6 are provided in order to keep the start-up head or the stick already formed defined, but also to rotate and to remove it from the nozzle arrangement 10 in the longitudinal movement during the spraying process.
  • These holders 1 are on coaxial ring gears 3 arranged, which surround the start head or stick, namely, they are pivotally arranged there, so that a radial adjustment to the starting head or stick 5 is possible by means of cylinders. These are indicated in Figure 3.
  • the toothed rings 3 can rotate with the holders 1 arranged thereon around the starting head or stick 5, and common pinions 2 are provided for this purpose.
  • Two such holders are provided one behind the other, as can be seen in FIG. Both are constructed identically.
  • Servo cylinders 4 are arranged on the sprockets or holders, which are supported on one side of the spray chamber and with the aid of which the respective holders can be moved forwards or backwards, that is to say in the longitudinal direction in the direction of the spray nozzle 10 or away from it.
  • the holder itself can be of a similar design, so that radial positioning on the stick 5 is also possible.
  • the start-up head is first held in a defined position by the holders 1 in relation to the nozzle, so that the material first hits it, and then there is a continuous longitudinal movement and rotation of this start-up head away from the nozzle arrangement, so that gradually, as is the case results from Figure 2, a round billet is formed.
  • the holders 1 alternately come into action, ie a holder arrangement with the individual holders offset in the circumference holds the strand and is supported by the servo cylinder 4 moved in the longitudinal direction, at the same time rotating through the pinion gear arrangement 2/3.
  • the other holder arrangement is meanwhile moved back to the front starting position, so that when the other holding arrangement is in its rear position, it can continue to pull out the circular stick with the rotation while the other holding device is moved back to the front position.
  • the support device 6 is only clamped on the round billet to hold it, but does not have its own drive, ie the movement of the support device in the longitudinal direction takes place through the Clubs, and this also applies to the rotary movement.
  • a cable 11 can be provided in the upper part of the spray chamber.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Spray Control Apparatus (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for the horizontal spray compacting of rotationally symmetrical products, comprising a spraying chamber, on which the nozzle for the atomising jet is arranged, a holder which can be adjusted radially to the start-up head or the product produced, makes possible a longitudinal motion and supports the said head or product, and a device for the simultaneous rotation of the start-up head or product about its longitudinal axis. In order to design this device in such a way that it can be used to produce rotationally symmetrical products, especially round billets, while retaining both a defined position during the spraying operation and allowing a reliable longitudinal and rotary motion, it is proposed that a plurality of axially spaced holders (1) distributed around the circumference of the start-up head or product (5) produced be provided, the holders being arranged in such a way that they can swivel towards the start-up head or product and being arranged on coaxial gear rings (3) which can be driven by a common pinion (2), and that engaging on the gear rings (3) there should be servo cylinders (4) which displace the gear rings (3), and hence the respective holders (1) arranged thereon, alternately parallel to the longitudinal axis of the start-up head or product (5), the start-up head or product being clamped on the forward motion and the holders (1) being released from the start-up head or product produced on the return motion. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Einrichtung zur horizontalen Sprühkompaktierung von rotationssymmetrischen Produkten gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a device for horizontal spray compacting of rotationally symmetrical products according to the preamble of claim 1.

Einrichtungen zum Sprühkompaktieren sind bekannt, und zwar bspw. aus der EP-A-02 25 732 ist eine horizontale Sprühanlage zu entnehmen, wobei das Gut von radial in bezug auf dieses bewegbaren bzw. anstellbaren Lagern gehalten ist. Abweichend davon ist es auch bekannt, und zwar aus der EP-A-01 88 994 formbildende Wände vorzusehen, die in einem Käfig gelagert sind, der seinerseits in einem Gehäuse drehbar und längsbeweglich angeordnet ist. Bei dieser Anordnung entfallen besondere Abstützungen für den durch Sprühkompaktieren hergestellten Block.Devices for spray compacting are known, for example from EP-A-02 25 732 a horizontal spray system can be found, the material being held by bearings which can be moved or adjusted radially with respect to this. Deviating from this, it is also known to provide shape-forming walls from EP-A-01 88 994 which are mounted in a cage which in turn is arranged in a housing so as to be rotatable and longitudinally movable. This arrangement eliminates the need for special supports for the block produced by spray compacting.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die eingangs genannte Einrichtung so auszubilden, daß damit rotationssymmetrische Produkte insbesondere Rundknüppel herstellbar sind, wobei sowohl eine definierte Lage während des Sprühvorganges beibehalten werden soll, als auch eine zuverlässige Längs- und Drehbewegung möglich sein soll.The invention is based on the object of designing the device mentioned at the outset in such a way that rotationally symmetrical products, in particular round billets, can be produced, with both a defined position being maintained during the spraying process and reliable longitudinal and rotary movement being possible.

Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe erfindungsgemäß mit den Merkmalen im Kennzeichen des Anspruchs 1.This object is achieved according to the invention with the features in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Vorzugsweise Ausbildungen ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen.Preferred training results from the dependent claims.

Der besondere Vorteil der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung ist darin zu sehen, daß eine sehr kompakte Einrichtung sowohl zur Erzeugung der notwendigen Drehbewegung für den Anfahrkopf bzw. das schon entstandene Produkt geschaffen wurde, wie auch durch diese Anordnung selbst, ohne daß es zusätzlicher Einrichtungen bedurfte, die Längsbewegung des Anfahrkopfes oder des erzeugten Produktes möglich ist. Ein weiterer Vorteil besteht darin, daß kontinuierlich rotationssymmetrische Produkte hergestellt werden können, die dann anschließend in beliebige Teillängen unterteilt werden. Die Erfindung soll nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnungen und am Beispiel der Herstellung eines Knüppels erläutert werden. Dabei zeigt:

Figur 1
eine schematische Ansicht der Sprühkammer,
Figur 2
die Anordnung der Halter bzw. Stützvorrichtung teilweise im Schnitt und
Figur 3
eine Stirnansicht der Halter.
The particular advantage of the solution according to the invention can be seen in the fact that a very compact device The generation of the necessary rotary movement for the start-up head or the product already created was created, as well as by this arrangement itself, without the need for additional devices, the longitudinal movement of the start-up head or the product produced is possible. Another advantage is that rotationally symmetrical products can be produced continuously, which are then divided into any partial lengths. The invention will be explained below with reference to the drawings and the example of the production of a stick. It shows:
Figure 1
a schematic view of the spray chamber,
Figure 2
the arrangement of the holder or support device partially in section and
Figure 3
an end view of the holder.

Die Einrichtung weist eine Sprühkammer 9 auf, die an der Sprühseite abgeschrägt ist zur Aufnahme der Sprühdüse 10, die etwa in einem Winkel von 35 Grad zur Horizontalen sprüht. Einzelheiten dieser Düsenanordnung bzw. der Metallzuführung sind hier nicht dargestellt. In der unteren Hälfte der Kammer ist eine Transporteinrichtung 7 vorgesehen, die über Hebel bzw. eine Hydraulik 8 an den Knüppel anfahrbar ist und die es ermöglicht, den fertigen Knüppel 5 aus der Sprühkammer abzuführen.
Um während des Sprühvorganges den Anfahrkopf bzw. den schon entstandenen Knüppel definiert zu halten, dabei aber auch zu drehen und in Längsbewegung von der Düsenanordnung 10 zu entfernen, sind Halter 1 vorgesehen sowie eine oder mehrere Stützvorrichtungen 6. Diese Halter 1 sind an koaxial Zahnkränzen 3 angeordnet, die den Anfahrkopf bzw. Knüppel umgeben, und zwar sind sie dort schwenkbar angeordnet, so daß eine Anstellung radial an den Anfahrkopf bzw. Knüppel 5 durch Zylinder möglich ist. Diese sind in der Figur 3 angedeutet. Die Zahnkränze 3 können mit den daran angeordneten Haltern 1 um den Anfahrkopf bzw. Knüppel 5 rotieren, und hierzu sind gemeinsame Ritzel 2 vorgesehen. Im Abstand hintereinander sind zwei derartige Halter vorgesehen, wie sich dies aus Figur 2 ergibt. Beide sind identisch aufgebaut. Zusätzlich sind an den Zahnkränzen bzw. Haltern noch Servozylinder 4 angeordnet, die sich an der Sprühkammer einseitig abstützen und mit deren Hilfe können die jeweiligen Halter vor- bzw. zurückbewegt, also in Längsrichtung in Richtung auf die Sprühdüse 10 bzw. von dieser weg bewegt werden. Die Halter selbst können dabei ähnlich ausgebildet sein, so daß auch damit ein radiales Anstellen an den Knüppel 5 möglich ist.The device has a spray chamber 9, which is chamfered on the spray side for receiving the spray nozzle 10, which sprays approximately at an angle of 35 degrees to the horizontal. Details of this nozzle arrangement and the metal feed are not shown here. In the lower half of the chamber, a transport device 7 is provided which can be approached to the stick by means of levers or a hydraulic system 8 and which makes it possible to remove the finished stick 5 from the spray chamber.
Holders 1 and one or more support devices 6 are provided in order to keep the start-up head or the stick already formed defined, but also to rotate and to remove it from the nozzle arrangement 10 in the longitudinal movement during the spraying process. These holders 1 are on coaxial ring gears 3 arranged, which surround the start head or stick, namely, they are pivotally arranged there, so that a radial adjustment to the starting head or stick 5 is possible by means of cylinders. These are indicated in Figure 3. The toothed rings 3 can rotate with the holders 1 arranged thereon around the starting head or stick 5, and common pinions 2 are provided for this purpose. Two such holders are provided one behind the other, as can be seen in FIG. Both are constructed identically. In addition are Servo cylinders 4 are arranged on the sprockets or holders, which are supported on one side of the spray chamber and with the aid of which the respective holders can be moved forwards or backwards, that is to say in the longitudinal direction in the direction of the spray nozzle 10 or away from it. The holder itself can be of a similar design, so that radial positioning on the stick 5 is also possible.

Bei Beginn des Sprühkompaktierens wird zunächst der Anfahrkopf von den Haltern 1 in einer definierten Lage zur Düse gehalten, so daß das Material zunächst auf diesen auftrifft und dann erfolgt eine kontinuierliche Längsbewegung und Drehung dieses Anfahrkopfes von der Düsenanordnung weg, so daß allmählich, wie sich dies aus der Figur 2 ergibt, ein Rundknüppel gebildet wird. Um nun einerseits die definierte Lage gegenüber der Düse beibehalten zu können, und andererseits die Rotation und Längsbewegung zu ermöglichen, treten die Halter 1 abwechselnd in Aktion, d.h. jeweils eine Halteranordnung mit den im Umfang versetzt angeordneten einzelnen Halter hält den Strang und wird durch den Servoyzlinder 4 in Längsrichtung bewegt, wobei gleichzeitig eine Rotation durch die Ritzel-Zahnradanordnung 2/3 erfolgt. Die andere Halteranordnung wird inzwischen die vordere Ausgangsposition zurückgefahren, so daß sie dann, wenn sich die andere Halteanordnung in ihrer hinteren Position befindet, den weiteren Auszug des Rundknüppels mit der Drehung durchführen kann, während die andere Haltevorrichtung in die vordere Position zurückbewegt wird. Die Stützvorrichtung 6 wird lediglich an den Rundknüppel angeklemmt, um ihn halten, weist aber keinen eigenen Antrieb auf, d.h. die Bewegung der Stützvorrichtung in Längsrichtung erfolgt durch den Knüppel, und dies gilt auch für die Drehbewegung. Für die Rückbewegung der Stützvorrichtung kann ein Seilzug 11 im oberen Teil der Sprühkammer vorgesehen sein.At the start of spray compacting, the start-up head is first held in a defined position by the holders 1 in relation to the nozzle, so that the material first hits it, and then there is a continuous longitudinal movement and rotation of this start-up head away from the nozzle arrangement, so that gradually, as is the case results from Figure 2, a round billet is formed. In order to be able to maintain the defined position in relation to the nozzle on the one hand and to enable rotation and longitudinal movement on the other hand, the holders 1 alternately come into action, ie a holder arrangement with the individual holders offset in the circumference holds the strand and is supported by the servo cylinder 4 moved in the longitudinal direction, at the same time rotating through the pinion gear arrangement 2/3. The other holder arrangement is meanwhile moved back to the front starting position, so that when the other holding arrangement is in its rear position, it can continue to pull out the circular stick with the rotation while the other holding device is moved back to the front position. The support device 6 is only clamped on the round billet to hold it, but does not have its own drive, ie the movement of the support device in the longitudinal direction takes place through the Clubs, and this also applies to the rotary movement. For the return movement of the support device, a cable 11 can be provided in the upper part of the spray chamber.

Claims (3)

  1. Device for the horizontal spray compacting of rotationally symmetrical products (5), consisting of a spray chamber (9), at which the nozzle (10) for the atomisation jet is arranged, of holders (1), which can be placed radially against the dummy bar head or product (5) which is obtained, enable a longitudinal movement to be executed and support the dummy bar head or product, and of a device (2, 3) for simultaneously rotating the dummy bar head or product (5) about its longitudinal axis, characterised in that a plurality of holders (1) are distributed about the circumference of the dummy bar head or product (5) which is obtained at an axial spacing one behind the other and arranged on coaxial toothed wheels (3) such that they can be pivoted in the direction of the dummy bar head or product, which wheels can be driven by a common pinion (2), and that slave cylinders (4) act on the toothed wheels (3) and move the toothed wheels (3) and thus the holders (1) arranged thereon in turn parallel to the longitudinal axis of the dummy bar head or product (5), the dummy bar head or product being gripped during the advance movement and the holders (1) being disengaged from the dummy bar head or product which is obtained during the return movement.
  2. Device according to claim 1, characterised in that at least one support device (6) for the product which is obtained is provided at an axial spacing behind the holders (1) and also comprises holders which can be placed against this product.
  3. Device according to claims 1 and 2, characterised in that a conveying device (7), which can be moved up to the product (5) which is obtained, is provided in the spray chamber (9) below the holders (1) and the support device (6) to remove this product from the spray chamber (9).
EP89250125A 1989-02-03 1989-12-21 Device for horizontal spray compacting Expired - Lifetime EP0380827B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3903597 1989-02-03
DE3903597 1989-02-03
DE3905873 1989-02-23
DE3905873A DE3905873C1 (en) 1989-02-03 1989-02-23

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0380827A2 EP0380827A2 (en) 1990-08-08
EP0380827A3 EP0380827A3 (en) 1992-01-29
EP0380827B1 true EP0380827B1 (en) 1994-07-06

Family

ID=25877537

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89250125A Expired - Lifetime EP0380827B1 (en) 1989-02-03 1989-12-21 Device for horizontal spray compacting

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5060713A (en)
EP (1) EP0380827B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH02240248A (en)
AT (1) ATE108107T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3905873C1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5983495A (en) * 1997-12-29 1999-11-16 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Method of making spray-formed inserts
US6305459B1 (en) * 1999-08-09 2001-10-23 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Method of making spray-formed articles using a polymeric mandrel
US6345440B1 (en) 2000-07-21 2002-02-12 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Methods for manufacturing multi-layer engine valve guides by thermal spray
EP1422309A1 (en) * 2002-11-22 2004-05-26 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Use of an apparatus for spray compacting for the production of a layer and layer system

Family Cites Families (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE810223C (en) * 1949-04-14 1951-08-06 Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag Process for the production of metallic moldings
CH402294A (en) * 1963-05-25 1965-11-15 Ingenieur Alfred Wertli Winter Method and device for the horizontal continuous casting of metals
CH446622A (en) * 1965-11-15 1967-11-15 Wertli Alfred Process and plant for the continuous casting of metals
SU391898A1 (en) * 1971-09-23 1973-07-27 DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF HOLLOWS
BE790453A (en) * 1971-10-26 1973-02-15 Brooks Reginald G MANUFACTURE OF METAL ARTICLES
US3894577A (en) * 1973-03-13 1975-07-15 Boris Fedorovich Milyaev Device for withdrawing castings from mould of continuous metal casting machine
GB1599392A (en) * 1978-05-31 1981-09-30 Osprey Metals Ltd Method and apparatus for producing workable spray deposits
US4592408A (en) * 1983-02-28 1986-06-03 Manfred Haissig Device for horizontal continuous casting of metals and alloys
DE3409366A1 (en) * 1984-03-12 1985-09-12 Mannesmann AG, 4000 Düsseldorf METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING A MOLDED BODY
DE3517691C2 (en) * 1985-05-14 1987-02-26 Mannesmann AG, 4000 Düsseldorf Method and device for producing a metallic block
DE3447557C2 (en) * 1984-12-21 1987-05-14 Mannesmann AG, 4000 Düsseldorf Device for producing a hollow cylinder by atomizing a metal melt by means of gas atomization, as well as such a hollow cylinder
EP0188994B1 (en) * 1984-12-21 1989-07-12 MANNESMANN Aktiengesellschaft Process and device for producing a metallic block
GB8507674D0 (en) * 1985-03-25 1985-05-01 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Metal matrix composite
DE3528328A1 (en) * 1985-08-07 1987-02-19 Mannesmann Ag METHOD AND DRAWING DEVICE FOR HORIZONTAL CONTINUOUS CASTING OF METAL, ESPECIALLY STEEL
ATE71988T1 (en) * 1985-11-12 1992-02-15 Osprey Metals Ltd MAKING COATINGS BY ATOMIZING LIQUID METALS.
GB8629373D0 (en) * 1986-12-09 1987-01-21 Alcan Int Ltd Billet/tube

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0380827A2 (en) 1990-08-08
US5060713A (en) 1991-10-29
EP0380827A3 (en) 1992-01-29
JPH02240248A (en) 1990-09-25
DE3905873C1 (en) 1990-02-08
ATE108107T1 (en) 1994-07-15

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