EP0376643B1 - Antenne à plaque plane pour communication mobile - Google Patents

Antenne à plaque plane pour communication mobile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0376643B1
EP0376643B1 EP19890313506 EP89313506A EP0376643B1 EP 0376643 B1 EP0376643 B1 EP 0376643B1 EP 19890313506 EP19890313506 EP 19890313506 EP 89313506 A EP89313506 A EP 89313506A EP 0376643 B1 EP0376643 B1 EP 0376643B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
flat
strip line
plate
line resonator
table type
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19890313506
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0376643A2 (fr
EP0376643A3 (en
Inventor
Kazuhiko Nakase
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Harada Industry Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Harada Industry Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Harada Industry Co Ltd filed Critical Harada Industry Co Ltd
Publication of EP0376643A2 publication Critical patent/EP0376643A2/fr
Publication of EP0376643A3 publication Critical patent/EP0376643A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0376643B1 publication Critical patent/EP0376643B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
    • H01Q1/325—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle
    • H01Q1/3275—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle mounted on a horizontal surface of the vehicle, e.g. on roof, hood, trunk
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H01Q9/40—Element having extended radiating surface

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an antenna for use in mobile communications such as automobile telephones and MCA (multi-channel access), etc. which is flat-plate shaped and installed in a flat portion such as roof, trunk lid, etc. of the body of a vehicle such as an automobile, etc.
  • MCA multi-channel access
  • wire-form antennas have been used in the past as antennas for mobile communications.
  • the reasons for this are that wire-form antennas have maximum radiative characteristics in the horizontal direction, as required for mobile communications, and such antennas can easily be endowed with characteristics which are non-directional in the horizontal plane.
  • antennas used for automobile telephones and MCA require broad-band characteristics, and since broad-band techniques have been well established for wire-form antennas, the design and development of such antennas are relatively easy.
  • antennas with a multi-layer structure have been proposed in the past.
  • Such multi-layer antennas has a complex integral structure and is therefore difficult to adapt as a commercial product.
  • a flat-plate antenna comprising a table type antenna element according to the preamble of Claim 1 is known from IEEE International Antenna and Propagation Symposium 1976, October 1976, Piscataway/US, pages 379-382; Tokumaru, S.: “Multiplates: Low Profile Antennas”.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a flat-plate antenna for use in mobile communications which has sufficient broad-band characteristics and has a simple structure.
  • a strip line resonator is provided inside or underneath a table type antenna element and a capacitor electrode is installed on the strip line resonator at a position directly facing the center of the table type antenna element.
  • a strip line resonator is inside a table type antenna element and a capacitor electrode is installed on the strip line resonator so that it directly faces the center of the table type antenna element.
  • the structure of this antenna is simple and has adequate broad-band characteristics.
  • Fig. 1A is a perspective view of the antenna of the present invention and Fig. 1B is a front view thereof with a connecting plate omitted.
  • Fig. 1C is a circuit diagram showing an equivalent circuit of the antenna of Fig. 1A.
  • the antenna of the present invention includes the following components: A table type antenna element 10, a ground plate 20 which is under the antenna element 10, a strip line resonator 30 which is installed inside or underneath the table type antenna element 10, and a capacitor electrode 40 which is installed on the strip line resonator 30 in a position opposite the central portion of the table type antenna element 10. In other words, the electrode 40 is directly below the center of the antenna element 10. Furthermore, the antenna of the present invention includes a feeder line 60 which has a feeding point at a prescribed position on the strip line resonator 30.
  • the table type antenna element 10 includes a circular or oblong conductive flat-plate 10A and a multiple number of connecting parts 11, 12, 13 and 14, which electrically connect the flat-plate 10A to the ground plate 20. This antenna element 10 is excited in the monopole mode.
  • Both ends of the strip line resonator 30 are grounded to the ground plate 20 via legs 30A.
  • This strip line resonator 30 also serves as an impedance transformer.
  • the electrostatic capacitance C c is provided between the capacitor electrode 40 and the table type antenna element 10 and indicated by the capacitor symbol in Fig. 1B.
  • the feeder line 60 is shown as being led out from beneath the ground plate 20; however, it may also be installed parallel to the ground plate 20 as indicated by reference numeral 61 in Fig. 1A.
  • Fig. 2A illustrates the relationship between the feeder line 60 and the table type antenna element 10 excited in the monopole mode in the embodiment.
  • the table type antenna element 10 is excited in the monopole mode, i.e., where the current flowing through the flat-plate 10A flows uniformly from the center toward the periphery, and the top plate resonates in the lowest-order mode ( ⁇ /2), the voltage distribution reaches the maximum in the central portion of the table type antenna element 10, and the impedance characteristics as viewed from the center of the flat plate 10A may be treated as those of a parallel resonance circuit of the type shown in Fig. 2B in the vicinity of the resonant frequency.
  • Fig. 3A shows the strip line resonator 30 which has both ends grounded and is equipped with the capacitor electrode 40 in the above-described embodiment.
  • the resonator shown in Fig. 3A resonates in the lowest-order mode ( ⁇ /2)
  • the voltage in the area of the capacitor electrode 40 reaches the maximum
  • the impedance characteristics as viewed from the feeding point 50 of the feeder line 60 may be treated as those of a tapped parallel resonance circuit of the type shown in Fig. 3B in the vicinity of the resonant frequency.
  • the embodiment illustrated in Figs. 1A and 1B may be viewed as a combination of the table type antenna element 10 shown in Fig. 2A and the strip line resonator shown in Fig. 3A.
  • the feeder line 60a of Fig. 2A is omitted, and the feeder line 60 is used instead.
  • a primary resonance circuit formed by the strip line resonator 30 and a secondary resonance circuit formed by the table type antenna element 10 are electrostatically coupled by the electrostatic capacitance C c between the electrode plates.
  • a double tuning circuit based on capacitive coupling is formed in apparent terms in the vicinity of the resonant frequency, as shown in Fig. 1C.
  • the resonant frequency on the primary side and the resonant frequency on the secondary side are tuned to the frequency being used, the coupling capacitance C c is set at the critical coupling value, and the position of the feeding point 50 is selected, so that the impedance of the flat-plate antenna of Fig. 1A and the impedance of the feeder line are in a matched state.
  • the reflection loss of the flat-plate antenna for use in mobile communications shown in Fig. 1A can be reduced, and a good VSWR value can be obtained across a broad band.
  • the antenna must be excellent in certain respects: First, the antenna must have superior directional characteristics. In other words, the antenna must show maximum radiative characteristics in the horizontal direction and must be non-directional within the horizontal plane. Second, the antenna must have broad-band characteristics. For example, in the case of an automobile telephone, the band width must adequately cover 80 MHz band. In Addition, the antenna must have superior impedance matching (matching between the feeder line 60 and the flat-plate antenna for use in mobile communications must be adequately achieved across a broad band), and the antenna should also be superior in terms of its mechanical structure. That is, the structure should be simple and easy to manufacture, and mechanical errors occurring in the manufacturing process should not have any great effect on the antenna characteristics.
  • the table type antenna element 10 is shaped so that it is excited in the monopole mode.
  • the antenna is shaped so that it has an axially symmetrical flat-plate 10A and a multiple number of connecting parts which electrically connect this flat-plate 10A to the ground plate 20.
  • the required directional characteristics can be obtained.
  • flat-plate antennas which are excited in the monopole mode generally have a narrow band width.
  • Broad-band characteristics can be obtained to some extent by connecting the circular plate to a ground plate via a grounding post.
  • broad-band characteristics are obtained by installing a strip line resonator 30 inside the table type antenna element 10, and electrostatically coupling this resonator 30 with the antenna element 10.
  • the next thing to be considered is an impedance matching.
  • impedance matching In order to cause stable excitation in the monopole mode, it is ordinarily necessary to position the feeding point in the central portion of the antenna. However, since the center of the antenna is where the voltage is at the maximum, it is difficult to achieve matching between the antenna and the feeder line 60. Accordingly, in the above-described embodiment, feeding is accomplished with the table type antenna element 10 and strip line resonator 30 coupled via the electrostatic capacitance C c . Consequently, the impedance of the flat-plate antenna for use in mobile communications and the impedance of the feeder line 60 can be matched by varying the position of the feeding point 50 between one grounded end of the strip line resonator 30 and the capacitor electrode 40.
  • the mechanical structure of the above-described embodiment is as follows: The table type antenna element 10 and strip line resonator 30 are finished separately from each other in mechanical terms and then these two parts are simply combined. As a result, the mechanical demand in the antenna manufacturing process is minimal. Accordingly, the cost of the product is reduced, and as long as ordinary working precision is maintained, there is no deterioration in the antenna characteristics or insufficiency in terms of the mechanical strength of the antenna. Furthermore, if there is a mechanical dimensional error at the time of assembly tends to result in a change in the coupling capacitance. Even in such cases, however, the only effect will be a certain change in the band width; accordingly, there is no essential effect on the antenna characteristics.
  • Fig. 7 is a graph which shows the change in the reflection loss of the antenna that occurs when the coupling capacitance C c is varied in the above described embodiment.
  • Fig. 8A is a graph which shows measurements of the reflection loss in the embodiment
  • Fig. 8B is a graph which shows one example of impedance characteristics in the embodiment indicated by means of a Smith chart.
  • the radiative directional characteristics of the antenna in the embodiment the direction of maximum radiation of a table-form flat-plate antenna resonating in the monopole mode is more or less horizontal, and such an antenna is more or less non-directional within the horizontal plane.
  • Fig. 9 is a graph which shows one example of directional characteristics in the vertical plane in a case where the flat-plate antenna of the embodiment is attached to a circular plate-form ground plate with a diameter of 1.5 m.
  • the directionality is oriented slightly upward, since a ground plate of finite length is used. However, in cases where a ground plate of an undefined much greater length is used, the directionality is more or less horizontal.
  • Fig. 4A is a perspective view which illustrates another embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4B is a front view thereof with the connecting part 14 shown in Fig. 4A omitted.
  • a strip line resonator 31 which is approximately half the length of the strip line resonator 30 of the previous embodiment, and is installed on one side only, is used instead of the strip line resonator 30.
  • the capacitor electrode 40 is positioned so that it is located roughly in the center of the table type antenna element 10.
  • an equivalent circuit is formed which is similar to that shown in Fig. 1C.
  • the strip line resonator 31 resonates at one-fourth ( ⁇ /4) the wavelength of the frequency used.
  • Figs. 5, 6A and 6B illustrate modifications of the table type antenna element 10.
  • the positions of the connecting parts 11a, 12a, 13a and 14a are set not at the edges of the table type antenna element 10a, but rather at prescribed points which are all substantially equidistant from the center of the antenna.
  • the table type antenna element 10b is constructed using a flat-plate which has the shape of a regular octagon. Connecting parts 11b, 12b, 13b and 14b are connected to this flat-plate 10b. In addition to circular and octagonal flat-plates, it would also be possible to use the flat-plate design with other regular polygonal shapes, e.g., hexagonal, etc.
  • the table type antenna 10C may have rod-form connecting parts 11c, 12c, 13c and 14c.
  • the resonant frequency of the table type antenna can be adjusted by adjusting the size (length, width, diameter) of the connecting parts.
  • the structure of the antenna is simple and has adequate broad-band characteristics.

Claims (9)

  1. Antenne à plaque plane à utiliser pour des communications mobiles, comprenant un élément (10) formant antenne du type table qui est équipé d'une plaque plane (10A) conductrice et d'une pluralité d'éléments de liaison (11, 12, 13, 14) qui relient électriquement ladite plaque plane à une plaque de terre (20), caractérisée en ce que ladite antenne comprend en outre:
    - un résonateur à ruban (30) qui est installé à l'intérieur de ladite antenne du type table, et
    - une plaque de condensateur (40) qui est installée sur ledit résonateur à ruban, directement en dessous de la partie centrale dudit élément formant antenne du type table.
  2. Antenne à plaque plane selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que les deux extrémités dudit résonateur à ruban sont mises à la terre et ladite plaque de condensateur est installée sensiblement au centre dudit résonateur à ruban, ledit résonateur à ruban dans son ensemble étant installé sensiblement en une position centrale à l'intérieur de ladite antenne du type table, et ledit résonateur à ruban étant amené à résonner à la moitié (λ /2) de la longueur d'onde de la fréquence utilisée.
  3. Antenne à plaque plane selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'une extrémité dudit résonateur à ruban est mise à la terre tandis que l'autre extrémité dudit résonateur à ruban est ouverte, ladite plaque de condensateur est reliée à ladite extrémité ouverte dudit résonateur à ruban, ledit résonateur à ruban dans son ensemble est placé de telle sorte que ladite plaque de condensateur soit située en une position sensiblement centrale à l'intérieur dudit élément formant antenne du type table et ledit résonateur à ruban est amené à résonner à un quart de la longueur d'onde (λ/4) de la fréquence utilisée.
  4. Antenne à plaque plane selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'un point d'alimentation est installé entre une extrémité dudit résonateur à ruban mise à la terre et la plaque de condensateur.
  5. Antenne à plaque plane selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que l'impédance dudit élément formant antenne à plaque plane et l'impédance de la ligne d'alimentation de ladite antenne sont mises en correspondance par variation de la position dudit point d'alimentation dans la région comprise entre une extrémité dudit résonateur à ruban mise à la terre et la plaque de condensateur.
  6. Antenne à plaque plane selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que ladite plaque plane dudit élément formant antenne du type table a une forme circulaire ou de polygone régulier.
  7. Antenne à plaque plane selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que lesdits éléments de liaison sont des conducteurs en forme de plaque ou en forme de tige.
  8. Antenne à plaque plane selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la fréquence de résonance dudit élément formant antenne du type table est réglée par réglage de la taille (longueur, largeur et/ou diamètre) desdits éléments de liaison.
  9. Antenne à plaque plane selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que ladite plaque de condensateur est installée de telle sorte que le couplage capacitif électrostatique entre ladite antenne du type table et ledit résonateur à ruban est plus ou moins dans un état de couplage critique.
EP19890313506 1988-12-27 1989-12-22 Antenne à plaque plane pour communication mobile Expired - Lifetime EP0376643B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP33058988A JPH0821812B2 (ja) 1988-12-27 1988-12-27 移動通信用平板アンテナ
JP330589/88 1988-12-27

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0376643A2 EP0376643A2 (fr) 1990-07-04
EP0376643A3 EP0376643A3 (en) 1990-11-28
EP0376643B1 true EP0376643B1 (fr) 1994-02-16

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19890313506 Expired - Lifetime EP0376643B1 (fr) 1988-12-27 1989-12-22 Antenne à plaque plane pour communication mobile

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0376643B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH0821812B2 (fr)
AU (1) AU598980B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE68913180T2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2051376T3 (fr)

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US8866689B2 (en) 2011-07-07 2014-10-21 Pulse Finland Oy Multi-band antenna and methods for long term evolution wireless system
US8988296B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2015-03-24 Pulse Finland Oy Compact polarized antenna and methods
US9123990B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2015-09-01 Pulse Finland Oy Multi-feed antenna apparatus and methods
US9203154B2 (en) 2011-01-25 2015-12-01 Pulse Finland Oy Multi-resonance antenna, antenna module, radio device and methods
US9246210B2 (en) 2010-02-18 2016-01-26 Pulse Finland Oy Antenna with cover radiator and methods
US9350081B2 (en) 2014-01-14 2016-05-24 Pulse Finland Oy Switchable multi-radiator high band antenna apparatus
US9461371B2 (en) 2009-11-27 2016-10-04 Pulse Finland Oy MIMO antenna and methods
US9484619B2 (en) 2011-12-21 2016-11-01 Pulse Finland Oy Switchable diversity antenna apparatus and methods
US9531058B2 (en) 2011-12-20 2016-12-27 Pulse Finland Oy Loosely-coupled radio antenna apparatus and methods
US9590308B2 (en) 2013-12-03 2017-03-07 Pulse Electronics, Inc. Reduced surface area antenna apparatus and mobile communications devices incorporating the same

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JPH02308604A (ja) * 1989-05-23 1990-12-21 Harada Ind Co Ltd 移動通信用平板アンテナ
US5181044A (en) * 1989-11-15 1993-01-19 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Top loaded antenna
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FR2709878B1 (fr) 1993-09-07 1995-11-24 Univ Limoges Antenne fil-plaque monopolaire.
GB2330693B (en) * 1997-10-23 2002-04-24 Andrew Jesman Matching device for a multi-frequency antenna
JPH11205035A (ja) * 1998-01-19 1999-07-30 Ddi Corp 双指向性偏波アンテナ装置
JP4053144B2 (ja) * 1998-07-10 2008-02-27 日本電業工作株式会社 偏波共用アンテナ
DE10031255A1 (de) 2000-06-27 2002-01-17 Bosch Gmbh Robert Schlitzantenne
DE10045634B4 (de) * 2000-09-15 2005-08-25 Hella Kgaa Hueck & Co. Resonante Antenne für eine Steuereinrichtung für ein Kraftfahrzeug und deren Verwendung
JP2003142935A (ja) * 2001-10-12 2003-05-16 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd アンテナ
FI118748B (fi) 2004-06-28 2008-02-29 Pulse Finland Oy Pala-antenni
CN1989652B (zh) 2004-06-28 2013-03-13 脉冲芬兰有限公司 天线部件
FI20041455A (fi) 2004-11-11 2006-05-12 Lk Products Oy Antennikomponentti
FI20055420A0 (fi) 2005-07-25 2005-07-25 Lk Products Oy Säädettävä monikaista antenni
FI119009B (fi) 2005-10-03 2008-06-13 Pulse Finland Oy Monikaistainen antennijärjestelmä
FI118872B (fi) 2005-10-10 2008-04-15 Pulse Finland Oy Sisäinen antenni
FI118782B (fi) 2005-10-14 2008-03-14 Pulse Finland Oy Säädettävä antenni
US8618990B2 (en) 2011-04-13 2013-12-31 Pulse Finland Oy Wideband antenna and methods
US10211538B2 (en) 2006-12-28 2019-02-19 Pulse Finland Oy Directional antenna apparatus and methods
FI20075269A0 (fi) 2007-04-19 2007-04-19 Pulse Finland Oy Menetelmä ja järjestely antennin sovittamiseksi
WO2009001351A1 (fr) 2007-06-26 2008-12-31 Galtronics Ltd. Antenne unipolaire omnidirectionnelle à charge supérieure
FI120427B (fi) 2007-08-30 2009-10-15 Pulse Finland Oy Säädettävä monikaista-antenni
FI20096134A0 (fi) 2009-11-03 2009-11-03 Pulse Finland Oy Säädettävä antenni
US8847833B2 (en) 2009-12-29 2014-09-30 Pulse Finland Oy Loop resonator apparatus and methods for enhanced field control
US9406998B2 (en) 2010-04-21 2016-08-02 Pulse Finland Oy Distributed multiband antenna and methods
US9673507B2 (en) 2011-02-11 2017-06-06 Pulse Finland Oy Chassis-excited antenna apparatus and methods
US8648752B2 (en) 2011-02-11 2014-02-11 Pulse Finland Oy Chassis-excited antenna apparatus and methods
US9450291B2 (en) 2011-07-25 2016-09-20 Pulse Finland Oy Multiband slot loop antenna apparatus and methods
US9979078B2 (en) 2012-10-25 2018-05-22 Pulse Finland Oy Modular cell antenna apparatus and methods
US10069209B2 (en) 2012-11-06 2018-09-04 Pulse Finland Oy Capacitively coupled antenna apparatus and methods
US10079428B2 (en) 2013-03-11 2018-09-18 Pulse Finland Oy Coupled antenna structure and methods
US9647338B2 (en) 2013-03-11 2017-05-09 Pulse Finland Oy Coupled antenna structure and methods
US9634383B2 (en) 2013-06-26 2017-04-25 Pulse Finland Oy Galvanically separated non-interacting antenna sector apparatus and methods
US9680212B2 (en) 2013-11-20 2017-06-13 Pulse Finland Oy Capacitive grounding methods and apparatus for mobile devices
US9973228B2 (en) 2014-08-26 2018-05-15 Pulse Finland Oy Antenna apparatus with an integrated proximity sensor and methods
US9948002B2 (en) 2014-08-26 2018-04-17 Pulse Finland Oy Antenna apparatus with an integrated proximity sensor and methods
US9722308B2 (en) 2014-08-28 2017-08-01 Pulse Finland Oy Low passive intermodulation distributed antenna system for multiple-input multiple-output systems and methods of use
US10074909B2 (en) 2015-07-21 2018-09-11 Laird Technologies, Inc. Omnidirectional single-input single-output multiband/broadband antennas
US9906260B2 (en) 2015-07-30 2018-02-27 Pulse Finland Oy Sensor-based closed loop antenna swapping apparatus and methods
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US9461371B2 (en) 2009-11-27 2016-10-04 Pulse Finland Oy MIMO antenna and methods
US9246210B2 (en) 2010-02-18 2016-01-26 Pulse Finland Oy Antenna with cover radiator and methods
US9203154B2 (en) 2011-01-25 2015-12-01 Pulse Finland Oy Multi-resonance antenna, antenna module, radio device and methods
US8866689B2 (en) 2011-07-07 2014-10-21 Pulse Finland Oy Multi-band antenna and methods for long term evolution wireless system
US9123990B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2015-09-01 Pulse Finland Oy Multi-feed antenna apparatus and methods
US9531058B2 (en) 2011-12-20 2016-12-27 Pulse Finland Oy Loosely-coupled radio antenna apparatus and methods
US9484619B2 (en) 2011-12-21 2016-11-01 Pulse Finland Oy Switchable diversity antenna apparatus and methods
US8988296B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2015-03-24 Pulse Finland Oy Compact polarized antenna and methods
US9590308B2 (en) 2013-12-03 2017-03-07 Pulse Electronics, Inc. Reduced surface area antenna apparatus and mobile communications devices incorporating the same
US9350081B2 (en) 2014-01-14 2016-05-24 Pulse Finland Oy Switchable multi-radiator high band antenna apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU598980B1 (en) 1990-07-05
EP0376643A2 (fr) 1990-07-04
JPH02174404A (ja) 1990-07-05
ES2051376T3 (es) 1994-06-16
JPH0821812B2 (ja) 1996-03-04
DE68913180T2 (de) 1994-05-26
EP0376643A3 (en) 1990-11-28
DE68913180D1 (de) 1994-03-24

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