EP0372850A1 - Chauffage de produits - Google Patents

Chauffage de produits Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0372850A1
EP0372850A1 EP89312553A EP89312553A EP0372850A1 EP 0372850 A1 EP0372850 A1 EP 0372850A1 EP 89312553 A EP89312553 A EP 89312553A EP 89312553 A EP89312553 A EP 89312553A EP 0372850 A1 EP0372850 A1 EP 0372850A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
reflector
radiation
focal point
source
heated
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP89312553A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
John Richard Paterson
Leonard Warren
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BAE Systems Marine Ltd
Original Assignee
Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB888828217A external-priority patent/GB8828217D0/en
Priority claimed from GB888828216A external-priority patent/GB8828216D0/en
Application filed by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd filed Critical Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd
Publication of EP0372850A1 publication Critical patent/EP0372850A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
    • C21D1/30—Stress-relieving
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/34—Methods of heating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the heating of substances and is concerned with the use of thermal imaging techniques to provide a concentrated source of heat which may be directed onto the portion of the substance to be heated.
  • the invention is of particular value for directing heat onto a metallic member to be welded immediately prior to the welding operation. However, it may also be used to provide controlled thermal cycles to relieve local stresses generated due to welding, cold working, etc., and for other metallurgical processes, eg. hardening.
  • the heat affected zone e.g. that volume of metal within a few millimetres surrounding the solid/liquid interface of the molten weld pool.
  • the pre-heated zone must also move. However, it is very expensive and time consuming if the whole, or a large part of a 50Te section has to be pre-heated even though the mass of the metal adjacent to the welding arc never exceeds a few kilograms.
  • thermo imaging apparatus for heating the surface of a substance comprising
  • a method for preheating a surface of a substance which method comprises:-
  • said second focal point will be the focal point which is the more remote from the reflector.
  • the wavelength of the radiation emitted by said source is in the range of 0.4-1.4 ⁇ m, i.e. it is infra red radiation and the inner concave surface of the reflector is highly polished so that it is a good reflector of radiation at these wavelengths.
  • Suitable sources are discharge lamps and conventional coiled filament lamps but a coiled filament tungsten iodide lamp is preferred.
  • the mounting means for the source of radiation is preferably adjustable with respect to the reflector so that it can be aligned as closely with the first focal point as practicable. As the powerful sources of radiation intended to be used in the invention will also generate considerable heat, cooling of the source and reflector is desirable.
  • the radiation produced by the source at the first focal point is focussed at the second focal point and thus the surface to be heated, located at or close to the second focal point, is subject to intense energy transfer whereby its temperature rises rapidly.
  • the reflector essentially has the shape of the surface of revolution of an elliptical arc when said arc is rotated about the major axis of said ellipse.
  • said reflector is of an elongate form whilst having a section which is essentially part-elliptical, the reflector being essentially symmetrical about the major axis of the elliptical.
  • the source of radiation may be either a plurality of point sources or one or more elongated sources, the or each source being located at said first focal point of the reflector.
  • the reflector is elongated in this way i.e. so that it is in the form of an elongated "trough" with an essentially symmetrical elliptical section.
  • the first focal point forms an axial line along the trough, at right angles to the major axis of the elliptical shell of the reflector.
  • sources of radiation e.g. point sources or those of extended axial length, can then be positioned along the axial line through the first focal point.
  • an elongated narrow "strip" of radiation is focussed along an axial line passing through the second focal point.
  • the surface to be heated is the surface of an elongated object
  • the reflector by causing relative movement between the reflector and the object so that successive portions of the surface move through the second focal point, the surface of the object will be progressively heated by the focussed radiation.
  • the surface to be heated in accordance with the present invention may be a weld preparation.
  • the reason for heating would be for pre-heating prior to welding so that the surface and immediate substrate reach an appropriate temperature for welding.
  • the heat input is very much greater than the heat losses due to conductivity, etc., the metal to be welded gains heat very rapidly.
  • the apparatus and the weld preparation are movable relative to each other so that the zone of heating can be moved along the whole length of the weld preparation, immediately prior to the actual welding operation.
  • the surface to be heated may be all, or part of, a metallic component on which a metallurgical process is to be performed.
  • the metallurgical process may be, for example, stress relieving, tempering, hardening, bending, etc.
  • it may be a process such as soldering, brazing, or causing particulate material to fuse with, or onto, said surface to be heated.
  • the surface to be heated is in contact with a reactive gas.
  • the hot surface can react with the gas; for example, if the gas is oxygen and the surface is made of aluminium, a thick protective oxide can be formed on the metal surface.
  • more than one thermal imaging apparatus may be used in series or succession and the surface may be traversed through the plane of the second focal points of the plurality of apparatus so that heating occurs progressively.
  • the plurality of thermal imaging apparatus may be moved relative to said surface.
  • a thermal imaging apparatus comprising an outer metal case 1 formed as a solid surface of revolution of the arc of part of an ellipse.
  • the axis of rotation is the line through the two focal points 4A and 6, i.e. the major axis of the ellipse; Fig. 1, this line corresponds to centreline 2.
  • Outer case 1 is a light rigid member having an inner concave surface 3 formed of a substance which is highly polished to give a highly reflective surface. Suitable materials for the concave surface 3 are aluminium, etc. or gold plate.
  • a small but powerful source of radiation 4 is mounted at the first focal point 4A.
  • This source 4 emits radiation at any suitable wavelength, though the range 0.4-1.4 ⁇ m is preferred. This is in the infra red wavelength band. Radiation emitted from the source 4 at the focal point 4A will be reflected from surface 3 and pass through the second focal point 6.
  • a typical ray of radiation 5 from source 4 at the first focal point 4A is reflected from surface 3 and passes through second focal point 6.
  • source 4 was a point source located exactly at first focal point 4A and surface 3 was perfectly ellipsoidal, then all rays 5 would be concentrated at second focal point 6.
  • reflector 3 is generally "pear" shaped to minimise loss of stray radiation and to maximise efficiency as a thermal imaging device.
  • Source 4 is mounted in a holder 10 on a hollow member 11.
  • the upper part of member 11 carries an external screw thread 12 which mates with an internal thread in boss 13.
  • a lock nut 14 is used to lock member 11 at the desired position, i.e. with source 4 at first focal point 4A.
  • the outer surface of locknut 14 is knurled for easy adjustment by hand. The adjustment just described is in the axial direction 2 only. Separate adjustment (not shown) in the other two directions may be provided, if required.
  • Outer metal case 1 is strong enough to maintain its shape after forming and is supported at its outer surface by members 16.
  • the apparatus is supported from one, or more, of members 16 or 33 by external supports (not shown) which are adjustable to allow the apparatus to be moved in all three planes, as well as to be rotated angularly.
  • the purpose of the apparatus shown is to provide a concentrated source of heating and apply it, in particular, to weld preparations 19.
  • the apparatus is thus mounted close to the workpiece 20,21 to be welded. Though the words 'close to' are used, it will be understood that ellipses can be constructed with considerable distance between the two focal points 4A, 6. Consequently symbol 22 is used to indicate a reasonable distance between these two points 4A, 6.
  • welding is an energetic process, fumes are evolved and weld metal droplets are sometimes ejected from the arc or weld pool.
  • Cooling air 17 will blow away weld fumes and reduce the tendency of weld spatter to enter or settle on reflector 3.
  • a protective screen transparent to radiation at the particular wavelengths being used, could be provided.
  • the apparatus is first adjusted via members 11, 13 and 14 so that source 4 is at first focal point 4A. Then it is mounted from the adjustable external supports by members 16 and 1 or 33 and then moved, by adjusting the supports, relative to work pieces 20,21 so that the area 7 is essentially focused on weld preparations 19, i.e. so that weld preparations 19 are at, or approximately at, the second focal point 6. This may conveniently be done by running source 4 at partial power, and observing the size of area 7 through protective glasses. Having appropriately positioned the apparatus, the proper power is then fed to the source 4. Then the thermal imaging apparatus is moved past the workpiece, or vice versa, at a pre-determined rate and the welding process is commenced as soon as each successive region of the weld preparation has passed through area 7.
  • a first member 23 in the form of a web, with a suitable weld preparation 19, is mounted at right angles against a second member 24, with a suitable weld preparation 19A, prior to welding.
  • the metal substrate Before welding commences, the metal substrate must be heated to a pre-determined temperature and to a pre-determined depth. These parameters will vary with the alloy, metal scantling and type of welding being used but typical values would be 100-150°C and 5-15mm respectively.
  • the heating is achieved by focussed radiation 5A from a single thermal imaging apparatus (or by focussed radiation 5B, 5C from additional thermal imaging apparatus directed at greater angles of incidence onto the respective surfaces of members 23 and 24.)
  • the angles of incidence of the radiation, e.g. 5B, can be chosen so that, where possible, any reflection from weld preparation 19A, would impinge on the surface heated by radiation 5C.
  • the heating parameters are:-
  • Figs. 3 and 4 show the principle of the disclosure as applied to a conventional plate-plate butt weld.
  • Two plates 20, 21 are butted along line 27, with their weld preparations 19 adjacent.
  • the metal sections 20A, 21A respectively are shown to make Fig. 3 clearer.
  • plates 20, 21 are moved in the direction shown by arrow 31 at a constant, pre-­ determined rate, e.g. 150mm per minute i.e. the speed of welding is 150mm per minute.
  • a constant, pre-­ determined rate e.g. 150mm per minute i.e. the speed of welding is 150mm per minute.
  • any point on the weld preparations 19 will firstly enter the area bounded by curve 7′A and so commence to be heated by radiation 7A. After a period of time, this point will leave the area bounded by 7′A and enter a second area either 7′B or 7′C where further heating will take place.
  • the temperature will have reached that required for pre-­heating throughout substrates layers 20B, 21B and welding can be effected at position W denoted by reference numeral 28 in Fig. 4.
  • Numeral 29 indicates the moving front of the completed weld 30.
  • the heat is applied in two stages 7A and 7B or 7C.
  • two or more stages of heating may be used.
  • the areas 7A, 7B and 7C are shown as circles or ellipses. This indicates that the beam is slightly defocussed.
  • the heat input is at a slightly lower level over a larger area and for a longer time as plates 20, 21 move through area 7A in the direction shown by reference numeral 31.
  • the radiation on areas 7B, and 7C is concentrated on the weld preparation 19 of plates 20, and 21 respectively to give greater heating at an improved angle of incidence e.g. as shown (5B,5C) in Fig. 2.
  • the greatest heat input occurs when the major axis 2 is normal to the surface 19 so that the heated area is circular (Fig. 1).
  • weld pre-heating may be effected by means of thermal imaging apparatus located on the opposite sides of the plates to where the welding is to be performed in order to produce a more even distribution of heat in the substrate layers.
  • the plates 20,21 are moved past the thermal imaging apparatus and the weld head (not shown) at position W, it is equally possible for the plates to be fixed and for the thermal imaging apparatus and weld head to move.
  • the thermal imaging apparatus and the weld head can be mounted on a moveable trolley or frame to ensure alignment.
  • both plates 20/21 and the weld head, at position W may move together in opposite directions.
  • the thermal imaging apparatus of the invention may be used to provide local heating for stress relief in the welds following the welding operation.
  • a probe 26 can be provided to monitor angle 26A between member 23 and member 24. If the angle 26A moves out of its tolerance band, corrective action to the welding head(s) can be taken to rectify the discrepancy. Alternatively, a restoring force can be applied to member 23 to hold it at the correct angle.
  • a range of indirect measures may be employed.
  • radiation 5D (Fig. 5) may be reflected off one weld preparation 19A to heat another 19 or a reflective surface 34 may be used to reflect radiation 5E directly onto the weld preparation 19 to be heated.
  • reflector 34 may be planar or concave and is preferably metallic in nature or is formed of a material which will not absorb radiation of the wavelength in question. If necessary, reflector 34 may be provided with some form of cooling.
  • radiation 5F Fig. 6
  • a lens 35 of a material transparent to the wavelength of the radiation being used e.g. certain types of quartz
  • radiation 5F Fig. 6
  • the reflector 3 can be focussed either directly onto the weld preparations 19, 19A, or into a flexible bundle of optical fibres 36 (again made of transparent material) forming a further part of the optical system.
  • the radiation is transmitted through the fibres to emerge as radiation 5G, via a focussing lens 37 (if required) forming another part of the optical system, and is then directed onto weld preparation 19.
  • a cooling means is preferably provided for lenses 35, 37 and fibre bundle 36.
  • the principle of applying heating by thermal imaging apparatus can be applied to all forms of weld pre-heating.
  • the principle is equally applicable to stress relieving, hardening, tempering and casting and forging operations etc.
  • metal when metal is hardened, it is usually heated to a high temperature and quenched and in order to control the hardness (and brittleness) the metal is often subsequently tempered by heating to a lower temperature and allowing it to cool naturally.
  • Such heating can be effected in accordance with the present invention.
  • the invention can also be used to apply surface heating in an oxygen-rich atmosphere to generate a thick oxide-rich protective surface coating or for applying other forms of surface protection, e.g.
  • enamelling, sputtering etc When used to produce a finely focussed beam, in conjunction with cooling sprays, it can be used for rectifying distortion or producing desired shape changes in suitable metal components. Hardening or tempering of metallic components is also possible. Non-metallic components may also be heated and softened for bending, forming or joining etc.
  • reflector 3 has hitherto been described as a surface of revolution i.e. essentially circular as seen looking along major axis 2, if desired reflector 3 can be in the form of an elongated elliptical "trough", i.e. as though the view in Fig. 1 was a section at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the trough.
  • several sources 4 can be mounted at first focal point 4A which, in this case, is an axial line along the trough.
  • sources 4 could be elongated filaments.
  • a strip of focussed radiation is produced rather than a circular or elliptical area (7) of radiation.
  • the components to be welded are moved relative to the reflector so that the weld preparation and adjacent substrate are progressively pre-heated.
  • a second thermal imaging apparatus, following the first could be used for stress relief after welding.
  • the elongated reflector will normally be straight in the elongated direction, curved troughs are also possible. These may be used for welding curved sections e.g. for the butt welding of drums or circular discs.
  • the radiation 5 generated by source 4 is very powerful and, when focussed, will readily burn any delicate objects accidently put at or near second focal point 6.
  • the emission of stray rays as a possible cause of eye damage is largely eliminated by the pear shape of the reflector 3 and by its proximity to the work surface. Additionally, however, it is preferred for shields to be used round the thermal imaging apparatus.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Child & Adolescent Psychology (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
EP89312553A 1988-12-02 1989-12-01 Chauffage de produits Withdrawn EP0372850A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB888828217A GB8828217D0 (en) 1988-12-02 1988-12-02 Improvements in/relating to thermal imaging techniques
GB8828217 1988-12-02
GB888828216A GB8828216D0 (en) 1988-12-02 1988-12-02 Improvements in/relating to heating of metals
GB8828216 1988-12-02

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0372850A1 true EP0372850A1 (fr) 1990-06-13

Family

ID=26294691

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89312553A Withdrawn EP0372850A1 (fr) 1988-12-02 1989-12-01 Chauffage de produits

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0372850A1 (fr)
GB (2) GB2225549A (fr)
NL (1) NL8902971A (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991010751A1 (fr) * 1990-01-18 1991-07-25 Meyer Kobbe Clemens Dispositif pour le traitement de surface de pieces au moyen d'un rayonnement lumineux
AT407261B (de) * 1997-04-23 2001-02-26 Boehler Uddeholm Ag Verfahren zur ausbildung einer schicht auf substrate durch aufbringen von thermischer energie
WO2007014610A1 (fr) * 2005-07-29 2007-02-08 Zf Friedrichshafen Ag Procédé pour recuire des pièces sans contact par un rayonnement en faisceau

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2047876C1 (ru) * 1993-03-30 1995-11-10 Научно-производственная фирма "МГМ" Устройство для светолучевой обработки
US5805769A (en) * 1996-03-21 1998-09-08 Amana Company, L.P. Adjustable ellipsoidal reflector for food heating apparatus
DE19913813C2 (de) * 1999-03-26 2003-04-10 Atn Automatisierungstechnik Ni Vorrichtung zur berührungslosen, örtlich begrenzten Erwärmung von Material mit Hilfe von Strahlung

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2156352A (en) * 1937-12-09 1939-05-02 Thomas F Peterson Heating device
DE863204C (de) * 1951-07-15 1953-01-15 Rheinische Roehrenwerke Ag Beseitigen von Spannungen in metallischen Werkstoffen
DE1758538A1 (de) * 1968-06-22 1971-01-21 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Einrichtung zum Haerten,Anlassen u.dgl. von Werkstuecken,insbesondere Kleinteilen
US4188519A (en) * 1978-03-20 1980-02-12 Pyreflex Corporation Process and apparatus for controllably exchanging heat between two bodies
JPS61291918A (ja) * 1985-06-18 1986-12-22 Nippon Furnace Kogyo Kaisha Ltd 燃焼エネルギーの伝送装置

Family Cites Families (10)

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GB870061A (en) * 1958-05-28 1961-06-14 Pye Ltd Apparatus for the heat treatment of filamentary materials
GB1236103A (en) * 1967-08-29 1971-06-23 Messer Griesheim Gmbh An electric apparatus for heating, melting, welding, soldering and cutting workpieces by focusing radiation from a source thereof at a working point or line on the workpiece
GB1236104A (en) * 1967-10-18 1971-06-23 Messer Griesheim Gmbh An electric apparatus for heating, melting, welding, soldering and cutting workpieces by focusing radiation from a source thereof at a working point on a workpiece
JPS52700B2 (fr) * 1971-11-10 1977-01-10
FR2161073B1 (fr) * 1971-11-26 1977-04-22 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd
DE2502239C3 (de) * 1975-01-21 1979-05-23 Original Hanau Quarzlampen Gmbh, 6450 Hanau Licht· und Wetterechtheitsprufgerät
US4058699A (en) * 1975-08-01 1977-11-15 Arthur D. Little, Inc. Radiant zone heating apparatus and method
DE2933269C2 (de) * 1979-08-16 1982-08-12 Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen Vorrichtung zur Durchführung von Wärmearbeiten in der zahnärztlichen Praxis
DE2948175A1 (de) * 1979-11-30 1981-06-04 Original Hanau Heraeus Gmbh, 6450 Hanau Licht- und wetterechtheitspruefgeraet
JPS62297744A (ja) * 1986-06-17 1987-12-24 Dainippon Plastics Co Ltd 耐候性試験機

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2156352A (en) * 1937-12-09 1939-05-02 Thomas F Peterson Heating device
DE863204C (de) * 1951-07-15 1953-01-15 Rheinische Roehrenwerke Ag Beseitigen von Spannungen in metallischen Werkstoffen
DE1758538A1 (de) * 1968-06-22 1971-01-21 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Einrichtung zum Haerten,Anlassen u.dgl. von Werkstuecken,insbesondere Kleinteilen
US4188519A (en) * 1978-03-20 1980-02-12 Pyreflex Corporation Process and apparatus for controllably exchanging heat between two bodies
JPS61291918A (ja) * 1985-06-18 1986-12-22 Nippon Furnace Kogyo Kaisha Ltd 燃焼エネルギーの伝送装置

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, vol. 11, no. 163 (C-424)[2610], 26th May 1987; & JP-A-61 291 918 (NIPPON FURNACE) 22-12-1986 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991010751A1 (fr) * 1990-01-18 1991-07-25 Meyer Kobbe Clemens Dispositif pour le traitement de surface de pieces au moyen d'un rayonnement lumineux
AT407261B (de) * 1997-04-23 2001-02-26 Boehler Uddeholm Ag Verfahren zur ausbildung einer schicht auf substrate durch aufbringen von thermischer energie
WO2007014610A1 (fr) * 2005-07-29 2007-02-08 Zf Friedrichshafen Ag Procédé pour recuire des pièces sans contact par un rayonnement en faisceau

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB8927167D0 (en) 1990-01-31
GB2225642A (en) 1990-06-06
GB8927166D0 (en) 1990-01-31
GB2225549A (en) 1990-06-06
NL8902971A (nl) 1990-07-02
GB2225642B (en) 1992-09-09

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