EP0372559A1 - Schmierfilmzusammensetzung - Google Patents

Schmierfilmzusammensetzung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0372559A1
EP0372559A1 EP89122596A EP89122596A EP0372559A1 EP 0372559 A1 EP0372559 A1 EP 0372559A1 EP 89122596 A EP89122596 A EP 89122596A EP 89122596 A EP89122596 A EP 89122596A EP 0372559 A1 EP0372559 A1 EP 0372559A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
composition
weight
friction coefficient
resins
parts
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP89122596A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0372559B1 (de
Inventor
Yoshiyuki Hirokawa
Isao Tonomura
Hirohumi Michioka
Yoshio Fuwa
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Takata Corp
Toyota Motor Corp
Original Assignee
Takata Corp
Toyota Motor Corp
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Publication of EP0372559A1 publication Critical patent/EP0372559A1/de
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/044Siloxanes with specific structure containing silicon-to-hydrogen bonds
    • C10M2229/0445Siloxanes with specific structure containing silicon-to-hydrogen bonds used as base material
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/045Siloxanes with specific structure containing silicon-to-hydroxyl bonds
    • C10M2229/0455Siloxanes with specific structure containing silicon-to-hydroxyl bonds used as base material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/046Siloxanes with specific structure containing silicon-oxygen-carbon bonds
    • C10M2229/0465Siloxanes with specific structure containing silicon-oxygen-carbon bonds used as base material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/047Siloxanes with specific structure containing alkylene oxide groups
    • C10M2229/0475Siloxanes with specific structure containing alkylene oxide groups used as base material
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/048Siloxanes with specific structure containing carboxyl groups
    • C10M2229/0485Siloxanes with specific structure containing carboxyl groups used as base material
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/05Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon
    • C10M2229/0505Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon used as base material
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    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/05Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon
    • C10M2229/051Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon containing halogen
    • C10M2229/0515Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon containing halogen used as base material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/05Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon
    • C10M2229/052Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon containing nitrogen
    • C10M2229/0525Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon containing nitrogen used as base material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/05Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon
    • C10M2229/053Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon containing sulfur
    • C10M2229/0535Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon containing sulfur used as base material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/05Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon
    • C10M2229/054Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon containing phosphorus
    • C10M2229/0545Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon containing phosphorus used as base material

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a coating composition to be used for lubrication.
  • a coating composition for lubrication which is capable of providing an optimum friction coefficient to places to which it is applied and, at the same time, is capable of lowering abrasion loss.
  • Lubricants are supplied to surfaces of machines, devices, etc., so as to protect their surfaces from seizure and abrasion loss by replacing the dry friction between two surfaces by fluid friction or boundary friction.
  • lubrication compositions are of coating type comprising synthetic resins and solid lubricants, such as those described, e.g., in Japanese Patent Application (Laid Open) Nos. 86,764/88; 157,664/80 and 200,463/82; and Japanese Patent Publication No. 1,314/80.
  • Major objects of producing, and using, such lubrication compositions are, among others, as follows:
  • It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a coating composition for lubrication which is capable of providing an appropriate level of friction coefficient ( ⁇ 0.06 or above) and, at the same time, is capable of reducing abrasion loss.
  • a coating composition for lubrication which comprises a synthetic resin, a solid lubricant and a friction coefficient adjuster.
  • the coating composition according to the present invention is imparted with excellent lubricating properties by a solid lubricant and, at the same time, its lubrication property is adjusted by a friction coefficient adjuster to a desired moderate level, without any impairement of its abrasion resistant properties.
  • synthetic resins there is no particular restriction on synthetic resins to be used in the coating composition for lubrication according to the present invention. Any synthetic resins can be used, including thermosetting resins, cold setting resins and two-­component curing resins. The resins can be either water miscible or oil miscible.
  • usable synthetic resins include epoxy resins, phenyl resins, amino resins, polyester-alkyd resins, polyurethane resins, vinyl resins, polyamide-imide resins and silicon resins.
  • These resins can be used either individually or in combination of two or more.
  • an epoxy resin and an amino resin can be particularly preferable since excellent adhesion, corrosion resistance, oil resistance, etc. can be attained with regard to coated films formed therefrom.
  • amino resins are used preferably in an amount of 20 to 100 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of epoxy resins.
  • Synthetic resins are used preferably in an amount of from 20 to 80% by weight, in particular, from 30 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating composition.
  • amount of synthetic resins used is less than 20% by weight, insufficient adhesion, corrosion resistance, oil resistance, etc. will be resulted, whereas when it exceeds 80% by weight, it becomes difficult to control friction coefficient.
  • solid lubricants there are no particular restrictions on the kind of solid lubricants to be used.
  • examples of usable solid lubricants include sulfides, such as molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide; fluorides, such as polytetrafluoroethylene and graphite fluoride; graphite; melamine-cyanuric acid addition products; and boron nitride.
  • These solid lubricants can be used either individually or in combination of two or more. It can be particularly preferable to use a combination of a sulfide and a fluoride because of their excellent withstand load, fitting and feeling.
  • fluorides are used preferably in an amount of ca. 50 to 200 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of sulfides.
  • Such solid lubricants are used preferably in an amount of 20 to 80% by weight, in particular, 30 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating composition.
  • amount of solid lubricants incorporated is less than 20% by weight, there will be resulted insufficient withstand load, fitting and feeling. In the case where it exceeds 80% by weight, there will be resulted insufficient adhesion, corrosion resistance and oil resistance.
  • Examples of usable friction coefficient adjusters include carbon fibers; carbon black; silicon compounds, such as silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and glass fibers; aluminum oxide; potassium titanate fibers; and cellulose fibers. These friction coefficient adjusters can be used either individually or in combination of two or more. In the present invention, it can be particularly preferable to use carbon fibers as a friction coefficient adjuster since the use of carbon fibers can be highly effective not only in the adjustment of friction coefficient, but also in the enhancement of abrasion resistance.
  • Friction coefficient adjusters in the case where they are fibrous, preferably have a length of ca. 10 um to 1 mm and, when they are granular, preferably have a diameter of ca. 100 ⁇ m or less.
  • Such friction coefficient adjusters are used preferably in an amount of 50% by weight or less, more preferably from 5 to 30% by weight, based on the weight of the coating composition prepared.
  • amount of friction coefficient adjusters incorporated exceeds 50% by weight, there will be resulted low adhesiveness and corrosion resistance of the coated lubricant film, and its abrasion resistance will not be sufficiently improved.
  • the coating composition according to the present invention can be easily prepared, e.g., by mixing a synthetic resin with a solid lubricant at a prescribed ratio, and then incorporating thereinto a prescribed amount of a friction coefficient adjuster.
  • its friction coefficient can be varied over a wide range by adjusting the ratio of the components, while maintaining the abrasion loss at a low level.
  • an appropriate amount of solvent can be used upon the mixing of a synthetic resin and a solid lubricant or after the mixing of the three components, so as to make their mixing easier and to adjust the viscosity of the composition to a level suited for use.
  • Any solvent can be used if it is capable of dissolving synthetic resins.
  • the amount of solvents to be used varies depending on the viscosity and quantity of synthetic resins used, it can be preferable to use ca. 100 to 300 parts by weight of solvents, per 100 parts by weight of the composition. It is possible to use either one single solvent or a mixture of solvents.
  • Specific examples of usable solvents include methyl ethyl ketone (M.E.K.), xylene, and the like.
  • the coating composition according to the present invention can be additionally incorporated with various additives, including quality modifiers.
  • the amount of the additional additives should be 20% by weight or less, based on the weight of the coating composition.
  • the coating composition according to the present invention makes it possible to form a lubrication film having a friction coefficient controlled to a relatively high level and at the same time having a markedly reduced abrasion loss. Accordingly, sliding friction and lubrication properties of such parts as differential- limiting differential gears, clutch discs and pulleys --- which require a low abrasion loss and, at the same time, a relatively high level of friction necessary to secure the transmission of torque --- and of parts which require a moderately high friction coefficient that prevents loosening of bolts etc. can be markedly improved by using the coating composition according to the invention.
  • Coating compositions for lubrication were prepared by using materials shown in Table 1 in ratios given in Table 2.
  • a synthetic resin 100 parts by weight is dissolved in 100 to 200 parts by weight of a solvent (M.E.K., xylene, or the like), and then a solid lubricant is added thereto.
  • a solvent M.E.K., xylene, or the like
  • the resulting mixture is subjected to pulverization treatment by use of a ball mill, and a prescribed amount of friction coefficient adjuster is added thereto.
  • the thus obtained mixture was stirred to give a sample of coating composition.
  • Friction coefficient was determined in the following manner, employing a tester, test pieces and test conditions described below.
  • a ring and a block are subjected to surface treatment to form thereon a film of zinc phosphate, and then a sample of a coating composition prepared as above was air-sprayed on its surface at a thickness of ca. 20 ⁇ m, and then the coated film was cured under conditions given in Table 2. Friction coefficient was determined by pressing, with a constant load, the coated surface of the block onto the coated surface of the ring, while rotating the ring at a constant speed.
  • tester FALEX #1 Ring and Block Test Machine [manufactured by Faville Le Vally Co. (ASTM D 2714)] Test Pieces Ring: SAE 4620 Steel, Hrc 58-63, 6-12 rpm. Block: SAE 0-1 Steel, Hrc 58-63, 4-8 r.p.m. Test Conditions Load: 100 lbs Rotation Speed: 30 r.p.m.
  • Friction Plate A was prepared by coating a coating composition on a surface of a steel plate in the same manner as in the above (1) Determination of Friction Coefficient.
  • Friction Plate B (outer diameter, 120 mm; inner diameter, 100 mm; and thickness, 1.8 mm) was prepared from a quenched and tempered steel plate (made of JIS SK5M steel; hardness, HV 460) having a surface roughness of 0.5 ⁇ Ra. Friction test was performed by using Friction Plate A in combination with Friction Plate B.
  • Friction Plate A was pressed with a load of 500 k.g.f. onto Friction Plate B, while rotating Friction Plate B at about 50 r.p.m. in an oil used for differential-limiting differential gears, and its abrasion loss (thickness of wearing) was measured after 200 hours.
  • coating compositions for lubrication according to the invention have higher friction coefficients than the prior art composition (Comparative Example 1), and their friction coefficients can be varied over a wide range. In addition, their abrasion losses are extremely small. On the other hand, the prior composition (Comparative Example 1) has an excessively low friction coefficient and exhibits a large abrasion loss.
  • coating compositions according to the invention formed films having a statical friction coefficient ( ⁇ s) smaller than dynamic friction coefficient ( ⁇ d). It was also found that the coated films according to the invention effectively suppress the generation of noises owing to the stick slip phenomenon. On the other hand, in the case of the prior composition (Comparative Example 1), the ⁇ s of the coated film was almost equal to, or a little smaller than, its ⁇ d. In addition, its steel base was exposed during the test since the abrasion resistance of the coated film was not sufficiently high, and noises were generated owing to the stick slip phenomenon.
  • Table 1 Resin Epoxy Resin [Epichlon 7050 manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals Co., Ltd.] [Epichlon 840 manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals Co., Ltd.] Amino Resin [Beckamin P-138 manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals Co., Ltd.] Phenyl Resin [Phenodur PR401 Hoechst Japan Co., Ltd.] Polyester-Alkyd Resin [Bekkosol ER-3400-60 manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals Co., Ltd.] Polyurethane Resin [Bruok M-5350 manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals Co., Ltd.] Vinyl Resin [Eslek BL-2 manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Industries Co.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
EP89122596A 1988-12-09 1989-12-07 Schmierfilmzusammensetzung Expired - Lifetime EP0372559B1 (de)

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JP63311216A JPH0674389B2 (ja) 1988-12-09 1988-12-09 潤滑用被覆組成物
JP311216/88 1988-12-09

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EP0469906A1 (de) * 1990-08-02 1992-02-05 Oiles Corporation Festes Schmiermittel und in dieses eingefügt ein festes Schmiermittel enthaltendes Gleitbauteil
EP0506485A2 (de) * 1991-03-29 1992-09-30 Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. Korrosionverhindernde Überzugsmasse
US5308516A (en) * 1989-06-08 1994-05-03 Century Oils, Inc. Friction modifiers
EP0611817A1 (de) * 1991-09-13 1994-08-24 Nihon Parkerizing Co., Ltd. Schmiermittelzusammensetzung für heisse plastische Verarbeitung
US5415791A (en) * 1990-08-02 1995-05-16 Oiles Corporation Lubricating composition and a sliding member comprising the composition
EP0474750B1 (de) * 1989-06-08 1996-10-02 Kelsan Technologies Corp. Schmiermittelzusammensetzung
EP0832173A1 (de) * 1995-05-01 1998-04-01 Jet-Lube, Inc. Fett zum schutz schraubengewinden
WO2000027738A1 (en) * 1998-11-05 2000-05-18 Kelsan Technologies Inc. Apparatus for applying a friction modifying composition on a guide rail
EP1169420A1 (de) * 1999-03-10 2002-01-09 Allison Engine Company, Inc. Durch silikonharze gebundener trockener schmierfilm
WO2002026919A2 (en) * 2000-09-29 2002-04-04 Kelsan Technologies Corp. Friction control compositions
EP1357175A1 (de) 2002-04-12 2003-10-29 Kelsan Technologies Corporation Reibungskontrollierende Zusammensetzungen mit verbesserter Wirkungsdauer
EP1418222A2 (de) 2002-11-08 2004-05-12 Kelsan Technologies Inc. Frosttolerante Reibungskontrollierende Zusammensetzungen
EP1586623A1 (de) * 2002-11-21 2005-10-19 Oiles Corporation Festes schmiermittel und gleitglied
US7160378B2 (en) 2004-08-13 2007-01-09 Kelsan Technologies Corp. Modified friction control compositions
US7709426B2 (en) 2005-07-08 2010-05-04 Kelsan Technologies Corp. Solid stick grease compositions
WO2012158408A1 (en) * 2011-05-16 2012-11-22 New Hampshire Ball Bearings, Inc. Novel self-lubricating surface coating composition
US8445416B2 (en) 2007-01-26 2013-05-21 L.B. Foster Rail Technologies, Corp. Solid stick compositions comprising vinyl ester
US8450254B2 (en) 2005-02-14 2013-05-28 L.B. Foster Rail Technologies, Corp. Solid stick compositions comprising thermosetting plastic
WO2014208191A1 (en) * 2013-06-24 2014-12-31 Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd. Coating composition for lubrication film
CN104987835A (zh) * 2015-06-30 2015-10-21 苏州洋杰电子有限公司 一种电子耐磨涂料及其制备方法
CN106132646A (zh) * 2014-03-31 2016-11-16 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 钻孔用盖板
US10221373B2 (en) 2012-09-21 2019-03-05 Mpl Innovations, Inc. Lubricant compositions
US10480569B2 (en) 2017-06-15 2019-11-19 Schaublin Sa Hybrid lined trunnion bearing for aircraft landing gear
US10724575B2 (en) 2017-06-15 2020-07-28 Schaublin Sa Metallic lined trunnion bearing for aircraft landing gear

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Cited By (38)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5308516A (en) * 1989-06-08 1994-05-03 Century Oils, Inc. Friction modifiers
EP0474750B1 (de) * 1989-06-08 1996-10-02 Kelsan Technologies Corp. Schmiermittelzusammensetzung
EP0469906A1 (de) * 1990-08-02 1992-02-05 Oiles Corporation Festes Schmiermittel und in dieses eingefügt ein festes Schmiermittel enthaltendes Gleitbauteil
US5415791A (en) * 1990-08-02 1995-05-16 Oiles Corporation Lubricating composition and a sliding member comprising the composition
EP0506485A2 (de) * 1991-03-29 1992-09-30 Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. Korrosionverhindernde Überzugsmasse
EP0506485B1 (de) * 1991-03-29 2000-03-08 Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. Korrosionverhindernde Überzugsmasse
EP0611817A1 (de) * 1991-09-13 1994-08-24 Nihon Parkerizing Co., Ltd. Schmiermittelzusammensetzung für heisse plastische Verarbeitung
US5346634A (en) * 1991-09-13 1994-09-13 Nihon Parkerizing Co., Ltd. Lubricant composition for hot plastic working
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0372559B1 (de) 1992-07-29
DE68902305D1 (de) 1992-09-03
DE68902305T2 (de) 1992-12-10
JPH0674389B2 (ja) 1994-09-21
JPH02155958A (ja) 1990-06-15

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