EP0366818A1 - Cryostat à bain d'azote liquide - Google Patents

Cryostat à bain d'azote liquide Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0366818A1
EP0366818A1 EP19880118199 EP88118199A EP0366818A1 EP 0366818 A1 EP0366818 A1 EP 0366818A1 EP 19880118199 EP19880118199 EP 19880118199 EP 88118199 A EP88118199 A EP 88118199A EP 0366818 A1 EP0366818 A1 EP 0366818A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cryostat
bath
cold head
cold
cryostat according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19880118199
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Wilhelm Strasser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Balzers und Leybold Deutschland Holding AG
Original Assignee
Leybold AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Leybold AG filed Critical Leybold AG
Priority to EP19880118199 priority Critical patent/EP0366818A1/fr
Priority to US07/426,166 priority patent/US4967564A/en
Priority to JP1283173A priority patent/JPH02171573A/ja
Publication of EP0366818A1 publication Critical patent/EP0366818A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0275—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices
    • F25J1/0276—Laboratory or other miniature devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
    • F17C3/02—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation
    • F17C3/08—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation by vacuum spaces, e.g. Dewar flask
    • F17C3/085—Cryostats
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D19/00—Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices or objects to be refrigerated, e.g. infrared detectors
    • F25D19/006—Thermal coupling structure or interface
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/014—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/016—Noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe)
    • F17C2221/017—Helium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/05—Applications for industrial use
    • F17C2270/0509—"Dewar" vessels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
    • F25J2290/42—Modularity, pre-fabrication of modules, assembling and erection, horizontal layout, i.e. plot plan, and vertical arrangement of parts of the cryogenic unit, e.g. of the cold box

Definitions

  • Cryostats are devices that allow the setting and maintenance of low temperatures. With a bath cryostat, the temperature is kept constant at the boiling point of the refrigerant.
  • the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (LN2) is 77 K at normal pressure. The boiling point can be changed by overpressure or underpressure in the bath. Usually, however, a nitrogen bath cryostat is operated at about atmospheric pressure.
  • cryostats to maintain temperatures up to 77 K is becoming increasingly important. It is known to cool electromagnets, computer circuits or the like in order to achieve higher power densities to temperatures of this magnitude. Superconductors can also be operated with transition temperatures> 80 K at the boiling point of LN2.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object to provide a cryostat with an LN2 bath in which gas losses are avoided.
  • this object is achieved in that a container with a lid is provided for receiving the LN2 bath, that the cryostat for recondensation of the evaporating LN2 is equipped with at least one downward cold head of a refrigerator and that the lid supports the cold head or cold heads is.
  • a refrigerator is a cryogenerator or a cryogenic refrigerator with a cold head, in which a thermodynamic cycle takes place (see, for example, US Pat. No. 2,9 06,101).
  • a single-stage refrigerator cold head has a cylindrical chamber with a displacer moving back and forth therein. The chamber is connected in a certain manner alternately with a high pressure and a low pressure gas reservoir so that the thermodynamic cycle (Stirling process, Gifford / Mcmahon process, etc.) takes place during the reciprocating movement of the displacer. The result is that one of the two end faces of the chamber is extracted from heat.
  • temperatures of up to about 40 K can be generated.
  • a recondensation of the evaporating nitrogen can be achieved with the aid of the refrigerator cold heads arranged within the container of the bathroom cryostat; the cold end of the cold head can either be located directly above the LN2 bath or be immersed in it.
  • a major advantage of this arrangement is that the cold ends are directly in the liquid or gas phase of the LN2 bath. Their effect is not affected by transmission elements.
  • the respective cold heads are located directly above the surface of the LN2 bath, they form condensation surfaces, from which condensed nitrogen drips back into the bath.
  • the surface of the respective cold heads is expediently enlarged with the aid of radial sheet metal sections.
  • the cold heads are expediently adjustable in height - individually or in their entirety. This makes it possible to adjust the cooling capacity, either by lifting individual cold heads and putting them out of operation, or by changing the immersion depth of one or more cold heads. Is z. B. the heat load of the bath larger, then an increase in cooling capacity is required, which can be achieved by increasing the immersion depth.
  • This process can be regulated automatically, for example depending on the pressure in the cryostat. The increase in the amount of nitrogen evaporating as the bath load increases causes an increase in pressure in the bath. With such a pressure change, the immersion depth can be regulated in such a way that the pressure remains essentially constant. Due to the height adjustment of the cold heads, it is also possible to adapt the cold-generating surfaces to the mirror of the LN2 bath.
  • the cryostat is designated by 1 in the figures. It comprises the container 2 with the lid 3.
  • the double-walled container and the lid are made of poorly heat-conducting materials and have vacuum insulation.
  • Container 2 and lid 3 each have a flange 4, 5 which abut one another during operation and are sealed by means of a sealing ring 6 (FIG. 6) and clips, not shown.
  • the current feedthrough ( Figures 5 and 7) is designated 10.
  • the cover 3 is equipped with a continuous flange base 8 which is covered by the hood 9.
  • the cold heads 11 are attached to the flange base and each protrude with their cold ends 12 into the container 2.
  • six cold heads 11 are held on the flange base 8. They each have a gas control device 13, which are located at the ends of the essentially cylindrical cold heads 11 opposite the cold ends 12.
  • the gas control devices 13 are each connected via lines 14 and 15 to a high-pressure and low-pressure gas source (working gas helium), not shown, located outside the cryostat 1.
  • a high-pressure and low-pressure gas source working gas helium
  • the splitting of refrigerators is known from DE-OS 32 01 496. The splitting results in a smaller construction volume.
  • FIG. 2 shows a cold head 11, the cold end 12 of which is equipped with an electrical heater 16 formed by the wire winding 17 and the feed lines 18.
  • the recondensation performance in the cryostat can be regulated.
  • the regulation can be controlled as a function of the pressure in the cryostat.
  • the cold head 11 shown in FIG. 3 is a cold head without a gas control device 13. It is held vertically adjustable in the flange base 8.
  • the cold head 11 is equipped on its side opposite the cold end 12 with a flange 21.
  • the flange 21 and the edge of the opening 22 in the flange base 8 penetrated by the cold head 11 are connected to one another via a metal bellows 23, so that a tight seal of the container 2 is ensured.
  • a hood 24 is placed on the flange base 8 in a vacuum-tight manner. The flange 21 is tightly guided in the hood 24.
  • the annular space 26 formed by the flange 21, the bellows 23, the cylindrical part of the hood 24 and the adjacent part of the flange base 8 is connected via the connection 25 to a device, not shown, for adjusting the pressure.
  • the flange 21 and thus the cold head 11 are supported on the flange base 8 by a compression spring 27.
  • the hood 24 forms a space 28 which is connected to the interior of the cryostat 1 via the connecting piece 29.
  • the compression spring 27 causes a force which is directed upwards and just compensates the bellows force and the force exerted by the pressure in the cryostat.
  • the force of the spring 27 can be overcome and the refrigerator 11 can be raised.
  • This also makes it possible to control the immersion depth depending on the load on the LN2 bath. For example, if the load on the LN2 bath increases, then the pressure inside the cryostat increases. Depending on this pressure, the Pressure in room 28 can be increased so that the cold head dips deeper into the LN2 bath via the force of the differential piston surface. This increases the cooling capacity and compensates for the higher load on the LN2 bath.
  • the cold head is not in operation, the same can be lifted up into the room 26 by means of pressure so that the heat conduction losses via the cold head are significantly reduced.
  • FIG. 4 shows a cold head 11, the cold end 12 of which is equipped with an enlarged surface.
  • This consists of a ring 20 which bears against the cold head 12 and which carries sheet metal sections 30 which extend radially outward.
  • a cold head 11 of this type is preferably suitable for an arrangement immediately above the LN2 bath (mirror 7). Evaporating nitrogen condenses on the enlarged surface and drips back into the LN2 bath.
  • FIGS. 5 to 7 show how the cold heads located in the cryostat 1 can be exchanged or maintenance work carried out on them.
  • a hose section 31 is provided, the ends of which are fastened to the flanges 4, 5.
  • the outer flange edges are equipped with grooves 32, 33 in which there are O-rings 34, 35 and clamp the ends of the hose 31 in a gas-tight manner (FIG. 6).
  • FIG. 5 shows a partially broken cryostat 1, in which, for example, two cold heads 11 according to FIGS. 2 and 4 are shown. Via the hood 9 of the cover 3, the cold heads 11 are connected to a compressor 36 (high-pressure and low-pressure gas source) via a flexible line. The cold heads, the line and the compressor form the refrigerators used for recondensation purposes. Above the LN2 level 7 opens into the cryostat a connecting piece 37 with a valve 38.
  • the hose section 31 is also equipped with several connecting pieces 41, 42, 43, each of which is provided with a valve.
  • pressure equalization must be brought about before lifting the lid 3. This can be done by venting or admitting nitrogen gas through the connector 37. If the cryostat is under negative pressure, the pressure compensation can also be established by evaporating such a large amount of LN2 with the aid of a heater 16 on the refrigerator 11 that the desired pressure increase occurs.
  • the lid 3 can be raised. Additional nitrogen gas for filling the hose section 31 can be supplied via one of the connecting pieces 41, 42, 43. After the cover 3 has been raised, the hose section 21 is clamped off approximately in its center by means of a clamp 44. Thereafter, the bath in container 2 is protected from air entry. The cover 3 can then be detached from the hose section 31.
  • the cover 3 is connected again to the upper part of the hose section 31.
  • the interior of the upper tube section is flushed with nitrogen via the connecting pieces 42 and 43. This makes it possible to run the refrigerators 11 cold in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the procedure described prevents contamination by air humidity and oxygen.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Containers, Films, And Cooling For Superconductive Devices (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
EP19880118199 1988-11-02 1988-11-02 Cryostat à bain d'azote liquide Withdrawn EP0366818A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19880118199 EP0366818A1 (fr) 1988-11-02 1988-11-02 Cryostat à bain d'azote liquide
US07/426,166 US4967564A (en) 1988-11-02 1989-10-25 Cryostatic temperature regulator with a liquid nitrogen bath
JP1283173A JPH02171573A (ja) 1988-11-02 1989-11-01 液体窒素（ｌｎ↓２）浴を備えたクライオスタツト

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19880118199 EP0366818A1 (fr) 1988-11-02 1988-11-02 Cryostat à bain d'azote liquide

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0366818A1 true EP0366818A1 (fr) 1990-05-09

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19880118199 Withdrawn EP0366818A1 (fr) 1988-11-02 1988-11-02 Cryostat à bain d'azote liquide

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US4967564A (fr)
EP (1) EP0366818A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH02171573A (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003033972A1 (fr) 2001-10-18 2003-04-24 Praxair Technology, Inc. Systeme de cuve cryogenique avec refrigeration par tube a impulsions
DE102004037837B3 (de) * 2004-08-04 2006-05-11 Universität Augsburg Vorrichtung zur Schaffung einer evakuierten Tieftemperaturumgebung für eine Probe und Verwendung der Vorrichtung
WO2006125059A2 (fr) * 2005-05-17 2006-11-23 Praxair Technology, Inc. Module de conservation biologique cryogenique
WO2007052069A1 (fr) * 2005-11-01 2007-05-10 Siemens Magnet Technology Limited Appareil et procédés pour transporter des marchandises ou équipements refroidis cryogéniquement
DE102014218773A1 (de) * 2014-09-18 2016-03-24 Bruker Biospin Gmbh Automatische thermische Entkopplung eines Kühlkopfs

Families Citing this family (21)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5163297A (en) * 1991-01-15 1992-11-17 Iwatani International Corporation Device for preventing evaporation of liquefied gas in a liquefied gas reservoir
JPH04350906A (ja) * 1991-05-28 1992-12-04 Nippon Steel Corp 酸化物超電導コイルの冷却方法および冷却装置
US5417072A (en) * 1993-11-08 1995-05-23 Trw Inc. Controlling the temperature in a cryogenic vessel
US6337205B1 (en) * 1998-01-06 2002-01-08 Integrated Biosystems, Inc Cryopreservation vial apparatus and methods
FR2776762B1 (fr) * 1998-03-31 2000-06-16 Matra Marconi Space France Dispositif de liaison thermique pour machine cryogenique
US6212904B1 (en) * 1999-11-01 2001-04-10 In-X Corporation Liquid oxygen production
US6477855B1 (en) * 2001-05-01 2002-11-12 Severn Trent Services - Water Purification Solutions, Inc Chiller tank system and method for chilling liquids
US6698213B2 (en) * 2001-05-22 2004-03-02 Integrated Biosystems, Inc. Systems and methods for freezing and storing biopharmaceutical material
US6631616B2 (en) * 2001-05-22 2003-10-14 Richard Wisniewski Cryopreservation system with controlled dendritic freezing front velocity
US6684646B2 (en) 2001-05-22 2004-02-03 Integrated Biosystems, Inc. Systems and methods for freezing, storing and thawing biopharmaceutical material
US6945056B2 (en) * 2001-11-01 2005-09-20 Integrated Biosystems, Inc. Systems and methods for freezing, mixing and thawing biopharmaceutical material
US7104074B2 (en) * 2001-11-01 2006-09-12 Integrated Biosystems, Inc. Systems and methods for freezing, storing, transporting and thawing biopharmaceutical material
JP2004028516A (ja) * 2002-06-28 2004-01-29 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd 保存装置
TWI325949B (en) * 2004-02-09 2010-06-11 Sanyo Electric Co Refrigerant system
EP1617129A3 (fr) * 2004-07-14 2008-03-05 Chart, Inc. Dewar cryogénique
EP1630492A3 (fr) * 2004-08-23 2008-10-29 Twinbird Corporation Unité de régulation de température et récipient l'utilisant
US20090200320A1 (en) * 2004-08-23 2009-08-13 Twinbird Corporation Storage container
US7290396B2 (en) * 2005-01-19 2007-11-06 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic biological preservation unit
US20060260328A1 (en) * 2005-05-17 2006-11-23 Rampersad Bryce M Cryogenic biological preservation unit with active cooling and positive atmospheric seal lid
WO2007103917A2 (fr) 2006-03-06 2007-09-13 Integrated Biosystems, Inc. Systèmes et procédés utilisés pour congeler, stocker et décongeler des matières biopharmaceutiques
JP5913157B2 (ja) * 2013-03-06 2016-04-27 住友重機械工業株式会社 極低温冷却装置及び液面調整機構

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0015728A1 (fr) * 1979-03-02 1980-09-17 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Cryostat
EP0260036A2 (fr) * 1986-09-09 1988-03-16 Oxford Medical Limited Assemblage de cryostat
WO1988005519A2 (fr) * 1987-01-20 1988-07-28 Helix Technology Corporation Recondenseur cryogenique a boite froide separee

Family Cites Families (3)

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US2784560A (en) * 1954-02-11 1957-03-12 American Messer Corp Process and apparatus for storing and shipping liquefied gases
US4279127A (en) * 1979-03-02 1981-07-21 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Removable refrigerator for maintaining liquefied gas inventory
US4689970A (en) * 1985-06-29 1987-09-01 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Cryogenic apparatus

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0015728A1 (fr) * 1979-03-02 1980-09-17 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Cryostat
EP0260036A2 (fr) * 1986-09-09 1988-03-16 Oxford Medical Limited Assemblage de cryostat
WO1988005519A2 (fr) * 1987-01-20 1988-07-28 Helix Technology Corporation Recondenseur cryogenique a boite froide separee

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003033972A1 (fr) 2001-10-18 2003-04-24 Praxair Technology, Inc. Systeme de cuve cryogenique avec refrigeration par tube a impulsions
EP1436554A1 (fr) * 2001-10-18 2004-07-14 Praxair Technology, Inc. Systeme de cuve cryogenique avec refrigeration par tube a impulsions
EP1436554A4 (fr) * 2001-10-18 2006-05-03 Praxair Technology Inc Systeme de cuve cryogenique avec refrigeration par tube a impulsions
KR100891291B1 (ko) * 2001-10-18 2009-04-06 프랙스에어 테크놀로지, 인코포레이티드 펄스 튜브 냉각이 제공된 극저온 용기 장치
DE102004037837B3 (de) * 2004-08-04 2006-05-11 Universität Augsburg Vorrichtung zur Schaffung einer evakuierten Tieftemperaturumgebung für eine Probe und Verwendung der Vorrichtung
WO2006125059A2 (fr) * 2005-05-17 2006-11-23 Praxair Technology, Inc. Module de conservation biologique cryogenique
WO2006125059A3 (fr) * 2005-05-17 2007-01-04 Praxair Technology Inc Module de conservation biologique cryogenique
WO2007052069A1 (fr) * 2005-11-01 2007-05-10 Siemens Magnet Technology Limited Appareil et procédés pour transporter des marchandises ou équipements refroidis cryogéniquement
CN101300457B (zh) * 2005-11-01 2011-01-26 英国西门子公司 用于运输被低温冷却的货物或装置的设备和方法
DE102014218773A1 (de) * 2014-09-18 2016-03-24 Bruker Biospin Gmbh Automatische thermische Entkopplung eines Kühlkopfs
DE102014218773B4 (de) * 2014-09-18 2020-11-26 Bruker Biospin Gmbh Automatische thermische Entkopplung eines Kühlkopfs

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH02171573A (ja) 1990-07-03
US4967564A (en) 1990-11-06

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