EP0366011B1 - Adaption cartridge for an insert barrel system - Google Patents

Adaption cartridge for an insert barrel system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0366011B1
EP0366011B1 EP89119478A EP89119478A EP0366011B1 EP 0366011 B1 EP0366011 B1 EP 0366011B1 EP 89119478 A EP89119478 A EP 89119478A EP 89119478 A EP89119478 A EP 89119478A EP 0366011 B1 EP0366011 B1 EP 0366011B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cartridge
slide
firing
guide
adaptation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89119478A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0366011A1 (en
Inventor
Roland Bertiller
Roland Dipl.-Ing. Maier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mauser Werke Oberndorf GmbH
Original Assignee
Mauser Werke Oberndorf GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mauser Werke Oberndorf GmbH filed Critical Mauser Werke Oberndorf GmbH
Publication of EP0366011A1 publication Critical patent/EP0366011A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0366011B1 publication Critical patent/EP0366011B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B8/00—Practice or training ammunition
    • F42B8/02—Cartridges
    • F42B8/10—Cartridges with sub-calibre adaptor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an adaptation cartridge for a push-in tube system for firing sub-caliber ammunition from a larger-caliber weapon barrel, with a centrally inserted cartridge chamber and a firing pin sleeve arranged coaxially thereafter, which is connected on the closure side to the cartridge chamber by positive locking and has a safety rod arranged axially parallel to the firing pin, which is under the action of a compression spring and receives a slide.
  • An adaptation cartridge for a plug-in pipe system of the aforementioned type is known from DE 33 39 745 C2.
  • the firing pin is moved mechanically against the ignition pin, which is under the action of a compression spring and which in turn pierces the primer of a cartridge.
  • Kinetic energy is therefore required to ignite the ammunition for the mechanical ignition.
  • the mechanical ignition is triggered by the original lighter of the larger-caliber ammunition, which is screwed into the firing pin sleeve from behind. When this original lighter (primer) is fired, an excess pressure builds up in the firing pin sleeve, which accelerates a firing pin. This firing pin finally ignites the sub-caliber ammunition mechanically.
  • this object is achieved in that the slide engages in a guide which is drive-connected to the firing pin, which rests on the primer of the cartridge when the breech is closed and receives an electrical ignition energy from the weapon via a firing pin.
  • the securing rod can be moved in the slide against the action of the compression spring by the closing closure in the direction of the cartridge, the slide being displaceable within a recess in the firing pin sleeve at most up to a rear stop of a securing ring.
  • the guide can be formed from an electrically insulating material. Furthermore, the guide can have an annular groove for the engagement of the slide and can slide with its outer lateral surface in a cylindrical recess in the firing pin sleeve.
  • the combustion residues which contaminate the ignition pin and can lead to a defect, are basically avoided because an electric ignition is used.
  • the primer is omitted, which leads to a significant reduction in costs.
  • the ignition energy is now passed through the firing pin guide without resistance and electrically ignites the igniter of the sub-caliber ammunition.
  • the entire firing pin is advantageously designed to be liftable with the aid of the safety rod.
  • the adaptation cartridge 1 essentially consists of the tubular jacket 2, preferably of a plastic, the cartridge chamber 3, the cartridge chamber tube 4 and the firing pin sleeve 5.
  • the cartridge chamber 3 is arranged centrally in the jacket 2.
  • the cartridge chamber tube 4 is arranged in a coaxial arrangement with the cartridge chamber 3 in the direction of the weapon breech 6.
  • the cartridge chamber tube 4 can be an integral extension of the cartridge chamber 3. It can also be designed according to the embodiment shown as a separate component which is connected to the cartridge chamber 3 by positive and non-positive engagement, for example by screwing.
  • the cartridge bearing tube 4 is supported axially at the end on the closure side against a flange ring 7 of the adaptation cartridge 1.
  • the firing pin sleeve 5 has a central bore 8 into which the firing pin 9 and the firing pin spring 10 are inserted.
  • the firing pin 12 is provided in the direction of the cartridge 11, which is axially movable and slidably in a guide 13 made of an electrically insulating material with its outer surface 14 in a cylindrical recess 15 of the firing pin sleeve 5.
  • the guide 13 and the ignition pin 12 are in a resilient connection, so that when the guide 13 moves axially, the ignition pin 12 is carried in the same direction.
  • the spring 10 takes it up.
  • the firing pin 12 is under spring pressure of the spring 10 on the primer 29.
  • a safety rod 17 is inserted axially movable in a cylindrical recess 16 of the firing pin sleeve 5.
  • the safety rod 17 is at its end face 18 against a compression spring 19 which is provided in the blind bore 20 in the axial extension of the cylindrical recess 16.
  • the securing rod 17 has a slide 22 in a fixed connection, which can be displaced in a radial recess 23 up to a maximum against a front stop 24 and a rear stop 25.
  • the slide 22 engages with a nose 26 in an annular groove 27 of the guide 13, whereby there is a firm, resilient coupling between the safety rod 17 and the ignition pin 12.
  • the connection between the ignition pin and the igniter is now established.
  • the electrical ignition takes place in the usual way in the weapon breech, where an electrical pulse is transmitted to the firing pin 9 and from there to the firing pin 12. Due to the use of electrically insulating material, the electrical impulse cannot jump from the guide 13 onto the safety rod.
  • the weapon breech 6 opens so that the safety rod 17 can move back to the starting position.
  • the ignition pin 12 is also withdrawn and the contact is broken.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Adaptionspatrone für ein Einsteckrohrsystem zum Verschießen von unterkalibriger Munition aus einem größerkalibrigen Waffenrohr, mit einem zentral eingesetzten Patronenlager und einer diesem koaxial nachgeordneten Zündbolzenhülse, die verschlußseitig mit dem Patronenlager durch Formschluß verbunden ist und eine axparallel zum Zündbolzen dezentral angeordnete Sicherungsstange aufweist, die unter der Wirkung einer Druckfeder steht und einen Schieber aufnimmt.The invention relates to an adaptation cartridge for a push-in tube system for firing sub-caliber ammunition from a larger-caliber weapon barrel, with a centrally inserted cartridge chamber and a firing pin sleeve arranged coaxially thereafter, which is connected on the closure side to the cartridge chamber by positive locking and has a safety rod arranged axially parallel to the firing pin, which is under the action of a compression spring and receives a slide.

Eine Adaptionspatrone für ein Einsteckrohrsystem der vorgenannten Art ist aus der DE 33 39 745 C2 bekannt. Bei dieser bekannten Adaptionspatrone wird der Schlagbolzen mechanisch gegen den unter der Wirkung einer Druckfeder stehenden Zündstift bewegt, welcher seinerseits das Zündhütchen einer Patrone ansticht. Für die mechanische Anzündung wird also eine kinetische Energie zur Zündung der Munition benötigt. Die Auslösung der mechanischen Anzündung erfolgt über den Originalanzünder der größerkalibrigen Munition, der von hinten in die Schlagbolzenhülse eingeschraubt wird. Wenn dieser Originalanzünder (Primer) abgefeuert wird, so baut sich in der Schlagbolzenhülse ein Überdruck auf, der einen Schlagbolzen beschleunigt. Dieser Schlagbolzen zündet schließlich mechanisch die unterkalibrige Munition.An adaptation cartridge for a plug-in pipe system of the aforementioned type is known from DE 33 39 745 C2. In this known adaptation cartridge, the firing pin is moved mechanically against the ignition pin, which is under the action of a compression spring and which in turn pierces the primer of a cartridge. Kinetic energy is therefore required to ignite the ammunition for the mechanical ignition. The mechanical ignition is triggered by the original lighter of the larger-caliber ammunition, which is screwed into the firing pin sleeve from behind. When this original lighter (primer) is fired, an excess pressure builds up in the firing pin sleeve, which accelerates a firing pin. This firing pin finally ignites the sub-caliber ammunition mechanically.

Bei dem Abfeuern des Anzünders entstehen regelmäßig starke Verbrennungsrückstände, die den Zündbolzen verschmutzen und somit zu einem Defekt führen können.Firing the lighter regularly creates strong combustion residues that contaminate the ignition pin and can therefore lead to a defect.

Es ist deshalb Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine Adaptionspatrone der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, bei der eine Verschmutzung durch Verbrennungsrückstände der geschilderten Art vermieden wird.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an adaptation cartridge of the type mentioned in the introduction, in which contamination by combustion residues of the type described is avoided.

Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß der Schieber in eine Führung eingreift, die mit dem Zündstift antriebsverbunden ist, welcher bei geschlossenem Verschluß an dem Zündhütchen der Patrone anliegt und eine elektrische Zündenergie von der Waffe über einen Zündbolzen erhält.According to the invention this object is achieved in that the slide engages in a guide which is drive-connected to the firing pin, which rests on the primer of the cartridge when the breech is closed and receives an electrical ignition energy from the weapon via a firing pin.

In Ausbildung der Erfindung kann die Sicherungsstange im Schieber gegen die Wirkung der Druckfeder durch den schließenden Verschluß in Richtung der Patrone bewegbar sein, wobei der Schieber innerhalb einer Ausnehmung in der Zündbolzenhülse maximal bis gegen einen hinteren Anschlag eines Sicherungsringes verschiebbar ist.In an embodiment of the invention, the securing rod can be moved in the slide against the action of the compression spring by the closing closure in the direction of the cartridge, the slide being displaceable within a recess in the firing pin sleeve at most up to a rear stop of a securing ring.

In noch weiterer Ausbildung der Erfindung kann die Führung aus einem elektrisch isolierenden Material gebildet sein. Ferner kann die Führung eine Ringnut für den Eingriff des Schiebers aufweisen und mit ihrer Außenmantelfläche in einer zylindrischen Ausnehmung der Zündbolzenhülse gleitend anliegen.In yet another embodiment of the invention, the guide can be formed from an electrically insulating material. Furthermore, the guide can have an annular groove for the engagement of the slide and can slide with its outer lateral surface in a cylindrical recess in the firing pin sleeve.

Mit diesen erfinderischen Merkmalen werden die Verbrennungsrückstände, die den Zündbolzen verschmutzen und zu einem Defekt führen können, grundsätzlich vermieden, weil eine elektrische Anzündung eingesetzt wird. Dabei fällt gleichzeitig auch der Primer weg, was zu einer nennenswerten Kostenreduzierung führt. Die Zündenergie wird bei diesem System nunmehr widerstandslos durch die Zündbolzenführung geleitet und zündet elektrisch den Anzünder der unterkalibrigen Munition. Zur Vermeidung eines ungewollten Zündens der unterkalbrigen Munition durch Induktionsströme im Zündstift ist der gesamte Zündstift mit Hilfe der Sicherungsstange in vorteilhafterweise abhebbar gestaltet.With these inventive features, the combustion residues, which contaminate the ignition pin and can lead to a defect, are basically avoided because an electric ignition is used. At the same time, the primer is omitted, which leads to a significant reduction in costs. With this system, the ignition energy is now passed through the firing pin guide without resistance and electrically ignites the igniter of the sub-caliber ammunition. To avoid unwanted firing of the sub-caliber ammunition by induction currents in the firing pin, the entire firing pin is advantageously designed to be liftable with the aid of the safety rod.

Die Vorteile der elektrischen Anzündung sind darin zu sehen, daß also zum einen keine Verschmutzung durch Verbrennungsrückstände mehr auftritt, die zu einem Defekt führen könnten, und zum anderen der Primer entfällt, und Reinigungsintervalle nach dem Schießen nicht mehr erforderlich sind, weshalb wesentliche Kosten eingespart werden. In der Zeichnung ist ein Beispiel der Erfindung dargestellt.

  • Die einzige Figur zeigt die Adaptionspatrone für ein Einsteckrohrsystem im Halbschnitt.
The advantages of electrical ignition can be seen in the fact that, on the one hand, there is no longer any contamination from combustion residues which could lead to a defect, and on the other hand the primer is omitted, and cleaning intervals after shooting are no longer required, which is why significant costs are saved. An example of the invention is shown in the drawing.
  • The only figure shows the adaptation cartridge for a push-in tube system in half section.

Die Adaptionspatrone 1 besteht im wesentlichen aus dem rohrförmigen Mantel 2, vorzugsweise aus einem Kunststoff, dem Patronenlager 3, dem Patronenlagerrohr 4 und der Zündbolzenhülse 5. Das Patronenlager 3 ist in dem Mantel 2 zentrisch angeordnet. Das Patronenlagerrohr 4 befindet sich in koaxialer Anordnung zu dem Patronenlager 3 in Richtung zum Waffenverschluß 6.The adaptation cartridge 1 essentially consists of the tubular jacket 2, preferably of a plastic, the cartridge chamber 3, the cartridge chamber tube 4 and the firing pin sleeve 5. The cartridge chamber 3 is arranged centrally in the jacket 2. The cartridge chamber tube 4 is arranged in a coaxial arrangement with the cartridge chamber 3 in the direction of the weapon breech 6.

Das Patronenlagerrohr 4 kann eine einstückige Verlängerung des Patronenlagers 3 sein. Es kann ebenso auch entsprechend der gezeigten Ausführung als getrenntes Bauteil ausgeführt sein, welches mit dem Patronenlager 3 durch Form- und Kraftschluß, beispielsweise durch Verschraubung verbunden ist.The cartridge chamber tube 4 can be an integral extension of the cartridge chamber 3. It can also be designed according to the embodiment shown as a separate component which is connected to the cartridge chamber 3 by positive and non-positive engagement, for example by screwing.

Das Patronenlagerrohr 4 stützt sich axial am verschlußseitigen Ende an einen Flanschring 7 der Adaptionspatrone 1 ab. Die Zündbolzenhülse 5 besitzt eine zentrale Bohrung 8, in die der Zündbolzen 9 und die Zündbolzenfeder 10 eingesetzt sind.The cartridge bearing tube 4 is supported axially at the end on the closure side against a flange ring 7 of the adaptation cartridge 1. The firing pin sleeve 5 has a central bore 8 into which the firing pin 9 and the firing pin spring 10 are inserted.

In axialer Verlängerung zum Zündbolzen 9 ist in Richtung zur Patrone 11 der Zündstift 12 vorgesehen, welcher in einer Führung 13 aus einem elektrisch isolierenden Material mit ihrer Außenmantelfläche 14 in einer zylindrischen Ausnehmung 15 der Zündbolzenhülse 5 axial beweglich und gleitend geführt ist. Die Führung 13 und der Zündstift 12 befinden sich in einer federnden Verbindung, so daß bei axialer Bewegung der Führung 13 der Zündstift 12 gleichsinnig mitgenommen wird. Bei Überhub der Sicherungsstange 17 nimmt die Feder 10 diesen auf. Der Zündstift 12 steht unter Federdruck der Feder 10 am Zündhütchen 29 an.In the axial extension to the firing pin 9, the firing pin 12 is provided in the direction of the cartridge 11, which is axially movable and slidably in a guide 13 made of an electrically insulating material with its outer surface 14 in a cylindrical recess 15 of the firing pin sleeve 5. The guide 13 and the ignition pin 12 are in a resilient connection, so that when the guide 13 moves axially, the ignition pin 12 is carried in the same direction. When the safety rod 17 overruns, the spring 10 takes it up. The firing pin 12 is under spring pressure of the spring 10 on the primer 29.

Dezentral zum Zündbolzen 9 und in paralleler Anordnung zu diesem ist in einer zylindrischen Ausnehmung 16 der Zündbolzenhülse 5 eine Sicherungsstange 17 axial beweglich eingesetzt. Die Sicherungsstange 17 steht mit ihrer Endstirnseite 18 gegen eine Druckfeder 19 an, die in die Sackbohrung 20 in axialer Verlängerung der zylindrischen Ausnehmung 16 vorgesehen ist.Decentral to the firing pin 9 and in a parallel arrangement to this a safety rod 17 is inserted axially movable in a cylindrical recess 16 of the firing pin sleeve 5. The safety rod 17 is at its end face 18 against a compression spring 19 which is provided in the blind bore 20 in the axial extension of the cylindrical recess 16.

In ihrem Endbereich 21 weist die Sicherungsstange 17 einen Schieber 22 in fester Verbindung auf, welcher in einer radialen Ausnehmung 23 bis maximal gegen einen vorderen Anschlag 24 und einen hinteren Anschlag 25 verschiebbar ist. Der Schieber 22 greift mit einer Nase 26 in eine Ringnut 27 der Führung 13 ein, wodurch zwischen der Sicherungsstange 17 und dem Zündstift 12 eine feste, federnde Kupplung besteht.
Bei geöffnetem Waffenverschluß 6 tritt die Sicherungsstange 17 mit ihrem verschlußseitigen Ende 28 aus der Zündbolzenhülse 5 aufgrund der Kraft der Feder 19 hervor. Der Anschlag nach hinten erfolgt über die Führung 13 und den Sicherungsring 30. In dieser Position ist auch der Zündstift 12 in Richtung zum Waffenverschluß 6 von der Patrone 11 abgehoben. Beim Schließen des Verschlusses wird die Sicherungsstange 17 in die Zündbolzenhülse 5 entgegen der Kraft der Feder 19 eingedrückt. Über den Schieber 22 wird nun auch die Führung 13 nach vorne in Richtung auf die Patrone 11 geschoben und nimmt dabei den Zündstift 12 mit, bis dieser an dem Zündhütchen 29 der unterkalibrigen Patrone unter Federdruck (Feder 10) anliegt.In its end region 21, the securing rod 17 has a slide 22 in a fixed connection, which can be displaced in a radial recess 23 up to a maximum against a front stop 24 and a rear stop 25. The slide 22 engages with a nose 26 in an annular groove 27 of the guide 13, whereby there is a firm, resilient coupling between the safety rod 17 and the ignition pin 12.
When the weapon breech 6 is open, the locking rod 17 emerges with its breech-side end 28 from the firing pin sleeve 5 due to the force of the spring 19. The backward stop occurs via the guide 13 and the locking ring 30. In this position, the firing pin 12 is also lifted off the cartridge 11 in the direction of the weapon breech 6. When the closure is closed, the securing rod 17 is pressed into the firing pin sleeve 5 against the force of the spring 19. About the slide 22, the guide 13 is now pushed forward towards the cartridge 11 and takes the firing pin 12 with it until it rests against the primer 29 of the sub-caliber cartridge under spring pressure (spring 10).

Damit ist nun auch die Verbindung zwischen dem Zündstift und dem Anzünder hergestellt. Die elektrische Zündung erfolgt in üblicher Weise im Waffenverschluß, wo ein elektrischer Impuls auf den Zündbolzen 9 und von diesem auf den Zündstift 12 übertragen wird. Durch den Einsatz von elektrisch isolierendem Material kann der elektrische Impuls von der Führung 13 nicht auf die Sicherungsstange überspringen.The connection between the ignition pin and the igniter is now established. The electrical ignition takes place in the usual way in the weapon breech, where an electrical pulse is transmitted to the firing pin 9 and from there to the firing pin 12. Due to the use of electrically insulating material, the electrical impulse cannot jump from the guide 13 onto the safety rod.

Nach dem erfolgten Schuß öffnet der Waffenverschluß 6, so daß die Sicherungsstange 17 wieder in die Ausgangsposition zurückwandern kann. Dabei wird der Zündstift 12 ebenfalls zurückgezogen und der Kontakt ist unterbrochen.After the shot, the weapon breech 6 opens so that the safety rod 17 can move back to the starting position. The ignition pin 12 is also withdrawn and the contact is broken.

Claims (5)

1. Adaptation cartridge for a push-in barrel system for shooting low-calibre ammunition from a higher-calibre weapon barrel, having a centrally disposed cartridge bearing (3) and, arranged coaxially downstream thereof, a firing bolt sleeve (5) which is connected positively on the breech block-side to the cartridge bearing (3) and has, decentrally arranged axially parallel to the firing bolt (9), a securing rod (17) which is under the action of a pressure spring (19) and receives a slide (22),
characterized in that
the slide (22) engages in a guide (13) which is in drive connection with the firing pin (12), which, when the breech block (6) is closed, bears against the detonating cap (29) of the cartridge (11) and receives an electrical firing energy from the weapon by way of a firing bolt (9).
2. Adaptation cartridge according to Claim 1,
characterized in that
the securing rod (17) may be moved with the slide (22), in opposition to the action of the pressure spring (19), through the closing breech block (6) in the direction of the cartridge (11), the slide (22) being displaceable within a cutout (23) in the firing bolt sleeve (5).
3. Adaptation cartridge according to Claims 1 and 2,
characterized in that
the movement of the slide (22) is limited in the direction of the breech block (6) by bearing against a securing ring (30) of the guide (13).
4. Adaptation cartridge according to Claim 1,
characterized in that
the guide (13) is formed from an electrically insulating material.
5. Adaptation cartridge according to Claims 1 and 4,
characterized in that
the guide (13) has an annular groove (27) for the engagement of the slide (22) and by means of its outer casing. surface (14) bears slidably in a cylindrical cutout (15) of the firing bolt sleeve (5).
EP89119478A 1988-10-27 1989-10-20 Adaption cartridge for an insert barrel system Expired - Lifetime EP0366011B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3836529 1988-10-27
DE3836529A DE3836529A1 (en) 1988-10-27 1988-10-27 ADAPTER CARTRIDGE FOR INSERTION PIPE SYSTEM

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0366011A1 EP0366011A1 (en) 1990-05-02
EP0366011B1 true EP0366011B1 (en) 1992-06-17

Family

ID=6365980

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89119478A Expired - Lifetime EP0366011B1 (en) 1988-10-27 1989-10-20 Adaption cartridge for an insert barrel system

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US4955300A (en)
EP (1) EP0366011B1 (en)
DE (2) DE3836529A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5770815A (en) * 1995-08-14 1998-06-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Ammunition cartridge with reduced propellant charge
DE19841671A1 (en) * 1998-09-11 2000-03-16 Rheinmetall W & M Gmbh Gun barrel
US7421934B1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2008-09-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Mortar tube for training
US20080098922A1 (en) * 2006-10-27 2008-05-01 Michael Lee Gleue Small arms caliber and/or power reducing adapter device
CN107607001A (en) * 2017-09-26 2018-01-19 王玉祥 A kind of cannon ammunition loading dummy round

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2355221C3 (en) * 1973-11-05 1981-11-19 Gianni Verga Milano Casati Device for interrupting the electrical safety short-circuit of the ignition of ignition charges
DE8009469U1 (en) * 1980-04-05 1981-07-09 Mauser-Werke Oberndorf Gmbh, 7238 Oberndorf POCKET-WEAPON TUBE
DE3048620A1 (en) * 1980-12-23 1982-07-22 Dynamit Nobel Ag, 5210 Troisdorf TRAINING SHOOTING DEVICE FOR CANNONS, PROTECTIVE OR THE LIKE
DE3339745C2 (en) * 1983-11-03 1986-10-02 Mauser-Werke Oberndorf Gmbh, 7238 Oberndorf Adaptation cartridge for insert pipe system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0366011A1 (en) 1990-05-02
DE3836529A1 (en) 1990-05-10
US4955300A (en) 1990-09-11
DE58901687D1 (en) 1992-07-23

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